BAB 7

1-2 ALIRAN COUNTER PARAREL:

PENUKAR PANAS SHELL AND TUBE

PENDAHULUAN

Elemen Tubular. Pemenuhan dar !e!era"a service ndu#$r mem!u$uh%an

"en&&unaan !an'a% " "a &anda ha r" n. Ha( n )u%u" mema%an $em"a$ dan *u&a !an'a% $
$ % 'an& memun&% n%an $er*ad n'a %e!+)+ran. Saa$ d mana d !u$uh%an "ermu%aan "er"
ndahan %a(+r 'an& !e#ar, ha( n da"a$ d )a"a den&an "era(a$an shell and tube.

am!ar 7.1 u(un&an Ta!un& am!ar 7.2 Ferrule

 Pera(a$an shell and tube me( !a$%an "er(ua#an dar #e!uah $a!un& %e #e!uah

(em!aran $a!un& dan "em!en$u%an (a" #an d mana $ da% $er*ad %e!+)+ran "ada %+nd #

+"era# 'an& mun&% n. Se!uah )+n$+h 'an& #ederhana dan umum dar $a!un& 'an&
men&a(am "er(ua#an d $un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.1. Se!uah (u!an& $a!un& "ada #e!uah

(em!aran $a!un& d !+r den&an d ame$er 'an& *auh (e! h !e#ar dar "ada d ame$er (uar

dar $a!un&, dan dua a$au #a(uran d "+$+n& "ada (u!an& d nd n&n'a. Ta!un&
d $em"a$%an "ada !a& an da(am (u!an& $a!un&, dan %emud an #e!uah "emu$ar $a!un&

d ma#u%%an %e !a& an a%h r $a!un&. Pemu$ar $er#e!u$ ada(ah mandril !er"u$ar 'an&

mem"un'a #ed % $ !a& an run) n&. Ia *u&a mam"u un$u% me(e a$ !a$a# e(a#$ # dar

$a!un& me$a( dan men&u!ahn'a %e %+nd # #em "(a#$ % #eh n&&a * %a men&a( r %e

#a(uran a%an mem!en$u% (a" #an 'an& #an&a$ %e$a$. Ta!un& !er"u$ar meru"a%an #e!uah

%e$ram" (an, %arena #e!uah $a!un& mun&% n da"a$ ru#a% %arena "u$aran %er$a# 'an&

$ " # dan men n&&a(%an #e!uah "e( ndun& den&an #ed % $ %e%ua$an #$ru%$ur.
Pada !e!era"a "en&&unaan ndu#$r , un$u% mema#an& $a!un& "ada (em!aran

$a!un& #eh n&&a da"a$ den&an mudah d h (an&%an #e!a&a mana 'an& d $un*u%%an "ada

&am!ar 7.2. Ta!un&-$a!un& #e!enarn'a d %ema# da(am (em!aran $a!un& den&an )ara

ferrules den&an men&&una%an packing ring den&an ma$er a( me$a( (una%.

Heat Exchanger Tube. Heat Exchanger Tube *u&a meru*u% #e!a&a $a!un&
%+nden#er dan #e!a %n'a *an&an #am"a %e( ru den&an " "a !e# a$au " "a *en # (a nn'a

'an& d $e%an men*ad u%uran " "a !e# . D ame$er (uar dar hea$ e/)han&er a$au
%+nden#er $a!un& ada(ah d ame$er (uar n'a$a da(am n)h den&an $+(eran# 'an& #an&a$

%e$a$. Hea$ e/)han&er $a!un& $er#ed a da(am !er!a&a *en # me$a( $erma#u% !e# ,
$em!a&a, adm ra($', (+&am 0un$ , %un n&an, 7 -3 $em!a&a-n %e(, "erun&&u,
a(um num, dan #$a n(e## #$ee(. 0ere%a da"a$ d ha# (%an den&an !er!a&a %e$e!a(an

d nd n& 'an& !er!eda 'an& d de4 n # %an +(eh 5B rm n&ham re &a&e6 'an& ! a#an'a

meru*u% #e!a&a B a$au gage dar $a!un&. U%uran dar $a!un& 'an& umumn'a

$er#ed a #e"er$ 'an& $erda"a$ "ada Ta!e( 1 "ada Lam" ran den&an d ame$er (uar 8 dan

1 n)h. OD meru"a%an d #a n umum "ada hea$ e/)han&er. Da$a "ada $a!e( 1 $e(ah
d #u#un #e#ua den&an $a$a (e$a% 'an& (e !h !er&una "ada "erh $un&an "er" ndahan

%a(+r.
 am!ar 7.3 Tam" (an Umum un$u% Exchanger

Pitch tabung. Lu!an& $a!un& $ da% da"a$ d !+r den&an *ara% 'an& (e! h de%a$

%arena !erde%a$an den&an *ara% 'an& #an&a$ %e) ( a%an men*ad %e(emahan "ada

(em!aran $a!un&. 9ara% 'an& (e! h de%a$ d an$ara dua (u!an& $a!un& ada(ah clearance

a$au ligament, dan #e%aran& men*ad #$andar. Ta!un& d (e$a%%an den&an "+(a "er#e&

a$au #e& $ &a #e"er$ 'an& d $un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.3a dan 7.3!. Keun$un&an dar

pitch "er#e& ada(ah $a!un& (e! h mudah d !er# h%an dar (uar dan men&ha# (%an
pressure drop 'an& (e! h %e) ( #aa$ 4(u da men&a( r "ada arah #e"er$ 'an& d $un*u%%an

"ada &am!ar 7.3a. Pitch $a!un& PT; ada(ah *ara% "a( n& de%a$ an$ar dua $ $ % "u#a$

$a!un&. Pitch 'an& umum un$u% $am" (an "er#e& ada(ah 8 n OD "ada pitch "er#e& 1

n dan 1 n OD "ada 1 < n. un$u% $am" (an #e& $ &a 'a $u 8 n OD "ada 1=>1? n pitch
#e& $ &a, OD 8 n "ada pitch #e& $ &a 1 n, dan OD 1 n "ada " $)h #e& $ &a 1 < n. Pada

&am!ar 7.3) $am" (an pitch "er#e& $e(ah !er"u$ar @=+, #ama #e"er$ &am!ar 7.3a. Pada

&am!ar 7.3d menun*u%%an m+d 4 %a# #e)ara me%an % dar " $)h #e& $ &a * %a $a!un&

$er#e!ar mera$a, mun&% n un$u% d (a%u%an "em!er# han.

Shell. Shell d !ua$ dar " "a !e# den&an d ame$er n+m na( IPS men)a"a 12
n #e"er$ "ada $a!e( 11. D ame$er (uar n'a$a d a$a# 12 dan $erma#u% 2@ n dan d
ame$er " "a n+m na(n'a ada(ah #ama. Ke$e!a(an #$andar d nd n& dar shell
den&an d ame$er da(am dar 12 #am"a 2@ n ada(ah 3> n, 'an& )u%u" un$u% $e
%anan +"era# #am"a den&an 3 "# . Ke$e!a(an d nd n& 'an& (e! h !e#ar da"a$ d
ha# (%an den&an "re##ure 'an& (e! h !e#ar. Shell den&an d ame$er d a$a# 2@ n
d !ua$ den&an " r n&an !e# !er"u$ar.
Lembaran Tabung Exchanger Stasioner. T "e 'an& "a( n& #ederhana dar
exchanger ada(ah fixed a$au #$a$ +nar' tube-sheet exchanger 'an& #a(ah #a$un'a
d $en$u%an "ada &am!ar 7.@. Ba& an-!a& an "en$ n& ada(ah shell 1;, "era(a$an den&an 2
n+ (e dan (em!aran-(em!aran $a!un& 2; "ada #e$ a" !a& an a%h r, 'an& *u&a !er"eran
#e!a&a flange un$u% $am!ahan dar 2 a( ran 3; dan ma# n&-ma# n& "enu$u" )hanne(

@;. Ta!un&-$a!un& d e%#"an# men*ad (em!aran $a!un& dan d &una%an !er#ama baffle

=; d !a& an shell. Perh $un&an (ua# "er" ndahan "ana# e4e%$ 4 d da#ar "ada *ara%
an$ara "ermu%aan da(am (em!aran $a!un& $erhada" "an*an& $a!un& men'e(uruh.

am!ar 7.@ Fixed-head Tubular Exchanger

Baffle. San&a$(ah *e(a# !ah a %+e4 # en "er" ndahan "ana# 'an& (e! h $ n&&

d da"a$%an #aa$ )a ran !erada "ada %eadaan 'an& $ur!u(en. Un$u% men m!u(%an
$ur!u(en# d !a& an (uar $a!un&, ! a#an'a d &una%an baffle 'an& men'e!a!%an )a ran
men&a( r me(a(u shell "ada #udu$ 'an& !enar $erhada" arah a/ # $a!un&. Ha( n
men'e!a!%an $ur!u(en# !ah%an #aa$ #ed % $ a( ran 'an& me(e a$ shell. 9ara% an$ar $ $ %
"u#a$ baffle d #e!u$ baffle pitch a$au baffle spacing. Karena baffle da"a$ d (e$a%%an

