Directions(1-7): Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that

follow.
No place on the planet has escaped the influence of Homo sapiens, from the rainforests
cleared for farms to microplastic-laced deep oceans to climate-altered jet streams. Last
November, the world population reached 8 billion. But as omnipresent as humans may be
today, a team of scientists now claims that our species came very close to never appearing
at all. Researchers in China have found evidence suggesting that 930,000 years ago, the
ancestors of modern humans suffered a massive population crash. They point to a drastic
change to the climate that occurred around that time as the cause.
Our ancestors remained at low numbers — fewer than 1,280 breeding
individuals — during a period known as a bottleneck. It lasted for over
100,000 years before the population rebounded.“About 98.7 percent
of human ancestors were lost acant the beginning
of the bottleneck, thus threatening our ancestors with extinction,
” the scientists wrote. Their study was published on Thursday
in the journal Science.
If the research _____A______, it will have provocative implications. It raises the possibility
that a climate-driven bottleneck helped split early humans into two evolutionary lineages —
one that eventually gave rise to Neanderthals, the other to modern humans.
But outside experts said they were skeptical of the novel statistical methods that the
researchers used for the study. “It is a bit like inferring the size of a stone that falls into the
middle of the large lake from only the ripples that arrive at the shore some minutes later,”
said Stephan Schiffels, a population geneticist at Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
For decades now, scientists have reconstructed the history of our species
by analyzing the genes of living people. same basic facts of our biology:
(p)/ those mutations can be handed down over (q)/ the studies all
take advantage of the (r)/ every baby is born with dozens of
new (s)/ thousands or even millions of years (t)/
genetic mutations, and some of (u)
By comparing genetic variations in DNA, scientists can trace
people’s ancestry to ancient populations that lived in different parts of the world, moved
around and interbred. They can even infer the size of those populations at different times
in history.
These studies have gotten more sophisticated as DNA sequencing technology has grown
more powerful. Today, scientists can compare the entire genomes of people from different
populations.
Every human genome contains over 3 billion genetic letters of DNA, each of which has
been passed down for thousands or millions of years — creating a vast record of our
history. To read that history, researchers now use increasingly powerful computers that
can carry out the vast numbers of calculations required for
more realistic models of human evolution.
Haipeng Li, an evolutionary genomics researcher at
Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai,
and his colleagues spent over a decade creating
their own method for reconstructing evolution.
1. Which of the following is/are TRUE A. Both a and b
according to the given passage? B. Both a and c
a. Human activities have left their mark C. Both b and c
on various ecosystems and D. All of a, b and c
environments across the world. E. Only a
b. Human species faced a significant
threat to its existence in the past.
c. There has been a sustained effort to
unravel the genetic history of
humans.
2. Which of the following is/are FALSE A. Both a and b
according to the given passage? B. Both b and c
a. Populations of humans have historically C. Only a
moved around and migrated to different D. Only b
parts of the world, resulting in genetic E. Only c
mixing and interbreeding.
b. Recent technological advancements in
genetics and genomics have made it
possible to conduct comprehensive
genome comparisons.
c. Haipeng Li and his colleagues devoted ten
entire years of their life and efforts to their
research.
3. According to the passage, how might the climate-driven
bottleneck event have impacted the early human population?

A. It led to the rapid expansion of the population.

B. It nearly caused the extinction of early humans.
C. It influenced the divergence of early human lineages.
D. Both b and c
E. It gave rise to an ancient lineage
named as Neanderthals.
4. What assumption (s) can we make on the A. Both a and b
basis of the given passage? B. Both a and c
a. Human demographics have reached a C. Both b and c
significant milestone.
D. Only a
b. There was a potential vulnerability of
early human populations to E. All of a, b and c
environmental changes.
c. The human genome can serve as the
blueprint of our genetic heritage.
same basic facts of our biology: (p)/ those A. puqrts
mutations can be handed down over (q)/ the B. suqrpt
studies all take advantage of the (r)/ every
C. suqrtp
baby is born with dozens of new (s)/
thousands or even millions of years (t)/ D. rpsuqt
genetic mutations, and some of (u) E. rpsutq
5. The given sentence is divided into six
different jumbled parts. Identify the correct
sequence out of the given options, in order to
create a meaningful sentence.
If the research _____A______, it A. Holds on
will have provocative implications. B. Holds up
6. In the given sentence, Blank A C. Holds out
is given which needs to be filled
with an adequate phrasal verb to D. Holds down
create a meaningful sentence. E. Holds in
Select the appropriate phrasal
verb and mark it as your answer.
“It is a bit like inferring the size of a stone that A. Disturbances
falls into the middle of the large lake from B. Consequences
only the ripples that arrive at the shore some C. Assertions
minutes later,” said Stephan Schiffels, a D. Escalations
population geneticist at Max Planck Institute E. None of these
for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,
Germany.

