Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AD UEF Day 4 Trade Policy
AD UEF Day 4 Trade Policy
Agenda
International Trade Policy
– Free trade vs. Protectionism : overview
– The Case for Protection
– Trade Instruments:
Tariffs
Subsidies
Imported Quotas
Voluntary Export Restraints (VER)
Other tools: Non-
Tariff Barriers | Measures
Analyze the Welfare of these tools
Case study:
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Free Trade Versus Protectionism
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AD @ UEF 2019 4
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Free Trade Versus Protectionism
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Contents
AD @ UEF 2019
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Free Trade Versus Protectionism
Freer trade cuts the cost of living
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Free Trade Versus Protectionism
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Free trade makes the world more
efficient
Scarce resources are used most efficiently when
governments do not interfere with the way free
markets work.
– National welfare of a small country is highest under
free trade.
– Under restricted trade, consumers pay higher prices.
– Under restricted trade, prices for domestic
producers are artificially high. This causes
overproduction either by existing firms producing
more or by more firms entering the industry.
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Free trade reduces rent seeking
Quotas can lead to rent seeking behavior that is
economically wasteful
– In India in the 1950s and 1960s, the amount of resources that a
business was allowed to import was tied to how big the
business was. This gave businesses an artificial incentive to
over-invest and be big
– Tuna importers to the United States were allowed to bring in a
limited amount of tuna on a first-come-first-served basis. Tuna
importers spent a lot of money to stockpile tuna in December,
in order to be first in line in January
– Such wasteful activities that are provoked by quirks in the
laws are called rent seeking
Tariff Man
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Tariff Man
Tariff Man
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Free Trade Versus Protectionism
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ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS AGAINST
FREE TRADE
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Free Trade Versus Protectionism
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Arguments for and against
Protectionism
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How special-interest groups that are
against free trade can capture political
power and the special-interest groups
that favor free trade are sidelined
ANTI-TRADE POLITICS
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Protectionism: Agriculture in
Japan
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Instrument of Trade Policy
...But this does not mean that everyone will be better off.
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Instrument of Trade Policy
new tools
TikTok giữa 'sóng thần
trừng phạt' của Mỹ
Vi Trân 08/12/
Một số tiểu bang tại Mỹ đã công bố
lệnh cấm cục bộ hoặc toàn phần đối
với ứng dụng TikTok trong khi nhiều
tiểu bang khác cũng đang cân nhắc
hành động tương tự.
Trong vài năm qua, các nghị sĩ Mỹ đã
kêu gọi cấm nhân viên chính quyền
cài đặt và sử dụng ứng dụng chia sẻ
video ngắn TikTok. Cuộc vận động
diễn ra khi cơ quan chức năng Mỹ
ngày càng giám sát kỹ TikTok vì
nguy cơ an ninh quốc gia dù nền tảng
này phản bác.
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Instrument of Trade Policy
new tools
Muốn xuất khẩu mạnh, doanh nghiệp phải
'xanh'
18/11/2022 16:22 GMT+7
TTO - Hơn 300 doanh nghiệp hàng đầu đến từ các ngành cà
phê, gỗ, thuỷ sản… đã tham gia hội thảo 'Xuất khẩu vào các
thị trường FTA - Giải bài toán phát triển bền vững' do Báo
Công Thương tổ chức tại TP.HCM ngày 18-11.
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Instrument of Trade Policy
new tools
Bangladesh làm không đủ bán, vì sao dệt may
Việt Nam than thở thiếu đơn hàng?
Trả lời tờ Daily Star, giám đốc điều hành SM
Khaled của Công ty hàng may mặc Snowtex cho
biết giá cả cạnh tranh, chất lượng, cũng như
những thành tựu gần đây về an toàn và tuân thủ
tiêu chuẩn đã nâng tầm ngành may mặc nước
này.
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Instrument of Trade Policy
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Instrument of Trade Policy
Tuy nhiên, theo ông Đỗ Quốc Hưng, Phó Vụ
trưởng Vụ Thị trường châu Á-châu Phi, Bộ
Công Thương, các tiêu chuẩn nhập khẩu của
Nhật ngày càng khắt khe. Chỉ riêng ngành
nông thuỷ sản, 5 năm trở lại đây, số lô hàng
Việt xuất khẩu sang Nhật bị trả về đã tăng gần
gấp đôi từ 54 lô năm 2018 lên 90 lô năm
2022.
