Group-13( Boron Family Short Notes)

Boron Family
* Boron
family consist
y Boon Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, a

Thallium and Ninonium.

(TL) (Nk)
* Born is a
typical non-metal, Aluminium is a metal
chemical
havi ng properties
some same as Born.

almost
exclusively
Ga, In & it are metallic in character.

Boron orthoboric acid, (HBOs),

mainly
*
occurs as dowax

(N92B407.10MO) and Kenite (NazB407. 4H20).

(Ladakh)
Pugavalley
In
* India borax occurs in and
Sambhar Lake
(Rajasthan).
10 (19%) and "B(81%).
There are two
isotopes of Born
*

Aluminium is the
*

most abundant 3rd most

metal and the
abundant element earth's
in the crust (8.3% man)
(45.5%) sicd77%). by
after oxygen
a

The
important mineral Bauxite/A1z0z2H,0)
of
* Aluminium are

cyolite
and (N9 AlF6).

In itis
found mica in M.P., Karnataka,
*
India as

Orissa & Jammu

 General Characteristics
of Group-IIA013:
1 Electronic
configuration: The
-

elements is ns?, up!

outer electronic
configuration
of
these

2 Atomic radii:
B <Ga<Al<In <TL
-
at
duetopursuenngsdonegby delector
this
is

Ionization
enthalpy.The
3

1stionisation
lowes than the
energies of group
elements
of groups.
elements
13 are
corresponding
order
of
1st =E. In Al<Ga ST1 <
Be(screening effect)
:
Electronegativity B>TK En>Ga) Ion scale)
Pauling
Al

Deity
5

B(Al<Ga <In <TL

By mistake,
6
*the order stated in
Melting Point:B>ALSTK InGa
video is incorrect)

Boiling
7 point:B>AKGa>In3TL (P12 Rectify(
oxidation
8 Potential and Oxidation State-

in solution
Boron does not
has low value
fam
positive ions
aqueous & thus
of
oxidation
potential.
cation:B*LAl> Gat> Int3> T13
stability of tripositive
*

unipositive cation:Althat>Int> Tit

stability of
*

inset
due to
pair effect).
Galium show
appears to to oxidation state in Gallz.
*

and exist as

GaGaLIn]=GaY Lc]-

9
polymerization.
electron
trivalency compounds of born
Due to the are

deficient and have

tendency accept
to
pair of
electrons
a

stable
configuration they
act
achieve
to electronic & there as

Lewis Acids.
e-pair acceptors
⑦
U NH3
2 I⑦
B
-4
+

Niz-> B
-
u n -

the order BA3 (X= F, U, BU, I)

of Lewis acidic
strength of
BFz<BUy<BBV, B I3 thisis due to
back
bonding.
Ally
stabilityby forming dimes.
*
achieve a
 30smcATio
CL

L
>
tetrahedral

In
*
is not due to
aluminium
compounds back
bonding possible
following reasons: -

a
p-orbitalof Al
large
is in size, so
p-porbital is
effective
not

in Al
larger repulsion,
thus
destablising
6 8-e-core causes

bonding.
back

·
M4z + 4120 > MIONn]+3H4 +H

n +

AlUz 6H20
+

>[AICH2016] 30-

octahedral

sp3d

Reactivity towards air:-

10

oroneistinto fameatthe towards

amorphous.
air
In
crystal
4B +

302 700>2B203
2B+Ng high temp's 2BN

Boron nitrile

↳sinorganic graphite)
 Aluminium isnot
a ffecteddry
by aishowever then oxide
*

a
it

is

air
heat
4AL+ 302 >2A1203
2Al+ N2 night, SAIN

Ga and
affected by
* In are not air

The oxide
film on the
surface of
aluminium is so
useful that
*

is
industry, purposely by
increased
electrolytic proces
in it an

called
Anodizing. venels
Anodized
cooking
are used now as nonstick

cookware.

Reactivity towards water-

Il

affected by
Boron is not water or

steam, however steam leats

at sed heat.

red
2B 3H20
+
>
ByOy+ 312
heat we
steam

3 H20
2 Al+
A 3H2
> +

cold
* Ga&In
is
is not
affected by water (cold shot unless the
air

present

4 TL + 2H20 +02 > G TIOH.

12
Reactivity towards acids.
Boron does not react with
acids
moderate
even at
temperatures
2Ales) 6HU(ag) AIU3(N1
+3H2(g)
-
non +

oxiacids
dizing 2TL 3 H2SO4(ag) >TISOnlz + 3H2(g)
+

dilute

oxidizing
with acids

2B+ conc.H2SO4Y ,
CHzBOy + SO24
B
B 3 HN03 >
H3B0z 3NO2 4
+
+

A
CAL+ GH2SO4 > Alz(SOnlz +35024 + H20

concentrate aluminium
passive by farming
*
HNOy lenders a

protective oxide
layer on
surface.
the

towards alkali:
Reactivity
13 -

Boron does not react with

alkalies
concentrations
at moderate
temperature &
ordinary
-

+ 3
2 B 6NaOH+ >
N9,B0z H2

furned alkali
2M +

2 NaOH + 2H20 >

NaMO2 +3H2 (M A1, aa] =

2M +
2 NaOH + 6120 > 2Na(MI0nn) +3H2 (M Al, Ga] =
 towards non-metals-
Reactivity
14

2B >2BN
Ng
+

> 2 AIN
2 Al+ N2
>
-
4Al + 3
Aln3
4B +
c -
BuC

2ECS) dEXgH) (X f,U, 1)

+3x29)
=
Br,

(E B, Al, Ga, In, T1]

