Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

Machine learning approach for a circular economy with waste

recycling in smart cities
Xiangru Chen
Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy, University College London, London, WC1E 6JA, United Kingdom

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The information and communication technology (ICT) makes the smart city exchange information with
Received 13 December 2021 the general public and deliver higher-quality services to citizens. The collection of waste is important
Received in revised form 16 January 2022 in smart city service and smart technology has great potential for increasing garbage collection
Accepted 26 January 2022
efficiency and quality all around the world. This is a waste of resources since garbage is emptied
Available online 23 February 2022
even half-full, city resources are misused, and vehicle gas is wasted. High costs and poor effectiveness
Keywords: are the two main problems with smart city garbage collection. This problem can be solved by recycling
Internet of Things (ioT) since it reduces the garbage that has to be disposed of and protects valuable storage space. Although
Machine learning the recycling rates are rising, estimates predict that people can generate more waste than ever before.
Sensors A key focus of machine learning is developing algorithms that can acquire and utilize information in the
Smart city learning process to make future predictions. Therefore, this paper’s automatic machine learning-based
Waste recycling waste recycling framework (AMLWRF) has been proposed to classify and separate materials in a mixed
Waste management
recycling application for improved separation of complicated waste. The major goal of this research
is to examine machine learning algorithms utilized in recycling systems. This paper suggests the ML
and Internet of Things (IoT) for smart waste management to overcome this problem in the smart city.
The IoT-powered devices may be installed in waste containers including recycling bins and it gives
real-time data on garbage generating behavior. Image processing may be used to calculate a dump’s
garbage index. They offer a clear picture of trash and recycling trends and suggestions on improving
productivity. This research compiles the most recent advances in recycling-related machine learning.
© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Contents

1. Outline of machine learning approach based waste recycling in smart cities ....................................................................................................... 3127
2. Related works ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3128
3. Automatic Machine Learning-Based Waste Recycling Framework (AMLWRF) ....................................................................................................... 3129
4. Simulation analysis ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3135
5. Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3138
Declaration of competing interest................................................................................................................................................................................ 3138
References ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3139
Further reading ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3140

