It has been 75 years since the Federal Small and Medium Manufacturing Industries Development

Agency was established as an institution. The agency has been referred by different names since its
establishment.
In 1941/42 it was founded as Her Majesty Etege Menen Handcraft School.
In 1976/77 it was re-established as small industries and handicrafts development enterprise (SIHDE)
In 1991/92 it was named small industries and handcraft development enterprise (SIHDE) and was
structured which facilitated smooth operation until 1997/98.
1997/98 it was established by regulation No. 33/1998 of the Ministry of Councils as Federal Micro
and Small Business Enterprises Development Organization (FMSBEDO).
Accordingly, to the institutions that have been referred as handicraft and cottage industries for a long
time were recognized as small and micro enterprises since the year 1997/98.
As of 2010/11 it was re-established as Federal Micro and Small Enterprises Development Agency by
Regulation No. 201/2003 of the Council of Ministers and have been referred with this name for 5
years and operated by adopting clearly defined strategy and support frameworks of the sector.
With the view of expanding the changes realized in the second growth and transformation plan and
become basis for the industry sector, the small manufacturing sector which has been implemented
under the micro and small enterprises, was incorporated with the medium manufacturing sector by
Regulation No. 373/2016 of the Council of Ministers and the organization was established under the
name the Federal Small and Medium Manufacturing Industry Development Agency.
Vision
“Realizing sustainable and competitive small and medium manufacturing industry development which
have extensive foundation for the industrial development”
Mission
-Facilitating the design and adoption of supportive frameworks by coordinating institutions which
support small and medium manufacturing industries development and stakeholders and monitor their
effectiveness in encouraging investors.
- Facilitating export market chain, utilize opportunities for import substitution products and resolve
challenges by coordinating joint efforts.
- Formulating national and international experiences by identifying problems related with the
manufacturing development and expand industrial cluster development and technology and skill
cluster sectors.
- Build capacities of institutions that assist the development of regional small and micro enterprises to
ensure sustainability and fast growth of the sector.

Objectives of the Sector’s Development

- Ensuring fair distribution of resources by expanding small and medium manufacturing industries
which lays vast foundation for heavy industries as well as facilitate the transition from agriculture led
economy to industry led economy.
- Reinforcing and support the creation of supportive institutions in order to make the small and
medium manufacturing industry development competitive and sustainable.
Supports that are provided in FSMMIDA
 Capacity building of manufacturing industry development
 Development of innovation and skill
 Industrial information and consultancy
 Feasibility study to assist growth of industrial investment, business plan
 Capital lease finance, provision of industrial machineries
  Laying down systems to increase quality and productivity of industries
 Creating industrial raw material supply chain

The overall organization and work flow

In FSMIMDA there are many workshops which give training for trainer, among those
 Plating workshop
 Manufacturing room
 Agro processing room
 Foundry room
 Machine (metal) shop
 Dying room and so on

The company's utility management

FSMMIDA Uses water and electricity. Electricity is supplied by ELPA and passes through the machine
shop (163 wt) and the foundry room (265 wt), with 95 wt going to the plating room. Addis Abeba's water
and drainage system provides the water.

Organizational structure of the company

FSMIMDA is a well-organized company with a sufficient number of employees that

can produce items of excellent quality to meet the needs of its clients. For continuous
product quality, the company draws on the collective knowledge and experience of its
workforce, which includes skilled workers as well as laborers. Its competent, skilled,
and dedicated workforce also enables it to maintain production schedules even under
difficult situations. All of the company's successes are a result of the diligent work of
executive and skilled staff. The plant's structure puts in a lot of effort each day. This
corresponds to a 6-day workweek from Monday through Saturday, with Sunday
serving as maintenance and sanitation day.

Description of the internship's overall experience

How I was accepted by the firm:

I started looking for locations where I could complete my internship program. and got a suitable place at
the federal agency for the development of the small- and medium-sized manufacturing sector. I then
delivered my letter of application to the company's administrative office. The administration of the
company then offers me a tour of the facility and informs me of the day on which the internship practice
program will begin. I so began the practice in accordance with the instruction they provided .

