TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THE INSTITUTION..................................................2

MEANING OF ARITHMETIC MEAN....................................3

CALCULATION OF ARITHMETIC MEAN..............................3

METHOD OF DETERMINING MODE..................................7

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM.............................................8

STEP TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM..........................................9

CALCULATION OF ARITHMETIC MEAN............................10

Computation of Mean.....................................................16

Computation of Mean.....................................................17

COMPUTATION OF MODE..............................................21

CONCLUSION..................................................................22

BIBLIOGRAPHY:...............................................................23

1
 ABOUT THE INSTITUTION

The history of Rajpur has been identified with the glorious heritage of Nehru
Memorial High School Rajpur.The school was established in the year 1964and was
formally inaugurated by the head of village Mr.Himansu Mohan Mishra.On
November 14, 1964. The school is named after the name of
PanditJawaharlalNehru, the first prime minister of the country.Mr.Himansu
Mohan Mishra was the first headmaster of this school .While Mr.Biswanath
Dehuri is the current headmaster of the school.

Currently there are 15 teachers and 400 students in the school. Subjects like –
M.I.L, English, Science, Hindi, Mathematics History and Geography are being
taught. In this school according to the syllabus prescribed by the B.S.E, odisha.

2
MEANING OF ARITHMETIC MEAN
 Mean or arithmetic mean is the most popularmeasure of central tendency
and used very frequently.
 It is otherwiseknown as average.
 Arithmetic mean is obtained by adding all the items and by dividing the
total by the total number of items.
 It is donated by x.

MERITS OF THE ARITHMETIC MEAN

 It is most commonly used average.
 It is very simple and easily calculated.
 It utilizes all the data in the group.
 It can be determined in every case.
 There is no need to arranging to data.

DEMERITS OF THE ARITHMETIC MEAN

 It can be locate by inspection.
 The absence of a single item affects its accuracy.
 Its value may be distorted by the extreme. Value orabnormal variations.
 It is least affected by fluctuation a sampling.

CALCULATION OF ARITHMETIC MEAN

Mean under individual series
Direct method Shortcut method Step deviation method
Σx Σd Σ dʹ
X= Ν X= A+ Ν X= Α+ Ν × i

X-value of variable

N-number of item

A-assumed mean

3
D- Deviation

I-common factor
d
dl= i

DESCRIPT SERIES

Direct method Shortcut method Step deviation method

Σx Σf d Σf dʹ
X= ∑ f X= A+
∑f
X= Α+
∑f
×i

∑f=number of item

FX=f× x fd=f × d

CONTINUOUS SERIES
Direct method Shortcut method Step deviation method
Σfm Σf d Σf dʹ
X= ∑ f X= A+
∑f
X= Α+
∑f
×i

l1−l 2
M=mid value= 2

MEANING OF MEDIAN
 Median is an another important measure of central tendency .it is a positional
average
 Median is defining as middle value of series which arranged either in
ascending or descending order.
 It is a value whichdivide the arrange series in to two equal others
 Median is donated by M

MERITS OF MEDIAN
 It is rigidly defined
 It can be easily calculated

4
  It is easy to understand
 It is not effected extreme value
 It can be located by inspection in some cases
 It is useful when the data cannot be measured quantitavly

DEMERITS OF MEDIAN
 It may not be representative in many cases.
 It is not suitable for further algebraic treatment.
 If big are small items are to receive importance ,median would be
unsuitable average
 It is likely to be effected by the sampling fluctuations

CALCULATION OF MEDIAN:
 Under individual series
n+1
 If the number of items i.e. is odd median= 2
thitem
 If the number of items is even i.e. n is even median=

( (
N
2 ( )
)th item+{
N
2 )
th item +1−}

DISCRETE SERIES

i. If an is odd,
n+1
Median= 2
th item of formulatefrequency.
ii. If n is even,

Median=
mean of
( 2 ) and + 1Th items
N
th
n
2
2

CONTINUOUS SERIES

5
Median= 2 )
( N
−c
l+ ×i
f

I is the lower limit of the median class

F is the frequency of the median class

N is the total of frequency

I is the width of median class

MEANING OF MODE
 Like median mode is an on average position
 Mode is defined as the value which occurs most frequently in a
series. In other words ,it is a value which has the greatest frequency
in a distribution

MERITS OF MODE
 It can be found by mode inspection in certain case.
 It can be easily understood and calculated.
 It is not affected by extreme values.
 It can determine even if the extreme values are not known provided the
distribution is regular.
 It can be determined graphically.

DEMERITS OF MODE
 It is frequently ill defending. We have bimodal or multimodal series.
 It is often indeterminate.
 It does not give important to extreme values.
 It is not capable of algebraic manipulation.