1. Outline of machine learning approach based waste recy- reuse or monitor trash (Gao et al., 2020). Waste management
cling in smart cities primarily aims to reduce the quantity of material not being used
and prevent potential health and environmental risks (Kumar
Waste management is the necessary activities and actions et al., 2020). Waste management may be described as all actions
from the start to waste disposal (Abou-Nassar et al., 2020). This necessary for trash management from waste collection through
involves trash collection, transportation, processing and disposal recycling and monitoring (Li et al., 2020). Trash is an undesirable
and monitoring and controlling waste management (Kepa et al., or useless substance created by people’s activities and may be
2020). Waste management refers to several waste management of many kinds during waste management (Karuppusamy et al.,
strategies. They can be used to discard, destroy, treat, recycle, 2020). With each disposal technique and manner of disposal
the waste may be liquid, solid or gas (Jegadeesan et al., 2019).
E-mail address: xiangrchen@163.com. Human waste disposal refers to gathering, distribution, cleaning,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.193
2352-4847/© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
X. Chen
and waste disposal (Mangalraj et al., 2020). Waste disposal covers
all aspects of human waste, including garbage reductions (Tsafack
et al., 2020). Waste management is an extensive subject, in-
cluding various components (Manogaran et al., 2021). There are
several types of trash such as bio-hazardous waste, chemical
and organic waste (Ngo et al., 2021). Disposal and management
solutions for various forms of waste are necessary (Baskar et al.,
2020). The trash is often deposited in incinerators to be dis-
posed of at waste dumps. Both typical garbage disposal types
generate environmental issues (Kumar et al., 2021a). Problems
like leachate develop when it rains and water passes through
waste collected from waste disposal sites (Amudha, 2021). Some
toxins can be absorbed which may be utilized for drinking water
and end up in underground rivers. Waste management takes all
aspects of waste into account (Gomathi et al., 2020). The techno-
logical progress designed to facilitate efficient use of resources
to reduce waste and enable better procedures is increasingly
playing its part in smart sustainable development as an important
prerequisite strategy resource (Akbarpour et al., 2021).
The circular economy built on these ideas may be seen as
functioning as demonstrated by literature (Aarthi and Bhuvanesh-
waran, 2021). It covers a manufacturing and consumption strat-
egy based on materials’ reuse or recycling as a contribution to
extending the lifecycle of the goods (Ali et al., 2020). Essen-
tially, on the foundations of a wider perspective of the circular
economy, consumption and manufacture of products services
effective use of renewable energy and waste reduction to in-
novative production flows have to be considered (Rahmayanti
et al., 2020). This larger view demands a systemic and holistic
cross-disciplinary approach to the workings of the economy as
an interconnected system (Mingaleva et al., 2020). Every part
impacts the entire system’s functionality increasingly propagat-
ing this perspective mainly for environmental and population
development issues (Nidhya et al., 2020).
Smart cities have been suggested to tackle the waste men-
tioned above collection challenges and promote a sustainable
environment (Chauhan et al., 2021). In this context, humans
examine digitalization, especially artificial intelligence, in envi-
ronmental technology and how automated waste recycling may
help transition towards a sustainable environment (Ajwang et al.,
2021). Waste classification is an important step towards effective
sorting and separation into various models and types (Pardini
et al., 2020). The waste categorization can optimize the perfor-
mance of the complete process to achieve them efficiently (Alqah-
tani et al., 2020). The demand for smart sorting is therefore in-
creasing to promote intelligent recycling. The rest is divided into
the significance of automated waste recycling and sustainability
to improve the effectiveness of the smart city.
Reduces the impact of waste on the environment, health and
so on by implementing waste management. Paper, cans, glass,
and other recyclable materials can all be used in this way. Dis-
posal of hazardous or toxic waste is among the many types of
waste managed. Disposal, recycling, and resource recovery and
processing round out the list of waste management’s operational
components. The COVID-19 virus is spread more easily when
medical waste is not properly managed. Sanitation and worker
safety are critical components of waste management. The bur-
den of healthcare wastes can be reduced by on-site treatment
and temporary storage. Proper waste management practices can
prevent the spread of the virus.
Machine learning (ML) plays a crucial role in automated sort-
ing techniques leads to greater precision better waste separation
quality. In addition to navigational and tracking capacities storage
waste processing analysis and optimization of the required infor-
mation would in the end, enhance the entire waste management
efficiency by improving the waste collection by advancing the
program.
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Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140
Inefficient waste-collecting methods have resulted in the
spread of garbage throughout the city. As a result, this article
proposes an effective garbage management solution based on ma-
chine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT). An ultrasonic
sensor, a moisture sensor, and an Arduino UNO microcontroller
are all utilized in the proposed method. Creating pollution-free
cities can be achieved using the machine learning method.
The main contribution of this paper
(i) Designing the AMLWRF has been proposed to automati-
cally collect waste in smart cities and improve the effec-
tiveness of the proposed systems.
(ii) The proposed AMLWRF used sensors to monitor the waste
bins and automatically reduce the waste collection risk
factors in a smart city.
(iii) The numerical results have been performed based on the
proposed method AMLWRF to achieve the accuracy, cost-
effectiveness, efficiency, tracking rate, environmental prod-
uct, and recycling rate compared to other methods.
The remaining section of this paper as follows as: Section 2
explores the related works and Section 3 demonstrates the pro-
posed AMLWRF to identify the smart waste city. Section 4 ex-
presses the results and discussion based on the existing method.
Section 5 concludes the paper.
2. Related works
Kristoffersen et al. (2020) suggested that digital technologies
(DTS) individuals are essential enablers of recycling and reuse.
There are little systematic guidance on using DTs to fully realize
the potential of circular solutions for improving resource effi-
ciency and productivity. The system can be useful for identifying
the gap between existing requirements and expected require-
ments and the new objectives required to close it and developing
a common language for integrating operations across fields of
study such as information systems and the circular economy
research method. In the circular economy, data from DTs can
be used to support smart resource management by creating,
extracting, analyzing, and exchanging data. A company’s ability
to move to and leverage the circular economy at scale depends
on its ability to utilize this digital revolution effectively.
Gondal et al. (2021) explored the Multilayer Convolutional
Neural Network (ML-CNN) for cities with several issues, including
waste management directly dependent on the proportion of peo-
ple living there. Municipalities and city administrations rely on
human, inefficient, and expensive waste categorization systems.
Automatic waste classification and management are required to
improve waste recycling in developed areas. By minimizing the
need to obtain fresh raw materials, better trash recycling can re-
duce waste sent to waste disposal. Image segmentation was used
to conduct experiments in real-time. To dispose of each waste
item, the model guesses its class and activates the appropriate
hammer when the object enters its designated basket.
Developed a way to recycle and dispose of waste more ef-
ficiently used detection strategy. Kumar et al. (2021b) demon-
strated the YOLOv3 Algorithm (YOLOV3) resulting in ecological
imbalance. According to the experimental results, the suggested
YOLOv3 approach has a sufficient generalization potential for
all waste classes with a wide range of waste components. Ac-
cording to the acquired results, the suggested work effectively
separates the waste into two categories: biodegradable and non-
biodegradable. However, the reduction in detection time com-
bined with the extraordinarily high prediction probability leaves
room for additional investigation. Optimization of results and
forecast likelihood for other waste products in the actual world
can be the subject of future work and optimization of results.
X. Chen Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140

Sharma et al. (2020) discussed the Internet of Things (IoT)