!erde%a$an a$au !er*auhan (a*u a( r ma##a $ da% #e"enuhn'a !er&an$un& "ada d ame$er

shell. 9ara% baffle "ada umumn'a $ da% (e! h !e#ar dar d ame$er da(am #he(( a$au (e! h

de%a$ dar *ara% 1>= d ame$er da(am shell. Baffle d "a#an& #e)ara aman den&an *ara%

"ada baffle ?; #e"er$ d $un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.@, 'an& $erd r dar !au$ $er"a#an&

"ada (em!aran $a!un& dan #e*um(ah " "a den&an "an*an& (e! h %e) ( 'an& mem!en$u%

$e" " n&& r d an$ara baffle 'an& !erde%a$an. De$a ( 'an& d "er!e#ar d $un*u%%an "ada

&am!ar 7.=.
Ada !e!era"a $ "e !a44(e 'an& d "a%a da(am heat exchanger, namun 'an&
"a( n& umum ada(ah !a44(e !er#e&men #e"er$ 'an& d $un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7.?. Baffle-

baffle !er#e&men !er!+r " r n&an den&an %e$ n&& an "ada umumn'a 7= dar d ame$er

da(am shell 'an& %emud an d %ena( #e!a&a 2 ! cut baffle dan a%an d &una%an
#e"an*an& !u%u n a(au"un "+$+n&an 4ra%# baffle 'an& (a n *u&a d &una%an da(am
ndu#$r . Se!uah re e men&ena "en&aruh baffle cut "ada %+e4 # en "er" ndahan
%a(+r d !ua$ +(eh D+n+hue. In #emua da"a$ d #u#un #e"er$ 'an& d $un*u%%an,

un$u% a( ran "up and do#n$ a$au da"a$ d r+$a# %an + un$u% men&ha# (%an
a( ran side to side$ 'an& %emud an d n& n%an #aa$ )am"uran ( Fu d dan &a#
men&a( r me(a(u #he((. Baffle pitch dan !u%an 2= cut baffle #e"er$ 'an& d $un*u
%%an %emud an menen$u%an %e)e"a$an e4e%$ 4 dar 4(u da shell.

am!ar 7.= De$a ( Baffle Sapacer d "er!e#ar;

am!ar 7.? De$a ( Baffle "er Se&men

am!ar 7.7 Baffle T "e %isc dan %oughnut

T "e-$ "e baffle (a nn'a ada(ah disc dan doughnut "ada &am!ar 7.7 dan
orifice baffle "ada &am!ar 7. . 0e#% "un $ "e-$ "e $am!ahan ! a#an'a d &una
%an namun mere%a $ da% "en$ n& #e)ara umum.
 am!ar 7. &rifice Baffle

Fixed Tube Sheet Exchanger With Integral Channels . Be!era"a ar a# (a n

dar Fixed Tube Sheet Exchanger d $un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7. d mana (em!aran

d ma#u%%an %e !a& an da(am shell mem!en$u% channel 'an& meru"a%an !a& an

$er n$e&ra# dar shell. Da(am "en&&unaan stationar' tubesheet exchanger ! a#an'a
"en$ n& un$u% men&ha# (%an e%#"an# %a(+r $urunan an$ara tube dan shell #e(ama

+"era# +na(, a$au thermal stress 'an& a%an d !an&un #e"an*an& (em!aran $a!un&. Ha( n

da"a$ d )a"a den&an "en&&unaan #e!uah expansion (oint "ada #he(( d mana #e*um(ah

$ "e (oint flexible $er#ed a.

am!ar 7. Fixed Tube Sheet Exchanger )ith *ntegral +hannels

Fixed Tube Sheet 1 ! Exchanger. T "e-$ "e exchanger #e"er$ 'an& d $un*u%an

"ada &am!ar 7.@ dan 7. da"a$ d "er$ m!an&%an un$u% men&+"era# %an a( ran counter.

0e#% "un %en'a$aann'a 4(u da shell men&a( r me(a(u !a& an (uar $a!un&. Dar #udu$

"andan& "ra%$ # , #an&a$ #u( $ un$u% menda"a$%an %e)e"a$an 'an& $ n&& %e$ %a

#ua$u 4(u da men&a( r me(a(u #emua $a!un& da(am "single pass$. Ha( n da"a$ d a!a

%an den&an mem+d 4 %a# de#a n #eh n&&a 4(u da $a!un& d !a a me(e a$ 4ra%# $a!un&

#e)ara !eruru$an. Se!uah )+n$+h dar t#o pass fixed tube sheet exchanger d $un*u%an

"ada &am!ar 7.1 , d mana #emua 4(u da $a!un& men&a( r me(e a$ 2 G $a!un&.
 am!ar 7.1 Fixed Tube Sheet ,-2 Exchanger

Exchanger d mana a( ran 4(u da !a& an shell 1 %a( me(e a$ shell dan 4(u da d
da(am $u!e men&a( r 2 %a( a$au (e! h d #e!u$ ,-2 exchanger. +hannel $un&&a(
d &una%an den&an den&an "ar$ # un$u% mem! ar%an 4u( da tube un$u% ma#u% dan %e(uar

dar channel 'an& #ama. Pada !a& an a%h r exchanger 'an& !er(a anan, #e!uah bonnet

d #ed a%an un$u% mem! ar%an 4(u da tube un$u% me(e a$ dar (e a$an "er$ama
%e

(e a$an %edua. Se!a&a mana #emua fixed tube sheet exchanger, $a!un& !a& an (uar
da"a$ d )a"a un$u% n#"e%# a$au "em!er# han me%an #. Ta!un& !a& an da(am da"a$

d !er# h%an den&an han'a mem ndah%an "enu$u" channel dan men&&una%an "em!er# h

!er"u$ar a$au # %a$ %a a$. Perma#a(ahan e%#"an# #an&a$ %r $ # "ada ,-2 fixed tube sheet
exchanger %arena %edua (e a$an #e!a&a mana shell $u #end r )enderun& !ere%#"an#
#e)ara !er!eda dan men'e!a!%an $e%anan "ada (em!aran $a!un& #$a# +ner.

am!ar 7.11 Pull-through Floating-head ,-2 Exchanger

"emo#eable Bundle Exchanger. Pada &am!ar 7.11 d $un*u%an !ah a !a& an

'an& !er(a anan dar ,-2 exchanger mem ( % bundle $a!un& 'an& da"a$ d " ndah%an
dar shell. n $erd r dar (em!aran $a!un& 'an& #$a # +ner 'an& d *e" $ d an$ara dua
channel flange $un&&a( dan #e!uah shell flange. Pada !a& an a%h r 'an& !er(a anan
dar !und(e $a!un& d "er(ua# men*ad floating tube sheet dan floating head 'an&
da"a$ !er&era% !e!a#. Se!uah "enu$u" floating head d !au$ %e (em!aran $a!un&
dan #e(uruh bundle da"a$ d $ar % dar !a& an channel. Shell $er(e$a% !erde%a$an
den&an shell bonnet. Floating head men&h (an&%an ma#a(ah e%#"an# $urunan
"ada #e!a& an !e#ar %a#u# dan d #e!u$ #e!a&a pull through floating head.

am!ar 7.12 Floating-head ,-2 Exchanger

Keru& an dar "en&&unaan pull through floating head ada(ah &e+me$r n'a 'an&

#ederhana. Un$u% a(a#an %eamanan "enu$u" floating head haru# d !au$ %e (em!aran

$a!un& dan d !u$uh%an !au$ !undar mem!u$uh%an "en&&unaan ruan& d mana

memun&% n%an un$u% men' # "%an #e*um(ah !e#ar $a!un&. Pem!au$an $ da% han'a a%an

meredu%# *um(ah $a!un& 'an& a%an d (e$a%%an d !a& an !und(e $a!un&, $e$a" *u&a

men'ed a%an a( ran channel 'an& 'an& $ da% d n& n%an d an$ara channel dan shell.

