Balances on Nonreactive

Processes
Khairul anwar mohamad said

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• This chapter presents procedures for evaluating Δ𝐻̇ or ΔU when
# and 𝑈
tables of 𝐻 # are not available for all process species.
• Once these calculations have been performed, the energy balance
may be written and solved as before.
• We outline a procedure for solving energy balance problems that will
be applied to both nonreactive processes (this chapter) and reactive
processes

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Reference states

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Continue

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Exercise 1

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• Observed that 𝐻 # and 𝑈# are state properties of a species: that is, their
values depend only on the state of the species—primarily on its
temperature and state of aggregation (solid, liquid, or gas) and, to a
lesser extent, on its pressure (and for mixtures of some species, on its
mole fraction in the mixture).
• A state property does not depend on how the species reached its
state. Consequently, when a species passes from one state to another,
both Δ 𝑈# and Δ 𝐻 # for the process are independent of the path taken
from the first state to the second one.

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Hypothetical process path
In most of nonreactive and reactive energy balances, you will learn how to calculate internal energy
and enthalpy changes associated with certain processes: specifically,

Process Type

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• Once we know how to calculate Δ 𝑈 # and Δ 𝐻 # for these five types of
processes, we can calculate these quantities for any process by taking
advantage of the fact that 𝐻 # and 𝑈 # are state properties. The
procedure is to construct a hypothetical process path from the initial
state to the final state consisting of a series of steps of the given five
types. Having done this, we calculate Δ 𝐻 # for each of the steps, and
then add the Δ 𝐻’s# for the steps to calculate Δ 𝐻 # for the total process.
• Since 𝐻# is a state property, Δ 𝐻# calculated for the hypothetical
process path—which we constructed for convenience—is the same as
Δ𝐻 # for the path actually followed by the process. The same
procedure can be followed to calculate Δ 𝑈 # for any process.

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Example 1

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Continue

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Exercise 2

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Procedure of energy balance calculation
• Most of the problems at the end of this chapter and reactive energy
balance look very much like the problems in previous chapters
(energy balance for closed, open and mechanical): given values of
some process variables (feed and product stream temperatures,
pressures, phases, amounts or flow rates, and component mole
fractions), calculate values of other process variables.
• Starting in nonreactive energy balance, you will also be asked to
calculate the heat transferred to or from the process system (one
additional variable), which will require writing and solving an energy
balance (one additional equation)

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Continue
• Here is the procedure to follow for the energy balance calculation.

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Continue

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Continue

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Example 2

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Solution

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Continue step 5

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Continue step 5

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• Before we leave this section, let us consider what we just did from a
different perspective. The process for which we need to calculate Δ𝐻= ̇
𝑄̇ may be depicted as shown below:

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• To calculate Δ𝐻̇ , in effect we constructed the following process path:

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Changes in pressure at constant temperature

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Both the specific gravity (SG) and the molecular weight (MW) can be looked up in Table B.1

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Changes in pressure at constant temperature

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Exercise 3

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Balances on
Nonreactive
Processes
part 2
Khairul anwar mohamad
said

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Changes in
temperature
and heat
capacity

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Changes in temperature

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Heat capacity at constant volume

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Example

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Exercise

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Heat capacity at constant pressure

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Heat capacity
formula

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Formula
• Heat capacities are functions of temperature and are frequently
expressed in polynomial form

• Values of the coefficients a; b; c; and d are given in Table B.2 of

Appendix B for a number of species at 1 atm

where R is the gas constant.

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More relationship

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Example

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Example

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Estimation of
Heat
Capacities

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Kopp’s rule

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Enthalpy change approximation

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Calculation heat capacity of mixture

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Example

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Energy Balances
on Single-Phase
Systems

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Procedure
We are now in a position to perform energy balances on any processes that do not involve
phase changes, mixing steps for which enthalpy changes cannot be neglected, or chemical
reactions.

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Example 4

Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Exercise

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Example 5

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Solution

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Solution

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Exercise

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PHASE
CHANGE
OPERATIONS
Khairul anwar

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Latent heats

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Example 1

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Exercise

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Calculate latent heat
of phase change at
any temperature

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Example 2

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Continue

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Continue

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Continue

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Continue

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Exercise

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Phase change in
close system

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Exercise

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Estimation and
Correlation of Latent
Heats

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Estimating latent heat

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Estimating latent heat

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Example 3

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Continue

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Energy Balances on
Processes Involving
Phase Changes

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General procedure

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Example 4

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Exercise

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P S Y C H RO M E T R I C
1
C H A RT S

Khair ul anwar mohamad said

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Saturation curve at 100% hr

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~0.87
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Twb

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Constant
wet bulb
temp. line
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-0.52
EXAMPLE

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EXERCISE

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EXAMPLE

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 32

Vh=13
EXERCISE

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A D I A B AT I C C O O L I N G

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EXAMPLE

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 40

13.2 21.2
EXERCISE

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EXERCISE

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Mixing and
solution
Khairul anwar mohamad said

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Introduction

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Energy balance

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Ideal mixture and heat of solution

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Heats of
Solution and
Mixing

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Definition

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Heat of solution

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Exercise

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Balances on
Dissolution and
Mixing Processes

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Procedure

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Example

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Exercise

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Enthalpy–
Concentration
Charts—Single
Liquid Phase

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Enthalpy–concentration chart

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Solution

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-56 BTU/lbm

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Example

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Exercise

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Adiabatic mixing

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Example 3

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150 °C

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Solution

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150 °C

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Exercise 2

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0.65

190 F
-60

-97

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