adoption barriers of smart cities’ waste management. The current
research utilized the hybrid Multi-criteria decision-making tech-
niques (MCDM). Policymakers, stakeholders, and the government
can benefit from this research to better understand the significant
IoT broker affecting waste management practices. They can be
better equipped to remove these obstacles for a more effective
IoT implementation in smart city waste management projects. As
a result of our research small number of IoT adoption roadblocks
have been discovered. Waste management in smart cities can be
divided into services, and stakeholders can be more successful if
they execute it correctly.
Baldo et al. (2021) initialized the Multi-Layer LoRaWAN In-
frastructure for Smart Waste Management. In recent years, Long
Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) has risen to prominence as
an important enabling technology for IoT architecture
development. This article describes the design of a LoRaWAN
infrastructure that brings together several service typologies in-
side one of the most important subsystems of the smart city
ecosystem on a single network instead.
LoRaWAN is unique among smart city network technologies
in that it operates over a wide frequency range, has low power
consumption, and is inexpensive to deploy. Radio technology
known as LoRa makes long-distance communication possible. In
Fig. 1. Basic diagram of waste management in smart city.
the Internet of Things (IoT) networks, LoRaWAN serves as both a
communication protocol and a system design element. Long sig-
nal range and low power consumption make the LoRa/LoRaWAN
technology stack an excellent choice for smart city applications. of waste bins. A fast increase in the number of people squanders
With its open frequency range, long-range, low power consump- provides rise to inefficient waste management. The weight sensor
tion, and low equipment cost, LoRaWAN stands out as a smart has been inserted into one of the waste bins and it may be used
city network technology. to find out how much dust has been collected. System software
This article deals with smart waste management, making it can be designed so that while the waste bin is full, the remaining
difficult to resist the temptation to propose a new method. Mu- height from the barrier height can be displayed on the screen.
nicipalities may use this to their advantage in trash management Ultrasonic sensors can alert a GSM modem when the garbage
and disposal by streamlining all of the procedures that go along reaches the limit level. The modem can keep sending alerts to a
with it. Monitoring the amount of trash and drop-off contain- designated expert of the garbage already retrieved from the bin.
ers and their condition and whether or not they have been Trash vehicles may collect waste using robot components when
vandalized. the local expert sends a message to the separate administrator.
This finding has led to the idea that the smart water manage- Fig. 1 explores the basic diagram of waste management in
ment system may be improved via effective information manage- a smart city. Various wet and dry bins are placed in a certain
ment that uses less energy and has a longer lifespan. Therefore geographic region and monitored and collected as part of this
this paper AMLWRF has been proposed to reduce the hurdles in system.
collecting the waste in a smart city. Segregation and collection of garbage have been the focus of
developing a waste management system prototype. Trash bins
3. Automatic Machine Learning-Based Waste Recycling Frame- equipped with sensors and a communication system are part of
work (AMLWRF) the hardware subsystem, which monitors the garbage’s status
and collection schedules. Data management and visualization
Recycling has become increasingly important as overloaded subsystems are also included for management and analysis. By
cities grow around the globe. As waste generation increases and this way, we can construct any required garbage bins.
resources become scarcer, recycling becomes more important. The system’s architecture is implemented once the follow-
Recycling is one of the world’s most critical and complex envi- ing stages have been accomplished. They created and built the
ronmental problems. It is necessary to create a system that can hardware prototype for a trash bin level indicator. Each site
remove or at least minimize this problem. has two trash bins, one for wet waste and one for dry waste,
Yes, this can be eliminated or reduced by creating a system. both equipped with ultrasonic sensors. The sensors predict each
In addition to not knowing how to recycle, 39% of respondents container’s trash. A computer and technology circuits transmit
cited lack of easy access, 35% cited a lack of space for additional the trash bin’s status to a central cloud server.
bins, and 29% cited a lack of time to sort recyclables as reasons for This module is responsible for calculating the quickest route
not recycling (29 percent). With its ability to reduce greenhouse from trash collecting vehicles to waste bins as part of its re-
gas emissions, such as CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs, recycling helps sponsibilities. It implements a mobile application that provides
protect the environment by lowering air and water pollution and waste containers’ current location and condition on a global zone
reducing energy consumption. display. This module can display trash bin status updates on the
Every government today aims to construct a smart environ- web application and deliver notifications to customers’ mobile
ment or transform current places into green infrastructure. Tech- apps since bins transmit status updates in real-time (munici-
nology for smart cities should take solid waste collection seri- pal corporations, garbage collection truck drivers, etc.). Due to
ously since it is important for the environment and influences this smartphone application, garbage collection truck drivers can
society. There is a risk of disease spreading due to the overflowing be notified whether waste bins are full or near to overflowing.
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The quickest path from the garbage truck to the completely