Planning and scheduling stay in industry

I worked there three days a week in the electroplating room by shifting after receiving the company's
orientation for two weeks.
 The projects I've been working on

I have been carrying out the electroplating process during my internship. and learned the fundamentals of
electroplating.
Objectives of the Industrial Internship

General objective

. The projects I've been working onto use the theoretical principles learned in class and
to get real-world experience in an industrial setting.

Specific objectives
 To understand working principle of the main unit operations used in the
production processes.
 Controlling the external disturbance to reduce variability in the product.
 To describe production process.
 Maximizing the quantity and output of products.
 Controlling the quality of product.
 To describe benefits of the industrial internship.
 To describe major Equipment used for production process
 To learn work discipline in real life industrial work.
 To reduce the chemicals emission that pollutes the environment

Electroplating
Electroplating is a relatively easy and inexpensive way of depositing thin and thick films on conductive
substrates without damaging the substrates. A typical electroplating cell consists of an anode (Nickel
target), cathode (conductive substrate to be plated), aqueous metal solution (Nickel electroplating solution
e.g., Nickel sulfate solution which contains Ni2+ and SO4 2- ions), and a power supply. When the power
supply is switched on, the Ni2+ is attracted to the negatively biased cathode and the SO4 2- ions are
attracted to the positively biased anode. The Ni2+ ions gain electrons at the cathode and are deposited onto
the surface of the sample. The anode or the Nickel target is etched to produce ions for the electroplating
solution and electrons for the power supply. Hydrogen gas is released at the cathode during the reaction.
This is undesirable since it lowers the plating efficiency and gives a poor quality electrodeposit. The
accumulation of hydrogen gas bubbles is minimized by constantly stirring the electroplating solution with
the aid of a magnetic stir bar and stirrer. The stirring will remove the formation of stagnant hydrogen
bubbles on the surface of the sample and consequently a reduction in pitting in the electrodeposit. A
conductive seed layer is needed to fabricate microstructures using electroplating. The seed layer that is
being used here is gold with an adhesion layer of chromium. The electrodeposit is patterned by selective
deposition. In other words, a mold is created using a resist on the substrate, electroplating is carried out
only in the exposed regions and then the mold is dissolved. The electroplating rate is proportional to the
average current density across the substrate.
 Applications

Various types of plating processes are extensively employed in different industries, both to increase the
resistance to corrosion and to impart a more decorative appearance to steel and to metals such as
aluminum, zamak, and brass. Second and the most frequently used plating process is nickel plating (with
zinc plating being the most popular). As nickel alone does not provide the desired visual effects, it is plated
over with chromium in most cases. When applied to hard and soft metals, nickel plating does produce a
distinct decorative appearance and provide corrosion resistance; however, best results have been obtained
with chromium plating over sulfate- based nickel plating.

Decorative Plating: Modern decorative nickel plating solutions contain organic additives that modify
the electro crystallization process so that mirror-bright, highly-leveled nickel coatings are deposited
directly from solution. Prior to the introduction of the "organic" baths, decorative nickel coatings were
produced by polishing nickel-plated parts mechanically, a practice that continued from 1870 to about 1945.
Thin layers of chromium were electrodeposited over polished nickel coatings for the first time in 1927 to
prevent the "yellowing" or tarnishing of nickel in outdoor atmospheres, and that practice continues with
the as-deposited bright nickel coatings now available. An effort to develop improved decorative,
electroplated nickel coatings began in the late 1940's and led to the development of multilayer nickel
coatings (early 1950's) and micro discontinuous chromium coatings (mid-to-late 1960's). Modern
multilayer nickel coatings in combination with micro discontinuous chromium are capable of protecting
and enhancing the appearance of most metals and alloys, palatable plastics and other materials for
extended periods of time.
Engineering Plating: The engineering applications of nickel plating include those where a fully-bright
appearance is not required. Engineering nickel deposits are usually sulfur-free, and matte in appearance.
These deposits may be specified to improve corrosion and wear resistance, to salvage or buildup worn or
undersized parts, to modify magnetic properties, to prepare surfaces for enameling or for organic coating,
to function as diffusion barriers in electronic applications and for other purposes. Engineering applications
exist in the chemical, nuclear, telecommunications, consumer electronics and computer industries.

