Biology: Concepts and Connections, 5e (Campbell)

Chapter 12: DNA Technology and the Human Genome

1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used,

A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood.
B) blood samples from the crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed.
C) the identity of two semen samples did not match to a person who confessed.
D) genetic testing revealed that the two murdered girls were killed by two different murderers.
E) None of the choices are correct.
Answer: C
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual Recall

2) When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein

A) the plasmids are inserted into the bacterial chromosome.
B) the plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium.
C) the bacterial chromosome is genetically engineered and the plasmid is used to help the bacterium replicate.
D) the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.
E) the bacterial genome and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (perhaps
the cell of a plant or animal).
Answer: D
Topic: 12.1
Skill: Factual Recall

3) The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines

A) gene cloning.
B) plasmid transformation.
C) clonal selection.
D) tissue culturing.
E) plasmolysis.
Answer: A
Topic: 12.1
Skill: Factual Recall

4) Restriction enzymes
A) edit proteins.
B) cut DNA at specific sites.
C) stop transcription.
D) bind together strands of DNA.
E) bind RNA fragments together.
Answer: B
Topic: 12.2
Skill: Factual Recall
5) "Sticky ends" are
A) produced by the action of DNA ligase.
B) produced by PCR.
C) always long sequences of a single nucleotide.
D) used by mRNA to attach to ribosomes.
E) DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.
Answer: E
Topic: 12.2
Skill: Factual Recall

6) DNA ligase binds

A) exons together.
B) polymerase to the promotor.
C) nucleotides together.
D) introns together.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Answer: C
Topic: 12.2
Skill: Factual Recall

7) The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to
A) bind to DNA and thereby activate transcription.
B) bind to ribosomes and thereby activate translation.
C) form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA.
D) allow plasmids to attach to the main bacterial chromosome.
E) insert a segment of RNA into a bacterial chromosome.
Answer: C
Topic: 12.2
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

8) In the process of human gene cloning using recombinant plasmids, the bacterial plasmid
A) functions as a vector.
B) is the source of the gene to be cloned.
C) is cultured inside the human cell which contains the gene to be cloned.
D) is used to insert the human gene into the bacterial chromosome.
E) None of the choices are correct.
Answer: A
Topic: 12.3
Skill: Factual Recall

9) The approach to gene cloning which uses a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism is called
a(n) __________ approach.
A) "HIV"
B) "shotgun"
C) "Ti"
D) "AK-47"
E) "V-protein"
Answer: B
Topic: 12.3
Skill: Factual Recall
10) A collection of DNA fragments that is obtained from the genome of one organism, inserted by recombinant
DNA techniques into the genome of a host organism (one fragment per host genome), and maintained there is called
a
A) DNA collection.
B) genomic library.
C) DNA file.
D) gene bank.
E) vector battery.
Answer: B
Topic: 12.4
Skill: Factual Recall

11) Genomic libraries can be constructed using bacterial plasmids or what other vector?
A) ribosomes
B) tRNA
C) human chromosomes
D) phages
E) None of the choices are correct.
Answer: D
Topic: 12.4
Skill: Factual Recall

12) Retroviruses such as HIV use __________ to convert information stored in their RNA to information stored in
DNA.
A) DNA ligase
B) reverse transcriptase
C) a restriction enzyme
D) a terminator enzyme
E) RNA polymerase
Answer: B
Topic: 12.5
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

13) An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that
A) reverse transcriptase is more efficient than RNA polymerase.
B) the resulting DNA strand will lack exons.
C) reverse transcriptase is more efficient than DNA polymerase.
D) the resulting DNA strand will lack introns.
E) for bacteria, RNA is the genetic material.
Answer: D
Topic: 12.5
Skill: Factual Recall

14) The only recombinant cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are
A) yeast cells.
B) E. coli cells.
C) mammalian cells.
D) algal cells.
E) elm tree cells.
Answer: C
Topic: 12.6
Skill: Factual Recall
15) Recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes are
A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
B) Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
C) E. coli.
D) Rhizobium.
E) Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Answer: C
Topic: 12.6
Skill: Factual Recall

16) A vaccine works by

A) inhibiting bacterial replication.
B) stimulating the immune system.
C) inhibiting viral replication.
D) preventing the translation of mRNA.
E) stimulating the secretion of insulin.
Answer: B
Topic: 12.7
Skill: Factual Recall

17) Which one of the following is false? DNA technology is now used to
A) mass-produce human insulin.
B) mass-produce human growth hormone.
C) create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.
D) produce vaccines that are harmless mutants of a pathogen.
E) produce vaccines that use the smallpox virus but replace some of the genes that produce immunity to smallpox
with genes that produce immunity to other diseases.
Answer: C
Topic: 12.7
Skill: Factual Recall

