BAB 7

1-2 ALIRAN COUNTER PARAREL:

PENUKAR PANAS SHELL AND TUBE

PENDAHULUAN
Elemen Tubular. Pemenuhan dar !e!era"a service ndu#$r mem!u$uh%an "en&&unaan
!an'a% ""a &anda har"n. Ha( n )u%u" mema%an $em"a$ dan *u&a !an'a% $$% 'an&
memun&%n%an $er*adn'a %e!+)+ran. Saa$ dmana d!u$uh%an "ermu%aan "er"ndahan %a(+r
'an& !e#ar, ha( n da"a$ d)a"a den&an "era(a$an shell and tube.

am!ar 7.1 u(un&an Ta!un& am!ar 7.2 Ferrule

 Pera(a$an shell and tube me(!a$%an "er(ua#an dar #e!uah $a!un& %e #e!uah
(em!aran $a!un& dan "em!en$u%an (a"#an dmana $da% $er*ad %e!+)+ran "ada %+nd#
+"era# 'an& mun&%n. Se!uah )+n$+h 'an& #ederhana dan umum dar $a!un& 'an&
men&a(am "er(ua#an d$un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.1. Se!uah (u!an& $a!un& "ada #e!uah
(em!aran $a!un& d!+r den&an dame$er 'an& *auh (e!h !e#ar dar"ada dame$er (uar
dar $a!un&, dan dua a$au #a(uran d"+$+n& "ada (u!an& dndn&n'a. Ta!un&
d$em"a$%an "ada !a&an da(am (u!an& $a!un&, dan %emudan #e!uah "emu$ar $a!un&
dma#u%%an %e !a&an a%hr $a!un&. Pemu$ar $er#e!u$ ada(ah mandril !er"u$ar 'an&
mem"un'a #ed%$ !a&an run)n&. Ia *u&a mam"u un$u% me(ea$ !a$a# e(a#$# dar
$a!un& me$a( dan men&u!ahn'a %e %+nd# #em"(a#$% #ehn&&a *%a men&a(r %e
#a(uran a%an mem!en$u% (a"#an 'an& #an&a$ %e$a$. Ta!un& !er"u$ar meru"a%an #e!uah
%e$ram"(an, %arena #e!uah $a!un& mun&%n da"a$ ru#a% %arena "u$aran %er$a# 'an&
$"# dan menn&&a(%an #e!uah "e(ndun& den&an #ed%$ %e%ua$an #$ru%$ur.
Pada !e!era"a "en&&unaan ndu#$r, un$u% mema#an& $a!un& "ada (em!aran
$a!un& #ehn&&a da"a$ den&an mudah dh(an&%an #e!a&amana 'an& d$un*u%%an "ada
&am!ar 7.2. Ta!un&-$a!un& #e!enarn'a d%ema# da(am (em!aran $a!un& den&an )ara
ferrules den&an men&&una%an packing ring den&an ma$era( me$a( (una%.
Heat Exchanger Tube. Heat Exchanger Tube *u&a meru*u% #e!a&a $a!un&
%+nden#er dan #e!a%n'a *an&an #am"a %e(ru den&an ""a !e# a$au ""a *en# (ann'a
'an& d$e%an men*ad u%uran ""a !e#. Dame$er (uar dar hea$ e/)han&er a$au
%+nden#er $a!un& ada(ah dame$er (uar n'a$a da(am n)h den&an $+(eran# 'an& #an&a$
%e$a$. Hea$ e/)han&er $a!un& $er#eda da(am !er!a&a *en# me$a( $erma#u% !e#,
$em!a&a, admra($', (+&am 0un$, %unn&an, 7-3 $em!a&a-n%e(, "erun&&u,
a(umnum, dan #$an(e## #$ee(. 0ere%a da"a$ dha#(%an den&an !er!a&a %e$e!a(an
dndn& 'an& !er!eda 'an& dde4n#%an +(eh 5Brmn&ham re &a&e6 'an& !a#an'a
meru*u% #e!a&a B a$au gage dar $a!un&. U%uran dar $a!un& 'an& umumn'a
$er#eda #e"er$ 'an& $erda"a$ "ada Ta!e( 1 "ada Lam"ran den&an dame$er (uar 8 dan
1 n)h. OD meru"a%an d#an umum "ada hea$ e/)han&er. Da$a "ada $a!e( 1 $e(ah
d#u#un #e#ua den&an $a$a (e$a% 'an& (e!h !er&una "ada "erh$un&an "er"ndahan
%a(+r.
 am!ar 7.3 Tam"(an Umum un$u% Exchanger

Pitch tabung. Lu!an& $a!un& $da% da"a$ d!+r den&an *ara% 'an& (e!h de%a$
%arena !erde%a$an den&an *ara% 'an& #an&a$ %e)( a%an men*ad %e(emahan "ada
(em!aran $a!un&. 9ara% 'an& (e!h de%a$ dan$ara dua (u!an& $a!un& ada(ah clearance
a$au ligament, dan #e%aran& men*ad #$andar. Ta!un& d(e$a%%an den&an "+(a "er#e&
a$au #e&$&a #e"er$ 'an& d$un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.3a dan 7.3!. Keun$un&an dar
pitch "er#e& ada(ah $a!un& (e!h mudah d!er#h%an dar (uar dan men&ha#(%an
pressure drop 'an& (e!h %e)( #aa$ 4(uda men&a(r "ada arah #e"er$ 'an& d$un*u%%an
"ada &am!ar 7.3a. Pitch $a!un& PT; ada(ah *ara% "a(n& de%a$ an$ar dua $$% "u#a$
$a!un&. Pitch 'an& umum un$u% $am"(an "er#e& ada(ah 8 n OD "ada pitch "er#e& 1
n dan 1 n OD "ada 1 < n. un$u% $am"(an #e&$&a 'a$u 8 n OD "ada 1=>1? n pitch
#e&$&a, OD 8 n "ada pitch #e&$&a 1 n, dan OD 1 n "ada "$)h #e&$&a 1 < n. Pada
&am!ar 7.3) $am"(an pitch "er#e& $e(ah !er"u$ar @=+, #ama #e"er$ &am!ar 7.3a. Pada
&am!ar 7.3d menun*u%%an m+d4%a# #e)ara me%an% dar "$)h #e&$&a *%a $a!un&
$er#e!ar mera$a, mun&%n un$u% d(a%u%an "em!er#han.
Shell. Shell d!ua$ dar ""a !e# den&an dame$er n+mna( IPS men)a"a 12 n
#e"er$ "ada $a!e( 11. Dame$er (uar n'a$a d a$a# 12 dan $erma#u% 2@ n dan dame$er
""a n+mna(n'a ada(ah #ama. Ke$e!a(an #$andar dndn& dar shell den&an dame$er
da(am dar 12 #am"a 2@ n ada(ah 3> n, 'an& )u%u" un$u% $e%anan +"era# #am"a
den&an 3 "#. Ke$e!a(an dndn& 'an& (e!h !e#ar da"a$ dha#(%an den&an "re##ure
'an& (e!h !e#ar. Shell den&an dame$er d a$a# 2@ n d!ua$ den&an "rn&an !e#
!er"u$ar.
Lembaran Tabung Exchanger Stasioner. T"e 'an& "a(n& #ederhana dar
exchanger ada(ah fixed a$au #$a$+nar' tube-sheet exchanger 'an& #a(ah #a$un'a
d$en$u%an "ada &am!ar 7.@. Ba&an-!a&an "en$n& ada (ah shell 1;, "era(a$an den&an 2
n+(e dan (em!aran-(em!aran $a!un& 2; "ada #e$a" !a&an a%hr, 'an& *u&a !er"eran
#e!a&a flange un$u% $am!ahan dar 2 a(ran 3; dan ma#n&-ma#n& "enu$u" )hanne(
@;. Ta!un&-$a!un& de%#"an# men*ad (em!aran $a!un& dan d&una%an !er#ama baffle
=; d !a&an shell. Perh$un&an (ua# "er"ndahan "ana# e4e%$4 dda#ar "ada *ara%
an$ara "ermu%aan da(am (em!aran $a!un& $erhada" "an*an& $a!un& men'e(uruh.