7. Which of the following is the most

appropriate synonym of the word highlighted
in the passage?
RIPPLES
Directions (8-13) : Nine statements are given below,
which are jumbled in any random order. These
statements will form a coherent and meaningful
paragraph, when arranged in the correct sequence.
Arrange the sentences in the right order and answer the
questions that follow.
A. And, jokes about hospital food aside, the changes seem to be a hit with patients.
B. If a patient doesn’t like the first option, the second offering is also plant-based.
C. That means the food contains no meat, dairy or eggs.
D. Samantha Morgenstern, a registered dietitian, said that nine times out of 10, patients
accepted the dishes, and that the satisfaction rate was above 90 percent.
E. Anyone who wants meat has to make a special request.
F. In offering the menus to patients, the hospitals made a strategic decision to avoid the
term on labels accompanying food trays out of concern that it would turn off diners.
G. Just don’t call the food “vegan.”
H. NYC Health + Hospitals, the country’s largest
municipal health system, has made plant-based
food the default for inpatient meals.
I. Now, a year after it made those sweeping changes,
the hospital system has reduced its food-related carbon
emissions by 36 percent.
8. Which of the following is the A. BI
correct pair of FOURTH and B. CE
SEVENTH statements C. ED
respectively after the correct D. EA
rearrangement? E. DC
9. Which of the following is the A. CB
correct pair of FIRST and LAST B. AD
statements respectively after C. GH
the correct rearrangement? D. HF
E. HI
10. Which of the following is the A. CG
correct pair of SECOND and B. CF
EIGHTH statements C. FG
respectively after the correct D. GH
rearrangement? E. IA
11. Which of the following is the A. I
ANTEPENULTIMATE B. A
statement after the correct C. D
rearrangement? D. G
E. F
12. Which of the following is the A. A
SEVENTH statement from the B. B
right end of the correct C. D
rearrangement? D. F
E. G
13. Which of the following is the A. E
MEDIAN sentence after correct B. A
rearrangement? C. D
D. C
E. I
Directions : Five statements A, B, C, D and E are given
below, which are jumbled in any random order. These
statements will form a coherent and meaningful paragraph,
when arranged in the correct sequence. Arrange the
sentences in the right order and answer the questions that
follow.
A. Some economists argue that traditional stimulus measures, such as lowering
interest rates and increasing government spending, may no longer be
effective in the current economic environment.
B. In this context, policymakers are faced with a difficult balancing act, trying to
support their economies while also addressing long-term challenges such as
climate change and inequality.
C. The global economy is facing an unprecedented crisis, with economies
around the world struggling to cope with the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic.
D. Instead, they suggest that more targeted interventions, such as investments in
green infrastructure and social safety nets, may be
necessary to address the complex challenges
facing the global economy.
A. While some countries are seeing a gradual recovery,
others are still grappling with the fallout from the
pandemic, with rising unemployment and mounting debt levels.
14. Which of the following is the THIRD statement after
rearrangement?
a. B
b. D
c. A
d. C
e. E
15. Which of the following is the FIRST statement after
rearrangement?
a. D
b. E
c. A
d. B
e. C
16. Which of the following combinations is the
combination of two alternate statements after the correct
rearrangements?
a. CE
b. EA
c. BA
d. DA
e. ED
17. Which of the following is the FIFTH statement after
rearrangement?
a. C
b. B
c. A
d. D
e. E
18. Which of the following is the PENULTIMATE and
ANTEPENULTIMATE statement respectively after
rearrangement?
a. EC
b. DB
c. AB
d. CE
e. BA
Direction: In the following question two statements are given.
Certain words are in bold and numbered from a to f, which are
the possible pairs to be interchanged. Choose the pair(s) of
the words that need(s) to be interchanged and after
rearranging the words, arrange the parts to make the
sentences grammatically correct.
19. The central bank’s 6.5% growth A. Only A-D
projection for 2023-24 remains (A) B. Both A-D and B-F
in a decline in the rise (B) rate in C. All of A-D, B-F and C-E
each of the comfortable (C) D. Only C-E
quarters of this year, culminating at E. Only B-F
5.7% in the final quarter.
India factors (D) the fastest growing
major economy by a subsequent(E)
margin, with China recording a 6.3%
uptick (F) in the same quarter and
facing a fresh slowdown.
20. Farm sector GVA maintained its A. A-E, B-F, C-D
