vzLesson1:Wor

dBui
ldi
ngorFor
mat
ion
Activiy1:Fi
t lli
nt hegapsaddi ngt her ightpr ef i
xorsuf fi
xt othewor dsi nbrackets.
able -i on - en- mi s- un
1.Thepr oj
ectf ail
edasar esul toftheMi nister’s……………………………….( management )
2.Youhavet o…………………………. thisconf erencer oom.( large).I
tcan’thol dmanypeopl e.
3.Bui l
di ngabr idgeovert heRi verGambi ais…………………………….( do)
4.It’s……………………………. t
owai tunt i
ltheendoft hesummi t(necessar y)themai nissues
haveal r eadybeent ackled.
Activiy2:Compl
t etet hef ollowi ngpassagewi thwor dsder ivedf rom t hosei n
bracket s.
Inmanyhomes,par entsr ar
el yshar emeal sorconver sati
onwi ththeirchi ldr
en.Single
onesi npar ti
cul ar,struggleagai nstf eeli
ngsofbei ng…………….( lone),whi chaddst othe
sit
uat i
on of bor edom and………………………. .( unhappy) ,that can gi ve way t o
………………. .
.(break)r elati
onshi pandsepar ation.Theonl ysoluti
ont ogetoutoft his
cyclei st ofavourhumancont actaswel las……………………( social
).
Activiy3:Compl
t et et hefollowi ngchar t.
Verb Noun Adj ecti
ve Adver b
Empower …………………. . ……………………. ……………………
Strengt hen ……………………. . …………………… ……………………
Regul arize ……………………. ……………………. . ……………………. .
Weaken …………………… ……………………

Acti
viy4:Howmanypar
t tsar et her eineachoft hef ollowi ngwor ds?
Ex:Unempl oyment =Un- pref ix=empl oy-root =ment -suf fi
x
1-Deforestation=………………………………………………………………………………. .
2-I
rregularit
y=…………………………………………………………………………………
3-Unfortunately=………………………………………………………………………………. .
4-unhappi l
y=…………………………………………………………………………………….
-Introduct or yPar t:
Whenwear edoi nganexer ci
seofwor d- bui l
dingorf or mat ion,wehavet ofocuson
whatwecal lwor d- class.Awor dclasscanbedef inedast hegr ammat i
calnameofa
word.Themai nt ypesofwor d-classesar e:adject i
ve,adver b,ver b,noun,pr esent
part
iciple(gerund)andpastpar t
iciple.
So,inthiscasewehavet oanswert hef ollowi ngquest i
ons:
-Whichwor dcl assi smi ssi ngi nt hesent ence?( adver b,ver b,noun,adj ecti
ve, prstor
pastpar t
ple)
-Howar eyougoi ngt obui l
dorf ormt hi
smi ssi ngwor d-class?
Tobuildorf or m anewwor d- classwecanuseoneoft hef ollowi ngways:
-Usingpr efi
x( newi t
em usedi nf r
ont /bef oret hewor d)
Ex:Undo, unreal,Irr
egul ar,Unempl oyed, def orest,I
llegal, disqual if
y,i
ncor r
ectetc…….
-UsingSuf fi
x( newi tem usedbehi nd/ afterthewor d)
Ex:Teacher ,empl oyment ,direct or,power fully,fast
ly, ki
ndness, rel
ationshipetc….
.
-Modificati
onoft hewor d
Ex:Strong=st rength=st rengt hen=st r ongl y Ex:Poor =Pover ty=impover i
sh=poorly
-Usingbot hpr efi
xandsuf fix:
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Ex:Regul
ar=I
rr
egul
arl
y,For
est
=Def
orest
ati
on,
Empl
oy=Unempl
oymentet
c

I
I-Def
ini
ti
onandFunct
ionsofsomePr
efi
xes:
II
-1:Defi
ni t
ion:
Apr ef
ixisani tem l i
ke:un, i
m, di
s, de,i
r,i
l,inetc…. alwayspl acedbef oreawor dofsame
grammat icalnamet ohaveanewwor dgener all
ynegat i
veoropposi teoft hef i
rstone.