am!ar 7.@ Fixed-head Tubular Exchanger

Baffle. San&a$(ah *e(a# !aha %+e4#en "er"ndahan "ana# 'an& (e!h $n&&
dda"a$%an #aa$ )aran !erada "ada %eadaan 'an& $ur!u(en. Un$u% menm!u(%an
$ur!u(en# d !a&an (uar $a!un&, !a#an'a d&una%an baffle 'an& men'e!a!%an )aran
men&a(r me(a(u shell "ada #udu$ 'an& !enar $erhada" arah a/# $a!un&. Ha( n
men'e!a!%an $ur!u(en# !ah%an #aa$ #ed%$ a(ran 'an& me(ea$ shell. 9ara% an$ar $$%
"u#a$ baffle d#e!u$ baffle pitch a$au baffle spacing. Karena baffle da"a$ d(e$a%%an
!erde%a$an a$au !er*auhan (a*u a(r ma##a $da% #e"enuhn'a !er&an$un& "ada dame$er
shell. 9ara% baffle "ada umumn'a $da% (e!h !e#ar dar dame$er da(am #he(( a$au (e!h
de%a$ dar *ara% 1>= dame$er da(am shell. Baffle d"a#an& #e)ara aman den&an *ara%
"ada baffle ?; #e"er$ d$un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.@, 'an& $erdr dar !au$ $er"a#an&
"ada (em!aran $a!un& dan #e*um(ah ""a den&an "an*an& (e!h %e)( 'an& mem!en$u%
$e" "n&&r dan$ara baffle 'an& !erde%a$an. De$a( 'an& d"er!e#ar d$un*u%%an "ada
&am!ar 7.=.
Ada !e!era"a $"e !a44(e 'an& d"a%a da(am heat exchanger, namun 'an&
"a(n& umum ada(ah !a44(e !er#e&men #e"er$ 'an& d$un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7.?. Baffle-
baffle !er#e&men !er!+r "rn&an den&an %e$n&&an "ada umumn'a 7= dar dame$er
da(am shell 'an& %emudan d%ena( #e!a&a 2! cut baffle dan a%an d&una%an
#e"an*an& !u%u n a(au"un "+$+n&an 4ra%# baffle 'an& (an *u&a d&una%an da(am
ndu#$r. Se!uah ree men&ena "en&aruh baffle cut "ada %+e4#en "er"ndahan %a(+r
d!ua$ +(eh D+n+hue. In #emua da"a$ d#u#un #e"er$ 'an& d$un*u%%an, un$u% a(ran
"up and do#n$ a$au da"a$ dr+$a#%an + un$u% men&ha#(%an a(ran side to side$
'an& %emudan dn&n%an #aa$ )am"uran (Fud dan &a# men&a(r me(a(u #he((. Baffle
pitch dan !u%an 2= cut baffle #e"er$ 'an& d$un*u%%an %emudan menen$u%an
%e)e"a$an e4e%$4 dar 4(uda shell.

am!ar 7.= De$a( Baffle Sapacer d"er!e#ar;

am!ar 7.? De$a( Baffle "er Se&men

am!ar 7.7 Baffle T"e %isc dan %oughnut

T"e-$"e baffle (ann'a ada(ah disc dan doughnut "ada &am!ar 7.7 dan orifice
baffle "ada &am!ar 7.. 0e#%"un $"e-$"e $am!ahan !a#an'a d&una%an namun
mere%a $da% "en$n& #e)ara umum.
 am!ar 7. &rifice Baffle

Fixed Tube Sheet Exchanger With Integral Channels. Be!era"a ara# (an
dar Fixed Tube Sheet Exchanger d$un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7. d mana (em!aran
dma#u%%an %e !a&an da(am shell mem!en$u% channel 'an& meru"a%an !a&an
$ern$e&ra# dar shell. Da(am "en&&unaan stationar' tubesheet exchanger !a#an'a
"en$n& un$u% men&ha#(%an e%#"an# %a(+r $urunan an$ara tube dan shell #e(ama
+"era#+na(, a$au thermal stress 'an& a%an d!an&un #e"an*an& (em!aran $a!un&. Ha( n
da"a$ d)a"a den&an "en&&unaan #e!uah expansion (oint "ada #he(( d mana #e*um(ah
$"e (oint flexible $er#eda.

am!ar 7. Fixed Tube Sheet Exchanger )ith *ntegral +hannels

Fixed Tube Sheet 1! Exchanger. T"e-$"e exchanger #e"er$ 'an& d$un*u%an
"ada &am!ar 7.@ dan 7. da"a$ d"er$m!an&%an un$u% men&+"era#%an a(ran counter.
0e#%"un %en'a$aann'a 4(uda shell men&a(r me(a(u !a&an (uar $a!un&. Dar #udu$
"andan& "ra%$#, #an&a$ #u($ un$u% menda"a$%an %e)e"a$an 'an& $n&& %e$%a #ua$u
4(uda men&a(r me(a(u #emua $a!un& da(am "single pass$. Ha( n da"a$ da!a%an
den&an mem+d4%a# de#an #ehn&&a 4(uda $a!un& d!aa me(ea$ 4ra%# $a!un&
#e)ara !eruru$an. Se!uah )+n$+h dar t#o pass fixed tube sheet exchanger d$un*u%an
"ada &am!ar 7.1, d mana #emua 4(uda $a!un& men&a(r me(ea$ 2 G $a!un&.
 am!ar 7.1 Fixed Tube Sheet ,-2 Exchanger

Exchanger d mana a(ran 4(uda !a&an shell 1 %a( me(ea$ shell dan 4(uda d
da(am $u!e men&a(r 2 %a( a$au (e!h d#e!u$ ,-2 exchanger. +hannel $un&&a(
d&una%an den&an den&an "ar$# un$u% mem!ar%an 4u(da tube un$u% ma#u% dan %e(uar
dar channel 'an& #ama. Pada !a&an a%hr exchanger 'an& !er(aanan, #e!uah bonnet
d#eda%an un$u% mem!ar%an 4(uda tube un$u% me(ea$ dar (ea$an "er$ama %e
(ea$an %edua. Se!a&amana #emua fixed tube sheet exchanger, $a!un& !a&an (uar
da"a$ d)a"a un$u% n#"e%# a$au "em!er#han me%an#. Ta!un& !a&an da(am da"a$
d!er#h%an den&an han'a memndah%an "enu$u" channel dan men&&una%an "em!er#h
!er"u$ar a$au #%a$ %aa$. Perma#a(ahan e%#"an# #an&a$ %r$# "ada ,-2 fixed tube sheet
exchanger %arena %edua (ea$an #e!a&amana shell $u #endr )enderun& !ere%#"an#
#e)ara !er!eda dan men'e!a!%an $e%anan "ada (em!aran $a!un& #$a#+ner.

am!ar 7.11 Pull-through Floating-head ,-2 Exchanger

"emo#eable Bundle Exchanger. Pada &am!ar 7.11 d$un*u%an !aha !a&an

'an& !er(aanan dar ,-2 exchanger mem(% bundle $a!un& 'an& da"a$ d"ndah%an
dar shell. n $erdr dar (em!aran $a!un& 'an& #$a#+ner 'an& d*e"$ d an$ara dua
channel flange $un&&a( dan #e!uah shell flange. Pada !a&an a%hr 'an& !er(aanan dar
!und(e $a!un& d"er(ua# men*ad floating tube sheet dan floating head 'an& da"a$
!er&era% !e!a#. Se!uah "enu$u" floating head d!au$ %e (em!aran $a!un& dan #e(uruh
bundle da"a$ d$ar% dar !a&an channel. Shell $er(e$a% !erde%a$an den&an shell bonnet.
Floating head men&h(an&%an ma#a(ah e%#"an# $urunan "ada #e!a&an !e#ar %a#u# dan
d#e!u$ #e!a&a pull through floating head.

am!ar 7.12 Floating-head ,-2 Exchanger

Keru&an dar "en&&unaan pull through floating head ada(ah &e+me$rn'a 'an&
#ederhana. Un$u% a(a#an %eamanan "enu$u" floating head haru# d!au$ %e (em!aran
$a!un& dan d!u$uh%an !au$ !undar mem!u$uh%an "en&&unaan ruan& dmana
memun&%n%an un$u% men'#"%an #e*um(ah !e#ar $a!un&. Pem!au$an $da% han'a a%an
meredu%# *um(ah $a!un& 'an& a%an d(e$a%%an d !a&an !und(e $a!un&, $e$a" *u&a
men'eda%an a(ran channel 'an& 'an& $da% dn&n%an dan$ara channel dan shell.
Tu*uan n da"a$ (e!h $er)a"a "ada split-ring floating-head ,-2 exchanger #e"er$ 'an&
d$un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.12. 0e#%"un HE $er#e!u$ )u%u" maha( un$u% d"r+du%#,
a%an $e$a" mem(% !an'a% %eun$un&an. Ber!eda den&an $"e pull-through,
"en&&unaan split-ring "ada floating tube sheet dan dan "enu$u" shell 'an& +er#e
men&a%+m+da#n'a. De$a( dar #e!uah split ring d$un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.13.
Floating tube sheet d%a$ dan$ara "enu$u" floating-head dan "en&%a$ rn& d%a$ "ada
!a&an !e(a%an& (em!aran $a!un& 'an& d"#ah #e"aruh un$u% mem!ar%an
"em!+n&%aran. Per!edaan manu4a%$ur mem(% "er!edaan den&an de#an 'an&
d$un*u%%an d #n. A%an $e$a" #emua da"a$ memenuh $u*uan un$u% men'eda%an
%ena%an "ermu%aan #e"an*an& "u((-$hr+u&h 4(+a$n& head "ada #he(( den&an u%uran
'an& #ama. Ce$a%an channel den&an "enu$u" channel 'an& $da% da"a$ d"ndah%an
*u&a d#eda%an #e!a&amana 'an& d$un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.12.