loaded garbage bins is calculated and displayed dynamically.
Routing optimization is accomplished by a cloud-based central
server it is primary function is storage. Typically, powerful vir-
tual information infrastructure can house data, applications, and
other types of information when talking about virtual information
infrastructure.
When a physical server is divided or subdivided using cloud
technology software result is a diversity of layers that operate as
virtual servers. As a whole, recovering solid waste for recycling
helps conserve energy while reducing landfilling. Using the cloud
to improve existing services or build new ones can reduce en-
try barriers by allowing cities to maximize their usage of these
technologies to improve their citizens’ quality of life.
Most landfill waste can be reduced by reducing, reusing, and
recycling. Therefore to reduce your company’s waste, the most
efficient strategy is to produce less in the first place. The great-
est environmental and financial benefits come from preventing
waste. Reduces global warming-causing emissions of greenhouse
gases. Maintaining a healthy environment for present and future
generations is an important goal. Recycling and composting can
be done more efficiently and environmentally friendly. The ability Fig. 2. Waste collection process.
to utilize a product to the fullest extent possible.
As a result of detectors and other equipment, smart cities
create a large volume of streaming data. Cloud computing makes or speech directions to a human, provide effective directions to an
it possible for inhabitants of smart cities to access cloud-based autonomous device such as a robot, share information on drivers,
services through their smartphones, laptops, PCs, tablets, etc. As devices, or objects, and even traffic conditions and suggest alter-
a result, the user has full access to all applications and data at nate routes. Smart cities solve urban issues using information and
all times. The numerous advantages of cloud solutions should be communication technology, including overcrowding, transporta-
used by all smart city applications, from lighting to traffic man- tion, and energy. It has been said that smart navigation would be
agement to monitoring the environment. This is a straightforward
the backbone of future smart cities. This vehicle collects garbage
way to deal with data.
and transports it to landfills or other locations where waste
Disposing and management of garbage are referred to as
products are handled and processed. Protecting the environment
waste management. It can be done by throwing away, destroy-
and the population’s health should be a top priority for garbage
ing, processing, recycling, reusing, or managing wastes, among
collection.
other methods. Reducing useless materials and avoiding potential
Waste should be collected often enough to keep up with pro-
health and environmental risks are the primary goals of waste
duction. A community’s refuse is a type of municipal solid waste
management. Instead, detectors are put inside waste containers
(MSW) that must be collected and transported to a processing or
to monitor fill levels and alert city collection agencies when
disposal facility. Waste or municipal solid waste (MSW) consists
bins are ready for emptying. To make IoT garbage bins even
of durable and nondurable items such as tires, furniture, and
more viable and appealing to municipal authorities, the cost
newspapers and packaging materials such as milk cartons and
of these sensors is continuously falling. Smart waste manage-
plastic wraps. There are four main methods of municipal garbage
ment systems enabled by the internet of things can assist waste
management service providers and towns. In addition to increas- management: recycling/recovery, composting, incineration, and
ing operational efficiency, waste management organizations may landfilling/open disposal. Garbage is a waste item that humans
save expenses and improve customer satisfaction by prevent- discard according to its general decline of utility. Chemical waste
ing container overflows. When it comes to waste management materials are typically excluded from the definition of organic
smart waste management is defined by technology. In addition waste and bodily waste products. Garbage monitoring through
to making it easier for garbage collectors to design more effective the Internet of Things (IoT) is a really creative method that can
routes reduces the likelihood that any bin would be filled for help keep cities clean. When the garbage bins are cleaned, a
more than a week. There are eight major types of waste manage- web page shows how much garbage has been collected. Gen-
ment methods, each subsequently split into several categories. erally referred to as rubbish, waste is whatever see around us.
The divisions are source reduction and reuse, animal feeding, Trash comprises trash from individual houses, municipal garbage,
recycling, composting, fermentation, landfills, incineration, and industrial garbage, and other types of solid waste. There are
land application. five types of waste: recyclables, non-recyclables, hazardous, and
Computers and software have made it feasible to navigate medical. Among the waste types are liquids, solids, organics,
using a mapping system. The truck or container’s navigation recyclables, and hazardous garbage.
systems are fully integrated and operational. Controllers can be Fig. 2 demonstrates the waste collection process. The proposed
situated instead and direct the automobile or container by radio approach can be adopted in smart cities where people are too
or signal transmission. Onboard garages and containers typi- busy with their busy schedules to waste time on administrative
cally include navigation systems, which assist with navigation. tasks and procedures. This is done in a second step before locating
Smart navigation referred to as intelligent navigation technolo- a vehicle root. To determine the vehicle root based on container
gies, is the result of navigation systems’ technical advances that filling probabilities use the third phase of genetics.
prompted the creation of smart navigation technology. Depend- The Refuse Compactor Vehicles is used. This type of vehicle
ing on its intended use, a navigation system may include con- is used to lift and unload garbage from bins or containers before
scious representations, determine a user’s location, provide text transferring the waste to a dumping ground, a transfer station or
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X. Chen
a processing plant for further processing. Refuse compactors have
an 8-cubic-foot container capacity.
On average, each container has between four and five chro-
mosomal characteristics: its identification number (ID), the con-
tainer’s location concerning the current filling ratio, as well as the
container’s weight. At that point we will evaluate the real-time
accuracy and see how well it compares to other methods. It is a
database accessible through a local network internet instead of a
desktop database or a database with connected storage. As a re-
sult of this information collection, there is greater openness, and
regulators can monitor waste levels across sites. Because of this,
authorities can control hoarding and promote the circulation of