6
 METHOD OF DETERMINING MODE

Method of Grouping Empirical Method of

Inspection Method Method Graph

INSPECTION METHOD:-
Under inspection method the value of mode is found out simply by inspection of
frequency distribution. The value which has greatest frequency will be the mode.

GROUPING METHOD:

Grouping method is specially designed to determine the modal value of any

series. It is simple in case on be modal or multi modal series.inorder to calculate
the mode under the grouping method two table are to be prepared ,namely
grouping and analysis table .

EMPIRICAL RELATION METHOD:-

If two arehighest total of tally bars come from the analysis table,the mode cannot
be determined by grouping method. In such the situation the mode is said to be
ill-defined and relation method is used to obtain the value of mode .the formula
is:-

7
 MODE =3 MEDIAN – 2 MEAN
CALCULATION OF MODE IN A CONTINUOUS SERIES
 The series to be arranged in equal class intervals and recorded in ascending
order .the class must be exclusive form.
 By applying inspection method or grouping method modal class is to be
found out.
 The exact value of mode is then determined by Appling the formula.
fl−f 0
Mode=l 1+ 2 f 1−f 0−f 2 ×i

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM
In NehruMemorial High School the number of Vlll class students appeared the
annual examination 2016-17 was 40 and 2017-18 was 50. A survey was conducted
in December, 2018and data related to mathematics and Hindi subject was
collected from primary source.

The data are as follows

Mark secured in mathematics (M.T.H)

( 2016-17 ) (2017-18)

40 85 66 31 09 71 78 86 79 30 91 80 66 35 84 50 88 65 70

22 21 92 84 51 87 19 41 44 24 86 88 13 35 89 46 30 23 18

55 65 70 80 85 90 93 67 63 78 09 14 39 49 83 86 64 77 83

48 39 55 86 85 33 49 61 79 75 82 94 33 45 48 52 71 81 92

80 89 71 73 22 24 35 45 69 73 69 76 80 43

51 56 57 59 71

Hindi (2016-17) (2017-18)

8
85 90 91 66 63 72 75 73 33 61 40 85 66 31 09 71 78 86 79 30 71 65

55 45 49 66 73 31 39 12 09 18 22 21 92 84 51 87 19 41 44 24 78 92

42 61 79 83 75 16 19 21 29 56 55 65 70 80 85 90 93 67 63 78 89 75

93 07 05 33 44 35 93 85 71 85 48 39 55 86 85 33 49 61 79 75 65 77

88 53 54 75 66 80 89 71 73 22

STEP TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

Marks secured in (2016-17)

marks Mathematics(M.T.H) Hindi

tally frequency tally frequency
0-10 l 01 l 01
10-20 l 01 ll 02
20-30 llll 04 llll l 06
30-40 llll 05 lll 03
40-50 llll 05 lll 03
50-60 llll 05 llll 04
60-70 llll 04 llllll 07
70-80 llll 04 llll 05
80-90 llllll 07 llll l 06
90-100 llll 04 lll 03

Mark secured in(2017-18)

marks Mathematics(M.T.H) Hindi
tally frequency tally frequency
0-10 lll 03 ll 02
10-20 l 01 lll 03
20-30 lll 03 lll 03
30-40 llllll 07 lllllll 08
40-50 llll 05 lllll 06
50-60 llll 05 llll l 06

9
60-70 llll l 06 llll 05
70-80 llll l 06 llll 04
80-90 lllllllll 11 lllllll 09
90-100 llll 03 llll 04

CALCULATION OF ARITHMETIC MEAN

Computation of Mean
C.I F M FM
0-10 01 05 05
10-20 01 15 15
20-30 04 25 100
30-40 05 35 175
40-50 05 45 225
50-60 05 55 275
60-70 04 65 260
70-80 04 75 300
80-90 07 85 595
90-100 04 95 380
∑fm=2330
∑f=40

∑ fm 2330
Mean = ∑ f = 40 =58.25

10
 Calculationof Mean

C.I F Mv D=(m-a) fd
0-10 01 05 -50 -50
10-20 01 15 -40 -40
20-30 04 25 -30 -30
30-40 05 35 -20 -20
40-50 05 45 -10 10
50-60 05 55 00 00
60-70 04 65 10 40
70-80 04 75 20 80
80-90 07 85 30 210
90-100 04 95 40 160
∑f=40 ∑fd=130

∑ fd 130
Mean= A+ ∑ f =55+ 40 =55+3.25 =58.25

Calculation Of Mean Under Continuous Series By Using Step Deviation Method.