am!ar 7.13 Split-ring

TubeShell La$outs %an Tube Count. C+n$+h $"e $am"(an $a!un& un$u%
exchanger den&an #e!uah split-ring floating head d$un*u%%an "ada &am!ar 7.1@.
La'+u$ n'a$a un$u% ID #he(( 13 < den&an OD $a!un& 1 < den&an #u#unan pitch #e&$&a
d#u#un un$u% $a!un& ? (ea$an. Par$# #u#unan *u&a d$un*u%%an un$u% channel dan
"enu$u" floating-head #e"an*an& +ren$a# (ea$an. Ta!un& !a#an'a $da% d(e$a%%an
#me$r# den&an (em!aran $a!un&. Ruan& ma#u%an $am!ahan !a#an'a $da% d!+(eh%an
"ada shell den&an men&h(an&%an $a!un& d !aah ma#u%an n+(e #e!a&amana un$u%
memnma(#r e4e% %+n$ra%# dar 4(uda 'an& mema#u% shell. Saa$ $a!un& d(e$a%an
den&an *ara% mnmum d an$ara "ar$# dan !erdam"n&an den&an tube den&an dame$er
!e!a# dar &an&&uan d#e!u$ outer tube limit$, *um(ah $a!un& "ada (a'+u$ d#e!u$
tube count$.
am!ar 7.1@ Tam"(an Tube-sheet un$u% ID 13 < n den&an OD 1 n "ada pitch #e&$&a
den&an ? $a!un& (ea$an.

Ha( n $da% #e(a(u mun&%n un$u% menda"a$%an *um(ah $a!un& 'an& #e#ua
"ada #e$a" (ea$an, me#%"un "ada e/)han&er 'an& !e#ar %e$da%#em!an&an $da%
!+(eh (e!h !e#ar dar =. Pada $a!e(  (am"ran tube count un$u% OD $a!un& 8 dan 1
n d!er%an #a$u (ea$an shell dan #u#unan $a!un& (ea$an 'a$u 1, 2, @, ?, dan . Tube
count n $erma#u% d da(amn'a *a(ur ma#u%an !e!a# d !aah ma#u%an n+(e #e$ara
den&an (ua# "enam"an& dar n+(e 'an& d$un*u%an "ada $a!e( 7.1. Saa$ ma#u%an
n+(e 'an& (e!h !e#ar d&una%an, ruan& ma#u%an e%#$ra da"a$ dha#(%an den&an
me(e!ar%an ma#u%an n+(e "ada !a&an da#arn'a a$au men&h(an&%an $a!un& 'an&
!a#an'a $er(e$a% den&an ma#u%an n+(e.
Shell I%& in 'o((le& in
Kuran& dar 12 2
12  17 < 3
1 <  21 < @
23 <  2 ?
31  37 
Le!h dar 3 1

Pac)ed Floating Head. 0+d4%a# (ann'a dar floating head ,-2 exchanger
ada(ah packed floating exchanger #e"er$ 'an& d$un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7.1=. Exchanger
n meru"a%an #e!uah "er"an*an&an dar (em!aran floating head tube 'an& d!a$a#
den&an )ara #e!uah packing gland. 0e#%"un #e)ara %e#e(uruhan )u%u" un$u% shell
den&an ID #am"a 3? n, packing gland 'an& (e!h !e#ar $da% dre%+menda#%an un$u%
$e%anan 'an& (e!h $n& a$au 'an& men'e!a!%an !ra#.
*Bend Exchanger. ,-2 exchanger 'an& d$un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7.1? $erdr
dar $a!un&-$a!un& 'an& mem!en&%+% mem!en$u% huru4 U dan !er"u$ar men*ad
(em!aran $a!un&. Ta!un&-$a!un& da"a$ d(e!ar%an #e)ara !e!a#, men&h(an&%an
%e!u$uhan floating tube sheet, "enu$u" floating head, shell flange, dan "enu$u" shell
'an& da"a$ !er&era%. Baffle da"a$ d"a#an& den&an $a$a (e$a% %+nen#+na( "ada pitch
"er#e& mau"un #e&$&a. Dame$er "a(n& %e)( dar U-bend 'an& da"a$ !e(+%an $an"a
mende4+rma# dame$er (uar dar $a!un& "ada !en&%+%an 'an& mem(% dame$er 3-@
%a( dar dame$er (uar $a!un&. Ha( n !erar$ !aha !a#an'a "en$n& un$u%
men&h(an&%an !e!era"a $a!un& "ada !a&an "u#a$ bundle $er&an$un& "ada
$am"(ann'a.

am!ar 7.1= Packed Floating Head ,-2 Exchanger

am!ar 7.1? -bend Exchanger

 am!ar 7.17 -bend %ouble Tube Sheet Exchanger

Se!uah m+d4%a# 'an& mear% dar -bend exchanger d$un*u%%an "ada

&am!ar 7.13. HE n memer(u%an (em!aran $a!un& &anda #$a#+ner dan *u&a d&una%an
#aa$ %e!+)+ran #a(ah #a$u a(ran 4(uda %e !a&an (an dar $a!un& da"a$ men'e!a!%an
%eru#a%an %+r+# 'an& #eru#. Den&an men&&una%an dua (em!aran $a!un& den&an *ara%
udara dan$aran'a, !a% %e!+)+ran 4(uda me(ea$ #am!un&an #he(( da"a$ da(r%an %e
a$m+#4er. Den&an )ara n $da% ada a(ran 'an& a%an $er%+n$amna# %e)ua( *%a $er*ad
%+r+# "ada !a&an $a!un& $u #endr %e&a&a(an $a!un& !ah%an da"a$ d)e&ah den&an
men&a"(%a#%an "re##ure #h+)% $e#$ %e $a!un& #e)ara "er+d%.

PE"HIT*'+,' %,"I SHELL ,'% T*BE E-CH,'+E".

Shell Side Film Coefficient. K+e4#en "er"ndahan %a(+r bundle $a!un& !a&an
(uar meru*u% "ada %+e4#en !a&an shell. Saa$ bundle $a!un& men&&una%an baffle 4(uda
"ada !a&an shell #e)ara (an&#un& me(ea$ $a!un& dar a$a# %e !aah a$au side to
side, %+e4#en "er"ndahan %a(+r (e!h !e#ar dar a(ran 'an& $da% $er&an&&u
#e"an*an& a/# $a!un&. K+e4#en "er"ndahan 'an& (e!h !e#ar dha#(%an dar %ena%an
$ur!u(en#. Pada pitch "er#e& #e"er$ 'an& d$un*u%an "ada &am!ar 7.1 %e)e"a$an "ada
4(uda #e)ara %+n$n'u men*ad 4(u%$ua$4 %arena %e$er!a$a#an area dan$ara *ara% $a!un&
d!andn&%an den&an area a(ran dan$ara !ar# 'an& !eruru$an. Pada pitch #e&$&a
$ur!u(en# (e!h !e#ar d"er$emu%an %arena 4(uda men&a(r dan$ara $a!un& 'an&
!erde%a$an "ada %e)e"a$an $n&& 'an& men&ena !ar#an !eruru$an #e)ara (an&#un&.
Ha( n men&nd%a#%an #aa$ pressure drop dan %e!er#han ada(ah %+n#e%uen# %e)(,
pitch #e&$&a ada(ah "en$n& un$u% "en)a"aan $n&&n'a %+e4#en 4(m !a&an shell.
Ha( n !a#an'a %a#u# dan "ada %+nd# "er!andn&an dar a(ran dan u%uran %+e4#en
$a!un& un$u% pitch #e&$&a (e!h !e#ar 2= dar pitch "er#e&.
 am!ar 7.1 A(ran 0e(a(u Se!uah Bundle