waste items. Databases are used for searching and sorting to com-
puting, reporting, and exchanging data. Databases may include
code that conducts mathematical and statistical calculations on
data to support queries from users. A database collects organized
data that can be easily accessed, maintained, and updated.
Genetic algorithm (GA)strategy to search-based optimization
is based on a concept of genetics and evolution. As a result,
it is commonly utilized to find near-optimal or optimum so-
lutions to complex problems that might otherwise take years
to solve. As a collection of general-purpose functions, the GA
package provides various tools for applying genetic algorithm
approaches in a wide variety of situations. Waste management
is one of the most difficult and significant to solve and deal
with. This is the most expensive part of waste management
and a well-known challenge in route design. As the city’s pop-
ulation is projected to expand over time, the project adjusts
to the city’s present condition by utilizing open data from the
municipality to feed itself with garbage collection information
and create its findings. The garbage bills, recycling choices and
neighborhood layout are carefully examined by strategy. As a
result, optimizing the collecting routes is required to ensure ef-
fective usage of the resources. When full, the vehicles travel to the
transfer station/processing/disposal facility, gathering solid trash
from various collecting locations. To optimize a route, one must
first determine the most cost-effective route. These comprise the
number and location of all essential stops on a route and delivery
window times and other pertinent information. Landfill disposal
accounts for one-third of waste management; the remaining two-
thirds come from trash collection services like garbage pickup.
Operating costs were reduced, customer service is enhanced, and
appropriate pricing is established for the technology. When WM
bought several competing businesses throughout the country,
they found that two vehicles provided customer service on the
same street. It became clear that the routing in these areas
needed to be enhanced. First and foremost, the routes’ stops were
chosen by route designers or drivers.
Instead of a desktop database or a database with connected
storage, it is accessible via the local network internet. There
is greater transparency as a result of this data collection, and
regulators can monitor waste levels across sites. Governments
can control hoarding and encourage the movement of unwanted
goods. Essential stops and delivery window times, and other in-
formation are included in this list of essential stops. One-third of
waste management is disposed of in landfills, with the other two-
thirds coming from garbage collection services such as garbage
pickup. Customer service has been improved, operating costs
have been reduced, and appropriate pricing for the technology
has been established.
Fig. 3 examines the IoT-based smart waste collection. It takes
the collaboration and coordination of many organizations includ-
ing municipalities waste management firms and garbage col-
lectors in a city environment. This includes a global network
of connected devices and simple objects with monitoring and
providing quality.
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Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140
Fig. 3. IoT based smart waste collection.
Interconnected devices such as computers, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals, and people are all part of the
internet of things (IoT), a system that allows data to be trans-
ferred over a network without any human intervention. Sensors,
processing power, software, and other technologies embedded
in physical objects (or groups of such objects) allow them to
communicate and exchange data with other devices over the
Internet or other communications networks.
This sort of infrastructure manages data transfers between
individuals and devices. IoT-based infrastructure handles all in-
teractions and data exchange between parties and smart de-
vices. Citizens may actively engage in the recycling process by
controlling service requests, rewards tracking and municipality
notifications. Services include (1) an archive of user requests,
(2) recycling information with offered credits, and (3) a list of
municipal notifications. Entrance garbage pickup utilizes smart
bags which are trash bags with a QR-code attached to them.
An app would be available for citizens to scan a QR-code
when requesting rubbish collection. To request waste pickup,
citizens would scan a QR-code using the Software provided by
the company. Waste collectors scan the smart bag QR-code to
match the garbage pickup request to recover the citizen for
efficiently recycling garbage. QR-code sticker dispensers can be
found throughout the city and color-coded bags may be found.
As a result of the collected data, it is possible to optimize waste
collection truck routes and timetables.
Collectors use the smart bag QR code to match the garbage
pickup request and recover citizens for more efficient recycling.
Color-coded bags and dispensers for QR-code stickers can be
found all over the city. Waste collection truck routes and sched-
ules can be improved using the collected data.
Waste management and recycling organizations use the IoT
cloud to track assets and drivers. A control panel or dashboard
allows city administrations to monitor waste management ser-
vices such as data aggregation and reward schemes to encourage
trash recycling.
Fig. 4 explains the proposed AMLWRF. The system’s function-
ality depends on the integrated sensors’ detection of garbage
levels in the waste container. As a result, information on how
X. Chen
Fig. 4. Proposed AMLWRF.
much data has been sent to the servers over the internet. It is
used to optimize and direct municipal cleaning processes after
collecting data. Cleaning crews are given new routes to visit and
empty garbage bins based on necessity and ensure no waste is
left around. The collected data is used to analyze the waste can
fill rate.
It is based on the amount of garbage gathered at the top
of the lid. In addition to the temperature and weight sensors,
metal detectors may separate the biodegradable, recyclable, and
reusable waste. Using the time-lapse between the signal’s emis-
sion and recovery, the distance of the waste-filled is estimated
and calibrated. Place the target level at a perpendicular angle to
the sensor’s base. The lid opens and closes automatically in smart
waste bins, thanks to programming. On the bins are infrared
sensors that detect thrown waste and measure the bin’s fill level.
On how much waste has accumulated on the lid’s top, it
is determined. There may also be metal detectors separating
biodegradable and recyclable waste from non-biodegradable
waste. It is estimated and calibrated based on the signal’s emis-
sion and recovery time-lapse. Perpendicularly align your sensor
with your target level. Programming allows the lid to open and
close automatically on smart waste bins. Infrared sensors are
attached to the bins that detect thrown trash and measure the
bin’s capacity.
Internet Protocol (IP) and local area network communica-
tion are the primary functions of network interface cards (NICs),
which allow computer systems to communicate with each other