Ex:Agree≠Di sagr ee,just≠unjust,comfortable≠uncomf or
tabl e,
forest≠def orestetc…..
N.W:
Thisnewbui ltorf ormedwor dcanbeanadj ective,adverb, nounorver b, thatist osay
wecangetanopposi teadjecti
vef rom anadj ective,verbf rom verb,nounf rom noun
andadver bf r
om adver b.Butunfor t
unatelyther eisnocl earandeasywayofknowi ng
whichpr efi
xanywor dcanuset of or
mi tsopposi t
e.So,t heonl ysol utionwhenyou
l
earnanew wor dnot edownwhet herithasanopposi tef rom agi venpr efix.For
example:comf ortable≠ uncomf ortabl
e,l egal≠i l
legal,agr ee≠ disagree,happi ness≠
unhappiness, f
or t
unat ely≠unfort
unat el
yet c…..
Themai npr efi
xeswhi chcanbeusedt obui l
dorf or m opposi t
eornegat i
vewor dsar e:
In,i
r,i
m, un,dis, I
L.
I
I-2-
Funct
ionsoft
hepr
efi
xes:I
n,I
m,I
r,I
l:
Thepr efix“ I
n”becomes“ Im”bef oret her ootbegi nningwi th“ P”or“ M” .Ex:mat ur e≠
Immat ur e, Pat i
ent ≠Impat i
ent ,probabl e≠I mpr obabl eet c…. .
Thepr efix“ In”alsobecomesI LorI Rbef ore“ L”or“ R” .Forexampl e:Legal ≠I ll
egal ,
responsi bl e≠I rr
esponsi ble, r
eplaceabl e≠I rreplaceabl eet c….
II
-3-Funct ionsoft heprefixes:UnandDi s:
-Verbpr efixes:
Thepr efixesUnandDi scanbeusedt ogetanew ver bopposi t
et ot hef ir
stone.For
exampl e:
Appear ≠di sappear ,l
ike≠di sl
ike,agr ee≠di sagr ee, appr ove≠di sappr ove, connect ≠
disconnect , qualif
y≠di squal i
fy,l
ock≠unl ock, zi
p≠unzi p, andwr ap≠unwr apet c…. .
-Adject i
vepr ef
ixes:
Unanddi scanal sobeusedt obui ldanewadj ectiveopposi tet ot hef i
rstadj ective.For
exampl e:
Happy≠unhappy, j
ust ≠unjust ,f
air≠unf air,honest ≠di shonest , qual i
fied≠di squal if
ied
etc….
-Nounpr efixes:
Somenounscanhavet heiropposi tebyaddi ngt hepr efixesUnordi s.Forexampl e:
Happi ness≠Unhappi ness, empl oyment ≠Unempl oyment , agreement ≠Di sagreement ,
approval ≠Di sappr oval,connect ion≠Di sconnect ion, qual ificati
on≠Di squal i
fi
cation
etc…….
-Adver bpr efixes:
Opposi teadver bscanbebui ltbyaddi ngt hepr efixesunordi sf orexampl e:
Happi l
y≠Unhappi ly,fort
unat ely≠unf or t
unat ely,appr ovi ngl y=di sappr ovingl yetc…….
II
I-Funct ions/ Meani ngofot hercommonPr ef i
xes:
Herear esomeot hercommonpr efixeswhi char ever yusef ultobui l
dcer tai
nwor ds.
-Anti:Thepr efixant imeani ngagai nsti saddedt ohavewor dsoft hi ssamel exical
meani ng/ classf orexampl e:Biotic=ant i
biotic,Virus=ant ivir
us, War =ant i-waret c.……
-Auto:Means oforby onesel fi s used t o bui l
d wor ds such as:aut omobi le,
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aut obi ogr aphy, aut ogr aph, aut osuf fi
ciency, aut omat ical l
yet c….
-Bi:Thi spr ef xmeanst
i woort wi cei saddedt of or m wor dssuchas:bi li
ngual ,bi cycl e,
bilat er al,biannual ,bi nomi nal,bi -nat i
onalet c……
-Ex:Thi spr ef xmeansf
i or mer /lasti saddedt owor dssuchas:Ex- pr esident ,ex- wi fe, ex
-friend,ex- count ry,ex- girl/boyf riend,ex- t
eacher ,ex- mi ni ster,ex- husband,ex- advi ser
etc…
-Ex:Meani ngoutofi saddedt ogetwor dsoft hismeani ng.Forexampl e Ext ract ,ex-
communi cat e, ex- hal eet c….