Be!era"a 4a%$+r 'an& da!a%an da(am !a!-!a! #e!e(umn'a mem"en&aruh

$n&%a$ "er"ndahan %a(+r "ada !a&an #he((. Pan*an& dar #e!uah !und(e #eharu#n'a
d!a& +(eh enam !a44(e. Se(uruh 4(uda me(ea$ !und(e #e!an'a% 7 %a(. 9%a #e"u(uh
baffle d"a#an& den&an "an*an& 'an& #ama den&an bundle, ma%a a%an d!u$uh%an
bundle 'an& d(ea$ #e!an'a% #e!e(a# %a(, *ara% 'an& (e!h de%a$ a%an men&ha#(%an
$ur!u(en# 'an& (e!h !e#ar. Se!a&a $am!ahan dar e4e% *ara% an$ar baffle, %+e4#en
!a&an shell *u&a a%an d"en&aruh $"e "$)h, u%uran $a!un&, *ara%, dan %ara%$er#$%
a(ran 4(uda. Le!h *auh (a&, $da% ada area a(ran n'a$a d mana (a*u a(r ma##a !a&an
#he(( da"a$ dh$un& %arena daerah a(ran !er!eda-!eda dame$er !un&%u#an den&an
*um(ah 'an& !er!eda $a!un& *ara% !er#h d ma#n&-ma#n& !ar# (+n&$udna( $a!un&.
K+re(a# 'an& d"er+(eh un$u% )aran 'an& men&a(r da(am $a!un& n *e(a# $da% !er(a%u
un$u% )aran 'an& men&a(r me(a(u $a!un& #e&men$a( !unde( den&an #"ea%er, dan n
meman& d$an&&un& +(eh "er)+!aan. Namun, da(am mem!an&un me$+de %+re(a#
!en$u% 4a%$+r "er"ndahan "ana# (n J h%.k;c/.k;-1>3/>/0;-.1@ #. %1./ $e(ah
d"er$ahan%an, #e#ua den&an #aran 0)Adam#,1 $e$a" men&&una%an n(a-n(a 4%$4
un$u% dame$er #e$ara %, dan %e)e"a$an ma##a 1, #e"er$ 'an& d!aha# d !aah n.
am!ar 2 da(am Lam"ran %+re(a# da$a ndu#$r 'an& mem!er%an ha#( memua#%an
un$u% hdr+%ar!+n, #en'aa +r&an%, ar, (aru$an !erar, dan &a# %e$%a !un&%u#an
d$erma men&&una%an baffles den&an *ara% !er#h an$ara #"ea%er dan $a!un& dan an$ara
baffles dan shells.2 Bu%an !erar$ %ura me(a(u da$a namun aman %ura #edem%an
ru"a #ehn&&a dea# $$%-$$% u* dar %ura !er%#ar dar  #am"a %ra-%ra 2 "er#en
$n&&. Ha( n d%arena%an &ar# men&e%#"re#%an "er#amaan mem(% #e!uah
(en&%un&an, 'an& $da% da"a$ dea(ua# da(am !en$u% #ederhana "er#amaan 3.@2;,
#e*a% "r+"+r#+na($a# %+n#$an dan e%#"+nen dar !(an&an Re'n+(d# !enar-!enar
!erara#. Un$u% n(a e dar $ahun 2 men*ad 1.. namun, da$a da%( +(eh
"er#amaan
0.55

( ) ( )( )
1 /3 0.14
ho D o e a cμ μ
=0.36
k μ k μω
D G
dmana h , %e , dan 1a ada(ah #e!a&a d*e(a#%an d !aah n. Perh$un&an
o
men&&una%an am!ar. 2 #an&a$ #e#ua den&an me$+de C+(!urn3 dan Sh+r$@ dan da$a
"en&u*an Breden!a)h= dan OC+nne(( "ada #e*um(ah %+mer#a( "enu%ar "ana#. In
a%an d(a%u%an da(am am!ar. 2 !aha $da% ada d#%+n$nu$a# d !(an&an Re'n+(d#

#endran. Semua da$a "ada am!ar. 2 men&a)u "ada a(ran $ur!u(en.

Shellside /ass 0elocit$.
Ke)e"a$an (near dan ma##a 4(uda $eru#-meneru# !eru!ah d bundle, %arena (e!ar dar
shell dan *um(ah $a!un& !erara# dar n+( d !a&an a$a# dan !aah un$u% ma%#ma( d
$en&ah-$en&ah shell. Un$u% #e$a" $a!un& a$au 4ra%# ada dan&&a" +33/ 1 n.2 dar daerah
"er )r+##4(+ dar ruan& men)en&an&%an. S# #he(( a$au !unde( daerah )r+##4(+ ada(ah
as 'an& d!er%an +(eh
ID ×C B} over {{P} rsub {T} ×144} {ft} ^ {2}
(7.1)
as =¿
dan #e"er$ #e!e(umn'a, %e)e"a$an ma##a ada(ah
W )
Gs= lb/( hr)(ft2 (7.2)
as
Shellside Eui#alent %iameter.

0enuru$ de4n#, *ar-*ar hdr+(% #e#ua den&an (ua# (n&%aran #e$ara den&an (ua#
daerah n+n)r)u(ar #a(uran rendah dan $e&a% (uru# $erhada" arah a(ran. 9ar-*ar hdr+(%

'an& d&una%an un$u% men&%+re(a#%an #he((-## !unde( mem(% %+e4#en un$u%

#"ea%er $da% !enar *ar-*ar hdr+(%. Arah a(ran da(am )an&%an& #e!a&an d #e"an*an&
#e!a&an $e&a% (uru# $erhada" #um!u "an*an& dar $a!un& !un&%u#an. Daerah a(ran
$e&a% (uru# $erhada" #um!u "an*an& ada(ah ara!e( dar !ar# %e $a!un& $a!un& !ar#.
Se!uah da#ar *ar-*ar hdr+(% "ada daerah a(ran d #a(ah #a$u !ar# $da% !#a
mem!eda%an an$ara "er#e& dan #e&$&a pitch. Da(am ran&%a un$u% menda"a$%an
%+re(a# #ederhana men&&a!un&%an !a% u%uran dan %ede%a$an dar $a!un& dan *en#
(a"an&an, d"er+(eh %e#e"a%a$an 'an& #an&a$ !a% *%a *ar-*ar hdr+(% dh$un&
#e"an*an& !u%an d #um!u "an*an& dar $a!un&. Se$ara dame$er #he(( %emudan dam!(
#e!a&a em"a$ %a( *ar-*ar hdr+(% d"er+(eh un$u% "+(a #e"er$ $er)an$um d a$a#
(em!aran $a!un&. 0en&a)u "ada am!ar. 7.1, d mana men)a%u" )r+##ha$)h
en#%(+"eda area1 un$u% s4uare pitch
7.3;
A$au
7.@;
dmana Ft ada(ah (a"an&an $a!un& da(am n) 'an& d5 $a!un& dame$er (uar da(am n).
Un$u% #e&$&a (a"an&an #e"er$ d$un*u%%an "ada am!ar 7.1. "erme$er 'an&
$er!a#ah e(emen #e#ua den&an #e$en&ah $a!un&.
7.=;
A%an $am"a% !aha me$+de n men&ea(ua# hdr+(% dame$er *ar-*ar dan #e$ara $da%
mem!eda%an an$ara "er#en$a#e re(a$4 #udu$ %anan men&a(r %e a(ran a%#a(, dan n
!enar. Ha( n dmun&%n%an, den&an men&&una%an #he(( 'an& #ama, mem(% ma##a
'an& #ama %e)e"a$an, #e$ara dame$er, dan !(an&an
& 7.1.
Re'n+(d# men&&una%an *um(ah !e#ar )aran dan mem!n&un&%an !e#ar (a"an&an a$au
#e*um(ah %e)( )aran dan mem!n&un&%an %e)( "$)h a$au *um(ah %e)( dan 4(ud "$)h
mem!n&un&%an %e)(, a(au"un "r+"+r# #udu$ %anan men&a(r %e a(ran a%#a(
!er!eda.
Perbedaan Suhu $ang Benar ∆t dalam 1! Exchanger.
P(+$ $"%a( # #uhu "an*an& un$u% mem(% #a(ah #a$u e/)han&er #he(( (u(u# dan dua
me(n$a# d$un*u%%an "ada am!ar. 7.2 un$u% "en&a$uran n+##e( d$un*u%%an. Re(a$4
$erhada" 4(uda #he((, #a$u $a!un& (u(u# da(am )+un$er4(+ dan 'an& (an da(am a(ran
"ara(e(. Per!edaan #uhu 'an& (e!h !e#ar $e(ah d$emu%an, da(am Ba!. =, men&a%!a$%an
%e$%a "r+#e# a(ran da(am "er!edaan )+un$er4(+ dan 'an& (e!h %e)( un$u% a(ran
"ara(e(. 1-2 "enu%ar 'an& meru"a%an %+m!na# dar %eduan'a, dan L0TD un$u% a(ran
)+un$er4(+ a$au "ara(e( #a*a $da% da"a$ "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar un$u% "en&a$uran
a(ran-)+un$er4(+ "ara(e(. Se!a(%n'a "er(u men&em!an&%an "er#amaan un$u%
"erh$un&an !aru 'an& e4e%$4 a$au !enar "er!edaan #uhu 6t un$u% men&&an$%an
)+un$er4(+ L0TD. 0e$+de 'an& d&una%an d #n ada(ah m+d4%a# dar dera# dar
Under++d1 dan d#a*%an da(am !en$u% a%hr 'an& du#u(%an +(eh Na&(e2 dan
B+man, 0ue((er, dan Na&(e.3