over local area networks (IP). Network-specific software connects
with network-specific device drivers to offer an IP layer with
a uniform interface to all possible network adapters. The most
common is a circuit board or chip that allows a computer to
connect to a network. Internet servers can get information from
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waste bins through WiFi technology. Some solutions use the
onboard antenna, which is known to have outstanding coupling
with the chosen controller.
Communications via the Internet Protocol (IP) and local area
networks are the primary functions of network interface cards
(NICs) (IP). Network-specific software connects with network-
specific device drivers to provide an IP layer with a uniform
interface to all possible network adapters. The most common
type is a board or chip that allows a computer to connect to a
network. Collecting cycles There must be at least one collection of
community solid waste each week. In general, the collector must
collect solid waste in containers with a capacity of no more than
30 gallons and a weight of no more than 50 pounds, except for
An electric battery is a device that transforms chemical energy
into electrical energy. Batteries must be employed in various
smart city applications for effective energy management and
sustainable development including smart cities and mobility. Due
to the system’s need for daily report creation the battery has been
selected to provide a long battery life. The proposed batteries
every day for everything from starting automobiles to powering
telephones, public transit, and medical operations. As a result,
their battery packs satisfy the difficult requirements of smart
cities.
The use of machine learning in waste management begins
with intelligent rubbish bins already available on the market.
Waste management firms use sensors connected to the IoT to
track how full waste bins are across the city. Municipalities may
improve waste collection routes, timings, and frequencies using
this information. Data gathered through data methods is used
to estimate probable waste can filling rates and routes that the
cleaning crew should take frequently. Data gathered about waste
X. Chen
Fig. 5. Sensor operation.
bins at different times of day is further emphasized by the timings
of the data.
Database systems are collections of data that may be searched
and organized on a computing device. Using software such as
MySQL, the data collected from the waste bins is entered into
the database systems. It is possible to organize, store and retrieve
data from a computer by database management. When it comes
to database management, a Database Administrator (DBA) is re-
sponsible for data storage, operations, and security throughout
the life cycle of the data. A formal design and modeling tech-
nique is often implemented to build more complicated datasets. It
combines several independent databases into a single big entity,
which can be accessed anywhere.
The process of finding inputs to an objective function that
result in a predefined evaluation of the function’s value is known
as optimization. Many machine learning approaches from fitting
logistic regression models to training artificial neural networks
are based on this difficult challenge. The goal of optimization is to
arrive at the ‘‘optimal’’ design based on a set of prioritized criteria
or constraints that have been established. As a result of the col-
lected data, the system uses machine learning and optimization
techniques to decrease transportation costs and time by guiding
the most efficient routes to empty the garbage cans. Optimization
is based on traffic patterns, driving distances and times, and other
factors. Truck drivers may now follow a highly efficient path at
the end of the process, improved by GPS position services.
Fig. 5 signifies the sensor operation. Some sensors may be
added to waste bins and dumpsters powered by solar power
or batteries. The sensors emit sound waves radiation to detect
waste levels. They then transfer the data to the gateway using
low-power or cellular connectivity. In nodes connected interact
directly with the gateway or relay data to cluster members.
The gateway, which serves as a relay, sends sensor data to the
cloud. Edge devices that process critical information on the fly in
sophisticated waste management systems may thus be included.
They then send the data to the gateway via low-power or
cellular connectivity. Connected nodes can communicate directly
with the gateway or use the gateway to relay data to other nodes
in the cluster. Sensor data is sent to the cloud via the gateway,
which acts as a relay. In advanced waste management systems,
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Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140
edge devices that process critical information on the fly may be
included.
Dashboards are used to display the data. Dispatchers and trash
truck drivers use PCs and mobile devices to check for empty bins
and containers and adjust their routes as necessary depending on
the data collected. This means a city’s cloud can act as a storage
and analysis system for data utilized in anything from driverless
vehicles to farms. Massive volumes of streaming data are gen-
erated by smart cities thanks to sensors and other technologies.
Citizens of smart cities may readily access cloud-based services
via their smartphones, laptops, PCs, tablets and other devices over
the internet.
Therefore to send sensor data to the cloud, a gateway is
needed. It is possible to include edge devices that process critical
information on the fly in advanced waste management systems.
At this moment, to visualize the data, dashboards are employed.
The broadest definition is an electronic component that de-
tects changes in its surroundings and transmits that information,
usually to a computer processor, to other electronic components,
such as a camera or microphone. It is common to utilize a sensor
in conjunction with other electrical components. For the electrical
impulses to be conveniently transferred and subsequently pro-
cessed, a sensor transforms the physical activity to be measured
into a corresponding electrical signal. On the bins are infrared
sensors that detect thrown waste and measure the bin’s fill level.
Devices and systems are connected over the internet in a net-
work, and smart dustbins have lids that automatically open and
close controllers are encoded into the system.
A node or multipoint communication channel is used for data
transmission and data receiving: transmission lines, optical de-
vices, wireless communication channels, hard disks, and com-
puter networks. For long-distance transmission to a final dis-
posal location, the waste is generally compressed and put onto
bigger vehicles. If a garbage truck empties a cart, it can scan the
chips implanted in each bin to verify if the appropriate items are
coming out of each cart. Algorithm 1 shows the optimal garbage
truck.
It is a waste management system based on the condition
of garbage in each city disposal container. The information is
transmitted to a server through the Internet to store and pro-
cess the acquired data. The predicted state of each bin may be
X. Chen Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140