Không chỉ nông thuỷ sản gặp khó, ngành dệt may cũng
phải liên tiếp đối mặt thách thức khi không chỉ phải
bền đẹp, đa dạng mẫu mã mà còn đáp ứng các tiêu
chuẩn thiện với môi trường.
“Những khó khăn mà doanh nghiệp đối mặt không còn là
thuế quan mà ở mức độ đáp ứng các tiêu chuẩn nhập
khẩu ngày càng cao cả về chất lượng và tính bền vững đối
với môi trường-xã hội. Ngoài ra, các doanh nghiệp cũng
chưa khai thác hiệu quả các kênh phân phối, khả năng
quản lý còn yếu,” ông Hưng cho biết.
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Instrument of Trade Policy
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Who Uses Tariffs?
Sample US tariffs
– Cars: 2.5%
– Trucks: 25%
– Men’s cotton shirts 19.7%
– Women’s blouses 26.9%
– Tariffs facing exports of developing countries:
Nepal 13.2%
Bangladesh 13.6%
Example:
Lecture 5: Tariffs 46
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Free Trade Versus Protectionism
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Government uses to protect industry
VIETNAM
?
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Revised concept: Consumer & Producer
Surplus
FIGURE 8-1 (2 of 2)
In panel (b), the producer surplus from supplying the quantity S1 at the price
P1 is the area above the supply curve and below that price.
Economic of Tariffs:
Tariffs are the most common type of trade
restriction
A tariff requires the importer of a good to
pay a
specified fraction of the world price to the
government
By raising the domestic price of imports, a tariff
helps domestic producers but hurts domestic
consumers
© AD at UEF 54
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Instrument of Trade Policy: Tariffs
Economic of Tariffs:
We can summarize the effects of tariffs to
Consumption effect
– Domestic consumers reduce their
consumption.
Production effect
– Higher prices make it profitable for domestic
producers to increase their output.
– Thus the tariff attracts resources into the
protected industry from other sectors of the
economy.
© AD at UEF 55
Economic of Tariffs:
We can summarize the effects of tariffs to
Trade effect
imports to fall.
– The tariff causes
Revenue effect
– After the imposition of the tariff, the
government
collects a certain amount of money.
Redistribution effect
– The tariff redistributes income from consumers to
producers.
© AD at UEF 56
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The Effect of a Tariff
4 International Trade Policy - 4.2 Trade Barriers: Tariffs, Subsidies and Quotas 57
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Effects of a Tariff on Prices and Quantities
Price
of Steel
Domestic
supply
Equilibrium
without trade
Price
after tariff Tariff
Price World
before tariff Imports price
Domestic
with tariff
demand
S S D D
0 Q Q Q Q Quantity
of Steel
Imports
under free trade
Price
of Steel
Consumer surplus
before tariff Domestic
supply
Producer
surplus Equilibrium
before without trade
tariff
Price World
before tariff price
Domestic
demand
S D
0 Q Q Quantity
of Steel
Imports
under free trade
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Consumer Surplus after Tariff
Price
of Steel
Consumer surplus
after tariff Domestic
supply
A
Equilibrium
without trade
B
Price
after tariff Tariff
Price World
before tariff Imports price
Domestic
with tariff
demand
S S D D
0 Q Q Q Q Quantity
of Steel
Imports
under free trade
Price
of Steel
Domestic
supply
Producer
surplus Equilibrium
after tariff without trade
Price
after tariff C Tariff
Price World
before tariff G Imports price
Domestic
after tariff
demand
S S D D
0 Q Q Q Q Quantity
of Steel
Imports
under free trade
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Government’s Revenue from Tariff
Price
of Steel
Domestic
supply
Tariff Revenue
Price
after tariff Tariff
E
Price World
before tariff Imports price
Domestic
after tariff
demand
S S D D
0 Q Q Q Q Quantity
of Steel
Imports
under free trade
Price
of Steel
Domestic
supply
A
Deadweight Loss
B
Price
with tariff C Tariff
D E F
Price World
without tariff G Imports price
Domestic
after tariff
demand
S S D D
0 Q Q Q Q Quantity
of Steel
Imports
without tariff
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The Welfare Analysis of a Tariff
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Effects of Tariff on
Social Welfare
Price
of Steel
Domestic
supply
A
Deadweight Loss:
Production distortion loss
B Consumption distortion loss
Price
with tariff C Tariff
D E F
Price World
without tariff G Imports price
Domestic
after tariff
demand
S S D D
0 Q Q Q Q Quantity
of Steel
© AD at UEF
Imports
without tariff
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Instrument of Trade Policy: Tariffs
Economic of Tariffs:
Summing up, in addition to deadweight loss (triangle ( d+ f)),
there are other losses:
The area of triangle D equals the increase in marginal costs for the
extra units produced and can be interpreted as the production loss
(or the efficiency loss) for the economy due to producing at
marginal cost above the world price.