-Mi cr o:Thi spr ef xmeanssmal
i landi susedt ogetwor dssuchas:mi crocomput er,
mi cr oscope,
-Mi s:Thi spr efixmeans badl yorwr ongl yi sadded t o wor dssuch as: mi slead,
mi sunder st and,mi smanage,mi sbehave,mi stake,mi spl ace,mi spr onounce,mi sspeak
etc….
-Mono:Thi spr efixmeans oneorsi ngl ei sadded t o wor dssuch as:Monogamy,
monopol e, monol ogue, monocul ar ,mono- color ,etc.…. .
-Over :Thi spr ef ixmeanst oomuch/ manyorsur plusi saddedt owor dssuchas:over eat,
over l
oad, over dose, over wor k, over sleep, overspeaket c….
-Mul ti:Means many/ much i s added t o wor ds such as:Mul tiracial,mul t i
cul tur al,
mul til
at er al,mul ti
- col or ,mul t
i-usages, mul t
i-funct ions, et c.
-Post :Thi spr ef ixmeansaf ter( int ermsoft ime)i susedf orexampl ewi th:Post - col oni al,
post -war ,post - revol ution, post -col onialism, post - i
ndependenceet c…..
-Pr e:Thi spr ef xmeansbef
i ore( i
nt ermsoft i
me)f orexampl e:Pr e- war ,pre- r evol ut ion
etc…. .
-Pseudo:Thi spr ef ixmeans f alseorwr ong i sadded t o wor dssuch as:Pseudo-
i
nt ellect ual , pseudo- scient i
st,pseudo-name, pseudo- dr iveret c….
Re:Thi spr efixmeansagai norbackandi saddedt owor dssuchas:Ret ype,r epl ace,
rewr ite,ref or mul ate, rewar d, r
edef ine,repl ay, repr oduceet c….
-Semi :Thi spr ef ixmeanshal fi saddedt owor dssuchas:Semi -final,semi - det ached,
semi - circul ar ,semi -br oken, semi -def i
nedet c…. .
-Sub:Thi spr efixmeansunderi saddedt owor dssuchas:subway,sub- mar ine,sub-
divisi on,et c.- Under :Thi spr efixmeanssubornotenoughi saddedt owor dssuchas:
under li
ne,under est i
mat e,under cook,under gr ound,undereval uat e,undermast icat e
etc….
Mal :Thi spr efixmeansbadi saddedt owor dssuchas:Mal nutri
tion,
Act ivity5:Us et hest udi edpr ef ixest obui l
dnew wor dsf rom t hef ollowi ngones
below.
Conveni ent ,possi bl e,f or gettabl e,gr atef ul,heal t
hy,happy,f orgivabl e,abl e,accept abl e,
account abl e,avoi dabl e,aut hor i
zed,at tached,bear abl e,beat able,bel i
evabl e,br eakabl e,
block, but toned, cer tai n, advant age, abil
ity, agr eement ,agr eeable, appear ance, appr oval ,
arm, ar mament ,band, gr ace, honest ,honor ,ill
usi on, int erest ed,loyal ,lodge, locat e, li
ke,
i
nt egr ate, obedi ence, obey, order ,propor ti
onat e, qual ify, bal ance, char ge, l
oad, crowded,
do,dose,est imat e,f low,heat ed,j oyed,l ook,ki l
l,pai d,popul at ed,r ated,r un,r i
di ng,
wei ght , bi gami st ,bi gamous,bi gamy,l ateral,l ingual ,sexual ,l ingual ,lat er al,medi a,
nat ional ,gr aduat e,war ,el ection,r evolut ion,est i
mat e,exposed,f eed,go,gr ound,shi rt,
sized,ski r
t,st af f
ed,t ake,val ue,wear ,wei ght ,ser ved,( aut o)mobi le,bi ogr aphy,
aut omat ical ly,aut onomous,pi lot ,bi otic,body,cl ockwi se,f r
eeze,sept ic,soci al,vi rus,
slaver y,ci rcle,ci r cul ar,col on,conduct or,f inal,ski lled,cal cul ate,behave,behavi or,