evaluated using the provided training data. In addition, it can Table 1

be used to determine the best routes for garbage trucks based Data collection.
on that information. The weight of the trash bin can then be Variable Description
updated which is a critical input parameter for the algorithm that P = {pi |i ∈ (1, n)} The current state of each bin j
determines the most efficient routes for garbage collection. N = {Ni |i ∈ (1, n)} Bin j′ s location in the power structure
Each bin’s condition is inconsistent and varies widely de- X = {Xi |i ∈ (1, n)} The weight of each bin is given weight measured.
pending on the current situation. Using the method shown in T = {tdi |d ∈ (1, m) ; i ∈ Measured data endpoints for each bin j
this part, we will handle trash collection tactics dynamically (1, n)}
A = {P , N , X , T } Insert data into the system
and efficiently. Unsupervised machine learning method m-means g = {gi |i ∈ (1, m)} The best path for each garbage truck within a
divide a dataset into a predefined number (m) of clusters. Each cluster is determined
trash truck has a functioning cluster that is constructed with it. Ah = {Ahi | i ∈ (1, m); A group of people at work
Although this method clusters the data overly simplistic manner Ahj = {Pi , Ni, Xi, Ti }}
M Worker clusters per square mile
and it does so regardless of how many clusters are needed. The
B Limit on the quantity of the garbage that can be
collection routes are the paths taken by garbage bins in a certain produced
cluster over a particular period. These cycles’ optimization is a n The total number of garbage cans in the data set
combinatorial issue. This paper utilizes a genetic algorithm (GA) m() A dynamic array representing the number of
that provides near-optimal answers quickly by examining several garbage bins in each working group
paths. A trash bin’s condition may be forecast since the garbage
truck takes time to gather all of the waste.
Table 1 illustrated the garbage bin data collection processing.
Designers apply the logistic regression algorithm in this work to the distance between the headquarters and the visited bins. As
forecast the state of each garbage bin based on past data. As a a result, identify the best garbage truck routes in each cluster
result, after making a prediction, the system can suggest which gi which helps us avoid the accumulated waste bins more effi-
one should be gathered to avoid an overload. ciently. Algorithm depicts the smart waste management process
A logistic regression (LR) technique is used to forecast each 2, 3, 4, 5.
bin’s state at the specified timestamp t. The database stores input The waste bins integrated into IoT devices and garbage bins
dataset A. If the bin’s prediction status Pif is higher than the during the realistic driving distance of the workers were taken
threshold B, the weight Xif updated to 1, the GA algorithm reduces for granted by the designers. The suggested technology would
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X. Chen Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140

allow the street cleaner to see the route from where he is now Table 2
to the fully-filled waste container. Garbage containers would be Numerical analysis of AMLWRF.

outfitted with low-cost embedded systems to keep tabs on the Number of devices DTs ML-CNN YOLOV3 AMLWRF

amount of garbage they contain. Webserver data is directly saved Accuracy ratio (%) 50.7% 61.7% 70.7% 96.1%
Cost-effectiveness ratio (%) 56.5% 65.5% 72.7% 92.7%
as a data source and subsequently processed for analysis. Sensing
Efficiency ratio (%) 58.7% 64.6% 73.8% 97.1%
data is broadcast via the internet, allowing the truck driver to see Tracking rate (%) 62.6% 70.1% 77.9% 89.0%
which bins are full and the fastest route to those bins. Environmental production ratio (%) 59.0 67.8 77.5% 91.9%
Recycling rate (%) 61.7% 69.0% 76.9% 91.6%
4. Simulation analysis

The suggested architecture used machine learning methods
to detect garbage successfully. This model can be evaluated by
counting and interpreting the accuracy of waste label catego-
rization, sensors data estimate, and the system usability scale.
These data are saved and processed in an IoT middleware which
provides collecting information and optimal routes essential sta-
tistical data for monitoring garbage collection correctly in terms
of resource management and the offered services for the com-
munity. Calculations can range from basic predictions to more
sophisticated formulae depending on the degree of precision
required, how data is collected and how much time is spent on
waste prevention measurement. A less accurate estimate would
3135
have been obtained if waste generation data were based on paper
purchases as most of the paper is never utilized. Table 2 shows
the results of the outcome based on AMLWRF.
(i) Cost-effectiveness Ratio (%)
Comparing the costs and benefits of various options is known
as cost-effectiveness analysis. The IoT combines the exponential
rise of intelligent systems the merging of low-cost technology,
a widely available connection, and massive quantities of cloud
computing. The cost of recycling is compared to the cost of
handling waste. The recovery rates are connected to demonstrate
how the recovery rates might impact the cost-effectiveness of
recycling.
X. Chen
Municipal recycling rates are highly correlated with the suc-
cess of recycling programs. This association is probably due
largely to the economies of scale obtained when a program raises
the number of recyclables managed. The Above shown in Fig. 6
demonstrates the high accuracy level of 92.7% proposed system
compared to other existing methods. It clearly illustrates that the
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Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140
relative cost-effectiveness of recycling compared to the expenses
of collection and disposal systems garbage is closely linked to the
recycling rates of municipal councils.
(ii) Efficiency Ratio (%)
The garbage in the garbage ends up all over the place be-
cause of inefficient waste-collecting methods. As a result, this
X. Chen Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140

Table 3
Efficiency ratio (%).
Number of devices DTs ML-CNN YOLOV3 AMLWRF
10 50.6 60.1 70.1 90.1
20 54.2 65.2 72.4 91.2
30 53.2 69.1 73.2 80.3
40 58.8 64.2 73.4 87.3
50 60.2 70.1 77.2 90.5
60 62.3 67.1 78.4 89.0
70 64.3 67.6 69.9 92.4
80 62.1 66.4 80.1 89.4
90 67.2 65.2 77.4 92.5
100 60.1 63.1 88.7 97.1

and implemented effective machine learning systems, and the

Fig. 6. Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (%).
article proposes an effective solution for smart and effective
garbage management based on machine learning (ML) and IoT.
An Arduino UNO microcontroller, an ultrasonic sensor, and a
moisture sensor are all employed in the suggested method. The
machine learning method achieves the goal of creating clean,
pollution-free cities. The most developed areas have discovered
3137
consequences are very beneficial. Table 3 describes the efficiency
ratio of the proposed system.
Compared to the previous technique, the technology consid-
erably decreases the travel distance, resulting in a more efficient
waste collection operation. As a result, it is preferable to take all
the steps necessary to manage waste effectively. To maintain a
healthy environment, must utilize the most effective strategies
and procedures for machine learning.
Table 3 explores our proposed system’s comparative analysis
outcome to achieve the 97.1% efficiency ratio.
(iii) Tracking Rate (%)
The usage of an IoT-based machine learning platform for waste
management allows for more dynamic, real-time mapping and
tracking according to clever uses of technology, networking, de-
vice or sensor management, and automation. Using sensors in
X. Chen Energy Reports 8 (2022) 3127–3140

