TECHNICAL PROPOSAL

Advanced Instrumentation
Pressure and Temperature Measurements
 Advanced Instrumentation Pressure and Temperature Measurements

1.1 COURSE OVERVIEW:

The most common process variables measurements is pressure and temperature

Pressure measurement is the measurement of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface.
Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many techniques have been

developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure and display pressure
mechanically are called pressure gauges, vacuum gauges or compound gauges (vacuum & pressure). The

widely used Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device, which both measures and indicates and is probably the
best-known type of gauge.

Pressure measurement has several types of instruments like Gauges, Switches and transmitters

Temperature measurements also one of the most common process variables there are several sensors used

in measurement like RTD and Thermocouples.

RTDs - or Resistance Temperature Detectors - are temperature sensors that contain a resistor that changes

resistance value as its temperature changes. The most popular RTD is the Pt100. They have been used for
many years to measure temperature in laboratory and industrial processes, and have developed a reputation

for accuracy, repeatability, and stability.

A thermocouple, also known as a "thermoelectrical thermometer", is an electrical device consisting of two

dissimilar electrical conductors forming an electrical junction. A thermocouple produces a temperature-

dependent voltage as a result of the Seebeck effect, and this voltage can be interpreted to measure

temperature. Thermocouples are widely used as temperature sensors.

1.2 COURSE OBJECTIVES:

After Completing this Training Course, Participants will be able to:

• Explain Pressure measurement types

• Explain Primary elements of pressure measurement.

• Explain pressure Switches types Mechanical, contact pressure gauges, Electronic.
• Explain How to select pressure gauge, pressure switches and pressure transmitters

• Explain How to calibrate pressure gauges pressure switches and pressure transmitters?
• Explain maintenance and troubleshooting procedures for pressure gauges pressure switches and

pressure transmitters.

• Explain How to use Hart communicator for calibration

• Explain Difference between transmitters and transducers.

• Explain what is the types of transducers

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 Advanced Instrumentation Pressure and Temperature Measurements

• Explain the several types of Temperature sensors

• Explain the operation principle and wiring of RTD

• Explain how to test PT100 by using multimeter or process calibrator

• Explain the several types of Thermocouples

• Explain the operation principle and how to wire Thermocouple

• Explain how to test thermocouple by using process calibrator

• Temperature gauge and switches

• How to select Temperature sensor

• Temperature transmitter Testing and calibrating

1.3 COURSE DURATION:

FIVE DAY

1.4 COURSE LANGUAGE:

The Presentation, supplied documents, and workshop exercises of the course are in English, however,

based on the trainees’ desires, use of Bilingual (English and Arabic) for oral explanation is available.

1.5 WHO SHOULD ATTEND?

This training course has been designed for :

• Instrumentation Engineers

• Instrumentation Supervisors

• Instrumentation Technicians

• Electrical Engineers

• Electrical Supervisors
• Electrical Technicians

1.6 COURSE CONTENTS:

Module (01) Pressure Measurements

• Pressure measurement types

o Gauge pressure

o Absolute pressure

o Differential pressure

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 Advanced Instrumentation Pressure and Temperature Measurements

• Primary elements of pressure measurement.

o Bourdon Tube

➢ Principle of operation

➢ Range of operation

➢ Types (C-chape, Spiral and Helical)

➢ Advantages and Disadvantages

➢ Troubleshooting and Maintenance

o Diaphragm

➢ Principle of operation

➢ Range of operation

➢ Advantages and Disadvantages

➢ Troubleshooting and Maintenance

o Capsule

➢ Principle of operation

➢ Range of operation

➢ Advantages and Disadvantages

o Bellow

➢ Principle of operation

➢ Range of operation

➢ Advantages and Disadvantages

➢ Troubleshooting and Maintenance

Module (02) Pressure Gauges and Pressure switches

o Pressure Gauges

➢ Pressure gauge types

❖ Mechanical

❖ Digital

➢ Pressure gauge scales

❖ Positive scale

❖ Negative scale

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 Advanced Instrumentation Pressure and Temperature Measurements

❖ Compound scale

➢ Important parameters for gauge selection

❖ Accuracy.

❖ Dial size.

❖ Mounting requirements.

❖ Environment.

❖ Connection size.

❖ Accessories.

❖ Pressure range.

➢ Pressure gauge Troubleshooting

❖ Zero error

❖ Multiplication error

➢ Pressure gauge Testing and Calibration

❖ Calibration tools

❖ Calibration procedures

❖ Take the decision to replace or repair

o Pressure Switches

➢ Pressure Switch types

➢ Pressure Switch selection

➢ Pressure Switch Troubleshooting

➢ Pressure Switch Testing and Calibration

Module (03) Pressure and Differential Pressure transmitters

o Pressure Transmitters

➢ Pressure transmitter Components

➢ Different between Transducer and transmitter

➢ Pressure transmitter selection

➢ Pressure transmitter Calibration using HART communicator

o Differential pressure transmitters

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 Advanced Instrumentation Pressure and Temperature Measurements

➢ Level (differential pressure transmitters)

➢ Flow (differential pressure transmitters)

❖ Orifice plate

❖ Flow nozzle

❖ Venturi tube

Module (04) Temperature Measurements RTD

• RTD Resistive Temperature Detector

o PT100 principle of operation

o PT100 specifications

o Application and Technical Data

➢ Linearity

➢ Stability

➢ Sensitivity

➢ Accuracy

➢ Ranges of operation

o Lead Wire Compensation

➢ 2-wires

❖ Limitations and Problems

➢ 3-wires

❖ Application and Limitation

➢ 4-wires

❖ Advantages and Limitations

o How to wire RTD

o How to check PT100

➢ Using Multimeter

➢ Check using process calibrator FLUKE

Module (05) TC Thermocouple and Temperature transmitter

o WHAT IS A THERMOCOUPLE?

o TC principle of operation

o COLD JUNCTION COMPENSATION

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 Advanced Instrumentation Pressure and Temperature Measurements

o REFERENCE TABLES

o THERMOCOUPLE TYPES

o BASE METAL THERMOCOUPLES

➢ Type E

➢ Type J

➢ Type K

➢ Type N

➢ Type T

o NOBLE METAL THERMOCOUPLE TYPES

➢ Type B (Platinum/Platinum-30% Rhodium)

➢ Type R (Platinum/Platinum-13% Rhodium)

➢ Type S (Platinum/Platinum-10% Rhodium)

o Refractory Metal Thermocouples

o ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

o How to test TC using process calibrator

➢ Difference between RTD vs TC

➢ Linearity

➢ Stability

➢ Sensitivity

➢ Accuracy

➢ Ranges of operation

• Temperature gauge and switches

• Temperature Transmitter Calibration

Course Summary & Conclusion

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 Advanced Instrumentation Pressure and Temperature Measurements

1.7 TRAINING METHODOLOGY:

Throughout this course, the attendees will have the opportunity to practice their skills through a variety

of hands-on exercises. These exercises focus on the skills introduced in each lesson. They will also have

the opportunity to combine theory and practical by completing multiple integrated practice activities
during the course Sessions.
▪ Pre-Assessment Questionnaire for use before the Course

▪ Post-Assessment Questionnaire for use after the Course

▪ Lectures, Demonstrations, Group Exercises & Case Studies

▪ Evaluation Questionnaires (Course, Instructor, & Administration) filled by Attendees

▪ Evaluation Questionnaires for Attendees filled by Instructor

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