Tu*uan n da"a$ (e! h $er)a"a "ada split-ring floating-head ,-2 exchanger #e"er$ 'an&
d $un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.12. 0e#% "un HE $er#e!u$ )u%u" maha( un$u% d "r+du%# ,

a%an $e$a" mem ( % !an'a% %eun$un&an. Ber!eda den&an $ "e pull-through,

"en&&unaan split-ring "ada floating tube sheet dan dan "enu$u" shell 'an& + er# e
men&a%+m+da# n'a. De$a ( dar #e!uah split ring d $un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.13.
Floating tube sheet d %a$ d an$ara "enu$u" floating-head dan "en& %a$ r n& d %a$ "ada

!a& an !e(a%an& (em!aran $a!un& 'an& d " #ah #e"aruh un$u% mem! ar%an
"em!+n&%aran. Per!edaan manu4a%$ur mem ( % "er!edaan den&an de#a n 'an&
d $un*u%%an d # n . A%an $e$a" #emua da"a$ memenuh $u*uan un$u% men'ed a%an

%ena %an "ermu%aan #e"an*an& "u((-$hr+u&h 4(+a$ n& head "ada #he(( den&an u%uran
'an& #ama. Ce$a%an channel den&an "enu$u" channel 'an& $ da% da"a$ d "
ndah%an *u&a d #ed a%an #e!a&a mana 'an& d $un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.12.

am!ar 7.13 Split-ring

Tube Shell La$outs %an Tube Count. C+n$+h $ "e $am" (an $a!un& un$u%

exchanger den&an #e!uah split-ring floating head d $un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.1@. La'+u$

n'a$a un$u% ID #he(( 13 < den&an OD $a!un& 1 < den&an #u#unan pitch #e& $ &a d #u#un

un$u% $a!un& ? (e a$an. Par$ # #u#unan *u&a d $un*u%%an un$u% channel dan "enu$u"

floating-head #e"an*an& +r en$a# (e a$an. Ta!un& ! a#an'a $ da% d (e$a%%an

# me$r # den&an (em!aran $a!un&. Ruan& ma#u%an $am!ahan ! a#an'a $ da%

d !+(eh%an "ada shell den&an men&h (an&%an $a!un& d !a ah ma#u%an n+ (e
#e!a&a mana un$u% mem n ma( # r e4e% %+n$ra%# dar 4(u da 'an& mema#u%
shell. Saa$ $a!un& d (e$a%an den&an *ara% m n mum d an$ara "ar$ # dan !
erdam" n&an den&an tube den&an d ame$er !e!a# dar &an&&uan d #e!u$ outer
tube limit$, *um(ah $a!un& "ada (a'+u$ d #e!u$ tube count$.
 am!ar 7.1@ Tam" (an Tube-sheet un$u% ID 13 < n den&an OD 1 n "ada pitch
#e& $ &a den&an ? $a!un& (e a$an.

Ha( n $ da% #e(a(u mun&% n un$u% menda"a$%an *um(ah $a!un& 'an& #e#ua

"ada #e$ a" (e a$an, me#% "un "ada e/)han&er 'an& !e#ar %e$ da%#e m!an&an $ da% !+

(eh (e! h !e#ar dar = . Pada $a!e( (am" ran tube count un$u% OD $a!un& 8 dan 1 n d !er

%an #a$u (e a$an shell dan #u#unan $a!un& (e a$an 'a $u 1, 2, @, ?, dan . Tube count n

$erma#u% d da(amn'a *a(ur ma#u%an !e!a# d !a ah ma#u%an n+ (e #e$ara den&an (ua#

"enam"an& dar n+ (e 'an& d $un*u%an "ada $a!e( 7.1. Saa$ ma#u%an n+ (e 'an& (e! h !e#ar d &una%an, ruan& ma#u%an e

%#$ra da"a$ d ha# (%an den&an me(e!ar%an ma#u%an n+ (e "ada !a& an da#arn'a a$au men&h (an&%an $a!un& 'an& ! a#an'a

$er(e$a% den&an ma#u%an n+ (e.

Shell I%& in 'o((le& in

Kuran& dar 12 2
12 17 < 3
1 < 21 < @
23 < 2 ?
31 37
Le! h dar 3 1

Pac)ed Floating Head. 0+d 4 %a# (a nn'a dar floating head ,-2 exchanger ada(ah
packed floating exchanger #e"er$ 'an& d $un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7.1=. Exchanger n
meru"a%an #e!uah "er"an*an&an dar (em!aran floating head tube 'an& d !a$a#
den&an )ara #e!uah packing gland. 0e#% "un #e)ara %e#e(uruhan )u%u" un$u%
shell den&an ID #am"a 3? n, packing gland 'an& (e! h !e#ar $ da% d re%+menda#
%an un$u% $e%anan 'an& (e! h $ n& a$au 'an& men'e!a!%an !ra# .

* Bend Exchanger. ,-2 exchanger 'an& d $un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7.1? $erd
r dar $a!un&-$a!un& 'an& mem!en&%+% mem!en$u% huru4 U dan !er"u$ar
men*ad (em!aran $a!un&. Ta!un&-$a!un& da"a$ d (e!ar%an #e)ara !e!a#, men&h
(an&%an %e!u$uhan floating tube sheet, "enu$u" floating head, shell flange, dan
"enu$u" shell 'an& da"a$ !er&era%. Baffle da"a$ d "a#an& den&an $a$a (e$a% %
+n en# +na( "ada pitch "er#e& mau"un #e& $ &a. D ame$er "a( n& %e) ( dar U-
bend 'an& da"a$ !e(+%an $an"a mende4+rma# d ame$er (uar dar $a!un& "ada !
en&%+%an 'an& mem ( % d ame$er 3-@ %a( dar d ame$er (uar $a!un&. Ha( n !
erar$ !ah a ! a#an'a "en$ n& un$u% men&h (an&%an !e!era"a $a!un& "ada !a& an
"u#a$ bundle $er&an$un& "ada $am" (ann'a.

am!ar 7.1= Packed Floating Head ,-2 Exchanger

am!ar 7.1? -bend Exchanger

 am!ar 7.17 -bend %ouble Tube Sheet Exchanger

Se!uah m+d 4 %a# 'an& mear % dar -bend exchanger d $un*u%%an "ada &am!ar

7.13. HE n memer(u%an (em!aran $a!un& &anda #$a# +ner dan *u&a d &una%an #aa$ %e!+)

+ran #a(ah #a$u a( ran 4(u da %e !a& an (a n dar $a!un& da"a$ men'e!a!%an %eru#a%an %

+r+# 'an& #er u#. Den&an men&&una%an dua (em!aran $a!un& den&an *ara% udara d

an$aran'a, !a % %e!+)+ran 4(u da me(e a$ #am!un&an #he(( da"a$ d a( r%an %e a$m+#4er.

Den&an )ara n $ da% ada a( ran 'an& a%an $er%+n$am na# %e)ua( * %a $er*ad %+r+# "ada !

a& an $a!un& $u #end r %e&a&a(an $a!un& !ah%an da"a$ d )e&ah den&an men&a"( %a#

%an "re##ure #h+)% $e#$ %e $a!un& #e)ara "er +d %.

PE"HIT*'+,' %,"I SHELL ,'% T*BE E-CH,'+E".

Shell Side Film Coefficient. K+e4 # en "er" ndahan %a(+r bundle $a!un& !a& an

(uar meru*u% "ada %+e4 # en !a& an shell. Saa$ bundle $a!un& men&&una%an baffle 4(u

da "ada !a& an shell #e)ara (an&#un& me(e a$ $a!un& dar a$a# %e !a ah a$au side to

side , %+e4 # en "er" ndahan %a(+r (e! h !e#ar dar a( ran 'an& $ da% $er&an&&u

#e"an*an& a/ # $a!un&. K+e4 # en "er" ndahan 'an& (e! h !e#ar d ha# (%an dar %ena %an

$ur!u(en# . Pada pitch "er#e& #e"er$ 'an& d $un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7.1 %e)e"a$an "ada

4(u da #e)ara %+n$ n'u men*ad 4(u%$ua$ 4 %arena %e$er!a$a#an area d an$ara *ara% $a!

un& d !and n&%an den&an area a( ran d an$ara !ar # 'an& !eruru$an. Pada pitch #e& $ &a

$ur!u(en# (e! h !e#ar d "er$emu%an %arena 4(u da men&a( r d an$ara $a!un& 'an& !erde

%a$an "ada %e)e"a$an $ n&& 'an& men&ena !ar #an !eruru$an #e)ara (an&#un&. Ha( n

men& nd %a# %an #aa$ pressure drop dan %e!er# han ada(ah %+n#e%uen# %e) (, pitch

#e& $ &a ada(ah "en$ n& un$u% "en)a"a an $ n&& n'a %+e4 # en 4 (m !a& an shell. Ha( n !

a#an'a %a#u# dan "ada %+nd # "er!and n&an dar a( ran dan u%uran %+e4 # en $a!un&

un$u% pitch #e& $ &a (e! h !e#ar 2= dar pitch "er#e& .

 am!ar 7.1 A( ran 0e(a(u Se!uah Bundle

Be!era"a 4a%$+r 'an& d a!a %an da(am !a!-!a! #e!e(umn'a mem"en&aruh

$ n&%a$ "er" ndahan %a(+r "ada !a& an #he((. Pan*an& dar #e!uah !und(e #eharu#n'a

d !a& +(eh enam !a44(e. Se(uruh 4(u da me(e a$ !und(e #e!an'a% 7 %a( . 9 %a #e"u(uh

baffle d "a#an& den&an "an*an& 'an& #ama den&an bundle, ma%a a%an d !u$uh%an

bundle 'an& d (e a$ #e!an'a% #e!e(a# %a( , *ara% 'an& (e! h de%a$ a%an men&ha# (%an
$ur!u(en# 'an& (e! h !e#ar. Se!a&a $am!ahan dar e4e% *ara% an$ar baffle, %+e4 # en

!a& an shell *u&a a%an d "en&aruh $ "e " $)h, u%uran $a!un&, *ara%, dan %ara%$er #$ %

a( ran 4(u da. Le! h *auh (a& , $ da% ada area a( ran n'a$a d mana (a*u a( r ma##a !a& an

#he(( da"a$ d h $un& %arena daerah a( ran !er!eda-!eda d ame$er !un&%u#an den&an

*um(ah 'an& !er!eda $a!un& *ara% !er# h d ma# n&-ma# n& !ar # (+n& $ud na( $a!un&.