Suhu )aran %u($ !#a men&a(am #a(ah #a$u dar dua ara# #e"er$ 'an& !era#a( dar
n(e$ %e +u$(e$, me(n$a# $a!un& %um"u(an !e!era"a %a( da(am "r+#e#: 1; Be&$u
!an'a% $ur!u(en# dndu%# !aha #he(( !enar-!enar !er)am"ur )aran "ada #e$a"
"an*an& M dar n+(e n(e$, a$au 2; !e&$u #ed%$ $ur!u(en# dndu%# !aha ada #uhu
a$m+#4er 'an& #e(e%$4 $en$an& $a!un& #e$a" $a!un& me(ea$ #e)ara nddua(. Baffle-
baffle dan #4a$ $ur!u(en# #e$a" %+m"+nen a(ran me(n$a# !unde( mun)u( un$u%
men&h(an&%an 2; #ehn&&a 1; dam!( #e!a&a 'an& "er$ama dar a#um# un$u%
dera# dar "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar da(am 1-2 e/)han&er. A##um# 'an& d&una%an
ada(ah
1. Tem"era$ur 4(uda #he(( ada(ah ra$a-ra$a #uhu #+$erma( "ada #e$a" "enam"an&.
2. Ada da(am *um(ah 'an& #ama "ermu%aan "emana# d #e$a" (ea$.
3. Ke#e(uruhan K+e4#en "er"ndahan "ana# ada(ah %+n#$an.
@. La*u a(ran ma#n&-ma#n& 4(uda ada(ah %+n#$an.
=. Pana# #"e#4% dar ma#n&-ma#n& 4(uda ada(ah %+n#$an.
?. Tda% ada "eru!ahan 4a#a "en&ua"an a$au %+nden#a# d !a&an dar e/)han&er.
7. Keru&an "ana# da"a$ da!a%an.
Pana# %e#e(uruhan %e#em!an&an, dmana 6t ada(ah "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar, ada(ah
7.?;
Dmana
7.7;
Da(am am!ar. 7.2a T meru"a%an #uhu 4(uda #he(( "ada #e$a" "enam"an& dar
)an&%an& 7 J 8 an$ara 7 J 5 dan 7 J 7. Bar%an t* dan t** mea%( #uhu d $a!un&
"er$ama dan %edua !er(a(u, ma#n&-ma#n&, dan "ada "enam"an& 'an& #ama #e"er$ T.
Bar%an men*ad "ermu%aan e%#$erna( "er %a% "an*an&. d "ermu%aan n%remen$a( d9
J a: d7 #he(( "eru!ahan #uhu +(eh ;dT. Se(ua# d9
7.1;
Ta" da(am "er#amaan n T, t*, dan t** ada(ah ara!e( de"enden. Ke#em!an&an "ana#
dar 7 J 8 %e "ana#-4(uda n(e$ ada(ah
7.11;
dan %e#em!an&an "ana# "er pass
7.1=;
7.1?;
0en#u!#$$u#%an da(am Per#amaan. 7.1@; dan men'u#un u(an&,
7.17;
9um(ah ara!e( da(am Per#amaan. 7.1=; $e(ah d%uran& dar $&a T, t*, t**; un$u% dua
T dan t*;. Un$u% #+(u# n ada(ah un$u% men&h(an&%an "arame$er 'an& d"er(u%an,
!a% T a$au t. Pen'ederhanaan den&an "en&&unaan "arame$er #e"er$ da(am %a#u# ""a
&anda e/)han&er mem!ar%an
7.17a;
7.21;
Karena "eru!ahan "ana# ma#u% a%a(, "r+"+r#+na( (an&#un& ada an$ara #uhu "re)en$a&e
na% a$au $urun; dan .
7.22;
7.2@;
7.2=;
S+(u# dar "er#amaan n a%an d$emu%an da(am #$andar-"er#amaan d4eren#a( $e%#.
Per#amaann'a
7,2?;
Ke$%a T J T1, A a%an menn&%a$ dar  #am"a A, dan mem!en$u% #+(u# dar
Per#amaan. 7,2@; K1 J T2 #ehn&&a Per#amaan. 7,2?; men*ad
7.27;
0en&am!( (+&ar$ma dar %edua !e(ah "ha% dan men'ederhana%an,
7.2;
7.2;
Su!#$$u# n(a dT>d9 dar Per#amaan. 7.1; dan %arena d 9 J 5, t* J t,, t** J t2, dan T J
T,, t*  t** J t,  t2

7.3?;
Su!#$$u# %e da(am "er#amaan 7.2;,
7.37;
Per#amaan 7,37; ada(ah hu!un&an un$u% "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar #e(ama 1-2 a(ran
"ara(e(-)+un$er4(+. Ba&amana ha( n d!andn&%an den&an mem"e%er*a%an L0TD
un$u% )+un$er4(+ #uhu "r+#e# 'an& #amaQ Un$u% )+u$er4(+
7.3;
Dmana
7.3;
Ra#+ "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar %e"ada L0TD ada(ah
7.@;
meman&&( ra#+ 4ra%#+na( "er!edaan #uhu 'an& !enar %e L0TD FT
7.@1;
Per#amaan +urer #e(ama 1-2 e/)han&er #e%aran& da"a$ d$u(#:
7.@2;
Un$u% men&uran& "er(un'a "en'e(e#aan Per#amaan. 7.37; a$au 7.@1;, 4a%$+r %+re%#
FT un$u% L0TD $e(ah d"(+$ "ada am!ar. 1 "ada Lam"ran #e!a&a 4un&# dar S
den&an R #e!a&a "arame$er. Ke$%a n(a S dan R ada(ah de%a$ den&an !a&an er$%a(
%ura, #u($ un$u% mem!a)a &am!ar dan FT haru# dh$un& dar Per#amaan. 7.@1; #e)ara
(an&#un&. Ke$%a #e!uah e/)han&er mem(% #a$u #he(( "a## dan em"a$, enam, de(a"an,
a$au (e!h &ena" (ea$ $a!un& #e"er$ 1-@, 1-?, a$au 1- "enu%ar, Per#amaan. 7.1;
men*ad 1-@ un$u% e/)han&er un$u% 1-? e/)han&er
Da"a$ d$un*u%%an !aha n(a-n(a FT un$u% 1-2 dan 1- "enu%ar %uran& dar 2 "er#en
$er"#ah da(am %a#u# e%#$rm dan umumn'a #an&a$ %uran&. O(eh %arena $u ada$ un$u%
men&&am!ar%an #e$a" e/)han&er mem(% #a$u #he(( (u(u# dan dua a$au (e!h &ena"
$a!un& (ea$ d a(ran "ara(e(-)+un$er4(+ #e!a&a e/)han&er 1-2 dan men&&una%an
n(a 'an& d"er+(eh dar Per#amaan FT. 7.@1;. A(a#an $ a%an %uran& dar 1. ada(ah
#e)ara a(am d#e!a!%an +(eh %en'a$aan !aha $a!un& (ea$ d "ara(e( den&an )aran
%u($ $da% mem!er%an %+n$r!u# #an&a$ e4e%$4 "er!edaan #uhu #e"er$ 'an& $erda"a$
da(am )+un$er4(+ den&ann'a.
Ada "em!a$a#an "en$n& "en&&unaan am!ar. 1. a(au"un #e$a" "enu%ar mem(%
n(a FT d a$a# n+( a%an !er+"era# #e)ara $e+r$#, $da% "ra%$# !enar. Ke&a&a(an un$u%
memenuh da(am "ra%$%n'a #emua a#um# 'an& d&una%an da(am dera#, a#um# 1, 3,
dan 7 #e)ara %hu#u#, da"a$ men'e!a!%an %e#en*an&an #eru# da(am "erh$un&an 6t.
Se!a&a a%!a$ dar "er!edaan *%a n(a a%$ua( ti "ada am!ar. 7.2a "ada a%hr (u(u#
"ara(e( d"er(u%an un$u% "ende%a$an T2 (e!h de%a$ dar"ada n(a $urunan $, ha( $u
mun&%n mema%#a%an #ua$u "e(an&&aran $erhada" a$uran a(ran "ara(e(, 'a%n +u$(e$
"ermu%aan n$e. O(eh %arena $u $da% dan*ur%an a$au "ra%$# un$u% men&&una%an
e/)han&er 1-2 #e$a" %a( 4a%$+r %+re%# FT dh$un& haru# %uran& dar ,7= Se!a(%n'a
!e!era"a "en&a$uran (ann'a 'an& d"er(u%an (e!h men'eru"a )+un$er4(+.
Hu!un&an #uhu un$u% %a#u# d mana +ren$a# #he(( $e(ah d!a(%%an n+e( d$un*u%%an
"ada am!ar. 7,21 un$u% n(e$ dan +u$(e$ #ama #uhu d"(+$ "ada am!ar. 7,2.
Under++d1 $e(ah menun*u%%an !aha n(a-n(a FT !a& %eduan'a den$)a(.2 Se*a% 1-
2 e/)han&er ada(ah %+m!na# dar )+un$er4(+ dan "ara(e( (ea$ a(ran, mun&%n
dhara"%an !aha #a(ah #a$u +u$(e$ a(ran "r+#e# $da% da"a$ mende%a$ $e(u% %e)( 'an&
(ann'a 'an& #an&a$ era$. Bah%an $u da(am a(ran "ara(e(-)+un$er4(+ "era(a$an un$u%
mene(e"+n T2 - t2 "ende%a$an t2  T2 , ma%a t2 - T2 d#e!u$ temperature cross.
Ha( n !er&una un$u% men'e(d% !e!era"a "r+#e# %ha# un$u% men)a$a$ #uhu dan
"en&aruh !er!a&a "ende%a$an dan #a(! a$a# n(a FT. Un$u% (a'anan 'an& d!er%an
"en&uran&an $ !aah %e#a$uan da(am Per#amaan. 7,@2; ada(ah d%+m"en#a# +(eh
"enn&%a$an "ermu%aan, 9ad *%a "r+#e# #uhu $e$a" mun&%n $da% !*a%#ana un$u%
men&&una%an a(ran "ara(e( %+n$ra-a(ran e/)han&er #e!a&a me(aan )+un$er4(+
e/)han&er, %arena a%an menn&%a$%an !a'a "era(a$an d (uar n(a dar me%an#
%eun$un&an. "ada am!ar dua "a#an& 7,22 )aran ma#n&-ma#n& #ama %#aran dar 1
dan = .
Suhu ,ir2eluaran 34timum
Da(am "en&&unaan ar #e!a&a meda "endn&n, un$u% da'a $er$en$u memun&%n%an
$er*adn'a #r%u(a# ar da(am *um(ah !e#ar den&an !eda #uhu %e)( a$au #r%u(a# ar
da(am *um(ah %e)( den&an !eda #uhu 'an& !e#ar. Per!edaan #uhu ar $er#e!u$ a%an
#e)ara +$+ma$# memen&aruh n(a L0TD. 9%a d&una%an *um(ah ar 'an& !an'a%,
ma%a t2 a%an (e!h !e#ar dar T, , #ehn&&a d!u$uh%an (ua# "ermu%aan 'an& (e!h %e)(
%arena n(a L0TD !e#ar. a(au"un ha( n a%an menurun%an !a'a ne#$a# dan !a'a
$e$a", den&an !a'a de"re#a# dan maintenance 'an& *u&a !er%uran&, namun !a'a
+"era# a%an menn&%a$ a%!a$ "en&&unaan ar da(am *um(ah !e#ar. O(eh %arena $u,
haru# ada #e!uah %+nd# +"$mum an$ara dua %+nd# $er#e!u$: !an'a% ar den&an (ua#
"ermu%aan %e)( a$au #ed%$ ar den&an (ua# "ermu%aan !e#ar.
Se!e(umn'a $e(ah da#um#%an !aha $e%anan ar da"a$ men&a$a# pressure
drop "ada "enu%ar "ana# dan !a'a "en&&unaan ar han'a !er&an$un& "ada *um(ah 'an&
d&una%an. Da#um#%an *u&a !aha cooler !er+"era# #e)ara counterflo#, #ehn&&a 6t
J L0TD. 9%a n(a a"r+%#ma#n'a %e)( a$au $er*ad temperature cross, "enurunan
rumu# !er%u$ mem!u$uh%an e#$ma# n(a FT #e!a&a 4a%$+r "en&a( L0TD.
T+$a( !a'a $ahunan a(a$ "enu%ar "ana# "ada %e#e(uruhan "a!r% dh$un& #e!a&a
"en*um(ahan dar !a'a $ahunan "en&&unaan ar dan !a'a $e$a", $erma#u% !a'a
maintenance dan de"re#a#.
9%a +T ada(ah $+$a( !a'a $ahunan,
+T J !a'a ar>(!;(!>*am;*am +"era# $ahunan;  !a'a $e$a" $ahunan>4$2;4$2;
< J #c t t, ; J 9 7=T%; 7.@;
2