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carry,conduct ,concept ion,f ortune,gui de,handl e,i nform,i nterpret,judge,manage,
management ,lead,pl aced,pr i
nt ,pr onounce,r ead,r epresent ,spel l,take,t aken,
under stand,use,t rust, act i
on, act ,appear ,appear ance,ar m,ar r
ange,bui l
d,call,
captur e,el ect,elect i
on,or ganize,or ganizat ion,pr oduct i
on,pr oduce,uni fi
cation,use,
usabl e,uni te,eval uate,eval uat ion,mor al,mor alit
y,mor tal,pai r
,par t
ial
,passabl e,
pati
ence,pat ient,pat ient l
y,penet rable,per ceptible,per fect,per sonal,per ti
nence,
possi bil
ity,pr obable,abi li
ty,accessi ble,accur at
e,act ive,adequat e,advi sable,animate,
appr opriate, audible,articulate, calculable, capabl e,coher ent,compar able,compat ibi
li
ty,
compl et
e,compr ehensi ble,cr edible,def i
nite,di rect,di spensabl e,di vi
sible,equalit
y,
evit
abl e,est imable, expensi ve, explicable, f
amous, secur i
ty,signifi
cant ,legal,l
egiti
mat e,
l
iterate,l icit,logical, r at i
onal ,reconci l
abl e,r egular,r egularit
y,r elevant,r eparabl
e,
replaceabl e,r esponsibl e,r evocabl e,r ever ent,r esistible,r espective,r eproachable,
retr
ievabl e, etc…..

I
V-Def
ini
ti
onandFunct
ionsofsomesuf
fi
xes:
IV- 1:Def ini
tion:
Asuf fixi sani t
em suchas:or ,er,ly,ness,f ul
,at ionet c…thati spl acedatt heendofa
wor dandcanchangei t
smeani ngandgr ammat icalnameorwor dcl ass.Ex:Hope( v)=
Hopef ul( adjective), power(noun) =power ful(adject i
ve) =power fully(adver b)
.
IV- 2:Funct i
onsofsomesuf f
ixes:
-Nounsuf fi
xes:
Anounsuf f
ixisasuf f
ixwecanuset obuildanounf rom ver bs,adver bs, nounsor
adj ectives.
-er /ee/ or:
Theset hreesuf f
ixesar eoft
enaddedt over bst ohavenounswhi chmeananact ivityof
somet hi ngoranoccupat ionofsomebody.Ex:dr ive=dr iver,di r
ect=di rector,lear n=
l
ear ner ,teach= t eacher ,bottle open= bot tle opener ,penci lshar p= penci l-
shar per
,
educat e=educat oret c…
-tion/ ation:
Theset wosuf fi
xesar egener allyaddedt over bst ohavenouns( 90%)abst ract .Ex:
educat e= educat ion, admi r
e= admi ration, def orest= def orestation, or gani ze=
organi zationet c…. .
-ism/ i
st :
Weuset heset wosuf fi
xesfrom nounsoradj ectivest obui l
dnouns,i sm (ideologyor
bel i
ef)and i st( per sonsembodyi ng thei deologyorbel ief).Ex:Ter r
or=t errorism=
terrorist ,national =nat i
onali
sm=nat i
onalist,jour nal=j ournalism=j ournali
st,capi t
al=
capi talism=capi talistetc….
-ness:
Thesuf fixnessi saddedt oadj ecti
vest obui ldnounsbuti ft headj ectiveendswi t
h“ y”
we r epl ace t he “ y”by “ i”bef ore adding t he suf fx ness.Ex:happy= happi
i ness,
dirty=di rti
ness,l onel y= loneliness,ill
=i ll
ness,si ck= sickness,good= goodness,
power ful =power fulnessetc…. .
-ment :
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Thi ssuf fi
xi sof tenaddedt over bst of orm nounst hatar egener all
yabst ract.Ex:
agr ee=agr eement , di sagr ee= di sagreement , empl oy= empl oyment , devel op=
devel opment ,
impr ove=i mpr ovement ,argue=ar gumentet c…..