K+re(a# 'an& d "er+(eh un$u% )a ran 'an& men&a( r da(am $a!un& n *e(a# $ da% !er(a%u

un$u% )a ran 'an& men&a( r me(a(u $a!un& #e&men$a( !unde( den&an #"ea%er, dan n

meman& d $an&&un& +(eh "er)+!aan. Namun, da(am mem!an&un me$+de %+re(a#

!en$u% 4a%$+r "er" ndahan "ana# (n J h%.k; c/.k;-1>3 />/0;- .1@ #. %1./ $e(ah
d "er$ahan%an, #e#ua den&an #aran 0)Adam#,1 $e$a" men&&una%an n (a -n (a 4 %$ 4

un$u% d ame$er #e$ara %, dan %e)e"a$an ma##a 1, #e"er$ 'an& d !aha# d !a ah n .

am!ar 2 da(am Lam" ran %+re(a# da$a ndu#$r 'an& mem!er %an ha# ( memua#%an

un$u% h dr+%ar!+n, #en'a a +r&an %, a r, (aru$an !era r, dan &a# %e$ %a !un&%u#an

d $er ma men&&una%an baffles den&an *ara% !er# h an$ara #"ea%er dan $a!un& dan an$ara

baffles dan shells.2 Bu%an !erar$ %ur a me(a(u da$a namun aman %ur a #edem % an
ru"a #eh n&&a de a# $ $ %-$ $ % u* dar %ur a !er%
#ar dar #am"a % ra-% ra 2 "er#en

$ n&& . Ha( n d %arena%an &ar # men&e%#"re# %an "er#amaan mem ( % #e!uah

(en&%un&an, 'an& $ da% da"a$ d e a(ua# da(am !en$u% #ederhana "er#amaan 3.@2;,

#e*a% "r+"+r# +na( $a# %+n#$an dan e%#"+nen dar ! (an&an Re'n+(d# !enar-!enar
!er ar a# . Un$u% n (a e dar $ahun 2 men*ad 1. . namun, da$a d a% ( +(eh
"er#amaan
0.55 1 /3
cμ
(
h o Do De G a
μ 0.14

(k)( )
k =0.36 μ
) μω
d mana ho, %e, dan 1a ada(ah #e!a&a d *e(a#%an d !a ah n . Perh $un&an men&&una

%an am!ar. 2 #an&a$ #e#ua den&an me$+de C+(!urn3 dan Sh+r$@ dan da$a "en&u*

an Bre den!a)h= dan O C+nne(( "ada #e*um(ah %+mer# a( "enu%ar "ana#. In a%an d
(a%u%an da(am am!ar. 2 !ah a $ da% ada d #%+n$ nu $a# d ! (an&an Re'n+(d# #end r
an. Semua da$a "ada am!ar. 2 men&a)u "ada a( ran $ur!u(en.

Shell side /ass 0elocit$.

Ke)e"a$an ( near dan ma##a 4(u da $eru#-meneru# !eru!ah d bundle, %arena (e!
ar dar shell dan *um(ah $a!un& !er ar a# dar n+( d !a& an a$a# dan !a ah un$u%
ma%# ma( d $en&ah-$en&ah shell. Un$u% #e$ a" $a!un& a$au 4ra%# ada d
an&&a" +33/ 1 n.2 dar daerah "er )r+##4(+ dar ruan& men)en&an&%an. S #
#he(( a$au !unde( daerah )r+##4(+ ada(ah as 'an& d !er %an +(eh
ID ×C B} over {{P} rsub {T} ×144} {ft} ^ {2} (7.1)
as =¿
dan #e"er$ #e!e(umn'a, %e)e"a$an ma##a ada(ah
G W (7.2)
2
= lb/(hr )(ft )
s
as
Shell side E ui#alent %iameter.
0enuru$ de4 n # , *ar -*ar h dr+( % #e#ua den&an (ua# ( n&%aran #e$ara den&an (ua#

daerah n+n) r)u(ar #a(uran rendah dan $e&a% (uru# $erhada" arah a( ran. 9ar -*ar h dr+( %

'an& d &una%an un$u% men&%+re(a# %an #he((-# # !unde( mem ( % %+e4 # en un$u%

#"ea%er $ da% !enar *ar -*ar h dr+( %. Arah a( ran da(am )an&%an& #e!a& an d #e"an*an&

#e!a& an $e&a% (uru# $erhada" #um!u "an*an& dar $a!un& !un&%u#an. Daerah a( ran

$e&a% (uru# $erhada" #um!u "an*an& ada(ah ar a!e( dar !ar # %e $a!un& $a!un& !ar #.
Se!uah da#ar *ar -*ar h dr+( % "ada daerah a( ran d #a(ah #a$u !ar # $ da% ! #a
mem!eda%an an$ara "er#e& dan #e& $ &a pitch. Da(am ran&%a un$u% menda"a$%an

%+re(a# #ederhana men&&a!un&%an !a % u%uran dan %ede%a$an dar $a!un& dan *en #

(a"an&an, d "er+(eh %e#e"a%a$an 'an& #an&a$ !a % * %a *ar -*ar h dr+( % d h $un&

#e"an*an& !u%an d #um!u "an*an& dar $a!un&. Se$ara d ame$er #he(( %emud
an d am! ( #e!a&a em"a$ %a( *ar -*ar h dr+( % d "er+(eh un$u% "+(a #e"er$
$er)an$um d a$a# (em!aran $a!un&. 0en&a)u "ada am!ar. 7.1 , d mana men)a

%u" )r+##ha$)h en# %(+"ed a area1 un$u% s4uare pitch

7.3;
A$au
7.@;

d mana Ft ada(ah (a"an&an $a!un& da(am n) 'an& d5 $a!un& d ame$er (uar

da(am n) . Un$u% #e& $ &a (a"an&an #e"er$ d $un*u%%an "ada am!ar 7.1 . "er
me$er 'an& $er!a#ah e(emen #e#ua den&an #e$en&ah $a!un&. 7.=;

A%an $am"a% !ah a me$+de n men&e a(ua# h dr+( % d ame$er *ar -*ar dan
#e$ara $ da% mem!eda%an an$ara "er#en$a#e re(a$ 4 #udu$ %anan men&a( r
%e a( ran a%# a(, dan n !enar. Ha( n d mun&% n%an, den&an men&&una%an
#he(( 'an& #ama, mem ( % ma##a 'an& #ama %e)e"a$an, #e$ara d ame$er, dan !
(an&an & 7.1 .

Re'n+(d# men&&una%an *um(ah !e#ar )a ran dan mem! n&un&%an !e#ar

(a"an&an a$au #e*um(ah %e) ( )a ran dan mem! n&un&%an %e) ( " $)h a$au
*um(ah %e) ( dan 4(u d " $)h mem! n&un&%an %e) (, a(au"un "r+"+r# #udu$
%anan men&a( r %e a( ran a%# a( !er!eda.
Perbedaan Suhu $ang Benar ∆t dalam 1 ! Exchanger.
P(+$ $ " %a( # #uhu "an*an& un$u% mem ( % #a(ah #a$u e/)han&er #he(( (u(u# dan dua

me( n$a# d $un*u%%an "ada am!ar. 7.2 un$u% "en&a$uran n+##e( d $un*u%%an. Re(a$ 4
$erhada" 4(u da #he((, #a$u $a!un& (u(u# da(am )+un$er4(+ dan 'an& (a n da(am a( ran

"ara(e(. Per!edaan #uhu 'an& (e! h !e#ar $e(ah d $emu%an, da(am Ba!. =, men&a% !a$%an

%e$ %a "r+#e# a( ran da(am "er!edaan )+un$er4(+ dan 'an& (e! h %e) ( un$u% a( ran

"ara(e(. 1-2 "enu%ar 'an& meru"a%an %+m! na# dar %eduan'a, dan L0TD un$u% a( ran

)+un$er4(+ a$au "ara(e( #a*a $ da% da"a$ "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar un$u% "en&a$uran
a( ran-)+un$er4(+ "ara(e(. Se!a( %n'a "er(u men&em!an&%an "er#amaan un$u%
"erh $un&an !aru 'an& e4e%$ 4 a$au !enar "er!edaan #uhu 6t un$u% men&&an$ %an