Su!#$$u# !a&an heat-balance "ada Per#amaan 7.@, den&an # J <>ct -t, ; dan (ua#
2

"ermu%aan 9 J <>7=T%;

C = Qθ Cw CF Q
T +
c (t 2−t 1 ) U ( LMTD
)
den&an> J a%$u +"era# $ahunan *am;
+# J !a'a ar>(!
+F J !a'a $e$a" $ahunan>4$2
A#um#%an  #e!a&a n(a %+n#$an
∆ t 2− ∆ t 1
LMTD=
∆ t2
ln
∆ t1

Semua 4a%$+r d*a&a %+n#$an %e)ua( #uhu ar-%e(uaran dan V$2,

C QθC w CF Q

[
T = +
c (t 2−t 1 ) T 1 − t 2 −∆ t 1
U 7.=;
ln
(T 1
−
t 2 )
∆ t1

#aa$ d+ >dt2 J .
T
]
K+nd# +"$mum a%an $er*ad #aa$ $+$a( !a'a $ahunan men)a"a an&%a mnmum, *u&a

( ) [ ]
2
Uθ C w T 1−t −2∆ t 1 T 1 −t 2 1
= ln − 1− 7.=1;
CF c t −t 1
2
∆t 1 ( 1 2 )
T −t / ∆ t
1
Saa$ n(a  $n&& a$au $er*ad "er!edaan 4(uda "ana# 'an& !e#ar, n(a #uhu ar-
%e(uaran +"$mum da"a$ dan&&a" !erada d a$a# !a$a# a$a# 'a$u 12+. Ha( n $da%
#e(a(u !enar, %arena !a'a maintenance a%an #e(a(u na% #am"a d a$a# 2 dar n(a
#e!e(umn'a *%a #uhu na% #e!e#ar 12+. Kena%an $em"era$ur ar-%e(uaran $da% a%an
mena%%an !a'a maintenance.
 +ambar 5.!6 Tem4eratur ,ir)eluaran 34timum Perr'? +hemical Engineers@Handbook?
=c1ra#-Hill Book +ompan'? *ncA? e# Cork?
,D5A;

, lat Penu)ar Panas Larutan 7Solution Exchanger8

Sa(ah #a$u dar *en# "enu%ar "ana# 'an& "a(n& !an'a% d&una%an, men)a%u"
" emana#an dan "endn&nan (aru$an dmana $erda"a$ %e%uran&an da$a 4#%.
Ha( n
da"a$ d"aham, #e(ama &ra4% da$a 4#% $erhada" $em"era$ur $da% han'a
%
d+m! na# "e(aru$ dan a$ $er(aru$, $e$a" *u&a da$a "er!edaan %+n#en$ra#. Be!
!u$uh%an
era"a da$a
'
an& d"er+(eh dar ($era$ur dan ha#( #$ud (an men&ha#(%an a$uran
men&e#$ ma#
4+rmu(a#  #4a$-#4a$ 4#% (aru$an 'an& d"er$u%ar-"ana#%an. S4a$-
un$u%
#4a$ 4#% $er#e!u$
ada(ah:

Konduktivitas termal
Laru$an (Fud +r&an%: men&&una%an %+ndu%$$a# !er!+!+$  #eighted
conductivit';.
Laru$an (Fud +r&an% dan ar: men&&una%an . %a( %+ndu%$$a# !
era$.
Laru$an &aram dan ar 'an& d#r%u(a# me(a(u shell: men&&una%an
. %a(
%
+ndu%$$a# ar den&an %+n#en$ra# d a$a# 3.
Laru$an &aram dan ar 'an& d#r%u(a# me(a(u $u!e# $da% (e!h
dar 3:
men&&una%an am!ar 2@ den&an %+ndu%$$a# . %a( %+ndu
%$$a# ar.
D#"er# %+(+d: men&&una%an . %a( %+ndu%$$a#
d#"er# (Fud.
Emu(#: men&&una%an . %a( %+ndu%$$a# (Fud d # e
Laru$an
%$ar !u$+r&an
rana%:
men&&una%an
r. #"e#4% "ana# !er!+!+$  #eighted specific
heat;.
Panas Spesifik
Laru$an +r&an% da(am ar: men&&una%an #"e#4% "ana# !er!+!+$ #eighted
specific
Le!uran &aram da(am ar: men&&una%an #"e#4% "ana# !er!+!+$ #eighted
heat;.
specific
heat; dmana n(a #"e#4% "ana# un$u% &aram ada(ah un$u% !a&an
%r#$a(n.
L Fud +r&an% da(am +r&an%: men&&una%an "er!andn&an 4ra%# !
Viskositas
era$ $erhada"
#%+#$a# #eight fraction>viscosit'; un$u% ma#n&-ma#n& %+m"+nen.
LFud +r&an% da(am ar: men&&una%an "er!andn&an 4ra%# !era$ $erhada"
#%+#$a#

#eight fraction>viscosit'; un$u% ma#n&-ma#n& %+m"+nen.

