UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS ESPE

SIGNAL AND SYSTEMS

Fausto Granda G.

Sangolqui - Ecuador
 Signal and Systems

Convolution
References
• Oppenheim, A. Willsky, and H. Nawab, Signals and Systems, 2ª edición, 1997, Prentice Hall, ISBN # 0-13-814757-4.
• Hwei P. Hsu, “Signals and Systems”, 2nd Edition, McGrawHill Schaum Outlines, ISBN: 978-0-07-163473-1, 2011.
• Chaparro Luis, “Signal and Systems using Matlab”, Elsevier, Oxford UK, ISBN 978-0-12-374716-7 , 2011
• “Better Insight into DSP: 10 Applications of Convolution in Various Fields” https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-
articles/dsp-applications-of-convolution-part-2/, Jun, 2020
Linear time invariant systems
• Two most important attributes of systems are linearity and time-invariance
who play a fundamental role in signal and system analysis for two major
reasons:
• Many physical processes possess these properties and thus can be
modeled as LTI systems.
• LTI systems can be analyzed in considerable detail, providing both insight
into their properties and a set of powerful tools that form the core of signal
and system analysis.

• The input-output relationship for LTI systems is described in terms of a

convolution operation.

• The importance of the convolution operation in LTI systems: the

knowledge of the response of an LTI system to the unit impulse input allows us
to find its output to any input signals.
LTI – Convolution-Applications
Signal Processing: image filters
LTI – Convolution-Applications
Synthesizing a pattern using the Impulse Response of a System

a) Impulses

b) Impulse response of a
system

a) System response
LTI – Convolution-Applications
Polynomial multiplication
LTI – Convolution-Applications
Audio Processing: With “convolution reverb”, you can convolve an area's
known impulse response with that of a desired sound in order to simulate
the reverberation effect of a particular area.

Artificial Intelligence: Some neural networks incorporate “convolutional

neural networks” a powerful tools for image processing.
https://theappsolutions.com/blog/development/convolutional-neural-networks/

Synthesized Seismographs: Seismic waves can travel through different layers

of earth, each with its own composition and reflectivity. The act of
multiplying reflection coefficients of particular earth layers with an incoming
signal and then summing the resultant waves can be effectively modeled
via convolution operation.

Computed Tomography: The resulting image is the convolution of the

source rays with the composition of the object, revealing its internal
structure.
 Representation of Discrete-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses
• The key idea in visualizing how the discrete-time unit impulse can be used to
construct any discrete-time signal is to think of a discrete-time signal as a
sequence of individual impulses.
Linear time invariant systems: discrete systems
• Impulse response:

• Response to an arbitrary input:

A discrete-time LTI system is completely

characterized by its impulse response h[n]
Linear time invariant systems: discrete systems
• Convolution sum:

• Convolution sum: the output of any discrete-time LTI system is the

convolution of the input x[n] with the impulse response h[n] of the system.
Linear time invariant systems: discrete systems
• Impulse response:
Kronecker delta function

- Is a discrete function.

- Is infinitesimally thin, but

its amplitude is equal to
1, not its area.
Linear time invariant systems: discrete systems
• Properties of convolution sum:

• Step response
Linear time invariant systems: continuous systems
• Impulse response: The impulse response h(t) of a continuous-time LTI
system (represented by T) is defined:

• A continuous-time LTI system is completely characterized by its impulse

response h(t).

• The output of any continuous-time LTI system is the convolution of the input x(t)
with the impulse response h(t) of the system.
Linear time invariant systems
Properties of the convolution integral:

Step response
Linear time invariant systems: Properties
• Systems with memory or without memory:
- LTI Impulse
- memoryless response

• Causality: when x(t) is causal, y(t) of a causal continuous-time LTI system is

given by:

• Stability: a continuous-time LTI system is BIBO stable if its impulse response is

absolutely integrable:
Linear time invariant systems: Properties
• Systems with memory or without memory:
- LTI Impulse
- memoryless response

• Causality: when x[n] is causal, y[n] of a causal discrete-time LTI system is given
by:

• Stability: a discrete-time LTI system is BIBO stable if its impulse response is

absolutely integrable:
Linear time invariant systems: Properties
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

a)

