PEMODELAN GEOTEKNIK

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Kuliah Pasca Sarjana Teknik Sipil UR

PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
 Triaxial tests svc + Ds

Simulasi keadaan lapangan

di laboratorium shc shc

0 svc svc + Ds

svc
0 0 shc shc
t

0 svc t

Contoh tanah Step 1 svc

diambil dari Siapkan spesimen Step 2
lapangan dan berikan Lakukan pembebanan
tegangan awal sesuai dengan kondisi
lapangan
6
 Triaxial Shear Test

Piston (to apply deviatoric stress)

Failure plane
O-ring

impervious
membrane
Soil sample Soil
at failure sample
Porous
Perspex stone
cell
Water

Cell pressure
Back pressure Pore pressure or
volume change
pedestal

7
8
Triaxial Shear Test
Persiapan spesimen (undisturbed sample)

Sampling tubes

Sample extruder
9
Triaxial Shear Test
Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample)

Ujung sample Bentuk sample pada

diratakan dengan alat tes triaxial
hati-hati
10
Triaxial Shear Test
Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample)

Sample is covered
with a rubber Cell is completely
membrane and sealed filled with water
11
Triaxial Shear Test
Specimen preparation (undisturbed sample)

Proving ring
untuk
mengukur
beban deviator
Dial gauge
untuk mengukur
deformasi
vertikal

12
Types of Triaxial Tests deviatoric stress
sc
(Ds = q)
Step 1 Step 2

sc sc
sc sc

sc s c+ q
Under all-around cell pressure sc Shearing (loading)

Is the drainage valve open? Is the drainage valve open?

yes no yes no

Consolidated Unconsolidated Drained Undrained

sample sample loading loading
13
Types of Triaxial Tests
Step 1 Step 2

Dalam kondisi tegangan cell sc Shearing (pembebanan)

Apakah katup drainase terbuka? Apakah katup drainase terbuka?

yes no yes no

Consolidated Unconsolidated Drained Undrained

sample sample loading
loading

CD test UU test

CU test
14
Consolidated- drained test (CD Test)

s1 = sVC + Ds

s3 = shC

Deviator stress (q or Dsd) = s1 – s3

15
Consolidated- drained test (CD Test)
Perubahan volume selama konsolidasi

Expansion
Volume change of the

Time
sample

Compression

16
Consolidated- drained test (CD Test)
Hubungan tegangan-regangan ketika shearing

Deviator stress, Dsd

Dense sand
or OC clay
(Dsd)f
Loose sand
(Dsd)f or NC Clay

Axial strain
Expansion
Volume change

Dense sand
of the sample

or OC clay
Axial strain
Compression

Loose sand
or NC clay 17
CD tests Bagaimana menetukan parameter c and f
(Dsd)fc
s1 = s3 + (Dsd)f
Deviator stress, Dsd

Confining stress = s3c

Confining stress = s3b

(Dsd)fb Confining stress = s3a s3

(Dsd)fa

Axial strain
f
Shear stress, t

Mohr – Coulomb
failure envelope

s or s’
s3a s3b s3c s1a s1b s1c
(Dsd)fa 18
(Dsd)fb
CD tests
Paramater kuat geser c and f dari CD tests

karena u = 0 pada maka, c = c’ and

CD tests, s = s’ f = f’

disimbolkan
dengan cd and fd

19
CD tests Garis keruntuhan

For sand and NC Clay, cd = 0

fd
Shear stress, t

Mohr – Coulomb
failure envelope

s or s’
s3a s1a
(Dsd)fa

Therefore, one CD test would be sufficient to determine fd

of sand or NC clay
20
CD tests Failure envelopes

For OC Clay, cd ≠ 0

t OC NC
f

c s or s’
s3 s1 sc
(Dsd)f

21
Some practical applications of CD analysis for
clays
1. Embankment constructed very slowly, in layers over a soft clay
deposit

Soft clay

t t = in situ drained
shear strength

22
Some practical applications of CD analysis for
clays
2. Earth dam with steady state seepage

t
Core

t = drained shear
strength of clay core

23
Some practical applications of CD analysis for
clays
3. Excavation or natural slope in clay

t = In situ drained shear strength

Note: CD test simulates the long term condition in the field.

Thus, cd and fd should be used to evaluate the long
term behavior of soils
24
Consolidated- Undrained test (CU Test)
Volume change of sample during consolidation

Expansion
Volume change of the

Time
sample

Compression

25
Consolidated- Undrained test (CU Test)
Stress-strain relationship during shearing

Deviator stress, Dsd

Dense sand
or OC clay
(Dsd)f
Loose sand
(Dsd)f or NC Clay

Axial strain
+

Loose sand
/NC Clay
Du

Axial strain
-

Dense sand
or OC clay
26
 CU tests How to determine strength parameters c and f
Deviator stress, Dsd (Dsd)fb s1 = s3 + (Dsd)f
Confining stress = s3b
Confining stress = s3a
s3
(Dsd)fa
Total stresses at failure
Axial strain
Shear stress, t