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Instrument of Trade Policy: Tariffs
Economic of Tariffs:
The deadweight burden of a tariff suggests that
society suffers from restricting trade.
This is the case for free trade.
Tariffs have fallen substantially under the
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade) and WTO (World Trade Organization).
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Welfare Effects of a Tariff
Infant industries
– An attempt to nurture new activities via learning by
doing.
A temporary production subsidy probably
better.
Revenue
– Tariffs raise government revenue.
But there are better ways to do that.
Cheap foreign labour
– A non-argument – denies benefits of comparative
advantage
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Protectionist Policies: Tariff
Justification
Infant industry argument
Cost of Tariffs
– Protection for young
domestic industry Interfere with
Employment argument comparative
– Protect domestic jobs advantage
Terms of Trade argument (case Reduced economic efficiency
for Big Country) (generate 2 deadweight
– Tariffs improve terms of losses for Economy)
trade
Diversification and
Industrialization argument
Collect revenue to help!
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Protectionist Policies: Tariff Example 2
Trị giá
Trị giá Thuế tự
Thuế tính thuế
tính thuế vệ, Thuế Thuế
GTGT
nhập CBPG, TTĐB BVMT
nhập CTC (nếu (nếu có) (nếu có)
hàng
khẩu nhập
khẩu có)
khẩu
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PHƯƠNG PHÁP TÍNH THUẾ ÁP DỤNG THUẾ SUẤT
THEO TỶ LỆ %
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THUẾ TUYỆT ĐỐI
CHO XE ĐQSD
• Áp dụng cho xe ô tô đã qua sử
Nghị định số 125/2017/NĐ-CP ngày
16 tháng 11 năm 2017 của Chính
dụng 9 chỗ trở xuống, dung tích
phủ xi lanh < 1.000cc
• Mức thuế: 10.000 USD/chiếc
Chính sách thuế liên quan lĩnh vực XNK - © Hồng Tuyên
Số lượng
Mức thuế Số tiền
Số tiền thuế từng mặt
tuyệt đối /đơn
Tỷ giá
phải nộp hàng thực tế
vị hàng hóa tính thuế thuế tuyệt
ghi trong
TKHQ
đối
Chính sách thuế liên quan lĩnh vực XNK - © Hồng Tuyên
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Instrument of Trade Policy: Quotas
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US Import Quotas:
• Sugar
• Tobacco
• Peanuts & peanut butter
• Specific dairy products (e.g. powdered milk, baby
formula)
• Cotton
• Beef
• Animal feed
• Anchovies
4 International Trade Policy - 4.2 Trade Barriers: Tariffs, Subsidies and Quotas 85
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The Effects of an Import Quota
Price
of Steel
Domestic
supply
Equilibrium
without trade
Domestic
Quota
supply
+
Import supply
Isolandian
price with
Equilibrium
quota
with quota
Price
World World
without =
price Imports price
quota Domestic
with quota
demand
S S D D
0 Q Q Q Q Quantity
of Steel
© AD at UEF
Imports
without quota
© AD at UEF
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Protectionist
Policies:
Quotas
Example 1
AFTER
QUOTA
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Protectionist Policies: Quotas Example 2
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The Effects of
an Import
Quota
Price
of Steel
Domestic
supply
Equilibrium
without trade
Domestic
Quota
supply
A
+
Import supply
Isolandian
price with B
Equilibrium
quota
with quota
C D E'
Price E" F
World World
without =
price G Imports price
quota Domestic
with quota
demand
S S D D
0 Q Q Q Q Quantity
of Steel
© AD at UEF
Imports
without quota
© AD at UEF
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Instrument of Trade Policy: Quotas
© AD at UEF 94
© AD at UEF 95
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Tariffs v. Quotas
If government sells import licenses for full value,
– the revenue would equal that from an equivalent tariff
and
– tariffs and quotas would have identical results.