=0
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

b)

=0
Convolution is implemented in the Wolfram Language as Convolve[f, g, x, y] and DiscreteConvolve[f, g, n, m]

Linear time invariant systems: Examples

Convolution in WOLFRAM
Convolution is implemented in the Wolfram Language as Convolve[f, g, x, y] and
DiscreteConvolve[f, g, n, m].
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Convolution.html

Convolution Demo and Visualization

https://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Convolution/CI.html
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

a)
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

b)
Linear time invariant systems: Examples
(heaviside(t)-heaviside(t-3), heaviside(t)-heaviside(t-2))

convolve(piecewise[{{1,0<=x<=3}}],piecewise[{{1,0<=x<=2}}])
Linear time invariant systems: Do not forget to solve integrals using
your power!
Linear time invariant systems: Examples
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

discreteconvolve((KroneckerDelta(n)+KroneckerDelta(n-1)+KroneckerDelta(n-2))+KroneckerDelta(n-
3),(KroneckerDelta(n)+KroneckerDelta(n-1)+KroneckerDelta(n-2)),n,m)
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

n=1?
n=2?

n=4?
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

conv([1 1 1 1 -1 -1],[0 0 1 0 -1])

discreteconvolve((KroneckerDelta(n)+KroneckerDelta(n-1)+KroneckerDelta(n-
2))+KroneckerDelta(n-3)-KroneckerDelta(n-4)-KroneckerDelta(n-5),(KroneckerDelta(n-2)-
KroneckerDelta(n-4)),n,m)
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

1) Given x[n] and h[n] in a LTI system, find y[n]:

x[n]=[1 0 1 1 -1] , h[n]=[0 -2 1 1 -2 ])

y[n] =?

1.1 Plot x[n], h[n], Plot x[k], h[n-k]

1.2 Find y[n] (convolution) using analytical technique.

1.3 Find y[n] (convolution) using simulation software as Wolfram, Matlab, Octave,
Scilab.
Linear time invariant systems: Examples
Given x[n] and h[n] in a LTI system, find y[n]:
x[n]=[1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1] , h[n]=[0 -2 1 0 -1 2])
y[n] =?
WOLFRAM
discreteconvolve(KroneckerDelta(n)+KroneckerDelta(n-1)+KroneckerDelta(n-2)+KroneckerDelta(n-3)-KroneckerDelta(n-4)-
KroneckerDelta(n-5)+KroneckerDelta(n-6),(-2*KroneckerDelta(n-1)+KroneckerDelta(n-2)-KroneckerDelta(n-4)+
KroneckerDelta(n-5)+))))

?
Linear time invariant systems: Examples
Given x[n] and h[n] in a LTI system, find y[n]:
x[n]=[1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1] , h[n]=[0 -2 1 0 -1 2])
y[n] =? stem(a)

Matlab
a=conv([1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1],[0 -2 1 0 -1 2])

a=

0 -2 -1 -1 -2 4 2 -2 4 -1 -3 2
Linear time invariant systems: Examples

2) Given x[n] and h[n] in a LTI system, find y[n]:

x[n]=[1 1 1 1 -1] , h[n]=[0 -2 1 0 -1])

y[n] =?

1) Plot x[n], h[n], Plot x[k], h[n-k]

2) Find y[n] (convolution) using analytical technique.

3) Find y[n] (convolution) using simulation software as Wolfram, Matlab, Octave,

Scilab.
 Linear time invariant systems: Examples
Given x[n] and h[n] in a LTI system, find y[n]:
x[n]=[1 1 1 1 -1] , h[n]=[0 -2 1 0 -1])

y[n] =?

Matlab
a=conv([1 1 1 1 -1],[0 -2 1 0 -1])

RPTA
a=
0 -2 -1 -1 -2 2 -2 -1 1

Notes:
- Register the position of all elements in each vector x[n] and h[n] (ej . conv ([n-2, n-1, n, …,n+2], [n-2, n-1, n, …n+2])
)
- RPTA[n] will be 4 positions before the first element, given that x[n] and h[n] have n+2 and n+1 positions each one.