Process flow diagram and unit operations:

Bath 1: Hot water

Heat source: Compressor

Bath 2: Pure cold water

Bath 3: Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) NaOH

Bath 4: Pure cold water

Bath 5: Hydrochloric acid ( HCl)

Strength: Dilute 50% HCl 50%water

Bath 6: Pure Cold water

Bath 7: Nickel bath (plating bath)

Bath 7 major composition:

Bath concentration
Chemical name Formula
Metric US

Nickel sulfate NiSO4·6H2O 150-300 g/l 20–40 oz/gal

Nickel chloride NiCl2·6H2O 0-30 g/l 0–4 oz/gal

Boric acid H3BO3 30-45 g/l 4–6 oz/gal

1. Nickel sulfate: is the source of most of the nickel ions and is generally maintained in the range of 20-
40 oz/gal (150-300 g/L). It is the least expensive nickel salt, and the sulfate anion has little effect on
deposit properties. Nickel sulfate is usually maintained at the high end of the range for very bright
applications where throwing power (uniform thickness) is not a major consideration. It is maintained at the
lower end of the range for applications where throwing power is needed, such as in barrel plating.

2. Nickel chloride: is essential for good anode corrosion and improves the conductivity of the plating
bath. The typical operating range is 4-20 oz/gal (30-150 g/L). A concentration of 4 oz/gal (30 g/L) nickel
chloride is considered minimum for anode corrosion, unless special forms of anode material that contain
nickel sulfide or nickel oxide are used as depolarizers. Low nickel chloride concentrations are used when
throwing power is not a major consideration or when low deposit stress is required. This is especially true
in semi-bright nickel plating where high chloride would yield a highly stressed deposit. High
concentrations of nickel chloride are used when greater throwing power is needed and increased stress can
be tolerated, such as in barrel plating.

3. Boric acid: boric acid buffers the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the cathode film. If it were not
for this buffering action, the cathode film pH in the higher-current-density regions would quickly exceed
6.0, and nickel hydroxide would be precipitated and co-deposited along with hydrogen, resulting in a green
nodulation or burned deposit. An indication of low boric acid concentration is the appearance of pitting or
roughness in high current density regions. Boric acid, therefore, plays a very important role in establishing
the upper limits of the applied current density.

4. Brighteners: In order to obtain the required physical properties, such as uniform bright deposit, it is
necessary to add additives to the bath. These are typically organic compounds that modify the nickel
deposit to achieve a desired property. Brighteners for semi-bright nickel are designed to give a uniform
nickel deposit where sulfur does not co-deposit with the nickel. Brighteners for bright nickel typically
include a carrier additive, which adds sulfur to the deposit, provides ductility and gives a uniform grain
structure. A secondary brightener is included that works with the carrier to provide a high degree of luster.
It is critical that these organic components remain in balance; they are provided in proprietary packages
from finishing suppliers. These packages are formulated to achieve the best combination of stability,
brilliance, ductility and ease of use for various applications

Technical Names of the brighteners used:

 Nimac 89 unw
 Nimac 69 unw
Steps in Nickel plating

Step1: manual rubbing of the surface with hard paper

Step2: the work piece is loaded using copper wire as hangers.

Step3: check panel board, filter, amplifiers

Step4: on the agitator

Step5: Insertion of the work piece in the HCL bath (5)

This step ensures the removal of any rust causing impurities from the surface

Duration: 10 minutes

Step4: After insertion into the HCL bath the work piece is then cooled off in the cold water bath.

Duration: 2 minutes

Step6: The work piece is then inserted in the NaOH Bath (3)

Duration: 3 minutes

Step7: The work piece is then neutralized in the HCL bath (5)

Duration: 50 seconds

Step8: The work piece is then cooled off in the cold water (bath6)
Duration: 2 minutes

Step9: The work piece is then plated in the Nickel bath (11)