C.I F Mv D=(m-a) d fdl

D l= i
0-10 01 05 -50 -5 -05
10-20 01 15 -40 -4 -04
20-30 04 25 -30 -3 -12

11
 30-40 05 35 -20 -2 -10
40-50 05 45 -10 -1 -5
50-60 05 55 00 00 00
60-70 04 65 10 1 04
70-80 04 75 20 2 08
80-90 07 85 30 3 21
90-100 04 95 40 4 16
∑f=40 ∑fdl=13

∑ fd1 13
Mean = A+ ∑ f ×i =55+ 40 ×10 =55+3.25

=58.25

CalculationOf Median

C.I F C.f
0-10 01 01
10-20 01 02
20-30 04 06
30-40 05 11
40-50 05 16
50-60 05 21
60-70 04 25
70-80 04 29
80-90 07 36
90-100 04 40
∑f=40
Here-N=45
N 40
= 2
= 2
= 20

Median class=50-60

So, l=60,i=10, cf=20, f=05

12
Median = 2
l+
N
(−cf
×i
) =50+
20−16
5
×10
40
=50+ 5
f

=50+8 = 58

Calculation of Mode
C.I F
0-10 01
10-20 01
20-30 04
30-40 05
40-50 05
50-60 05
60-70 04
70-80 04
80-90 07
90-100 04

From the above table it is noted that class interval (80-90) has maximum
frequency .so modal class 80-90
fl−f 0
Mode =l 1+ 2 f 1−f 0−f 2 ×i

7−4 3
=80+ 14−4−4 ×10=80+ 6 ×10 =85

Computation of Mean
C.I f m.v fm

13
 0-10 01 05 5
10-20 02 15 30
20-30 06 25 150
30-40 03 35 105
40-50 03 45 130
50-60 04 55 270
60-70 07 65 455
70-80 05 75 375
80-90 06 85 510
90-100 03 95 285
∑f=40 ∑fm=2320
∑ fm 2320
Mean = ∑ f = 40 = 58

Computation of Mean

C.I F M D=(m-a) fd
0-10 01 05 -50 -50
10-20 02 15 -40 -80
20-30 06 25 -30 -120
30-40 03 35 -20 -60
40-50 03 45 -10 -10
50-60 04 55 00 00
60-70 07 65 10 70
70-80 05 75 20 100
80-90 06 85 30 180
90-100 03 95 40 120
∑f=40 ∑fd=150
∑ fd
Mean = A+ ∑ f

150
=55+ 40 = 55+3.75 = 58.75

Computation of Mean
C.I F M D=(m-a) d fdl
Dl=
i

14
0-10 01 05 -50 -5 -5
10-20 02 15 -40 -4 -8
20-30 06 25 -30 -3 -18
30-40 03 35 -20 -2 -6
40-50 03 45 10 -1 -3
50-60 04 55 00 00 00
60-70 07 65 10 1 7
70-80 05 75 20 2 10
80-90 06 85 30 3 18
90-100 03 95 40 4 12
∑f=40∑fdl=7
∑ fd 1
Mean = A+ ∑ f ×i

7
=55+ 40 ×10= 55+1.75 = 56.75

Computation of Median, Under Continuous Series

C.I F C.f
0-10 01 01
10-20 02 03
20-30 06 09
30-40 03 12
40-50 03 15
50-60 04 19
60-70 07 26
70-80 05 31
80-90 06 37
90-100 03 40
∑f=40

Here-N=40
N 40
= 2
= 2
= 20

15
Median class=60-70

Median = 2
l+
( N
−cf )
×i
f

=60
+ ( 402 −19) ×10 =60+ 20−19
7
1
×10 = 60+ × 10
7
7

=60+1.42= 61.42

Computation of Mode
C.I F
0-10 01
10-20 02
20-30 06
30-40 03
40-50 03
50-60 04
60-70 07
70-80 05
80-90 06
90-100 03
From the following information it is noted that (70-80)c.i has maximum
frequency. so model class(70-80)
fl−f 0
Mode =l 1+ 2 f 1−f 0−f 2 ×i

7−4 3
=60+ 14−4−5 ×10 =60+ 5 × 10 =60+6 =66

16
 Computationof Mean
C.I f m fm
0-10 03 05 15
10-20 01 15 15
20-30 03 25 75
30-40 07 35 245
40-50 05 45 225
50-60 05 55 275
60-70 06 65 390
70-80 06 75 450
80-90 11 85 935
90-100 03 95 285
∑f=50 ∑fm=2920
∑ fm 2920
Mean = ∑ f = 5 0 = 58.4