)+un$er4(+ L0TD. 0e$+de 'an& d &una%an d # n ada(ah m+d 4 %a# dar der a# dar
Under ++d1 dan d #a* %an da(am !en$u% a%h r 'an& d u#u(%an +(eh Na&(e 2 dan
B+ man, 0ue((er, dan Na&(e.3
Suhu )a ran %u( $ ! #a men&a(am #a(ah #a$u dar dua ar a# #e"er$ 'an& !era#a( dar
n(e$ %e +u$(e$, me( n$a# $a!un& %um"u(an !e!era"a %a( da(am "r+#e#: 1; Be& $u
!an'a% $ur!u(en# d ndu%# !ah a #he(( !enar-!enar !er)am"ur )a ran "ada #e$ a"
"an*an& M dar n+ (e n(e$, a$au 2; !e& $u #ed % $ $ur!u(en# d ndu%# !ah a ada #uhu
a$m+#4er 'an& #e(e%$ 4 $en$an& $a!un& #e$ a" $a!un& me(e a$ #e)ara nd dua(.
Baffle-

baffle dan # 4a$ $ur!u(en# #e$ a" %+m"+nen a( ran me( n$a# !unde( mun)u( un$u%
men&h (an&%an 2; #eh n&&a 1; d am! ( #e!a&a 'an& "er$ama dar a#um# un$u%
der a# dar "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar da(am 1-2 e/)han&er. A##um# 'an& d &una%an
ada(ah
1. Tem"era$ur 4(u da #he(( ada(ah ra$a-ra$a #uhu #+$erma( "ada #e$ a" "enam"an&.
2. Ada da(am *um(ah 'an& #ama "ermu%aan "emana# d #e$ a" (e a$.
3. Ke#e(uruhan K+e4 # en "er" ndahan "ana# ada(ah %+n#$an.
@ La*u a( ran ma# n&-ma# n& 4(u da ada(ah %+n#$an.
=. Pana# #"e# 4 % dar ma# n&-ma# n& 4(u da ada(ah %+n#$an.
? T da% ada "eru!ahan 4a#a "en&ua"an a$au %+nden#a# d !a& an dar e/)han&er.
7. Keru& an "ana# da"a$ d a!a %an.
Pana# %e#e(uruhan %e#e m!an&an, d mana 6t ada(ah "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar, ada(ah

7.?;
D mana
7.7;
Da(am am!ar. 7.2 a T meru"a%an #uhu 4(u da #he(( "ada #e$ a" "enam"an& dar

)an&%an& 7 J 8 an$ara 7 J 5 dan 7 J 7. B ar%an t* dan t** me a% ( #uhu d $a!un&

"er$ama dan %edua !er(a(u, ma# n&-ma# n&, dan "ada "enam"an& 'an& #ama #e"er$ T.

B ar%an men*ad "ermu%aan e%#$erna( "er %a% "an*an&. d "ermu%aan n%remen$a( d9

J a: d7 #he(( "eru!ahan #uhu +(eh ;dT. Se(ua# d9

7.1 ;

Ta" da(am "er#amaan n T, t*, dan t** ada(ah ar a!e( de"enden. Ke#e m!an&an "ana#
dar 7 J 8 %e "ana#-4(u da n(e$ ada(ah
7.11;
dan %e#e m!an&an "ana# "er pass
7.1=;
7.1?;

0en#u!#$ $u# %an da(am Per#amaan. 7.1@; dan men'u#un

u(an&, 7.17;
9um(ah ar a!e( da(am Per#amaan. 7.1=; $e(ah d %uran& dar $ &a T, t*, t**; un$u% dua
T dan t*;. Un$u% #+(u# n ada(ah un$u% men&h (an&%an "arame$er 'an& d "er(u%an,

!a % T a$au t. Pen'ederhanaan den&an "en&&unaan "arame$er #e"er$ da(am %a#u# " "a

&anda e/)han&er mem! ar%an

7.17a;
7.21;
Karena "eru!ahan "ana# ma#u% a%a(, "r+"+r# +na( (an&#un& ada an$ara #uhu "re)en$a&e

na % a$au $urun; dan .

7.22;
7.2@;
7.2=;
S+(u# dar "er#amaan n a%an d $emu%an da(am #$andar-"er#amaan d 4eren# a( $e%#.

Per#amaann'a
7,2?;

Ke$ %a T J T1, A a%an men n&%a$ dar #am"a A, dan mem!en$u% #+

(u# dar Per#amaan. 7,2@; K1 J T2 #eh n&&a Per#amaan. 7,2?; men*ad
7.27;
0en&am! ( (+&ar $ma dar %edua !e(ah " ha% dan men'ederhana%an,
7.2 ;
7.2 ;
Su!#$ $u# n (a dT>d9 dar Per#amaan. 7.1 ; dan %arena d 9 J 5, t * J t,, t** J t2, dan T J

T,, t* t** J t, t2

7.3?;
Su!#$ $u# %e da(am "er#amaan 7.2 ;,
7.37;

Per#amaan 7,37; ada(ah hu!un&an un$u% "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar #e(ama 1-
2 a( ran "ara(e(-)+un$er4(+ . Ba&a mana ha( n d !and n&%an den&an mem"e
%er*a%an L0TD un$u% )+un$er4(+ #uhu "r+#e# 'an& #amaQ Un$u% )+u$er4(+
7.3 ;
D mana
7.3 ;

Ra# + "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar %e"ada L0TD

ada(ah 7.@ ;
meman&& ( ra# + 4ra%# +na( "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar %e
L0TD FT 7.@1;
Per#amaan +ur er #e(ama 1-2 e/)han&er #e%aran& da"a$ d $u( #:
7.@2;
Un$u% men&uran& "er(un'a "en'e(e#a an Per#amaan. 7.37; a$au 7.@1;, 4a%$+r %+re

%# FT un$u% L0TD $e(ah d "(+$ "ada am!ar. 1 "ada Lam" ran #e!a&a 4un&# dar S
den&an R #e!a&a "arame$er. Ke$ %a n (a S dan R ada(ah de%a$ den&an !a& an er$

%a( %ur a, #u( $ un$u% mem!a)a &am!ar dan FT haru# d h $un& dar Per#amaan. 7.@1;
#e)ara (an&#un&. Ke$ %a #e!uah e/)han&er mem ( % #a$u #he(( "a## dan em"a$,
enam, de(a"an, a$au (e! h &ena" (e a$ $a!un& #e"er$ 1-@, 1-?, a$au 1- "enu%ar,
Per#amaan. 7.1 ; men*ad 1-@ un$u% e/)han&er un$u% 1-? e/)han&er

Da"a$ d $un*u%%an !ah a n (a -n (a FT un$u% 1-2 dan 1- "enu%ar %uran& dar 2

"er#en $er" #ah da(am %a#u# e%#$r m dan umumn'a #an&a$ %uran&. O(eh %arena
$u ada$ un$u% men&&am!ar%an #e$ a" e/)han&er mem ( % #a$u #he(( (u(u# dan dua
a$au (e! h &ena" $a!un& (e a$ d a( ran "ara(e(-)+un$er4(+ #e!a&a e/)han&er 1-2 dan

men&&una%an n (a 'an& d "er+(eh dar Per#amaan FT. 7.@1;. A(a#an $ a%an %uran&
dar 1. ada(ah #e)ara a(am d #e!a!%an +(eh %en'a$aan !ah a $a!un& (e a$ d
"ara(e( den&an )a ran %u( $ $ da% mem!er %an %+n$r !u# #an&a$ e4e%$ 4 "er!
edaan #uhu #e"er$ 'an& $erda"a$ da(am )+un$er4(+ den&ann'a.

Ada "em!a$a#an "en$ n& "en&&unaan am!ar. 1 . a(au"un #e$ a" "enu%ar mem ( % n (a F T d

a$a# n+( a%an !er+"era# #e)ara $e+r $ #, $ da% "ra%$ # !enar. Ke&a&a(an un$u% memenuh

da(am "ra%$ %n'a #emua a#um# 'an& d &una%an da(am der a# , a#um# 1, 3, dan 7 #e)ara

%hu#u#, da"a$ men'e!a!%an %e#en*an&an #er u# da(am "erh $un&an 6t. Se!a&a a% !a$ dar

"er!edaan * %a n (a a%$ua( ti "ada am!ar. 7.2 a "ada a%h r (u(u# "ara(e( d "er(u%an un$u%

"ende%a$an T2 (e! h de%a$ dar "ada n (a $urunan $ , ha( $u mun&% n mema%#a%an #ua$u

"e(an&&aran $erhada" a$uran a( ran "ara(e(, 'a%n +u$(e$ "ermu%aan n $e. O(eh %arena $u $

da% d an*ur%an a$au "ra%$ # un$u% men&&una%an

e/)han&er 1-2 #e$ a" %a( 4a%$+r %+re%# FT d h $un& haru# %uran& dar ,7= Se!a( %n'a
!e!era"a "en&a$uran (a nn'a 'an& d "er(u%an (e! h men'eru"a )+un$er4(+ .
Hu!un&an #uhu un$u% %a#u# d mana +r en$a# #he(( $e(ah d !a( %%an n+ e( d $un*u%%an

"ada am!ar. 7,21 un$u% n(e$ dan +u$(e$ #ama #uhu d "(+$ "ada am!ar. 7,2 .
Under ++d1 $e(ah menun*u%%an !ah a n (a -n (a FT !a& %eduan'a den$ )a(.2 Se*a% 1-

2 e/)han&er ada(ah %+m! na# dar )+un$er4(+ dan "ara(e( (e a$ a( ran, mun&% n

d hara"%an !ah a #a(ah #a$u +u$(e$ a( ran "r+#e# $ da% da"a$ mende%a$ $e(u% %e) ( 'an&

(a nn'a 'an& #an&a$ era$. Bah%an $u da(am a( ran "ara(e(-)+un$er4(+ "era(a$an un$u%

mene(e"+n T2 - t2 "ende%a$an t2 T2, ma%a t2 - T2 d #e!u$ temperature cross.