aram da(am ar den&an %+n#en$ra# $da% (e!h dar 3 dan (aru$an 'an&
$ dha#(%an
da% %en$a(: men&&una%an n(a #%+#$a# dua %a( #%+#$a# ar.
Laru$an na$run
%
hdr+%#da da(am ar den&an %+n#en$ra# 'an& #an&a$ rendah da"a$ mem!en$u%
Steam
(aru$anSebagai /edia Pemanas
Se*auh n
en$a( dan $!e(um ada #$ud
da% da"a$ men&ena
de#$ma#%an.steam #e!a&a meda "er"ndahan "ana#,
"adaha(
" en&&unaann'a #e!a&a meda "emana# #udah #an&a$ (ua#. Steam #e!a&a meda
" emana# mem!er%an !e!era"a %e#u($an: 1; %+nden#a$ steam "ana# !er#4a$ %
+r+#4,
dan haru# ada "enan&anan %hu#u# a&ar %+nden#a$ n $da% $era%umu(a# d
da(am
exchanger %arena a%an meru#a% ma$era( me$a( a%!a$ %+n$a% (an&#un&. 2;
Sa(uran
un$u% %+nden#a$ haru# (ua#. Steam exhaust "ada $e%anan = "#& dan #uhu 22+
!derada
&una%an
an$araun$u%
%eduamemana#%an
#uhu $er#e!u$4(uda d(e!
namun  h
n& mende%a$
n "ada #uhu#uhu
1 steam, #e%$ar
+. Suhu
d nd+
1 n&, tube a%an
#
e#ua den&an $e%anan *enuh %+nden#a$ 'an& han'a 7.= "#a "ada dndn& tube.

a(au"un steam ma#u% "ada $e%anan = "#&, $e%anan steam a%an $urun #am"a d !
aah
$e%anan a$m+#4erW #ehn&&a %+nden#a$ $da% a%an %e(uar dar heater, me(an
%an $e$a"
$n&&a( dan (ama %e(amaan a%an menu$u" #e(uruh "ermu%aan 'an& d&una%an
un$u%
" er"ndahan "ana#. Tan"a "ermu%aan, steam $da% a%an $eru# $er%+nden#a# dan a
%an
menahan $e%anan ma#u% )u%u" (ama a&ar da"a$ mem-blo#-out #e!a&an a$au #e(uruh
%
+nden#a$ 'an& $e(ah $era%umu(a#W #ehn&&a "ermu%aan a%an %em!a( $er!u%a,
* ha( n
men&a$a#
u&a $er&an$un& $an
%e#u("ada n
de#a n.dan men*a&a
O"era# a(ran 'an&
"emana#an a%an#era&am,
men*adma%a
#%(haru#
% dan
"a#an& #e!uah
dun$u%
trap a$au suction "ada #u#unan "er""aan, a%an d!aha# (e!h *auh da(am Ba! 21.
Hu!un&an %+e4#en "er"ndahan "ana# den&an "r+#e# %+nden#a# steam #an&a$ !
e#ar
!d!and
a#an'a d$en$u%an
n&%an den&anden&an
%+e4 men&ad+"# n(a$e(ah
#en (an 'an&  %+n "e(a*ar
d en#+na( dan %n.
 #e*auh
N+n#er
(a %+e4
a$4,!u%an 4
#en ha# (m(
" erh$un&an. Da(am !u%u n, #emua "r+#e# "emana#an men&&una%an steam !e!
a#-
udara den&an n(a 1= B$u>hr;4$2;+; a%an d&una%an un$u% %
+nden#a# steam $an"a
mem"erh$un&%an (e$a%n'aW #ehn&&a ho J hio J h J
1=.
Da(am "r+#e# "emana#an, (e!h men&un$un&%an
i *%a steam dhu!un&%an %e tube
dar"ada %e shell. Pada %+nd# n, a(au"un %+nden#a$ !er#4a$ %+r+#4,
"en&aruhn'a
da"a$ d!a$a# "ada ## tube #a*aW *%a steam dhu!un&%an %e shell, ma%a
## shell dan
!tube
uah a%an
tube. ru#a%.
Se(ama Saa$
steam meru"a%an
steam men&a(4(ur da 'an& tube
me(a(u $er%+nden#aa# han'a 
,-2 exchanger,#e)ara #+!u$uh
d
$erma(,
%an 2
"
er!edaan $em"era$ur 6t dan L0TD a%an !ern(a #ama !e#ar.
9%a d&una%an steam superheated #e!a&a meda "emana#, %e)ua(
d da(am
desuperheaters, !a#an'a "er!edaan $em"era$ur dar "r+#e# desuperheating da!a
%an
dan d!ua$ a&ar #e(uruh "ana# $er"ndah%an "ada #uhu #a$ura# #e#ua den&an $e
%anan
+"era#. Ana(## 'an& (e!h da(am men&ena %+nden#a# steam a%an d!aha# (e!
h (an*u$
da(am !a! 'an& !erhu!un&an den&an %
+nden#a#.
Pressure Drop untu) Steam
Saa$ steam d!a& men*ad dua a(ran "ada ## tube, pressure drop 'an& d"er!
+(eh%an
haru# #an&a$ %e)(, (e!h %e)( dar 1 "#a %hu#u#n'a *%a $erda"a$ a(ran %
+nden#a$ %e
boiler. Da(am ##$em n, %+nden#a$ men&a(r %e boiler %arena adan'a "er!edaan
head
static an$ara %+(+m steam er$%a( den&an %+(+m %+nden#a$ er$%a(. Pressure
#e$en&ah dar pressure drop un$u% steam 'an& dh$un& den&an rumu# "ada
drop
Per#amaan
men)a%u" losses "ada ma#u%an dan %e(uaran "enu%ar "ana# da"a$ dh$un& #e!
a&a
7.@= un$u% %+nd# ma#u%an ua". Ke)e"a$an ma##a dh$un& dar (a*u a(r
ma#u%an dan
(ua# a(ran "ada a(ran "er$ama $da% haru# #e(a(u #em!an& den&an
%
"erh$un&an a(ran
# edua;. B(an&an e'nolds dh$un& !erda#ar%an %e)e"a$an ma##a dan #%
+#$a# steam
ada(ah den#$a# steam 'an& dam!( dar Ta!e( 7 un$u% $e%anan ma#u%an $er$en$u
!a&'an& $er(ha$ da(am am!ar 1=. S 'an& d&una%an da(am Per#amaan
de"er$
7.@=
den&an den#$a# ar 'an& da#um#%an #e!e#ar ?2.= (!>4$3.
Perh$un&an n #e!enarn'a han'a(ah a"r+%#ma# 'an& %+n#era$4
%arena pressure
drop "er ft a%!a$ "en&uran&an "an*an& den&an %uadra$ %e)e"a$an ma##a #aa$
men&a"r+%#ma# den&an men&&una%an a#um# n(a 'an& mende%a$
ra$a-ra$a n(a
Penggunaan
ma#u%an dan +as Buang 34timum
%e(uaran. dan Steam Proses
Be!era"a "a!r% men&am!( ener& dar $ur!n dan me#n 'an& $da% $er%
+nden#a#. D
! e!era"a $em"a$, %adan& $erda"a$ steam exhaust "ada $e%anan %e)(, = #am"a 2=
"#&,
'
an& dan&&a" #e!a&a "r+du% #am"n& dar #%(u# ener& d "a!r%. Har&a
exhaust n d$e$a"%an den&an !a$a# < #am"a 1> dar !a'a "r+#e# a$au !
dar steam
a'a steam.
a(au"un mem(% "ana# (a$en 'an& $n&&, steam exhaust *u&a mem(
% %e$er!a$a#an
da(am "r+#e#, #e(ama #uhu *enuh $e$a" "ada n(a an$ara 21= #am"a 23+. 9
%a (Fud
d"ana#%an #am"a 2= a$au 27=+, ma%a (e!h !a% men&&una%an steam
"r+#e# "ada
$e%anan 1 #am"a 2 "# 'an& dha#(%an d po#erhouse %hu#u# un$u%
$u*uan "r+#e#.
Saa$ 4(uda d"ana#%an hn&&a men)a"a $em"era$ur de%a$ den&an a$au d
a$a# #uhu
steam exhaust, #emua *en# "emana#an da"a$ d(a%u%an han'a den&an men&&una
%an
#e!uah single shell 'an& men&&una%an steam dar "r+#e#. Se!a&a a($erna$4, ma#u
%an
"
ana# da"a$ d!a& %e da(am dua shell, #a$u d4a#($a# den&an #e!an'a% mun&
exhaust dan 'an& (ann'a d4a#($a# den&an #ed%$ mun&%n steam dar
%n steam
"r+#e#. Ha( n
a%an men&ha#(%an %+nd# +"$mum: *%a #uhu %e(uaran dar 4(uda
dn&n "ada "enu%ar
" ana# "er$ama d!ua$ $er(a(u de%a$ den&an #uhu steam exhaust, ma%a a%an
dha#(%an 6t
'
an& rendah dan u%uran heater "er$ama 'an& !e#ar. D ## (an, *%a #uhu
4(u da $er(a(u *auh dar #uhu steam exhaust, ma%a !a'a +"era# un$u% %e!u$uhan
%e(uaran
steam
" r+#e# 'an& (e!h $n&& "ada heater %edua a%an menn&%a$W #ehn&&a !
a'a aa( dar
%
edua shell $da% da"a$ d*u#$4%a#.
Da(am ana(## #e(an*u$n'a, da#um#%an !aha "re##ure dr+", !a'a
"em+m"aan, dan
%e#e(uruhan %+e4#en, dan&&a" den$% da(am #u#unan single mau"un double
heater.
Da#um#%an *u&a !aha !a'a $e$a" "er (ua# "ermu%aan 4$2; dan&&a" %
+n#$an,

a(au"un ha( n !e(um $en$u !enar adan'a. Per#amaan !a'a d!ua$ #e!a&a
"
en*um(ahan $+$a( dar !a'a steam dan !a'a $e$a", dan %arena steam $er%
# +nden#a#
e)ara #+$erma(
T ma%a 16t J EL0TD.
1  2 P 2  7.=2;
J !)
den&an:+T JC$+$a( a'a$ 
$ahunan,
$ ;XC d+((ar
 A C  ) $  $; XC  A C
+F J !a'a $e$a" $ahunan, d+((ar>4$2
+E J !a'a #$eam %e(uaran, d+((ar>B$u
+P J !a'a #$eam "r+#e#, d+((ar>B$u
TE J #uhu #$eam %e(uaran, +
TP J #uhu #$eam "r+#e#, +
t J #uhu n$ermede$ an$ara dua
shell
> J $+$a( a%$u +"era#
$ahunan
Q1 wc
A 1= =
U ∆ t1 U
Q2 wc T P −t
A 2= = ln
U ∆ t2 U T P−t 2