Duration: if we use pure bath > 25 minutes

If we use contaminated bath > 2 hours and 30 minutes

1. Polishing the surface of metal by using coated abrasive: Polishing is often used to
enhance the appearance of an item, prevent contamination of instruments, remove
oxidation, create a reflective surface, or prevent corrosion in pipes. Sandpaper and glass paper are
used for a type of coated abrasive that consists of sheets of paper. Polishing is done mostly for
small scale and regular shape like rectangular and cylindrical which mean FSMMDIA done plating
in small scale and regular shape like rectangular and cylindrical.
The most important requirement in electroplating technology is cleanliness of the
surface to which coatings are applied. In addition to the little insignificant exclusion,
parts to be plated cannot be introduced into an electroplating solution without
pretreatment of some kind. The presence of grease, oil, corrosion products, dirt, or other
material affects the adherence, continuity, and general durability of plated deposits.
2. Loading of plating material in crew After polishing the plating material hold in copper wire that
connect in crew (copper made), since copper is more preferable for the transmission of electricity.
3. Check panel board, filter, amplifiers, and agitator we on the electricity system connect
to the individual baths (pickling, alkaline, watts, chrome, and water baths), filter and
amplifier. And also, on the agitator
4. Agitator in nickel-plating tank: - It is used to circulate the plating electrolyte and assist with
distributing the metal irons efficiently around the plating bath. Agitation is required in nickel
plating to replenish the spent cathode film and to help dislodge gas bubbles from the cathode. And
it maintain a uniform temperature throughout the solution.
5. Pickling of Iron and steel Pickling is the chemical removal of surface oxides and other
contaminants from metals by immersion in an aqueous acid solution. Sulfuric acid is the most
common pickling acid. Hydrochloric acid is used for many steels, particularly for special purposes
such as etching before galvanizing. In comparison to hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid offers the
advantage of lower cost, less fume and less volume of acid to handle.
6. Loading in to water bath: After passing through one solution bath, before it’s inserted in to another
solution bath it mushed be washed of by water. 1 tanker holds 2000 Liters of water.
7. Alkaline cleaning: is effective in removing pigmented compound, oil, grease, chips, can
be removed by alkaline cleaning methods. Parts can have removed by immersion, and
spray, electrolytic. Sodium hydroxide or caustic soda is one of the most ingredients in
 alkaline cleaners. It offers high alkalinity than any other alkali and most conductive.
Among the disadvantages of sodium hydroxide is poor soil removal.
8. Nickel defects, the piece that has been prepared is immersed in to electrolytic solution and used as
cathode. The nickel anode is dissolved in to the electrolyte to form nickel ion. The ions travel
through the solution and deposit on the cathode. Nickel Plating is extensively used in decorative
applications to enhance the appearance of the article, it also provides a unique combination of
corrosion and wears resistance, brighteners are also added here, and brighteners in FSMMDIA are
Lumax Carrier, Lumax rack maintenance additive, Nimax 89 Unw & Nimax 69 Unw. Bath: After
the part to be plated is cleaned, and free of dirt, corrosion, and other.

Material balances for nickel bath

Mass of the metal bar before immersion into the plating bath= 30kg

Mass of the metal bar after the plating= 30.0687kg

Mass of bar+ Mass of nickel=30.0687kg

Mass of nickel=30.0687kg-30kg=0.0687kg
Ir B
on o
ri
Ba c
r
A
ci
d

Brightener

NiCl2 Nickel bath Nickel plated

TISSUE PAPER

NiSO
4
Applications of tissue paper
figure3.6
Toilet paper, sometimes called toilet tissue is a tissue paper product primarily used to clean the anus and
surrounding area of fecal material after defecation and to clean the area of urine after urination or other
bodily fluid releases. It also acts as a layer of protection for the hands during these processes. It is usually
supplied as a long strip of perforated paper wrapped around a paperboard core for storage in a dispenser
near a toilet. Most modern toilet paper in the developed world is designed to decompose in septic tanks,
whereas some other bathroom and facial tissues are not.

Facial tissues (paper handkerchiefs) refer to a class of soft, absorbent, disposable paper that is suitable for
use on the face.

Table napkins can be made of tissue paper. These are made from one up to four plies and in a variety of
qualities, sizes, folds, colors and patterns depending on intended use and prevailing fashions. The
composition of raw materials varies a lot from deinked to chemical pulp depending on quality. Colored
paper napkins can be a source of carcinogenic primary aromatic amines (paAs) when used as a wrapper for
food as a result of degradation of azo compounds used as paper dyes.