18) A nucleic acid probe is

A) a virus that transfers DNA to a recipient cell.
B) a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene.
C) an enzyme that locates a specific restriction site on RNA.
D) a promoter site that is associated with a specific set of genes.
E) a plasmid that recognizes a specific DNA sequence.
Answer: B
Topic: 12.8
Skill: Factual Recall

19) Which one of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false? A nucleic acid probe
A) is a double-stranded section of DNA.
B) can be used to find a specific gene.
C) can be made of DNA or RNA.
D) hydrogen bonds to a complimentary sequence in the gene of interest.
E) is usually labeled with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent dye to help identify its location.
Answer: A
Topic: 12.8
Skill: Factual Recall
20) Which one of the following statements about microarrays is false? Microarrays
A) enable scientists to determine the activity of thousands of genes at once.
B) use tiny portions of double-stranded RNA fragments from a large number of genes.
C) are used to determine which genes are active in different tissues or in tissues of different states of health.
D) use fluorescently labeled cDNA molecules to identify particular genes expressed at a particular time.
E) help scientists understand how genes interact.
Answer: B
Topic: 12.9
Skill: Factual Recall

21) Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

A) nucleotide sequence.
B) solubility in water.
C) ability to bind to mRNA.
D) solubility in the gel.
E) size.
Answer: E
Topic: 12.10
Skill: Factual Recall

22) In the process of electrophoresis, which part of the technique functions like a thick filter, separating the samples
according to their size?
A) the sample wells
B) the sample mixture
C) the positively charged electrode
D) the negatively charged electrode
E) the gel
Answer: E
Topic: 12.10
Skill: Application

23) Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces __________ that can be separated by gel
electrophoresis.
A) restriction fragments
B) enzymes
C) recombinant DNA
D) a phage library
E) plasmids
Answer: A
Topic: 12.11
Skill: Factual Recall

24) Neither of your parents has cystic fibrosis, but your cousin, with whom you share a set of grandparents, does.
Excluding reproducing with a carrier or an individual with cystic fibrosis, how can you determine if you are a
carrier?
A) plasmid analysis
B) gene cloning
C) karyotyping
D) restriction fragment analysis
E) The only way to find out if you are a carrier is to reproduce and see if any of your children exhibit cystic fibrosis.
Answer: D
Topic: 12.11
Skill: Application
25) A __________ is a chromosomal landmark whose inheritance can be tracked.
A) microsatellite
B) genetic marker
C) plasmid
D) gene
E) mutation
Answer: B
Topic: 12.11
Skill: Factual Recall

26) Which one of the following is false?

A) The markers most often used in DNA fingerprinting are coding sections of DNA.
B) DNA fingerprints are now accepted as compelling evidence by legal experts and scientists.
C) DNA fingerprinting can be used to establish family relationships.
D) DNA fingerprinting typically compares only a few selected portions of a DNA molecule.
E) A DNA fingerprint is a specific pattern of electrophoresis bands.
Answer: A
Topic: 12.12
Skill: Factual Recall

27) Which of the following is easiest to alter using DNA technology?

A) somatic cells of triploid organisms
B) somatic cells in human body organs
C) germ cells
D) zygotes
E) germ cells and zygotes
Answer: E
Topic: 12.13
Skill: Factual Recall

28) Genetically modifying __________ cells may directly affect future generations.
A) intestinal
B) basal
C) somatic
D) germ
E) somatic and germ
Answer: D
Topic: 12.13
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

29) Currently, gene therapy can be said to be

A) far off in the future.
B) not possible.
C) promising.
D) reliable.
E) cheap and easy.
Answer: C
Topic: 12.13
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
30) If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, etc.,
from your body behind because if you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by __________, subjected to
genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.
A) ATP
B) PCR
C) blotting
D) RFLP
E) reverse transcriptase
Answer: B
Topic: 12.14
Skill: Application

31) The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant __________ that were isolated from bacteria
living in hot springs.
A) plasmids
B) phages
C) mRNA
D) restriction enzymes
E) DNA polymerase molecules
Answer: E
Topic: 12.14
Skill: Factual Recall

32) Which one of the following was not a key stage in the mapping of the human genome?
A) the creation of genetic linkage maps
B) physical mapping of the genome
C) DNA sequencing
D) phage detection
E) All of the choices were key stages in the mapping of the human genome.
Answer: D
Topic: 12.15
Skill: Factual Recall

33) Which of the following areas of research will benefit from the human genome project?
A) understanding human evolution
B) understanding human embryonic development
C) improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of heart disease, cancer, and other common ailments.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.
Answer: D
Topic: 12.15
Skill: Factual Recall

34) Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?

A) 99.9%
B) 37%
C) 49%
D) 79%
E) 97%
Answer: E
Topic: 12.16
Skill: Factual Recall
35) The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with
A) sequences of shorter repeated units.
B) diseases of the nervous system.
C) transposons.
D) sex-linked genes.
E) transcription factors.
Answer: C
Topic: 12.16
Skill: Factual Recall

36) Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called
A) exons.
B) plasmids.
C) transposons.
D) introns.
E) vectors.
Answer: C
Topic: 12.16
Skill: Factual Recall

37) Which one of the following is false?