growth segment (A) to rise 3.5% in Q1, B. A-F, B-D, C-E
but may taper off thanks to the monsoon’s C. A-F, B-E, C-D
absolute (B) progress and the recovery D. A-D, B-E, C-F
(C) that low reservoir levels may also hurt E. A-E, B-D, C-F
the rabi crop.
Trade, hotels and transport rose 9.2%,
but in tepid (D) terms, the employment-
intensive pace (E) remained 1.9% below
pre-COVID-19 levels, indicating the fear
(F) is still incomplete.
Reading Comprehension
Directions : Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
American officials defended the agreement, saying it built on the statement released last
year and that the United States was still pressing for peace in Ukraine.
A ____(A)______negotiated declaration Saturday evening at the Group of 20 summit in
New Delhi omitted any condemnation of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine or its brutal conduct
of the war, instead lamenting the “suffering” of the Ukrainian people.
It was an eye opening departure from a similar document agreed to less than a year ago in
Bali, when leaders acknowledged different views over the invasion but still issued a strong
condemnation of the Russian invasion and called on Moscow
to withdraw its troops.This year, amid low expectations that the
divided group would reach any sort of consensus with Ukraine,
the declaration pointed to past United Nations resolutions
condemning the war and noted the “adverse impact of wars
and conflicts around the world.”
The statement also called on Russia to allow the export of grain and fertilizer from Ukraine
and “to support a comprehensive, just and durable peace.”
“From our perspective, it does a very good job of standing up for the principle that states
cannot use force to seek territorial acquisition or to violate the territorial integrity and
sovereignty or political independence of other states,” Jake Sullivan, the president’s
national security adviser, told reporters.
But Oleg Nikolenko, a spokesman for Ukraine’s Foreign Ministry, said on Facebook that the
omission of Russian aggression was “nothing to be proud of.”
Mr. Biden and his advisers focused on what the new declaration had achieved: It included
new language on the issue of global debt and on overhauling
institutions like the World Bank to address the growing
strains on poorer countries;
an invitation to the African Union to join the G20;
and a push for more financing to help vulnerable
nations deal with the costs of dealing with climate change.
The declaration also underscored the potential of digital technologies to increase
inclusion in global economies.
The president joined other leaders in announcing a project to create a rail and
shipping corridor linking India to the Middle East and, eventually, Europe. It was a
promise of new technological and trade pathways, they said, in a part of the world
where deeper economic cooperation was overdue.
The project lacked key details, including a time frame or budget. Even so, it
represented much softer than usual rhetoric about Russia from Mr. Biden and other
Western leaders, who have spent the better part of two years spending billions on
arming Ukraine and burning untold domestic political capital building support for the
war.
Facing a summit rife with deep divisions, Mr. Biden did not speak publicly about the
war or almost anything else, except to say “it would be nice” if President Xi Jinping of
China, who skipped the summit along with the Russian leader, Vladimir V. Putin, had
attended.
Mr. Biden spent most of his time at the summit quietly nurturing his relationship with
Narendra Modi, the Indian prime minister, who has continued his country’s traditional
practice of abstaining from superpower skirmishes, but who has his own tensions
with China. He is also keenly interested in presenting himself — and his country — as
an ascendant global player.
21. Which of the following is/are TRUE A. Both a and b
according to the given passage? B. Both a and c
C. Both b and c
A. The G20 in New Delhi refrained from D. All of a, b and c
condemning Russia's Ukraine E. Only a
invasion.
B. President Biden extensively discussed
the Ukraine war during the summit.
C. Ukraine has expressed its discontent
with the G20's failure to recognize
Russian aggression.
22. Which of the following is/are A. Both a and b
FALSE according to the given B. Both a and c
passage? C. Both b and c
D. All of a, b and c
A. The project adhered to strict E. Only a
time and budget constraints.
B. The summit unfolded
harmoniously, devoid of any
divisions.
C. Western leaders' rhetoric about
Russia was aggressive in the
project.
23. What was the main focus of the G20 declaration regarding
global debt and climate change?