Ha( n !er&una un$u% men'e( d % !e!era"a "r+#e# %ha# un$u% men)a$a$ #uhu dan
"en&aruh !er!a&a "ende%a$an dan #a( ! a$a# n (a FT. Un$u% (a'anan 'an& d !er %an

"en&uran&an$ !a ah %e#a$uan da(am Per#amaan. 7,@2; ada(ah d %+m"en#a# +(eh

"en n&%a$an "ermu%aan, 9ad * %a "r+#e# #uhu $e$a" mun&% n $ da% ! *a%#ana un$u%

men&&una%an a( ran "ara(e( %+n$ra-a( ran e/)han&er #e!a&a me(a an )+un$er4(+

e/)han&er, %arena a%an men n&%a$%an ! a'a "era(a$an d (uar n (a dar me%an #
%eun$un&an. "ada am!ar dua "a#an& 7,22 )a ran ma# n&-ma# n& #ama % #aran dar 1
dan = .
Suhu ,ir 2eluaran 34timum
Da(am "en&&unaan a r #e!a&a med a "end n& n, un$u% da'a $er$en$u memun&% n%an

$er*ad n'a # r%u(a# a r da(am *um(ah !e#ar den&an !eda #uhu %e) ( a$au # r%u(a# a r

da(am *um(ah %e) ( den&an !eda #uhu 'an& !e#ar. Per!edaan #uhu a r $er#e!u$ a%an

#e)ara +$+ma$ # memen&aruh n (a L0TD. 9 %a d &una%an *um(ah a r 'an& !an'a%, ma

%a t2 a%an (e! h !e#ar dar T,, #eh n&&a d !u$uh%an (ua# "ermu%aan 'an& (e! h %e)

( %arena n (a L0TD !e#ar. a(au"un ha( n a%an menurun%an ! a'a n e#$a# dan ! a'a $e$a",

den&an ! a'a de"re# a# dan maintenance 'an& *u&a !er%uran&, namun ! a'a +"era# a%an

men n&%a$ a% !a$ "en&&unaan a r da(am *um(ah !e#ar. O(eh %arena $u, haru# ada #e!

uah %+nd # +"$ mum an$ara dua %+nd # $er#e!u$: !an'a% a r den&an (ua# "ermu%aan

%e) ( a$au #ed % $ a r den&an (ua# "ermu%aan !e#ar.

Se!e(umn'a $e(ah d a#um# %an !ah a $e%anan a r da"a$ men&a$a# pressure

drop "ada "enu%ar "ana# dan ! a'a "en&&unaan a r han'a !er&an$un& "ada *um(ah 'an& d

&una%an. D a#um# %an *u&a !ah a cooler !er+"era# #e)ara counterflo#, #eh n&&a 6t
J L0TD. 9 %a n (a a"r+%# ma# n'a %e) ( a$au $er*ad temperature cross, "enurunan

rumu# !er %u$ mem!u$uh%an e#$ ma# n (a FT #e!a&a 4a%$+r "en&a( L0TD.

T+$a( ! a'a $ahunan a(a$ "enu%ar "ana# "ada %e#e(uruhan "a!r % d h

$un& #e!a&a "en*um(ahan dar ! a'a $ahunan "en&&unaan a r dan ! a'a $e$a",
$erma#u% ! a'a maintenance dan de"re# a# .
9 %a +T ada(ah $+$a( ! a'a $ahunan,
+T J ! a'a a r>(!; (!>*am; *am +"era# $ahunan; ! a'a $e$a" $ahunan>4$2; 4$2;

< J #c t2 t,; J 9 7=T%; 7.@ ;

Su!#$ $u# !a& an heat-balance "ada Per#amaan 7.@ , den&an # J <> c t 2-t,; dan (ua#

"ermu%aan 9 J <> 7=T%;

C QθC + CF Q
= w

c ( t2−t1 ) U ( LMTD)
T

den&an > J a%$u +"era# $ahunan *am;

+# J ! a'a a r>(!

+F J ! a'a $e$a" $ahunan>4$2

A#um# %an #e!a&a n (a %+n#$an
∆t −∆t
LMTD= 2 1
∆t
ln 2

∆t1

Semua 4a%$+r d *a&a %+n#$an %e)ua( #uhu a r-%e(uaran dan V$2,

QθCw CF Q
CT = +
T1 −t2 −∆t1 7.= ;
c( t2 −t1 ) ]
U
(T t
1− 2 )
[ ln
∆t1
K+nd # +"$ mum a%an $er*ad #aa$ $+$a( ! a'a $ahunan men)a"a an&%a m n
mum, *u&a #aa$ d+T>dt2 J .
2
Uθ Cw T1 −t2− ∆t1 =ln T 1−t2 − 1− 1 7.=1;

CF c ( t2 −t1 ) ∆t 1 [
(T
t
1− 2 )/∆t 1 ]
Saa$ n (a $ n&& a$au $er*ad "er!edaan 4(u da "ana# 'an& !e#ar, n (a #uhu a r-
%e(uaran +"$ mum da"a$ d an&&a" !erada d a$a# !a$a# a$a# 'a $u 12 + . Ha( n
$ da% #e(a(u !enar, %arena ! a'a maintenance a%an #e(a(u na % #am"a d a$a#
2 dar n (a #e!e(umn'a * %a #uhu na % #e!e#ar 12 + . Kena %an $em"era$ur a r-
%e(uaran $ da% a%an mena %%an ! a'a maintenance.
 +ambar 5.!6 Tem4eratur ,ir )eluaran 34timum Perr'? +hemical Engineers@ Handbook?
=c1ra#-Hill Book +ompan'? *ncA? e# Cork? ,D 5A;

,lat Penu)ar Panas Larutan 7Solution Exchanger8

Sa(ah #a$u dar *en # "enu%ar "ana# 'an& "a( n& !an'a% d &una%an, men)a%u"
"emana#an dan "end n& nan (aru$an d mana $erda"a$ %e%uran&an da$a 4 #
%. Ha( n da"a$ d "aham , #e(ama &ra4 % da$a 4 # % $erhada" $em"era$ur $ da%
han'a d !u$uh%an %+m! na# "e(aru$ dan a$ $er(aru$, $e$a" *u&a da$a "er!
edaan %+n#en$ra# . Be!era"a da$a 'an& d "er+(eh dar ( $era$ur dan ha# ( #$ud
(a n men&ha# (%an a$uran 4+rmu(a# un$u% men&e#$ ma# # 4a$-# 4a$ 4 # %
(aru$an 'an& d "er$u%ar-"ana#%an. S 4a$-# 4a$ 4 # % $er#e!u$ ada(ah:

Konduktivitas termal
Laru$an ( Fu d +r&an %: men&&una%an %+ndu%$ $a# !er!+!+$ #eighted
conductivit';.

Laru$an ( Fu d +r&an % dan a r: men&&una%an . %a( %+ndu%$ $a# !era$.

Laru$an &aram dan a r 'an& d # r%u(a# me(a(u shell: men&&una%an .
%a( %+ndu%$ $a# a r den&an %+n#en$ra# d a$a# 3 .
Laru$an &aram dan a r 'an& d # r%u(a# me(a(u $u!e# $ da% (e! h dar 3 :

men&&una%an am!ar 2@ den&an %+ndu%$ $a# . %a( %+ndu%$ $a# a r. D

#"er# %+(+ d: men&&una%an . %a( %+ndu%$ $a# d #"er# ( Fu d. Emu(# :

men&&una%an . %a( %+ndu%$ $a# ( Fu d d #e% $ar !u$ ran a r.

Panas Spesifik

Laru$an +r&an %: men&&una%an #"e# 4 % "ana# !er!+!+$ #eighted specific

heat;. Laru$an +r&an % da(am a r: men&&una%an #"e# 4 % "ana# !er!+!+$
#eighted specific heat;.
Le!uran &aram da(am a r: men&&una%an #"e# 4 % "ana# !er!+!+$ #eighted specific

heat; d mana n (a #"e# 4 % "ana# un$u% &aram ada(ah un$u% !a& an %r #$a( n.

Viskositas
L Fu d +r&an % da(am +r&an %: men&&una%an "er!and n&an 4ra%# !era$ $erhada"

#%+# $a# #eight fraction>viscosit'; un$u% ma# n&-ma# n& %+m"+nen.

L Fu d +r&an % da(am a r: men&&una%an "er!and n&an 4ra%# !era$ $erhada"

#%+# $a# #eight fraction>viscosit'; un$u% ma# n&-ma# n& %+m"+nen.

aram da(am a r den&an %+n#en$ra# $ da% (e! h dar 3 dan (aru$an 'an& d ha# (%an

$ da% %en$a(: men&&una%an n (a #%+# $a# dua %a( #%+# $a# a r. Laru$an
na$r un

h dr+%# da da(am a r den&an %+n#en$ra# 'an& #an&a$ rendah da"a$ mem!en$u% (aru$an

%en$a( dan $ da% da"a$ d e#$ ma# %an.

