4.

Electronegativity (EN)
Is the power of attraction of an atom in a bonded state
to attract the bonded pair of electrons to itself.
 In group : decreases as it goes down the group
 In Period : increases as it goes across from left  right
 EN (Pauling) the highest: F = 4
 EN (Pauling) the lowest: Rb, Cs = 0.7

5. Metallic properties
Metal – form basic oxide
Non-metal –acidic oxide
Metalloid- Amphoteric oxide

 Metallic properties changes from metal to metalloid and

non-metal as it goes across the period

Acidity and basicity of the oxides of period 2

Na2O MgO Al2O3 (SiO2)x P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7

Base Amphoteric acid

 Metallic properties increase as it goes down the group.

Oxides of Group V

N2O3
P4O6 Acid
As4O6
Sb4O6 Amphoteric
Bi2O3 Base

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  Describe about diagonal properties (similar chemical
properties)
For the element in the 2nd period with element in the 3rd
period in the diagonal position. Occurs only for elements in
Group IA, IIA. IIIA and IVA

Li Be B C

Mg Al Si

6. Oxidation State
 Refer to Number of the group in Periodic Table
But for Group VA  VIIA
 e.g : PCl5 (oxidation stete refer to the group)
 e.g. PCl3 (oxidation state = VIII- no group)

 Various Oxidation State for transition metals, actinides

and lanthanides

 As it goes down the group, oxidation states of less than

2 from that of the no. of group becomes more stable

e.g. Tl in group IIIA : Tl+ > Tl3+

Pb in group IVA :. Pb 2+ > Pb 4+
Bi in group V : Bi3+ > Bi5+

Due to inert pair effect from the 2 inert electrons in s

orbital.

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 SUMMARY OF THE TREND OF THE
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC
TABLE

 EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE (ZEFF)

 ATOMIC RADII (SIZE)
 IONIZATIONENERGY (IE)
 ELECTRIN AFFINITY (EA)
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)

Li Be B C N O F N
ZEFF, IE, EA, EN
Mg Al Si
Size, metallic Non
metal
Zeff, const Ge As
IE Metal
EA, In Sn Sb Te
EN
Tl Pb Bi Po At

Size , metallic

Diagonal
property Metal-nonmetal line Inert pair effect

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 The arrangement of ELECTRONS in Atoms

 Based on the electromagnet emission spectrum

 HYDROGEN gives line spectrum

Each line fit the equation:

1 
 R  2 -
1 1
 n m 2 


 = wave length
R = Rydberg constant
n, m = integer number ; m>n

Spectrum resolved into 5 series:

Lyman n=1, m= 2,3… UV

Balmer n=2, m= 3,4.. Visible
Paschen n=3, m=4,5… IR
Brakett n=4, m=5,6… far IR
Pfund n=5, m=6,7… far IR

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 The origin of hydrogen spectrum was explained by
Bohr applying Quantum Theory first developed by
Plank
“Energy emitted in packet called QUANTA”

E = h
h = Plank constant = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
 = frequency (light velocity/wavelength

Bohr assumption on hydrogen atom

1. Electron moves in an orbit around nucleus.
(K, L, M shells)
2. Electron does not radiate energy in these orbits
and associated with it the definite amount of
energy in each orbit.
3. Radiation is emitted when electron moves from
higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit.
Electron adsorbs energy when moves from one
orbit to another one of higher energy

The frequency of the radiation and energy

adsorbed is given by

E = h
E : the difference energy between 2 orbits

Knowing the mass and charge of electron, each radii of the

orbit can be calculated:

E  - Rch
n
n2
n : principle quantum no. 1,2,3….., E energy of electron

Why is the energy of electron negative?

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