A) Long stretches of repetitive DNA are prominent at centromeres and ends of chromosomes.
B) Scientists think that the typical human gene probably specifies just one polypeptide.
C) Current estimates are that there are 25,000-30,000 genes in the human genome.
D) Much of the DNA between genes consists of repetitive DNA.
E) Telomeres seem to have a protective function.
Answer: B
Topic: 12.16
Skill: Factual Recall

38) Which one of the following statements is false?

A) The genomes of about 150 species have been completely or almost completely sequenced.
B) The first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced was a nematode.
C) The first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced was yeast.
D) Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.
E) The genome of a mouse has been sequenced.
Answer: D
Topic: 12.17
Skill: Factual Recall

39) Which one of the following statements is false?

A) Recent comparisons of the genomes of diverse organisms strongly support the theory that bacteria, archaea, and
eukarya are the three fundamental domains of life.
B) Whole sets of genes and their interactions are studied in the field of genomics.
C) Full sets of proteins encoded by genomes are studied in the field of proteomics.
D) The number of proteins in humans is fewer than the number of human genes.
E) When comparing the genomes of different species, genes that are more similar in sequence suggest the species
are more closely related.
Answer: D
Topic: 12.17
Skill: Conceptual Understanding
40) Which of the following best defines the term transgenic animal?
A) an animal that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele
B) an animal in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy
C) an animal containing a gene from a third "parent," which may even be another species
D) an animal containing genes from both its parents
E) an animal containing genes from three or more species
Answer: C
Topic: 12.18
Skill: Factual Recall

41) Which one of the following statements is false?

A) Transgenic animals have been engineered to be pharmaceutical factories.
B) Golden rice is a transgenic plant that has been engineered to produce grains containing beta-carotene.
C) The majority of American soybean and cotton crops are genetically modified.
D) Genetic modification of plants increases the amount of tillage and use of chemical insecticides.
E) GM plants have received genes that make the plants more resistant to pests and herbicides.
Answer: D
Topic: 12.18
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

42) Which of the following is used to protect against accidents involving genetically engineered organisms?
A) insertion of foreign genes only into nonpathogenic organisms
B) insertion of foreign genes only into nonprimate organisms
C) genetic crippling of the recombinant organism
D) development of a set of laboratory procedures to protect lab personnel against infection
E) genetic crippling of the recombinant organism and development of a set of laboratory procedures to protect lab
personnel against infection
Answer: E
Topic: 12.19
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

43) Which one of the following is not a significant issue regarding the creation of genetically modified (GM)
organisms?
A) The production of "hybrid" plants containing genes from several varieties has not been done before.
B) Allergens may be transferred in the process of producing GM organisms.
C) Rogue microbes might transfer dangerous genes into other organisms.
D) Transgenic plants might pass their new genes to close relatives.
E) All of the choices are significant issues regarding the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms.
Answer: A
Topic: 12.19
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

Web/CD Activity Questions

1) What is a major source of restriction enzymes?

A) chief cells
B) DNA technology
C) parietal cells
D) archaea
E) bacteria
Answer: E
Topic: Web/CD Activity 12A
Skill: Application

2) DNA fragments that have matching sticky ends are joined by covalent bonds formed by the action of
A) DNA ligase.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) DNA helicase.
D) covalentase.
E) a restriction enzyme.
Answer: A
Topic: Web/CD Activity 12B
Skill: Factual Recall

3) Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules on the basis of

A) the nucleotide sequence of their sticky ends.
B) their nucleotide sequences.
C) the amount of adenine they contain relative to the amount of thymine they contain.
D) the amount of adenine they contain relative to the amount of guanine they contain.
E) their lengths.
Answer: E
Topic: Web/CD Activity 12C
Skill: Factual Recall

4) What is the designation for the short arm of a chromosome?

A) l
B) p
C) q
D) r
E) s
Answer: B
Topic: Web/CD Activity 12F
Skill: Factual Recall

5) What is the advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin?
A) Human insulin is more variable than other sources of insulin, so cloning would provide a greater chance of
obtaining a form that can be used by the diabetic's muscles.
B) There are too few cows, pigs, and horses to provide an adequate supply of their insulin.
C) Human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig, or horse insulin.
D) Cow, pig, or horse insulin cannot keep a diabetic alive for more than three months.
E) Using human insulin increases the probability that, in the future, the diabetic can be weaned from a dependence
on insulin.
Answer: C
Topic: Web/CD Activity 12G
Skill: Conceptual Understanding

6) Golden rice is golden because it is rich in

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin C.
C) beta-carotene.
D) chromium picolinate.
E) protein.
Answer: C
Topic: Web/CD Activity 12H
Skill: Factual Recall