Steam Sebagai /edia Pemanas
Se*auh n !e(um ada #$ud men&ena steam #e!a&a med a "er" ndahan "ana#, "adaha(

"en&&unaann'a #e!a&a med a "emana# #udah #an&a$ (ua#. Steam #e!a&a med a
"emana# mem!er %an !e!era"a %e#u( $an: 1; %+nden#a$ steam "ana# !er# 4a$ %+r+# 4,

dan haru# ada "enan&anan %hu#u# a&ar %+nden#a$ n $ da% $era%umu(a# d da(am

exchanger %arena a%an meru#a% ma$er a( me$a( a% !a$ %+n$a% (an&#un&. 2; Sa(uran
+
un$u% %+nden#a$ haru# (ua#. Steam exhaust "ada $e%anan = "# & dan #uhu 22
+
d &una%an un$u% memana#%an 4(u da d n& n "ada #uhu 1 . Suhu d nd n& tube a%an
+
!erada an$ara %edua #uhu $er#e!u$ namun (e! h mende%a$ #uhu steam, #e% $ar 1 ,
#e#ua den&an $e%anan *enuh %+nden#a$ 'an& han'a 7.= "# a "ada d nd n& tube.
a(au"un steam ma#u% "ada $e%anan = "# &, $e%anan steam a%an $urun #am"a d !a ah
$e%anan a$m+#4erW #eh n&&a %+nden#a$ $ da% a%an %e(uar dar heater, me(a n%an

$e$a" $ n&&a( dan (ama %e(amaan a%an menu$u" #e(uruh "ermu%aan 'an& d &una%an

un$u% "er" ndahan "ana#. Tan"a "ermu%aan, steam $ da% a%an $eru# $er%+nden#a#

dan a%an menahan $e%anan ma#u% )u%u" (ama a&ar da"a$ mem-blo#-out #e!a& an

a$au #e(uruh %+nden#a$ 'an& $e(ah $era%umu(a# W #eh n&&a "ermu%aan a%an %em!

a( $er!u%a, ha( n *u&a $er&an$un& "ada de#a n. O"era# "emana#an a%an men*ad # %( %

dan un$u% men&a$a# %e#u( $an n dan men*a&a a( ran 'an& #era&am, ma%a haru# d

"a#an& #e!uah trap a$au suction "ada #u#unan "er" "aan, a%an d !aha# (e! h *auh da(am

Ba! 21. Hu!un&an %+e4 # en "er" ndahan "ana# den&an "r+#e# %+nden#a# steam #an&a$

!e#ar d !and n&%an den&an %+e4 # en (a n 'an& $e(ah d "e(a*ar #e*auh n . N (a %+e4 # en

4 (m ! a#an'a d $en$u%an den&an men&ad+"# n (a %+n en# +na( dan %+n#er a$ 4, !u%an

ha# ( "erh $un&an. Da(am !u%u n , #emua "r+#e# "emana#an men&&una%an steam !e!a#-

udara den&an n (a 1= B$u> hr; 4$2; + ; a%an d &una%an un$u% %+nden#a# steam $an"a

mem"erh $un&%an (e$a%n'aW #eh n&&a hi J ho J hio J 1= .

Da(am "r+#e# "emana#an, (e! h men&un$un&%an * %a steam d hu!un&%an %e tube

dar "ada %e shell. Pada %+nd # n , a(au"un %+nden#a$ !er# 4a$ %+r+# 4, "en&aruhn'a

da"a$ d !a$a# "ada # # tube #a*aW * %a steam d hu!un&%an %e shell, ma%a # # shell

dan tube a%an ru#a%. Saa$ steam men&a( r me(a(u tube ,-2 exchanger, han'a d !u$uh

%an 2 !uah tube. Se(ama steam meru"a%an 4(u da 'an& $er%+nden#aa# #e)ara #+

$erma(, "er!edaan $em"era$ur 6t dan L0TD a%an !ern (a #ama !e#ar.

9 %a d &una%an steam superheated #e!a&a med a "emana#, %e)ua( d da(am

desuperheaters, ! a#an'a "er!edaan $em"era$ur dar "r+#e# desuperheating d a!a
%an dan d !ua$ a&ar #e(uruh "ana# $er" ndah%an "ada #uhu #a$ura# #e#ua
den&an $e%anan +"era# . Ana( # # 'an& (e! h da(am men&ena %+nden#a# steam
a%an d !aha# (e! h (an*u$ da(am !a! 'an& !erhu!un&an den&an %+nden#a# .
Pressure Drop untu) Steam
Saa$ steam d !a& men*ad dua a( ran "ada # # tube, pressure drop 'an& d "er!+(eh%an haru#

#an&a$ %e) (, (e! h %e) ( dar 1 "# a %hu#u#n'a * %a $erda"a$ a( ran %+nden#a$ %e boiler.

Da(am # #$em n , %+nden#a$ men&a( r %e boiler %arena adan'a "er!edaan head static

an$ara %+(+m steam er$ %a( den&an %+(+m %+nden#a$ er$ %a(. Pressure drop men)a%u"

losses "ada ma#u%an dan %e(uaran "enu%ar "ana# da"a$ d h $un& #e!a&a #e$en&ah dar

pressure drop un$u% steam 'an& d h $un& den&an rumu# "ada Per#amaan
7.@= un$u% %+nd # ma#u%an ua". Ke)e"a$an ma##a d h $un& dar (a*u a( r ma#u%an

dan (ua# a( ran "ada a( ran "er$ama $ da% haru# #e(a(u #e m!an& den&an "erh $un&an

a( ran %edua;. B (an&an e'nolds d h $un& !erda#ar%an %e)e"a$an ma##a dan #%+# $a#

steam #e"er$ 'an& $er( ha$ da(am am!ar 1=. S 'an& d &una%an da(am Per#amaan 7.@=

ada(ah den# $a# steam 'an& d am! ( dar Ta!e( 7 un$u% $e%anan ma#u%an $er$en$u d !

a& den&an den# $a# a r 'an& d a#um# %an #e!e#ar ?2.= (!>4$3.

Perh $un&an n #e!enarn'a han'a(ah a"r+%# ma# 'an& %+n#er a$ 4 %arena

pressure drop "er ft a% !a$ "en&uran&an "an*an& den&an %uadra$
%e)e"a$an ma##a #aa$ men&a"r+%# ma# den&an men&&una%an a#um# n
(a 'an& mende%a$ ra$a-ra$a n (a ma#u%an dan %e(uaran.
Penggunaan +as Buang 34timum dan Steam Proses
Be!era"a "a!r % men&am! ( ener& dar $ur! n dan me# n 'an& $ da% $er%+nden#a# . D !

e!era"a $em"a$, %adan& $erda"a$ steam exhaust "ada $e%anan %e) (, = #am"a 2= "# &,

'an& d an&&a" #e!a&a "r+du% #am" n& dar # %(u# ener& d "a!r %. Har&a dar steam

exhaust n d $e$a"%an den&an !a$a# < #am"a 1> dar ! a'a "r+#e# a$au ! a'a steam.

a(au"un mem ( % "ana# (a$en 'an& $ n&& , steam exhaust *u&a mem ( % %e$er!a$a#an
+
da(am "r+#e#, #e(ama #uhu *enuh $e$a" "ada n (a an$ara 21= #am"a 23 . 9 %a ( Fu d

d "ana#%an #am"a 2= a$au 27=+ , ma%a (e! h !a % men&&una%an steam "r+#e# "ada

$e%anan 1 #am"a 2 "# 'an& d ha# (%an d po#erhouse %hu#u# un$u% $u*uan "r+#e#.

Saa$ 4(u da d "ana#%an h n&&a men)a"a $em"era$ur de%a$ den&an a$au d a$a# #uhu

steam exhaust, #emua *en # "emana#an da"a$ d (a%u%an han'a den&an men&&una%an

#e!uah single shell 'an& men&&una%an steam dar "r+#e#. Se!a&a a($erna$ 4, ma#u%an

"ana# da"a$ d !a& %e da(am dua shell, #a$u d 4a# ( $a# den&an #e!an'a% mun&% n steam

exhaust dan 'an& (a nn'a d 4a# ( $a# den&an #ed % $ mun&% n steam dar "r+#e#. Ha( n

a%an men&ha# (%an %+nd # +"$ mum: * %a #uhu %e(uaran dar 4(u da d n& n "ada "enu%ar

"ana# "er$ama d !ua$ $er(a(u de%a$ den&an #uhu steam exhaust, ma%a a%an d ha# (%an 6t

'an& rendah dan u%uran heater "er$ama 'an& !e#ar. D # # (a n, * %a #uhu %e(uaran
4(u da $er(a(u *auh dar #uhu steam exhaust, ma%a ! a'a +"era# un$u% %e!u$uhan steam

"r+#e# 'an& (e! h $ n&& "ada heater %edua a%an men n&%a$W #eh n&&a ! a'a a a( dar

%edua shell $ da% da"a$ d *u#$ 4 %a# .