=

Except T1I3 does not existdue to inet

pair effect
*

towards metal:
Reactivity
15 -

metals
with
Only boron combines

fam
to bosides on
heating.
3Mg+2B
-

MgzB2.
compoundsof Group
16 in:

a oxides-

B203 Gand IngO3 T1203

I As -
more acidic

less Basic amphoteric Barc

acidic 2NaOH + BeOz- NaBOL+ H2O

nature Gu0 + BgO3 Cu(BO2)2
By03 (0(BO2)2
of
C00 + B203
->
 ByOyt PuO10 4BPOn
--
Baric
nature 2 B2Oz + AsnOlo -> 4 BAsOn

of By03
->
Al2O3 + 6H4 2AlUg 3H20
+

AlzOz + 2NaOH >

- NaAl0z +H2O

G9283 + 2NaOH ->

2NaGaOz + H2O

+ 3H20
T10z +
3H2SO4 >
T1 (SO4)z

THO+HeO
-> GTOH.

6
Hydroxides."
BIOHz AILONs Galong InCONs TIONs
acidic

Amphoteric Baric

BIONz
+

NaOH -NalBloMn] NaBO2

concentration
when the is
high
3
BlOHz -
'Hot +(B20z(ON)n]+20
-

Lno I
m
 (N92B407. 10420) roTincol:
Borax
Suhaga
C -

Itis the most

important compound ofboron. Itisa white

crystalline of famula
solid N92B407.10420.

Since it contains tetranucleas units (Bu05(OH)n],therefore the

correct
formula will be N92(BnO5(OMIn]. 8H20.

4 HzBOz N92C03
+ >
N92B407 + 6H20 +CO2

NazB407 +TH20 -> 2NaOH 4HyBOz.

+

heating,
On
* water molecules and swells
borax
firstlooses up.
on

which
heating into
further
itturns into a
transparent liquid
material
bowax
solidifies
bead.
glass like known as

sodium metaborate
7402
N92B487-10420-10420 >
NazB4O7 >
NaBO2 B203 +

glassy
mass.

CuSO4 +
BeOz > Cu0.B303 + SO3

↓
Cu(BOzIz
Blue

metaborates Ni
of n
colous cu,
of
Co (r

Blue Blue Green Brown

a Orthoboric acid (H3B03).

solid with
soapy touch. I thoughregardlestake what
highly soluble in hot water.

Naz BuO7 +2HU +SH20 >

NaU+4BIONs

Ithas structure in which

layer planar Box units
a are

joined by hydrogen bonds.

---
on

----- B

i ↳

....
A
-
* H

n - o
↳....... i I
I
Bovic acid is a weak monobaric acid. It is not a

but acts lewis aid.

protonic acid as

BIONz + G HOH > (BCOH1n]+430

370K
HyBOz > HB02* <
B30z.
 BIOR)3
a

RONH2SO4 complexof glyceral

wal & Boron
7

aly
A
HBO2 2 HzB03 MOD, M(BOL 2 H20
+

↓
A fusion RCOG
with
Bg03
~

NMGBFG
NHGMF2
BIOCOR +H4
I
↓

NHuF BF3
+

e Diborane, BgH6:-

4 BFz 3 LA4 + 3LiF + 3AlEg

+

>2BgH6

Labmethod.NABH4 +I2-BgH6+aNaI +H2

450K
2Bfz 6NaH
+

>BgH6+ GNAF

silent electric
2BUs+ 6H2 7
BgH6 6HD
+

discharge
Diborance is a colourlers,
highly toxic
gas 6.p.
with
of
1801.

Diborane catches
fire spontaneously upon exposure air.
to
 ByH6 302> B0z + 3H20
+

DHE=-1976K5/moL

LBH4
2 B13.CO ~wit >GHzB0z 642
+

<Eco 6H2O
red
M4 >2B 3H2
ByM54+ Hz > BgM6
+

heat
kON
-NMee 40
342 -
2KBO2 + 6H2
&BH. Ng
2 BUzt 3HY

Ba
*
+

6N
> 3(BHz(N)2] BMUJ
heat

H -
B >BNgH6 + 12H2

- inorganic
Benzene.

i
-
Bring
is
2x3c-2- bonds)
*

H
4x(2c-re-bonds)
*

- 1970 -
B
119pm H
n I34pm
⑭
Uses
*

of Boron, Aluminium and their

compounds -
Boron
fibres used in
making bullet-proof
rest
* are a

material
light composite aircraft
for

The bowon-10(B) isotope has

hiability
gh
*
absorb neutrons
to

metal bovides
&
therefore, are used in nucleas
industry
as

protective shields & control rods.

Boraxand
manufacture
*
and in the
of
boric acid are

glasses (Pyrex), glass-wool metals;fibreglaus.

heat resistant and
and

heat, scratch and

also used as a
for soldering
flux for
earthenwares and
stain resistant
constituent
glazed coating
medicinal
of soaps.
to as

solution HBO, is
An
of generally
* used as
aqueous
mild
a
antiseptic.

bright silverywhitemetal thermal

high
*
strengthin
Al is a with tensile
and has
high conductivity.
* with
ca, Mn, Si, & In. 2 these
Al
I alloys alloys
as are

utensil, contruction, & aroplanes

⑳

making
used he
Borates
*

as orthoborate or monoborate
(Boy3--/-
(B20s]"--B-0-BE
Pysoborate
16)
/

(By0s]
-

(a) metaborate or
cyclotriborate
-
Bo-p-0
·- d
↓-
(d) Tetraborate (Bu09]6-
O-
It
B
30 x 0yB
-
-

-
o
8 -

--
i
(e) Pentaborate (B5010]

I-I
 -

A) eorate:(B6 00]
Of

--
--- or -
o