A) It proposed a comprehensive plan to eliminate global debt.

B) It called for immediate action to combat climate change.
C) It underscored the significance of tackling these issues in
less affluent nations.
D) It did not address global debt or climate change.
E) All of the above
24. What specific outcomes or objectives were associated with the
rail and shipping corridor project announced at the G20 summit?

A) Immediate commencement of construction for the corridor.

B) Creation of a high-speed rail network connecting India to Europe.
C) The creation of novel technological and trade routes within the
region.
D) Allocation of a substantial budget for the project.
E) All of the above
25. What assumption can be made about the G20 leaders' stance on
Russia's invasion of Ukraine based on their omission of condemnation
in the declaration?

A) The G20 leaders believe that diplomatic negotiations are the only
way to resolve the conflict.
B) The G20 leaders support Russia's actions in Ukraine.
C) The G20 leaders prioritize maintaining diplomatic relations with
Russia over condemning its actions.
D) The G20 leaders are unaware of the situation in Ukraine.
E) All of the above
A _____(A)_____negotiated declaration A. Sedulously
Saturday evening at the Group of 20 summit in
B. Sporadically
New Delhi omitted any condemnation of
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine or its brutal C. Painstakingly
conduct of the war, instead lamenting the D. Both A and C
“suffering” of the Ukrainian people.
E. All A, B and C
26. In the given sentence, Blank A is given
which needs to be filled with an adequate word
to create a meaningful sentence. Select the
appropriate word and mark it as your answer.
Mr. Biden spent most of his time at the summit A. Only b
quietly nurturing his relationship with Narendra B. Only b and c
Modi, the Indian prime minister, who has continued C. Only a and b
his country’s traditional practice of abstaining from D. All a, b and c
superpower skirmishes, but who has his own E. None of a, b and c
tensions with China.
27. Which of the following is/are the most
appropriate synonym (s) of the word highlighted in
the passage?
Abstaining

A. Indulging
B. Forbearing
C. Renouncing
Directions : In the following passage there are blanks,
each of which has been numbered. These numbers are
printed below the passage and against each, five words
are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately.
Find out the appropriate words.
The global economy is facing unprecedented challenges due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. The outbreak has created significant
disruptions in the global supply chain and ______1_____ of goods
and services. Economies worldwide have been hit hard, with
businesses _______2_____ and unemployment rates skyrocketing.
Governments have introduced various measures to _______3_____
the economic impact of the pandemic, including stimulus packages,
low-interest rates, and tax ______4______.
However, the long-term ______5_____
of these measures remains uncertain.
The outbreak has created A. Demand
significant disruptions in the global B. Distribution
supply chain and ______1_____ C. Production
of goods and services. D. Import
28. What is the missing word in the E. Consumption
first blank?
Economies worldwide have been A. Booming
hit hard, with businesses B. Thriving
_______2_____ and C. Collapsing
unemployment rates skyrocketing. D. Emerging
29. Which word best fits the second E. Expanding
blank?
Governments have introduced A. Hinder
various measures to B. Mitigate
_______3_____ the economic C. Intensify
impact of the pandemic, including D. Aggravate
stimulus packages, low-interest E. Exacerbate
rates, and tax ______4______.

30. Which word best fits the third

blank?
Governments have introduced A. Cuts
various measures to B. Hikes
_______3_____ the economic C. Exemptions
impact of the pandemic, including D. Credits
stimulus packages, low-interest E. Surcharges
rates, and tax ______4______.
31. Which word best fits the fourth
blank?
However, the long-term A. Effectiveness
______5_____ of these measures B. Efficiency
remains uncertain. C. Sustainability
32. Which word best fits the fifth D. Feasibility
blank? E. Profitability