Mohr – Coulomb fcu

failure envelope in
terms of total stresses

ccu
s or s’
s3a s3b s1a s1b
(Dsd)fa 27
CU tests How to determine strength parameters c and f
s’1 = s3 + (Dsd)f - uf

s’3 = s3 - uf
Mohr – Coulomb failure uf
envelope in terms of
effective stresses Effective stresses at failure
Shear stress, t

Mohr – Coulomb f’
failure envelope in
terms of total stresses
fcu

ufb
C’ s’3b ufa
ccu s’1b s or s’
s’3a s3a s3b s’1a s1a s1b
(Dsd)fa 28
CU tests
Strength parameters c and f obtained from CD tests

Shear strength
Shear strength parameters in terms
parameters in terms of effective stresses
of total stresses are are c’ and f’
ccu and fcu
c’ = cd and f’ = fd

29
CU tests Failure envelopes
For sand and NC Clay, ccu and c’ = 0
Mohr – Coulomb failure
envelope in terms of
effective stresses

Mohr – Coulomb f’ fcu

Shear stress, t

failure envelope in
terms of total stresses

s or s’
s3a s3a s1a s1a
(Dsd)fa

Therefore, one CU test would be sufficient to determine

fcu and f’(= fd) of sand or NC clay 30
Some practical applications of CU analysis for
clays
1. Embankment constructed rapidly over a soft clay deposit

Soft clay

t t = in situ undrained
shear strength

31
Some practical applications of CU analysis for
clays
2. Rapid drawdown behind an earth dam

t
Core

t = Undrained shear
strength of clay core

32
Some practical applications of CU analysis for
clays
3. Rapid construction of an embankment on a natural slope

t = In situ undrained shear strength

Note: Total stress parameters from CU test (ccu and fcu) can be used for
stability problems where,
Soil have become fully consolidated and are at equilibrium with
the existing stress state; Then for some reason additional
stresses are applied quickly with no drainage occurring
33
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
Data analysis
Specimen condition
Initial specimen condition during shearing
sC = s3
No s3 + Dsd
No
drainage sC = s3 drainage s3

Initial volume of the sample = A0 × H0

A0
A=
1−  z
Volume of the sample during shearing = A × H

Since the test is conducted under undrained condition,

A × H = A0 × H0

A ×(H0 – DH) = A0 × H0

A ×(1 – DH/H0) = A0
34
 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
Step 1: Immediately after sampling
0

Step 2: After application of hydrostatic cell pressure

sC = s3 s’3 = s3 - Duc
No
sC = s3 Duc s’3 = s3 - Duc
drainage
= +

Duc = B Ds3
Increase of cell pressure
Increase of pwp due to
increase of cell pressure
Skempton’s pore water
pressure parameter, B
Note: If soil is fully saturated, then B = 1 (hence, Duc35= Ds3)
 Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)

Step 3: During application of axial load

s’1 = s3 + Dsd - Duc Dud
s3 + Dsd
No
drainage s3 s’3 = s3 - Duc
= +  Dud
Duc ± Dud

Dud = ADsd
Increase of pwp due to Increase of deviator
increase of deviator stress stress
Skempton’s pore water
pressure parameter, A

36
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)

Combining steps 2 and 3,

Duc = B Ds3 Dud = ADsd

Total pore water pressure increment at any stage, Du

Du = Duc + Dud

Du = B Ds3 + ADsd
Skempton’s pore
Du = B Ds3 + A(Ds1 – Ds3) water pressure
equation
37
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
Total, s = Neutral, u + Effective, s’
Step 3: At failure s’Vf = sC + Dsf + ur - sc Duf = s’1f
sC + Dsf
No
drainage sC -ur + sc ± Duf
s’hf = sC + ur - sc  Duf
= s’3f

Mohr circle in terms of effective stresses do not depend on the cell

pressure.

Therefore, we get only one Mohr circle in terms of effective stress for
different cell pressures

s’
s’3 Dsf s’1 38
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)
Total, s = Neutral, u + Effective, s’
Step 3: At failure s’Vf = sC + Dsf + ur - sc Duf = s’1f
sC + Dsf
No
drainage sC -ur + sc ± Duf
s’hf = sC + ur - sc  Duf
= s’3f

Mohr circles in terms of total stresses

Failure envelope, fu = 0
t

cu
ub ua

s’
s3a
3b3 Dsf s
s’1a
1b
1 39 s or s’
Unconsolidated- Undrained test (UU Test)

Effect of degree of saturation on failure envelope

t S < 100% S > 100%

s3c s3b s1c s3a s1b s1a s or s’

40
Some practical applications of UU analysis for
clays
1. Embankment constructed rapidly over a soft clay deposit

Soft clay

t t = in situ undrained
shear strength

41
Some practical applications of UU analysis for
clays
2. Large earth dam constructed rapidly with
no change in water content of soft clay

t
Core

t = Undrained shear
strength of clay core

42
Some practical applications of UU analysis for
clays
3. Footing placed rapidly on clay deposit

t = In situ undrained shear strength

Note: UU test simulates the short term condition in the field.

Thus, cu can be used to analyze the short term
behavior of soils 43
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
PEMODELAN NUMERIK DALAM GEOTEKNIK
MODEL KONSTITUTIV MOHR COULOMB
MODEL KONSTITUTIV MOHR COULOMB