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Tariffs vs. Quotas
© AD at UEF 99
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Instrument of Trade Policy
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A Voluntary Export Restraint in
Practice: Japanese Cars
For much of the 1960s and 1970s, the US car industry
was largely insulated from competition by the different
kind of cars bought by US and foreign consumers
US buyers, living in a large country with low gasoline
taxes, preferred much larger cars than Europeans and
Japanese
In 1979, however, sharp oil price increases and
temporary gasoline shortages caused the U.S. market to
shift abruptly toward smaller cars.
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A Voluntary Export Restraint in
Practice: Japanese Cars
The first agreement, in 1981, limited Japanese exports to
the US to 1.68 million cars.
The price of Japanese cars in the US rose, with the rent
captured by Japanese firms.
The US government estimates the total costs to the US
to be $3.2 billion in 1984, primarily in transfers to Japan
rather than efficiency losses.
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Trade Policy Tools
WTO rules against Boeing in US subsidies case
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has ruled that a tax
break from Washington state to help Boeing develop its new
777X jetliner was a prohibited subsidy - a victory for Airbus
and EU regulators.
US aircraft manufacturer Boeing had received
forbidden subsidies for its 777X wide-body passenger jet, the
World Trade Organization (WTO) said Monday, as they
encouraged the use of domestic materials and fuel unfair trade
distortions.
The WTO said the subsidy came in the form of a renewed
cut in Washington state's main business tax for aeropsace
agreed in 2013, when Boeing was considering where to base
assembly its latest long-haul jet.
The trade body didn't give a value for the banned aid, but the
EU estimated it at $5.7 billion (5.2 billion euros) out of an
$8.7-billion package of tax measures granted to the
planemaker by Boeing's home state of Washington.
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Instrument of Trade Policy: Subsidy
Subsidies
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Instrument of Trade Policy: Subsidies
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Instrument of Trade Policy: Export Subsidy
An export subsidy can also be specific or ad valorem:
– A specific subsidy is a payment per unit exported.
– An ad valorem subsidy is a payment as a proportion of the value exported.
When the government offers an export subsidy,
shippers will export the good up to the point at
which the domestic price exceeds the foreign price by
the amount of the subsidy.
An export subsidy raises the price in the exporting country,
decreasing its consumer surplus (consumers worse off) and
increasing its producer surplus (producers better off).
AD @ UEF 2018
Export Subsidies
Export subsidies are paid to companies for exporting a
given product Such subsidies expands production and exports
– This increases profits in the favoured industries
– Lowers the price paid by foreigners
– Raises the price paid by domestic consumers of the
good The national well-being of the exporting country is
worse off
– This is an example of a policy that expands trade
beyond what is optimal: the country becomes more
engaged in international trade than is really warranted by
the data of the market
– Capital is misallocated as a result – toward the exporting industries and
away from industries producing for the domestic market
– Since imports and exports must balance, import-competing 11
3
industries are hurt Kristoffer J. M. Hansen, Institute for Economic Policy
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Subsidies: Are They Used?
YES!!
US, EU, Japan all have large subsidies on many
agricultural products
These reduce world prices and hurt producers of
these products in developing countries
Examples of US subsidies and whom they hurt:
– Corn: Mexico
– Sugar: Caribbean countries
– Cotton: Certain African countries
Export subsidies
Commercial policy to boost exports.
Consumption Production
loss Exports loss
Price
Sdom
A B Sw +
P’ subsidy
G E
P Sw
C F
Ddom
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Instrument of Trade Policy:
Export subsidies
(cont.)
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Export Subsidy
Competitive playing fields
Domestic Employment National Security
Because foreign imports are produced in Subsidizing the exports of domestic Export subsidies can also encourage
other countries by foreign workers, production "levels the competitive domestic production of goods that are
subsidizing exports and increasing playing field" compared to imports
deemed critical to the security of the
domestic production also increases produced by foreign workers who
receive lower wages. national economy.
domestic employment
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loss total international
6% market share
48%
the Middle East
market share $50,000,000,000
7% subsidy
42% transatlantic
market share
34%
Salvatore: International Economics, 11th Edition © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Europe’s Common Agricultural
Program
The EU has a massive export subsidy program
The CAP began not as an export subsidy, but as an effort
to guarantee high prices to farmers by having the EU buy
products when prices fell below support levels
To prevent this policy from drawing in imports, it was
initially backed by tariffs that offset the difference
between European and world prices ➔ to make imports
more expensive
Since the 1970s, however, the support prices set by the EU have turned out
to be so high that Europe—which, under free trade, would be an importer
of most agricultural products—was producing more than consumers were
willing to buy
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Question: Bonus point
Actually, temporary production
subsidies rather than import tariffs are
some times suggested by economists.
