C ANDIDATE NAME BRIAN TENDAI KAGANDI

CANDIDATE NUMBER ……………………………………

LEARNING AREA GEOGRAPHY

CENTER NAME NDARAMA HIGH (MUCHEKE 2) SCHOOL

CENTER NUMBER 060245

CALA QUESTIONS

i. Investigate and come up with causes of flooding in Masvingo urban [20]

ii. Investigate the effects of floods in Masvingo urban [20]

iii. Record discharge on a table and draw a labeled STORM HYDROGRAPH in ne urban river in
Masvingo [20]

iv. Suggest recommendations to reduce flooding and its effects [15]

v. Meeting the deadline [10]

SOLUTIONS
Investigate and come up with causes of flooding in Masvingo urban [20]
After the investigation, l found out that changes in land use contribute to flooding .Areas like Victoria
Ranch were forested and now have been changed to residential areas creating impermeable surfaces
which promotes increased surface run-off leading to overflow of rivers like Mucheke River .In outskates
area like Rujeko, there were forested areas which are now under urban farming .This leads to
deforestation which later promotes siltation leading to reduced capacity of rivers like Mushagashe River
promoting flooding.

I also found out that urbanization contribute to flooding in Masvingo .Construction of impermeable
surfaces such as pavements and tared roads in the Central Business Department reduces infiltration
thereby promoting increased surface run-off which leads to high river discharge in Mucheke
river .creation f gutters which channels water directly to Mucheke river causing it to have a high erosive
power leading to increased siltation and high river discharge.

I also found out that mining is another factor which causes flooding .Areas like Nemamwa ,small scale
minors are practicing open cast mining which loosens the soil leaving it prone to erosion leading to
siltation .This has reduced he water holding capacity of Mutirikwi river leading to flooding

According to my investigation, I noticed that poor farming methods leads to flooding in

Masvingo .Stream ban cultivation practiced in Mucheke A causes soil erosion and siltation thereby
reducing capacity of the Mucheke River leading to flooding.

I also found out that in Masvingo, there are frequent tropical cyclones during the rain season that leads
to flooding in water bodies like Mucheke river, Mushagashe river, Mutirikwi and Kyle dam .High rainfall
intensity exceeds infiltration rate and promotes increased overland flow as well as flooding

Investigate the effects of floods in Masvingo urban [20]

In Masvingo, flooding causes the spread of water bone diseases like diarrhoe, typhoid, dysentery and E-
coli .After flooding, residents in Mucheke are tempted to use flood water from Mucheke river which is
not safe to drink leading to disease outbreak especially in crowded areas and squarter camps in
Mucheke

In Masvingo floods destroy infrastructure like Chimusana bridge and roads .This restricts movement of
peopleto other locations.

I also found that death of people is an effect of floods in Masvingo . After floods, inhabitants of Mucheke
drown while trying to cross flooded Mucheke river to access the Central Business Department.

During floding

RECORD DISCHARGE ON A TABLE AND DRAW A LEBELED STORM HYDROGRAPH

IN ONE URBAN RIVER IN MASVINGO [20]
TABLE SHOWING DISCHARGE FOR MUSHAGASHE RIVER IN MASVINGO

STORM HYDROGRAPH FOR MUSHAGASHE RIVER IN MASVINGO

SUGGEST RECOMMENDSTIONS TO REDUCE FLOODING AND ITS EFFECTS [15]
After the investigation, I suggest digging trenches or installing drains can help facillitate runof fand direc
twater from your home and other buildings .Wheather inside or outside your home, keep appliances
and utilities off the ground to protect them from flooding .Constructing of interior barriers to stop low
level floodwater from entering basements helps prevent the effects of floods .Sealing walls of
basements with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage reduces the impacts of floods .effects of
floods can be reduced by staying away from walls to prevent being fallen over by walls, staying indoors
and using battery operated radios to get news and advises .After an injury make sure to perfom first aid
to save lives .However it is important to keep contact with family members and stay together during the
storm .Organising rescue teams and emergency evacuation by relocating affected inhabitants .Early
warning system helps the inhabitants in the affected area to prepare and relocate to safer places.

Apart from reducing the effects of flooding, we can also try amd minimise flooding frequency by
practising the following .Constructing dams helps reduce overflow of water in wate bodies .Practising
afforastation and reforastation also heps reduce floods and binds the soil together and prevents siltation
reducing floods.
 HYDROGRAPH FOR MUSHAGASHE IN MASVINGO

14

12

10

8
RAINFALL INTENSITY

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 130 140 150 130 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230

TIME IN MINUTES

DISCHARGE