Q1

Aim:
Preparation of the standard solution of Oxalic acid of a given volume..

Theory:
Hydrated oxalic acid = C2H2O4.2H2O

Molecular mass of Oxalic Acid = 126.

12.6 g of oxalic acid per litre of the solution should be dissolved to prepare M/10 oxalic
acid solution.

On the other hand,

12.6 /4 = 3.15 g of crystals of oxalic acid should be dissolved in water and precisely
250 ml of the solution should be produced.

Materials Required:

1. Chemical balance
2. Watch glass
3. Weight box
4. 250ml beaker
5. Glass rod
6. 250ml measuring flask
7. Wash bottle
8. Weighing tube
9. Oxalic acid
10. Funnel
11. Funnel stand
12. Distilled water

Apparatus Setup:
 Step by Step Laboratory Preparation of Standard Solution of Oxalic Acid

Procedure:

1. Take a watch glass, wash it with distilled water and dry it.
2. Weigh the exact amount of clean and dried watch glass and record its weight
in the notebook.
3. Weigh correctly on the watch glass 3.15 g of oxalic acid and record this weight
in the notebook.
4. Using a funnel, transfer oxalic acid softly and carefully from the watch glass
into a clean and dry measuring flask.
5. Wash the watch glass with distilled water to move the particles that stick to it
into the foam with the assistance of a wash bottle.
 6. For this purpose, the volume of distilled water should not exceed 50 ml.
7. Wash funnels several times with distilled water to move the sticking particles
into the measuring flask using a wash bottle. Add water in tiny quantities while
washing the funnel. The distilled water quantity used for this purpose should
not exceed 50 mL.
8. Using a wash bottle, wash the funnel carefully with distilled water to pass the
solution attached to the funnel into the measuring flask
9. Turn the flask of measurement until the oxalic acid dissolves.
10. Using a wash bottle, thoroughly add enough distilled water to the measuring
flask just below the etched mark on it.
11. Add the last few mL of distilled water drop into the measuring flask until the
reduced meniscus level just touches the mark.
12. Put the stopper on the mouth of the flask and shake softly to make the entire
solution uniform. Calculate it as a solution of oxalic acid M/10.

Observation:

Weight of the watch glass W1g

Weight of the watch glass + Oxalic acid W1 + 3.15g

Weight of Oxalic acid 3.150g

Volume of distilled water 250cm3

Results:
250cm3 of decimolar or (M/10) solution of oxalic acid is prepared.

Precautions:

1. Weighing of oxalic acid crystals need weights of 2g + 1g + 100mg + 5mg.

2. Wash the watch glass carefully so that even a single crystal of oxalic acid is
not left on the watch glass.
3. Last few drops should be added using a pipette to avoid extra addition of
distilled water above the mark on the neck of the measuring cylinder.
 4. If it is necessary to titrate oxalic acid or oxalate, add the required dilute
H2SO4 amount and heat the flask to 60 °-70 ° C.

Q2.

Aim:
To prepare a sample of starch solution.

Theory:
When water is used as a dispersion medium, starch has the ability to form sol. This
formation is enhanced with the help of heating. To prepare sol the mixture of water
and starch is heated to about 100° C.

Materials Required:
•
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1. Tripod stand
2. Beaker of about 50 to 250 mL
3. Funnel
4. Distilled water
5. Wire gauze
6. Glass rod
7. Mortar and pestle
8. Burner
9. Filter paper
10. 500 mg starch

Procedure:
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1. Take a mortar and add 500 mg of starch to it.
 2. Pour a few drops of distilled water and pestle the starch
into a thin paste.
3. Transfer the grounded paste to a 50 ml beaker.
4. Take a 250 mL beaker and pour 100 mL of distilled water to
it and heat the water to boiling.
5. Slowly pour the paste into the boiling water and
constantly keep stirring with the help of a glass rod.
6. Let it boil for 10 minutes after you have transferred all the
paste into the beaker.
7. Allow it to cool.
8. With the help of a filter paper attached to a funnel, you
can filter out the contents.
9. Label the filtrate as starch sol.

Precautions:
•
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▪
• The apparatus used for the experiment should be washed
with distilled water and dried before conducting the
experiment.
• Use distilled water to prepare starch sol.
• Make sure to convert starch into a smooth paste before
adding to the boiling water beaker.
• Keep constantly stirring the mixture while preparing starch
sol.
Q3.

Aim:
Understanding the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate.

Theory:
The reaction between Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

To produce a colloidal solution of sulphur, where the solution obtained is translucent.

The reaction occurs as follows:

Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + SO2 (g) + S(s)

The above reaction when written in its ionic form:

S2O3-2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) → H2O (l) + SO2 (g) + S(s)

As the temperature of the system increases or as the concentration of reacting

species increases the rate of precipitation of sulphur also increases. As the
concentration increases, molecular collisions per unit time of the reacting species
increase which can result in increased chances of product formation. This results in
an increase in the rate of precipitation of sulphur. Similarly, on increasing the
temperature, the kinetic energy of the reacting species increases, so the number of
collisions that result in the formation of products increase leading to a faster rate of
reaction.

Materials required:
The apparatus and materials required for this experiment are as follows:

1. Flasks 5
2. Burette of volume 50 mL
3. Pipette
4. Burette stand
5. Stopwatch
6. Sodium thiosulphate
7. 1M Hydrochloric acid
Procedure:
The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction:

1. Take five conical flasks, rinse them with water, and label them 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
2. Add 10 mL of sodium thiosulphate solution in flask 1, 20 mL of sodium
thiosulphate solution in flask 2, 30 mL of sodium thiosulphate solution in flask 3,
40 mL of sodium thiosulphate solution in flask 4, and 50 mL of sodium
thiosulphate solution in flask 5.
3. Add 40 mL of distilled water in the flask 1, 30 mL of distilled water in the flask 2,
20 mL of distilled water in flask 3, 10 mL of distilled water in flask 4. This is done
to adjust the volume of solution in each flask to 50 mL.
4. Add 1M HCl of volume 10 mL in flask 1 with the help of a burette.
5. Start the stopwatch immediately.
6. Take a white tile and draw a cross mark on it.
7. Add half of the HCl in the flask 1 and shake it well and start the stop-watch.
8. Observe the flask and start the stop-watch as soon as the cross mark
becomes invisible. Record the time taken for the process.
9. Repeat the experiment by adding 10 mL HCl in flask 2, 3, 4, 5 and record the
time for each.

Observation and result

Flask Sodium thiosulphate Distilled water volume HCl volume Time

1 10 mL 40 mL 10

2 20 mL 30 mL 10

3 30 mL 20 mL 10

4 40 mL 10 mL 10

5 50 mL 0 mL 10

Precautions to be taken during the experiment:

• Thoroughly wash the apparatus.
• The solutions taken for this experiment should be measured accurately.
• Use the same tile for all the observations.
• Stay alert while you start and stop the stop-watch.