WHY? What are the economic
AD @ UEF 2018
AD @ UEF 2018
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International Trade Policy:
Instrument of Trade Policy
Most Common Trade Barriers:
Closely related to subsidies is the practice of dumping.
– Dumping takes place when a firm or an industry sells
products on the world market at price below the cost of
production.
126
AD @ UEF 2018
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Dumping
Dumping happens when goods are sold in export
markets for less than their “normal value”.
Generally this is taken to mean as less than their
price in domestic or third-country markets
Price-based dumping is when a firm sells a product in a
foreign market at a price below that for which the firm
sells in the domestic market
Cost-based dumping is when a firm sells a good in a foreign
market below its average total cost
Both are really examples of price discrimination – in favour
of the buyers of exports!
Kristoffer J. M. Hansen, Institute for Economic Policy 12
8
129
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Trade Policy Tools
Trump orders probe into cheap steel imports, raises
prospect of new tariffs
"Dumping is a tremendous problem in this country," Trump said.
"They're dumping vast amounts of steel in our country, and
they're really hurting not only our country, but our companies."
Invoking national security interests, the Republican president
said: "Steel is critical to both our economy and our military.
This is not an area where we can afford to become
dependent on foreign countries."
Trump was elected to the White House on an
"America First" campaign vowing to rein in on foreign
trade practices and boost domestic manufacturing. That message
appeared to win him support in industrial states including Ohio,
Michigan and Pennsylvania. AD @ UEF 2018
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Trade Policy Tools
EU announces tariffs on Chinese solar panels
The European Commission on Tuesday said it would begin
to apply a provisional staggered system of duties on
Chinese solar imports, in anticipation of possible talks
with Beijing.
EU Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht said that an average levy of
11.8 percent would be applied from June 6, with the levy rising to 47.6
percent on August 6, unless a solution could be agreed.
"I want a fair solution with China," De Gucht said, adding
that the EU was keen to pursue a course of negotiation with
Beijing. "The ball is now in China's court. I want an amicable
solution with our Chinese partners."
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Trade Policy Tools
China to scrap anti-dumping duties on US car imports China has
indicated it will stop levying punitive tariffs on many types of
vehicles imported from the United States. The duties were originally
directed in particular against General Motors and the Chrysler
Group.
China's Ministry of Commerce said on its website on Friday that
punitive measures related to US car imports would be terminated on
December 15.
The Asian country had started levying duties on US sedans and
sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) with engines of 2.5 liters and above
in what it said was in retaliation for unfavorable US trade
policies.
Beijing had argued carmakers such as General Motors (GM) and
Chrysler had received government subsidies and dumped their
vehicles onto the Chinese market, harming the domestic automotive
sector.
Dumping:
– International price discrimination
– Foreign producers charge lower prices than
domestic producers for an identical product
After allowing for transportation costs and tariff
duties
– Selling in foreign markets at a price below
the cost of production
© AD at UEF 135
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Instrument of Trade Policy
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Antidumping Regulations
Antidumping duty
– U.S. Department of Commerce
Foreign merchandise is being sold at less than fair
value (LTFV)