Da(am ana( # # #e(an*u$n'a, d a#um# %an !ah a "re##ure dr+", ! a'a "em+m"aan, dan

%e#e(uruhan %+e4 # en, d an&&a" den$ % da(am #u#unan single mau"un double heater.
D a#um# %an *u&a !ah a ! a'a $e$a" "er (ua# "ermu%aan 4$2; d an&&a" %
+n#$an, a(au"un ha( n !e(um $en$u !enar adan'a. Per#amaan ! a'a d !ua$ #e!
a&a "en*um(ahan $+$a( dar ! a'a steam dan ! a'a $e$a", dan %arena steam
$er%+nden#a# #e)ara #+$erma( ma%a 6t J L0TD.
CT J ) $ $1;XCE A1C) $2 $; XCP A 2C 7.=2;
den&an:+T J $+$a( ! a'a $ahunan, d+((ar
+F J ! a'a $e$a" $ahunan, d+((ar>4$2
+E J ! a'a #$eam %e(uaran, d+((ar>B$u
+P J ! a'a #$eam "r+#e#, d+((ar>B$u
TE J #uhu #$eam %e(uaran, +

TP J #uhu #$eam "r+#e#, +

t J #uhu n$ermed e$ an$ara dua shell
> J $+$a( a%$u +"era# $ahunan
Q1 wc
A1 = = U
U ∆ t1
Q wc
2 T P−t
A2 = = U ln
U ∆ t2 T P−t2
Su!#$ $u# :
( T P t) ( T t )
− − = CF ( T P−T ) 7.=3;

( CP−C ) Uθ
1 ! Exchanger tan4a Baffle

T da% #emua *en # 1-2 exchanger mem ( % 2= baffle #e&men$a(. 9 %a 4(u da n& n
d a( r%an me(a(u shell den&an pressure drop 'an& %e) (, ma%a baffle #e&men$a( da"a$

d (e"a# dan han'a d &una%an "e(a$-"e(a$ support. Pe(a$-"e(a$ n ! a#an'a !er!en$u%

#e$en&ah ( n&%aran, = "+$+n&an "e(a$ 'an& mam"u mem!er %an r & d $a# dan
men)e&ah "e(en$uran tube. Pe(a$ support #e!a %n'a d "a#an& #e)ara overlap $erhada"

d ame$er shell, #eh n&&a %e#e(uruhan bundle da"a$ d -support +(eh dua &u&u# "e(a$ 'an&

men-support #a$u a$au dua tube 'an& #a( n& !erde%a$an. Dua &u&u# "e(a$ n d " #ah%an

den&an *ara% 'an& (e! h *auh d !and n&%an den&an d ame$er (uar shellW namun #aa$

#edan& !er+"era# , 4(u da shell (e! h d arah%an un$u% men&a( r d #e"an*an& axis
dar "ada me(a(u tube. Saa$ 4(u da shell men&a( r d #e"an*an& tube, ma%a baffle a%an

$er"+$+n& (e! h dar 2=, #eh n&&a am!ar 2 $ da% (a& da"a$ d &una%an un$u% %a#u#

n . A( ran %emud an da"a$ d #ama%an den&an a( ran annulus "ada double-pipe

exchanger dan da"a$ d "er(a%u%an den&an )ara 'an& #ama, men&&una%an
d ame$er e% a(en !erda#ar%an d #$r !u# daerah a( ran dan #etted perimeter
un$u% #e(uruh # # shell. Perh $un&an un$u% pressure drop "ada # # shell
*u&a a%an #ama den&an "erh $un&an un$u% annulus.
Recovery 4anas dalam seri 4enu)ar 1 !

Ke$ %a a(a$ "enu%ar "ana# !er# h, $em"era$ur %e(uaran a( ran 4(u da "ana#
a%an (e! h rendah d !and n& %e(uaran #uhu "r+#e# dan #uhu %e(uaran 4(u
da d n& n a%an (e! h $ n&& dar %e(uaran #uhu "r+#e#n'a. Un$u% a( ran !er(a
anan arah #an&a$ mun&% n un$u% menen$u%an n (a dar T2 dan t2 un$u%
"enu%aran !er# h dar "er#amaan =.1 ;, d mu(a den&an :
wc ( t2−t1 )=UA×LMTD

Un$u% $ "e "enu%ar 1-2 #uhu %e(uaran da"a$ d $en$u%an den&an memu(a men&h

$un& wc ( t2−t1 )=UA×LMTD , d mana L0TD d de4 n #a%n #e!a&a "arame$er dan S

+(eh "er#amaan 7.3 ; dan F d de4 n # %an +(eh "er#amaan 7.@1;.

0en&ena( !ah a F da"a$ d e( m na# %an %e$ %a 9.#c da(am "er#amaan 7.37;

d "(+$%an $erhada" S, Ten Br+e)%1 men&em!an&%an &ra4 % 'an& d "er( ha$%an

da(am &am!ar 7.2=. Da(am a(a$ "enu%ar $ "e 1-2 A 'an& #e!enarn'a dan #c d
%e$ahu . da"a$ d h $un& dar %uan$ $a# a( ran dan #uhu, dan da"a$ d e a(ua# dar
#c.)+. Seh n&&a da"a$ mem"er!+(eh n (a S un$u% d !a)a (an&#un& dar &ra4 %.
Se*a% S Gt2 ; t, .GT, ; T2 dan T, dan t, d %e$ahu , #eh n&&a ha( $er#e!u$ a%an

men*ad mun&% n un$u% menen$u%an t2 dan dar nera)a "ana# wc ( t 2−t 1 ) J )+GT,

; T2 . ar # d de# &n threshold 'an& mere"re#en$a# %an "+ n a a( #aa$ d mana #uhu

me( n$a# $er*ad . N (a dar n (a n !er%+re#"+nden# den&an T2 J t2.

+ambar5.!9. +rafi) Ten Brosc) untu) menentu)an t )eti)a !" dan t" di)etahui didalam
alat 4enu)ar 4anas ti4e 1 ! *ndustrial I Engineering +hemsitr'

Efisiensi dari alat 4enu)ar 4anas.

Dar !er!a&a de# &n $ "e apparatus umumn'a #e)ara #er n& men& n& n%an un$u%
men)a"a #$andar "er4+rma ma%# mum. E4 # en# #e(an*u$n'a d de4 n # %an #e!a&a

!a& an 4ra%# dar "er4+rma #e!uah apparatus d !and n& #e!a&a #e!uah #$andar. D+d&e

mem!er %an de4 n # e4 # en# HE #e!a&a ra# + %uan$ $a# "ana# 'an& d # # h%an dar

4(u da dar n (a ma%# mum 'an& da"a$ d # # h%an. 0en&&una%an "er#amaan umum :
 wc ( t2−t1 ) (t2 − t1 )
e= = 7.=@;
wc ( T 1−t1) ( T t
1− 1 )
D mana den$ % den&an #uhu &ru" S dan d a#um# %an !ah a t2 =T1 .
Ter&an$un& a"a%ah "ende%a$an $erm na( "ana# a$au d n& n 'an& mende%a$
n+(, e4 # en# da"a$ *u&a d $u( #%an :
WC ( t2 −t1 )
e= 7.==;
WC ( T 1−t1 )
a(au"un $erda"a$ ha( 'an& haru# d "erha$ %an dar de4 n # $er#e!u$ 'a%n dar a#"e%

$erm+d nam %n'a !ah a ada (+& %a 'an& %uran& !erda#ar%an rea( $a da(am de4 n #

e4 # en# 'an& me( !a$%an "er!edaan $erm na( dan "er!edaan #uhu 'an& n+(.
Ha( $er#e!u$ #ama den&an mende4 n # %an e4 # en# #e!a&a ra# + "ana# 'an& d
$ran#4er%an +(eh #e!uah HE n'a$a den&an HE 'an& mem ( % "ermu%aan 'an& $ da
% $er!a$a# (ua#n'a. Da(am "r+#e# HE $erda"a$ de4 n # (a nn'a 'an& da"a$ !er&una.
Suhu "r+#e# da"a$ men'ed a%an "er!edaan #uhu ma%# ma( * %a d a$ur "ada a( ran
!eda arah. Ha( $er#e!u$ mun)u( da(am #e*um(ah n (a 'an& $er&an$un& den&an e4 #
en# dar HE #e!a&a ra# + "er!edaan #uhu 'an& d %a $%an den&an HE (a nn'a
den&an HE $er#e!u$ un$u% a( ran !eda arah 'an& #e#un&&uhn'a. Ha( $er#e!u$

#e)ara den$ % den&an F , 'an& #e)ara "r+"+r# +na( mem"en&aruh %e!u$uhan "ermu
%aan. Ha( $er#e!u$ da"a$ d ( ha$ "ada !a! #e(an*u$n'a dan !a! (a nn'a men&ena
a( ran #e(a n 1-2 "ara(e( a( ran !eda arah 'an& da"a$ d da"a$%an da(am "era(a$an

$a!un& dan den&an "en&&unaan n (a F , da"a$ d $ n&%a$%an un$u% "r+#e# 'an&

d !er $ahu #uhun'a. Ha( $er#e!u$ #e)ara *e(a# menun*u%%an "+(a a( ran 'an& a%an
mende%a$ a( ran !eda arah (e! h dar $ "e a( ran 1-2 HE.