(v) Environmental Production Ratio (%)

Environmental waste gives a graphical representation of waste
in waste bins and disposal sites. To find the shortest path over
one garbage and provide notifications, utilized Software. Environ-
mental machine learning is the process of safely managing and
removing this garbage.
Fig. 8 expresses the environmental production ratio. It en-
courages appropriate management and exploitation of industrial
waste by giving comprehensive, current information on physico-
chemical characteristics, chemical composition, and environmen-
tal concerns connected with waste from sugar, pulp & paper,
tanning & distilling processes.
(vi) Recycling Rate (%)
Recycling has become highly significant in urban centers
which may be found all over the earth. As garbage generation
rises and resources are depleted, recycling has become not only
a prudent practice. Every citizen’s actions are needed to start the
recycling process are frequently either marginally motivated or
compelled by a punish-based system.
IoT technology and cloud architectures with machine learning-
based encourage garbage recycling in urban areas. The amount of
garbage produced considerably outweighs the amount of waste
recycled. Improper garbage management has increased recycling
Fig. 7. Tracking rate.
costs and increased the number of hours worked. As a result,
dumping sites and landfills become populated, and garbage col-
lects around the city. Above Fig. 9 achieves a high recycling rate
Table 4 of 91.8% compared to other methods.
Accuracy ratio (%). The need to mine new raw materials from the earth is reduced
Number of devices DTs ML-CNN YOLOV3 AMLWRF by recycling paper, plastic, glass, aluminum, batteries, used oil,
10 52.6 65.3 73.0 91.3 tires and electronic devices. One hundred sixty-six gallons of
20 55.2 67.5 71.0 92.3 gas can be saved by recycling one ton of paper. Modern cloud
30 53.7 68.5 73.8 93.1 architectures and IoT devices use machine learning to promote
40 60.2 70.2 60.9 90.9 waste recycling in urban areas. The amount of waste generated is
50 58.8 75.4 70.5 95.0
60 60.6 60.7 69.9 89.8
far greater than the amount of recycled waste. Because of ineffi-
70 59.0 68.9 72.5 92.9 cient waste management, recycling costs have gone up, and the
80 60.7 70.4 79.0 83.8 number of hours worked has gone up. It leads to overcrowding
90 66.8 68.9 69.0 94.6 at dumping sites and landfills, and garbage builds up all over the
100 69.9 69.0 80.2 96.1 city as a result
The proposed method AMLWRF to achieve the accuracy, cost-
effectiveness, efficiency tracking rate, environmental production
the garbage, machine learning keeps track of the status of city and recycling rate compared to DT, ML-CNN, YOLOV3 methods.
waste pickups and prior data collected by sensors and databases,
5. Summary
which are used to detect and optimize driver routes, fill patterns
and minimize operational expenditures. Remote monitoring and
This article demonstrated how automated machine learning
IoT-based garbage containers make it easier to collect waste,
might be used in technological informatics to accurately identify
decreasing the price of transport and energy. Fig. 7 explains when a container has been evacuated. ML has great application
that the proposed system achieves 89.0% compared to other potential in various fields, including waste management outcome,
methods. waste treatment route reduction, resource utilization improve-
(iv) Accuracy Ratio (%) ments, and waste pollution risk mitigation, despite the limitations
This model’s ability can be assessed by counting and analyzing of insufficient data, low interpretability, and unclear model se-
trash label classification accuracy, sensor data estimates, and us- lection principles. The article outlined a mechanism for recurrent
ability scale. The proposed architecture effectively detected trash gathering information for improving performance by first assess-
using machine learning techniques. These data are stored and ing the current solution to the problem, then optimizing that
processed in an IoT middleware, which collects information and solution using the recovered data source, and finally applying
optimum routes for important statistical data to monitor trash machine learning algorithms to the problem to see if adding new
collection properly in terms of resource management and the features improved results. The experimental results show our
provided services for the community efficiently. Table 4 depicts proposed method AMLWRF to achieve the accuracy ratio of 96.1%,
the cost-effectiveness ratio of 92.7%, an efficiency ratio of 97.1%, a
the Accuracy Ratio.
tracking rate of 89.0%, and an environmental production ratio of
It provides the most accurate waste production data for a facil-
91.9%, recycling ratio of 91.6% when compared to other methods.
ity or functional area. Calculations may vary from simple forecasts
to complex formulas based on the accuracy, data collection meth- Declaration of competing interest
ods, and the amount of effort dedicated to waste avoidance
measurement. If waste production statistics were based on paper The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
purchases, a less accurate estimate would have been produced cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
since most of the paper bought never used. to influence the work reported in this paper.
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X. Chen
Fig. 8. Environmental production ratio (%).
Fig. 9. Recycling rate (%).
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Further reading
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training process. J. Intell. Fuzzy Systems 40 (2), 3237–3238.
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power and performance of multi-core processors. J. Supercomput. 68 (3),
1265–1279.