Computation of Mean
C.I F M D=(m-a) fd
0-10 03 05 -50 -150
10-20 01 15 -40 -40
20-30 03 25 -30 -90
30-40 07 35 -20 -140
40-50 05 45 -10 -50
50-60 05 55 00 00
60-70 06 65 10 60
70-80 06 75 20 120
80-90 11 85 30 330
90-100 03 95 40 120
∑f=50 ∑fd=160
∑ fd
Mean = A+ ∑ f
160
=55+ 50 = 55+3.2 = 58.2
Computation of Mean
17
C.I F Mv D=(m-a) d fdl
D l= i
0-10 03 05 -50 -5 -15
10-20 01 15 -40 -4 -4
20-30 03 25 -30 -3 -9
30-40 07 35 -20 -2 -14
40-50 05 45 -10 -1 -5
50-60 05 55 00 00 00
60-70 06 65 10 1 6
70-80 06 75 20 2 12
80-90 11 85 30 3 33
90-100 03 95 40 4 12
∑f=50 ∑fdl=16
∑ fd1 16
Mean = A+ ∑ f ×i =55+ 50 × 10 = 55+3.2 =58.2
Computation of Median under Continuous Series.
C.I F C.f
0-10 03 03
10-20 01 04
20-30 03 07
30-40 07 14
40-50 05 19
50-60 05 24
60-70 06 30
70-80 06 36
80-90 11 47
90-100 03 50
∑f=50

N 50
= 2
= 2
= 25 median class = 60-70

median= 2
l+
( N
−cf )
×i
25−24 10
= 60+ 6 × 10= 60+ 6 = 60 +1.66=61.66
f

18
 Computation of Mode
C.I F
0-10 03
10-20 01
20-30 03
30-40 07
40-50 05
50-60 05
60-70 06
70-80 06
80-90 11
90-100 03
From the following information it is noted that class interval (80-90) has
maximum frequency. so model class(80-90)
fl−f 0
Mode =l 1+ 2 f 1−f 0−f 2 ×i
11−6 5
= 80+ 22−06−03 ×10 = 80+ 13 × 10= 80+3.84 = 83. 34

Computationof Mean
C.I f m fm
0-10 02 05 10
10-20 03 15 45
20-30 03 25 75
30-40 08 35 280
40-50 06 45 270
50-60 06 55 330
60-70 05 65 335
70-80 04 75 310
80-90 09 85 765
90-100 04 95 380
∑f=50 ∑fm=2800
∑ fm
Mean = ∑ f

19
 2800
= 50 = 56
C.I F Mv D=(m-a) fd
0-10 02 05 -50 -100
10-20 03 15 -40 -120
20-30 03 25 -30 -90
30-40 08 35 -20 -160
40-50 06 45 -10 -60
50-60 06 55 00 00
60-70 05 65 10 50
70-80 04 75 20 80
80-90 09 85 30 270
90-100 04 95 40 160
∑f=50 ∑fd=30

∑ fd
Mean= A+ ∑ f

30
=55+ 5 0 =55+0.6 =55.60 =56

COMPUTATION OF MEAN

C.I F Mv D=(m-a) d fdl

D l= i
0-10 02 05 -50 -5 -10
10-20 03 15 -40 -4 -12
20-30 03 25 -30 -3 -9
30-40 08 35 -20 -2 -16
40-50 06 45 -10 -1 -6
50-60 06 55 00 00 00
60-70 05 65 10 1 05
70-80 04 75 20 2 08
80-90 09 85 30 3 27
90-100 04 95 40 4 16
∑f=50 ∑fd= 3

20
 ∑ fd 1
Mean = A+ ∑ f ×i

3
=55+ 50 × 10=55 +0.6=55.60=56

C.I F C.f
0-10 02 02
10-20 03 05
20-30 03 08
30-40 08 16
40-50 06 22
50-60 06 28
60-70 05 33
70-80 04 37
80-90 09 46
90-100 04 50
∑f=50

N 50
= 2
= 2
= 25
Median class=40-50

Median= 2
l+
( N
−cf )
×i
f

=
50+
( 50
2
−22 )
×10
6
+ 25−22 +3
=50 6
×10= 50 ×10 = 50+5= 55
6

COMPUTATION OF MODE
C.I F
0-10 02
10-20 03
20-30 03

21
 30-40 08
40-50 06
50-60 06
60-70 05
70-80 04
80-90 09
90-100 04
By inspection it is noted that (80-90) class interval may maximum frequency. So,
model class= (80-90)
fl−f 0
Mode =l 1+ 2 f 1−f 0−f 2 ×i
9−4 5 5
= 80+ 18−4−4 × 10= 80+ 18−8 ×10 = 80+ 10 × 10= 80+5
=85

CONCLUSION

From the following investigation it is noted that the result of both the year is

good. but in hindistudents havenot performed better in 2016-which is not a good

give more attention on Hindi and accords should also helps the student in the

Hindi subject.

22
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Elements of Business mathematics and statistics (2017-18) P.K. Garg.

Page No. 3.2 – 3.3- 3.5, 3.6 -3.14.

2. WWW.wikipedia.com

3. www.mathsworld.com

4. Www. project management.co.in

5. Www. Google.com

23
6. www.accountmanagemet.co.in

7. www.mathsworld.com

24