-hood/ ship/ dom:
Theset hreesuf fixesar eaddedt onounst ohavenewnounsmeani ngast ateorper i
od.
Ex: mot her = mot herhood, chi ld= chi ldhood, ki ng= ki ngdom, f ree= f r
eedom,
relation=r elati
onshi p,man=manhood, leader =l eader ship, partner=partnershi petc……. .
-it
y:
Thi ssuf f
ixi sgener all
yaddedt oadj ectivest obui l
dnouns.Ex:nat ional=nat i
onality,
responsi ble=r esponsi bil
ity,i
dentic=identity,rar e=r arit
y, scarce=scar cit
yet c…
-an:
Thi ssuf fixisusual lyaddedt onamesofsomecount riesandcont inentst onamepeopl e
whol ivei nthesecount r
iesorcont i
nents.Ex:Af rica=Af rican, Amer i
ca=Amer i
can, Asia=
Asi an,Eur ope=Eur opean,Mal i=Mal i
an,Gambi a=Gambi an,Maur itania=Maur i
tanian
etc….
-ache:Thi ssuf fi
xi saddedt ot hepar tsoft hebodyt onameat ypeofsuf fering.Ex:a
toot hache, aheadache, ast omachache, bellyache, earache, eyeacheet c…….
-Adj ectivesuf fixes:
Anadj ect i
vesuf f
ixi sasuf fi
xwegener all
yuset of orm anadj ecti
vefor m verbsornouns.
-abl e/ible:
Theset wosuf f
ixest over bstobui ldadject i
veswhi chmeansomet hingcanbedone.Ex:
read=r eadabl e,eat =eat able,drink=dr inkabl e,see=seeabl e,response=r esponsible
etc….

-i
sh:
Thi ssuf fi
xi susual l
yaddedt onounst ohaveadj ect i
ves.Ex:woman=womani sh,child=
chil
dish, gr een=gr eeni shet c…
-i
ng/ ed:
Thesef requentsuf fixesar eadded t o verbst o haveadj ectivesknown aspr esent
parti
ciple/ gerundori ngf orm andpastpar ti
ciple( ed)forr egularverbs.Ex:use=used=
using, l
ike=l iked=l iking, pl ay=pl ayed=pl aying,enj oy=enj oyed=enj oying,add=addi ng=
addedet c….
-ful
:
Thissuf fixi saddedt onounst obui ldadjectivesmeani ngpl entyofbuti ft
henounends
with“ y”wer epl acet he“ y”by“ i”beforeaddi ngt hesuf fixful.Ex:Beaut y=beaut i
ful,
power =power ful,faith=f ai thful,care=car eful,pain=pai nful,wonder =wonder ful,hope=
hopef uletc…
-l
ess:
Thesuf f
ixl essmeani ng( lackof )isaddedt onounst ogetadj ectives.Ex:Job=j obless,
hope=hopel ess, pai n=pai nl ess, home=homel ess, care=car el
ess, mot her=mot herless
etc…..
-i
ve/ t
ive:
Thesesuf fixesar eaddedt over bst ohaveadj ectives.Ex:pass=passi ve,act=act ive,
produce=pr oduct i
ve, r epresent =r epresentati
ve, select=selecti
veet c…
-ous:
Thissuf f
ixi saddedt onounst ohaveadj ectivessuchas:Ex:Cour age=cour ageous,
danger =danger ous, mar vel =mar velous,=del i
cious, mal i
ce=mal ici
ouset c…
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N. W:
Thesuf fixalcanbeaddedt onounst ohaveadj ect i
vesoraddedt overbst ohavenouns.
Ex:per son=per sonal ,educat ion=educat ional ,tropi c=t ropical,addi t
ion=addi t
ional ,
tradition=t r
adi t
ional ,nat ure=nat ur al,refuse=r efusal, withdr aw=wi t
hdr awalet c...
-Ver bsuf f
ixes:
Ver bsuf f
ixesar ecl uesori t
emsweaddt owor dst obui ldnewver bs.
