Al Hussein bin Talal University

Name:Mahmoud RiyadhIbrahimAlburdaini

University number: 720150532016

Collage: Engineering

Department: mechanical engineering

Specialization: Renewable energy engineering / Master

Date: First semester 2017/2018

Supervisor: prof. Abdullah Marachli

Title of thesis:Design and Optimization of a Small Wind Turbine

Abstract

The current study aims to study the design of small wind turbine (HAWT) that size
20KW power output (maximum power) in ma 'an city/Jordan. In order to achieve that,
the study will include data collection of about wind profile at that site,wind speed
data,the data forselected location to five years ago by using thestatically Weibull and
Raleigh distribution methods toachieve the maximum energy of wind.In addition to
that design of the small wind turbine based on the aerodynamic design principles,
theoretical maximum efficiency, quantity of blades, blade shape designincluding
measure the drag and lift forces, optimal attack angle, tip speed ratio,Reynolds
number, airfoil profile selection will be performed.

Introduction

Wind is an important renewable resource. Jordan possesses high potential of wind

energy resources where the annual average wind speed exceeds 7 m/s (at 10 m height)
in some areas of the country [1][2][3]. Jordan is used the wind energy The wind
energy used to pump the water by using blades mechanical wind pumping system
stations in rural and remote areas and the wind energy used to generate electricity in
Jordan,especially in southern part. There are many wind projects in southern part of
Jordan, the first one of these is at ma'an city which consists of 40 wind turbines,the
power output from each one is 2MW established in 2013 with annual total energy
production of about 80 MW[1] [2], the second one is atFujeij wind farm in Al Shobak
consists of 27 wind turbines and the power production of about 3.3MW with annual
total energy production is 90MW established in 2015 [1][3], another one at altafilah
city which consists of 38 wind turbines, that total capacity is 117 MW [1] [3].
Wind turbine is the machine that converts the kinetic energy of the wind to a
mechanical energy that can be transformed into electrical energy by using a generator.
The amount of generated electrical energy depends on many factors includes the
power density of the wind speed andthe blade design.The average of the wind speed is
based on the site temperature. So, it's very important to study the metrological
parameters in order to evaluate the power of wind in any site by using Weibull and
Rayleigh distribution methods[4][10].
There are two types of wind turbinebased on the rotational axis orientation; horizontal
axis wind turbine(HAWT)in which the rotational axis is parallel to the ground and
verticalaxis wind turbine(VAWT) in which the rotational axis is normal to the
ground[5][10].
The VAWTincluding the main parts of this turbine such as gearbox and generatoris
located closer to the ground[11], So it has less power output and less efficiency due to
low wind speed at the ground level. Based on that,this type of turbine required a
additional mechanical power to begin spin[7][11][13]. On the other hand, the
horizontal axis wind turbine is placed over a tall tower to reach highelevations where
the wind speed is the highest to harvest more power from the windto reach the
maximum power output from the turbine.[4][11]. The maximum power output from
the turbine depend on many factors such as wind speed, numbers of blades, length of
blade, profile of the blade.[6][11][12].
The blade rotation depends on the two forces acting on the blade drag and lift forces
[7] [14].Amount of drag and lift forces on blade related to the angle makes between
the wind direction and the blade.
The drag and lift forces can be measured by using wind tunnel experiment to show the
relationship between the two forces and the angle of attack on airfoil profile[9][15]
[16]. Blade profiledesignedlike curve shape to maximize ratio between the lift and
drag forces [8] [9] [16].
The rotation Speed of the blade increasing with increasing the lift force act on the
blade to reach high tip speed ratioat optimum attack angle [17], so the efficiency
reaches the maximum of a turbine at a typical tip speed ratio [6] [8].The ratio of
power extracted from the wind to the total power in wind crossing the rotation area is
called the Coefficientof power [7].
This coefficient decreases with further increases of the tip speed ratio [6] [16].But the
maximum theoretical power coefficient of a wind turbine depends on lift force and its
represented to the highest theoretical efficiency can be achieved in the ideal case is
(16/27) that is known as the Betz limit [11] [14] [19]. The (HAWT) generate 4 times
power than the (VAWT)[20].
Research plan

1- Review the previous research that including this type of research

2- Study the reality of wind energy in ma'an city for five years ago by using the
statically distribution methods (weibull and Rayleigh).
3- Study of the factors that effecting on the performance of wind turbine.
4- Optimize the design of the blade and comparison the results
5- Measure the drag and lift forces and found the optimum attack angle that
effecting on the studied blade performancein the wind tunnel.
6- Studying hybrid system that connecting between the wind turbine system and
photovoltaic cell system.
7- Conclusion includingthe research results and suggestions

References
[1] Prospects of Energy 1997, 1998 - Facts & Figures, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources(MEMR), Amman- Jordan.

[2] Ziad J. Sabra; Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources, Amman-Jordan, 1999

[3] Johnson, J. P. Final Report; Wind Energy Pilot Project in Jordan, GOPA-
Consultants (Germany), MEMR, JEA, Amman – Jordan, 1989.

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[5] Hau, E. Wind Turbines, Fundamentals, Technologies, Application, Economics,

2nd ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2006

[6] Sathyajith Mathew wind energy, Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and

Economics

[7]Design and Optimization of a Small Wind Turbine, John McCosker, Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute Hartford, Connecticut, December 2012

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2012
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[10]Prof. Suhil Kiwan, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan,
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2nd ed.; Springer:Berlin, Germany, 2006.

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[13] Holdsworth, B. Green Light for Unique NOVA Offshore Wind Turbine, 2009.
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[14] Gasch, R.; Twele, J. Wind Power Plants; Solarpraxis: Berlin, Germany, 2002.

[15] Hull, D.G. Fundamentals of Airplane Flight Mechanics; Springer: Berlin,

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[16] Anderson, D.; Eberhardt, S. Understanding Flight; McGraw-Hill: New York,

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[17] Yurdusev, M.A.; Ata, R.; Cetin, N.S. Assessment of optimum tip speed ratio in
wind turbinesusing artificial neural networks. Energy 2006, 31, 2153–2161.

[18] Duquette, M.M.; Visser, K.D. Numerical implications of solidity and blade
number on rotorperformance of horizontal-axis wind turbines. J. Sol. Energy Eng.-
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[19] Chattot, J.J. Optimization of wind turbines using helicoidal vortex model. J. Sol.
EnergyEng. Trans. ASME 2003, 125, 418–424.

[20] Jureczko, M.; Pawlak, M.; Mezyk, A. Optimisation of wind turbine blades. J.
Mater. Proc.Technol. 2005, 167, 463–471.