Su!
#$$u#: T
( ) C F (T P− )
TP− )(  − t = 7.=3;
t T (C P− C )Uθ


1 ! Exchanger tan4a Baffle

Tda% #emua *en# 1-2 exchanger mem(% 2= baffle #e&men$a(. 9%a
4(uda n&n
da(r%an me(a(u shell den&an pressure drop 'an& %e)(, ma%a baffle #e&men$a(
da"a$
#e$en&ah (n&%aran,
d(e"a# dan han'a d=
&una%an"+$+n&an "e(a$support.
"e(a$-"e(a$ 'an& mam"u 
mem!er
Pe(a$-"e(a$ %an
n !a#an'a !er!
r&d$a# dan
en$u%
men)e&ah "e(en$uran tube. Pe(a$ support #e!a%n'a d"a#an& #e)ara overlap $erhada"
dame$er shell, #ehn&&a %e#e(uruhan bundle da"a$ d-support +(eh dua &u&u# "e(a$
'an&
men-support #a$u a$au dua tube 'an& #a(n& !erde%a$an. Dua &u&u# "e(a$ n
d"#ah%an
#edan&
den&an !er+"era#
*ara% 'an&, (e!
4(uhda*auh
shelld h
(e!!and d arah%an
n&%an un$u%
den&an ame$er
dmen&a( r d
(uar shellW namun
#e"an*an&
#aa$ axis
dar"ada me(a(u tube. Saa$ 4(uda shell men&a(r d #e"an*an& tube, ma%a baffle
a%an
$er"+$+n& (e!h dar 2=, #ehn&&a am!ar 2 $da% (a& da"a$ d&una%an
un$u% %a#u#
n. A(ran %emudan da"a$ d#ama%an den&an a(ran annulus "ada
double-pipe
exchanger dan da"a$ d"er(a%u%an den&an )ara 'an& #ama, men&&una%an
dame$er
e%a(en !erda#ar%an d#$r!u# daerah a(ran dan #etted perimeter un$u%
#e(uruh ##
erhPerh
"shell. $un&an un$u%un$u%
$un&an annulus.
pressure drop "ada ## shell *u&a a%an #ama den&an
Recovery 4anas dalam seri 4enu)ar 1 !
Ke$%a a(a$ "enu%ar "ana# !er#h, $em"era$ur %e(uaran a(ran 4(uda "ana# a%an
(e!h
rendah d!andn& %e(uaran #uhu "r+#e# dan #uhu %e(uaran 4(uda dn&n a%an

$(e! h  dar %e(uaran #uhu "r+#e#n'a. Un$u% a(ran !er(aanan arah #an&a$
n&&
mun&%n
un$u% menen$u%an n(a dar T dan 2 t un$u% "enu%aran !er#h dar "er#amaan
=.1;,
dmu(a den&an 2

:
wc (t 2− t ) × LMTD
UA
=1

Un$u% $"e "enu%ar 1-2 #uhu %e(uaran da"a$ d$en$u%an den&an memu(a
men&h$un&
wc (t 2 − 1 )=
t UA × LMTD , dmana L0TD dde4n#a%n #e!a&a
"arame$er  dan S
+(eh "er#amaan 7.3; dan F dde4n#%an +(eh "er#amaan 7.@1;.
0 en&ena( !aha F da"a$ de(mna#%an %e$%a 9.#c da(am "er#amaan
7.37;
d"(+$%an $erhada" S, Ten Br+e)%1 men&em!an&%an &ra4% 'an& d"er(ha$%an
&
da(am
dam!ar 7.2=.dar
h$un& Da(am a(a$
%uan$ "enu%ar "edan
$a# a($ran 1-2#uhu,
A 'an&dan#e!enarn'a
 da"a$ d dan
e#c d
a(ua# dar 
%e$ahu .
#c.)
+.da"a$
Sehn&&a
da"a$ mem"er!+(eh n(a S un$u% d!a)a (an&#un& dar &ra4%. Se*a%, S , Gt ;
t .GT ;
T  dan ,T dan , t d%e$ahu, #ehn&&a ha( $er#e!u$ a%an men*ad mun& 2

%n un$u%
2
menen$u%an t2 dan dar nera)a "ana# wc (t 2 −t 1 ) J )+GT ; T2. ar#
dde#&n
threshold 'an& mere"re#en$a#%an "+n aa( #aa$ dmana ,
#uhu me(n$a#
$er*ad. N(a
dar n(a n !er%+re#"+nden# den&an 2
T J t.
2

+ ambar5.!9. +rafi) Ten Brosc) untu) menentu)an t )eti)a ! " dan t " di)etahui didalam


alat 4enu)ar 4anas ti4e 1! *ndustrial I Engineering +hemsitr'

Efisiensi dari alat 4enu)ar 4anas.

Dar !er!a&a de#&n $"e apparatus umumn'a #e)ara #ern& men&n&n
%an un$u%
men)a"a #$andar "er4+rma ma%#mum. E4#en# #e(an*u$n'a
!d an
a&de4n4ra%#
#%andar "er4+rma #e!uah apparatus d!andn& #e!a&a #e!uah
#e!a&a
#$andar. D+d&e
mem!er%an de4n# e4#en# HE #e!a&a ra#+ %uan$$a# "ana# 'an&
4d##h%an dar
(uda dar n(a ma%#mum 'an& da"a$ d##h%an. 0en&&una%an "er#amaan
umum :
 wc (t 2 − t 1 ) = (t −t )
2 1
e= 7.=@
wc (T 1 −t 1 ) (T −t )1 ;
1
t =T
Dmana den$% den&an #uhu &ru" S dan da#um#%an 2 1 . Ter&an$un&
!aha
a"a%ah "ende%a$an $ermna( "ana# a$au dn&n 'an& mende%a$ n+(, e4#en#
da"a$ *u&a
d$u(#%an :
WC (t 2 −t 1 )
e= 7.==;
WC (T 1 −t 1 )
a(au"un $erda"a$ ha( 'an& haru# d"erha$%an dar de4n# $er#e!u$ 'a%n
dar a#"e%
$
erm+dnam%n'a !aha ada (+&%a 'an& %uran& !erda#ar%an rea($a da(am
de4n#
#e4
ama
# den&an
en# mende4 
'an& me( n#%an"er!edaan
!a$%an e4#en# 
$erm #e!a&a
na( dan ra#+ "ana#
"er!edaan 'an&
#uhu 'an& n+(. Ha(
d$ran#4er%an +(eh
$er#e!u$
#
e!uah HE n'a$a den&an HE 'an& mem(% "ermu%aan 'an& $da% $er!a$a#
(ua#n'a."r+#e# HE $erda"a$ de4n# (ann'a 'an& da"a$ !er&una. Suhu "r+#e# da"a$
Da(am
men'eda%an "er!edaan #uhu ma%#ma( *%a da$ur "ada a(ran !eda arah. Ha(
$er#e!u$
mun)u( da(am #e*um(ah n(a 'an& $er&an$un& den&an e4#en# dar HE #e!
"a&a
er!edaan + 'an& d%a$%an den&an HE (ann'a den&an HE $er#e!u$ un$u%
ra##uhu
a(ran
! eda arah 'an& #e#un&&uhn'a. Ha( $er#e!u$ #e)ara den$% den&an , F 'an&
#e)ara
" r+"+r#+na( mem"en&aruh %e!u$uhan "ermu%aan. Ha( $er#e!u$ da"a$
 d(ha$ "ada
!a!
#
e(an*u$n'a dan !a! (ann'a men&ena a(ran #e(an 1-2 "ara(e( a(ran !eda arah
'an& ,


$dn&%a$%an
dda"a$ da"a$%anun$u%
da(am "r+#e# d!erdan
'an&$a!un&
"era(a$an $ahu #uhun'a.
den&an Ha( $er#e!u$
"en&&unaan n(a F da"a$
#e)ara *e(a#
menun*u%%an "+(a a(ran 'an& a%an mende%a$ a(ran !eda arah (e!h dar $"e
a(ran 1-2
HE.