– U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC)
Determines that LTFV imports are
causing/threatening material injury
– Imposed in addition to the normal tariff
© AD at UEF 138
THUẾ TỰ VỆ
• Văn bản pháp quy:
• Luật thuế xuất khẩu, thuế nhập thuế nhập khẩu bổ sung được
khẩu 2016 (điều 14) áp dụng trong trường hợp
nhập khẩu hàng hóa quá mức
• Nghị định 10/2018/NĐ-CP ngày
vào VN gây thiệt hại nghiêm
15/01/2018) trọng hoặc đe dọa cho SX
• Các VB cho từng mặt hàng: trong nước
• QĐ 1561/QĐ-BCT (05/6/2019)
• QĐ 1230/QĐ-BCT (13/5/2019)
• CV 4387/TCHQ-TXNK
(03/7/2019
• QĐ 536/QĐ-BTC (09/2/18) sửa
QĐ 1931/QĐ-BTC (31/5/17)
• QĐ 538/QĐ-BTC (09/2/18) sửa
QĐ 2968/QĐ-BTC 18/7/16)
Chính sách thuế liên quan lĩnh vực XNK - © Hồng Tuyên
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THUẾ TỰ VỆ
• Khối lượng, trị giá hàng NK gia tăng
đột biến so với hàng trong nước
Điều kiện • Đe dọa hoặc gây thiệt hại nghiêm
trọng cho SX trong nước
Chính sách thuế liên quan lĩnh vực XNK - © Hồng Tuyên
Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa,Cộng hòa In-đô- Thuế tạm thời với mức
AD09 Chống bán phá giá Một số sản phẩm bột ngọt nê-xi-a thuế cụ thể Đang điều tra
ER01.SG06 Tự vệ Phân bón DAP và MAP Toàn cầu Đang điều tra Đang điều tra
Một số sản phẩm plastic và sản phẩm bằng plastic Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa,Vương quốc Thuế tạm thời với mức
AD07 Chống bán phá giá được làm từ các polyme từ propylen Thái Lan,Ma-lai-xi-a thuế cụ thể Đang điều tra
Một số sản phẩm bằng nhôm, hợp kim hoặc không Thuế tạm thời với mức Thuế chính thức với mức thuế
AD05
Chính sách thuế liên quan lĩnh vực XNK - © Hồng Tuyên
Chống bán phá giá hợp kim, ở dạng thanh, que và hình Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa
thuế cụ thể cụ thể
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THUẾ CHỐNG BÁN PHÁ GIÁ
• Văn bản pháp quy:
• Luật thuế xuất khẩu, thuế
nhập khẩu 2016 (điều 12)
• QĐ 1480/QĐ-BCT
(29/5/2019) thuế nhập khẩu bổ sung được áp dụng
• QĐ 1711/QĐ-BCT trong trường hợp hàng hóa bán phá
(18/6/2019) giá nhập khẩu vào VN gây ra hoặc đe
• CV 4387/TCHQ-TXNK dọa gây ra thiệt hại đáng kể cho SX
(03/7/2019) trong nước
• QĐ 537/QĐ-BTC
(09/2/18) sửa QĐ
3283/QĐ-BTC (21/8/17)
• QĐ 539/QĐ-BTC
(09/2/18) sửa QĐ
1105/QĐ-BTC (30/3/17)
Chính sách thuế liên quan lĩnh vực XNK - © Hồng Tuyên
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Thực tiễn điều tra phòng vệ
thương mại của EU
(1995-2019)
Số vụ việc điều tra phòng vệ thương mại do EU tiến hành
1995-2019
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66
60
50
40
40
35
33
31
29
30 27
25 24 24
20 20
20 18 17
15 15 14 14
13 12 11
9 9 8
10 7
5 5 6 6 6
3 3 4 45 5
12 22 2 2 2 2 23
00 00 0 0 0 00 0 1 01 10 00 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Anti-Dumping Anti-Subsidy Safeguard
Nguồn: European Commission – https://trade.ec.europa.eu/ |4
|
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5
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Part II : Non- Tariff Barriers
146
AD @ UEF 2021
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Types of NTBs
Nontariff Barriers to
Imports
Nontariff barriers to imports are any policies used by the
• government to reduce imports other than tariffs
An NTB reduces imports through one or more of the
• following direct effects:
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NON-TARIFF BARRIERS
TO T R A D E
Import bans
Determination of eligibility
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Inspection density is too Strict quality standards
high
© AD at UEF 153
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Ô tô Trung Quốc vào Úc phải khử khuẩn,
đứng đầu danh sách 'nhiễm khuẩn'
Ô tô Trung Quốc “ô nhiễm” nhiều đến mức đang khiến cảng biển ở Úc ách tắc do mất
nhiều thời gian kiểm dịch.
Đây là lần đầu tiên
Chính phủ Úc công
bố thông tin chi tiết
về các mối đe dọa
sinh học với mặt
hàng ô tô nhập
khẩu. Theo đó, vào
năm ngoái, có tới
11.000 ô tô đến từ
Trung Quốc cần
được khử độc do
các rủi ro an toàn
sinh học như ốc
sên, hạt giống lạ, và © AD at UEF 154
bọ xít.