Facial tissue and table napkins

Quality Control
Paper companies often maintain their own tree stands in order to ensure the quality of the paper they
manufacture. The chemicals used in the pulping process are also carefully tested and monitored. A
temperature at which slurry is cooked is ensured, too, by checking gauges, machinery, and processes.
Completed paper may be tested for a variety of qualities, including stretch, opacity, moisture content,
smoothness, and color.

Environmental impact of paper

The environmental impact of paper is significant, which has led to changes in industry and behavior at
both business and personal levels. With the use of modern technology such as the printing press and the
highly mechanized harvesting of wood, disposable paper became a relatively cheap commodity, which led
to a high level of consumption and waste. The rise in global environmental issues such as air and water
pollution, climate change, overflowing landfills and clear cutting have all lead to increased government
regulations. There is now a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and paper industry as it moves to reduce
clear cutting, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel consumption and clean up its impacts on local water
supplies and air pollution.

Materials and Equipment’s

Raw materials

Tissue paper
Paper core
Packing material
Equipment
 Toilet paper roll manufacturing machine for toilet paper production
  Napkin paper roll manufacturing machine for napkin production
 Band saw machine
 Embossing unit
 Power requirement: 6KVA

 Man power: Skilled 1,unskilld 1

 Total area required: 50 square meter

 Production method
After we get the tissue paper from the manufacturing companies we used it to produce the toilet and
napkin paper.

figure3.9

1. The process diagram for toilet paper

Loading paper → Embossing → Perforation → Rewinding Cutting → packing

2. The process diagram for napkin paper

Loading of parent roll → Embossing → printing → Folding → counting of napkins → packing

CHALK
Material and equipment
The equipment and machines that we used:

Manufacturing machine

Chalk mold
Mixing pan
The Row Materials we used are

 Calcium carbonate
Clean water

Manufacturing method and process

Step1 - We add the required quantity of calcium and mix properly with the required
quantity of water. We use hand to mix them properly until it forms a paste, while mixing
it have to be 1 :1 proportion.
Step2 - We pour the pasty mixture into the already arranged mold and allow it for 15 to
20 minute to solidify before loosening the mold.
Step3 - when we are sure that the chalk has formed, loose the mold and collect the
chalk produced for sun drying or through mechanical dryer.
Step4 - after sun drying for 2 or 3days, package the chalk.

Process flow chart

mixing molding drying inspection packing

CANDLE
Materials and equipment
Raw Materials

 Paraffin wax

 Castor oil
 Cotton thread
 Color pigment

Machinery and equipment

The materials we used to run the experiments are listed below:

 Wax candle manufacturing machine

 Thread winder
 Bobbin
 Wax melting pot
Manufacturing process

Steps 1 measure the wax

Before you begin the candle making process, make sure you have a clean, flat surface to work on. You
can also protect the area with newspaper or paper towels. Move anything that you don’t want to get wax
on.

Measure out how much wax you would need to fill your container, and then double it. That’s how much
wax you will need to melt.

Steps 2 melt the wax

Pour the wax into your double boiler and allow melting for 10 to 15 minutes, stirring frequently.

Steps 3 attach the wick

The wick needs to be attached to the bottom of your container before you pour in the wax. you can
attach the wick by dipping it in the melting wax then quickly sticking it to the bottom of the container. Let
the wax sit five minutes to harden. Alternatively, you can superglue it.
Steps 4 pour the wax

Before you pour the wax into your container, let it cool for a few minutes. When the temperature on the
thermometer reads 140 degrees, it’s time to pour.

Then, slowly pour the wax into your container. Hold the wick in place, but don’t pull on it. leave a small
amount of wax in the boiler for topping off your candle later.

Steps 5 secure the wick

To prevent your wick from swaying in the melt wax, you need to secure it in place. Lay two chopsticks
across the top of the container. Sandwich the wick in between so that it stays centered while the wax
hardens .Allow the wax to set for one hour at room temperature.

Steps 6 Add more wax

If your candle hardened with an unsightly top (think cracks or holes) simply reheat and add your
remaining wax. Let harden.

Steps 7 cut the wick

Your candle wick should be less than half an inch long. If, when lit, the candle flickers or has a tall flame,
trim the wick.