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Instrument of Trade Policy
Nhiều doanh nghiệp, nông dân trồng
thanh long ruột đỏ xuất khẩu đi Nhật
đang "ngồi trên lửa" với quy định mới
về mã số vùng trồng.
Cái khó là chỉ có giống thanh long ruột đỏ LD1
mới được Nhật chấp nhận nhập khẩu, mà giống này
lại thuộc sở hữu của một công ty tư nhân tại Long
An. Do yêu cầu quá gấp và phức tạp nên không ít
doanh nghiệp phải đem thanh long xuất khẩu ra bán
tại các chợ đầu mối, thiệt hại đơn hàng xuất khẩu
không nhỏ. Như... trên trời rơi xuốngGiữa tháng
1 vừa qua, Công ty TNHH chế biến trái cây Yasaka
(chuyên xuất khẩu trái cây đi Nhật Bản) gặp vấn đề
khi 5 container (khoảng 70 tấn) thanh long ruột đỏ
trị giá 190.000 USD xuất đi Nhật... bị vướng rào
cản bất ngờ. Đó là thông báo từ Trung tâm Kiểm
dịch thực vật sau nhập khẩu II (thuộc Cục Bảo vệ
thực vật) về việc áp dụng mã số vùng trồng cho trái
thanh long ruột trắng và thanh long ruột đỏ khi xuất
khẩu qua thị trường Nhật Bản.
© AD at UEF 156
Challenged sectors
Wooden
o Woodchip products have a preferential export tax rate of 0%.
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Challenged sectors
Fishery
o Many big competitors.
© AD at UEF 159
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Other NTBs:
Unfair Trade Laws
The (legal) threat and use of
– Anti-Dumping Duties
– Countervailing Duties
We’ll say more about this later, in lecture about U.S.
Trade Policies
These are NTBs if
– “Unfair trade” is actually normal trade (it usually is)
– The threat of action discourages trade, even when duties are
not levied (the “chilling effect”)
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Occupational safety and health regulation
Employment law
Import licenses
Export subsidies
TECHNICAL BARRIERS
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TECHNICAL BARRIERS
TECHNICAL BARRIERS
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Các biện pháp phi
thuế
Non tariff measures
Thủ tục hợp pháp hóa lãnh sự giấy tờ thương mại: Bỏ ngay
Consular legalization requirement is to be immediately removed
▪ Thúc đẩy đơn giản hóa thủ tục hải quan, hải quan điện tử/
Promote simplification of custom procedures and e-customs
TBT, SPS
▪ Minh bạch/ Transparency
▪ Công nhận tương đương/ Mutual recognition
▪ Căn cứ trên các tiêu chuẩn quốc tế/ Based on international
standards
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➢Ứng phó với các rào cản, quy định mới
là không dễ... / Coping with new regulations and barriers is no
easy task...
o Khó phát triển nếu không chủ động nâng cao nhận thức, thói quen tìm hiểu
thị hiếu và quy định của thị trường Trung Quốc / Improving awareness and
skills is imperative to penetrate Chinese market
• Đặc biệt là nếu chỉ duy trì cách làm tiểu ngạch, thiếu gắn kết, ... / Adaptation to
formal
channels and business linkages, etc.
o Khó phát triển nếu không điều chỉnh chiến lược kinh doanh phù hợp, gắn
với đề xuất hỗ trợ (không trái cam kết) từ các Bộ, ngành và cơ quan địa
phương; /
Adjustment of business strategies, together with proposal for legitimate supports from
Ministries, line
authorities and local governments;
o Khó phát triển nếu doanh nghiệp không chủ động kiến nghị, tháo gỡ những
bất cập chính sách (bởi cơ quan nhà nước khó tự rà soát hết được). / Active
proposals to address regulatory constraints (as self-review by government agencies hardly
suffice).
EXAMPLE
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Administrative and bureaucratic delays at the entrance
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Local Content Requirement
A local content requirement is a regulation that requires a
specified fraction of a final good to be produced domestically.
It may be specified in value terms, by requiring that some
minimum share of the value of a good represent home value
added, or in physical units.
AD @ UEF 2018
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American buses, made in Hungary
THE REASON
Governments offer barriers to encourage
domestic production, encourage import
and export and stabilize their economies.
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Other Trade Policies
Sanctions, bans, and the politics of trade policies
Summary:
Choose 1 trade tool that benefit the Economy
In the long run ? ( Social welfare, Job Creation,
Social Stability, Local Economy, Production
© AD at UEF
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