-ise/ i
ze:
These suf fixes ar e added t o adj ectives t of orm ver bs.Ex:moder n= moder nize,
nat i
onal = nat i
onal i
ze, i ndust rial= i ndust ri
alize, i nternat i
onal= i nternat ional i
ze,
rational =rationalizeet c…
-ify:
Thi ssuf f
ixi salsoaddedt oadj ect ivest ogetver bs.Ex:j ust=justif
y,si mpl e=si mpl ify,
mode=modi f
y,beaut y=beaut ifyet c….
-en:
Thi ssuf fixcanbeaddedt oadj ect ivest of orm ver bs.Ex:weak=weaken,deaf =deaf en,
shor t=shor t
enet c…
-Adver bsuf fixes:
Adver bsuf fixesar et hesuf fi
xeswecanaddt oadj ectivest obui l
dnewadver bs.
-ly:
Thi ssuf fi
xi smostoft het imeaddedt oadj ect i
vest of orm adver bswhi char e80%
adver bs ofmanner .Ex:f ast=f ast l
y,sl ow= sl owl y,qui ck= qui ckly,danger ous=
danger ousl y,power f
ul =power f
ul ly,wonder f
ul=wonder ful l
y,easy=easi ly,bad=badl y,
beaut iful=beaut i
ful l
y,r are=r arely,i mmedi ate=i mmedi ately,tradit
ional =t radi ti
onal ly,
wi de=wi delyet c…. .
N. W:- Al lthewor dsendi ngwi t
hLyar enotadver bs,someoft hem ar eadj ect ives.Ex:
Lovel y, l
onel y,fri
endl yet c…. .
-Iftheadj ect i
veendswi th“ L”wedoubl ethe“ L”whenwebui ldanadver b.Ex:Gener al=
gener ally, power ful=power fully,especi al=especi ally,usual =usual l
yet c…
Act ivity6:Uset hest udi edsuf fixest obui l
dnewwor dsf rom thosebel ow.
Resear ch,r esign,dr i
ve,eat ,power ,empl oy,power ful,kind,gener ous,danger ous,wr ite,
speak,dance,pai n,peace,easy,r ead,wai t
,har d,par ti
cul ar,establi
sh,l ar ge,si mpl e,
addi ti
on,t r
aditional ,nat ural,envi ronment ,capi t
al,l iber al,communi sm,soci ali
sm,
mul tiply,shor t
en,cal l,see,dr ink,f inal,event ual,frequent ,poor ,weal th,fortunat e,luck,
aut omat i
c,st rong,weak,f i
nanci al,vandal ,ment al,menace,f i
ght,wor k,wal k,hospi tal,
avoi d,pass, build, unify,per f
or m, advi se.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………….

Acti
vity7:Us ethecorrectformt hewordsi nbracketstocompl et
et hesent ences.
Thenew i nventi
ondidn’tproveas- -
-----
- -
-----
-----
-------
--------
-- --(disaster)as
manyengi neersfear
ed.Theywer eeven- ----
-----
-----
-------
------(reli
ef)toseet hat
i
twasr eall
y- --
----
---------
------(
convene)forthet r
ansportofver yheavyobj ects
overlongdistances,
andl essaccessi
bleareas.Theaerostatt
heni s---------------
- -
--
----
--------(compare)easiertocont
rolmainlyduri
ngdescentt hanat radit
ionalheavy
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t
ranspor
thel
icopt
er.Itisal
soconsider
edasr
elat
ivel
y--
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
(
speed)onaccountofthel
oadshandl
ed

Activiy8:Compl
t etethispassagewi t
ht heri
ghtform ofthewor dsinpar entheses.
Overt hepastf ewyears,therehasbeenahugenumberof…………….( di
e)intheoceans.
Consequent lythespiritof…………………. .(compete)bornfrom thedesi r
et omigrateis
dyingout .InSenegalf orexamplemanyyoungpeopl ehave………………….( decide)to
migr at
ei nordert ohelpt hei
rpar
ents.Manyoft hem don’tknow thattheyunder t
ake
a………………………
(danger)travelthatl
eadt oan……………………. .(
cert
ain)f
utureinEurope.They……………. .
(general)tr
avelbycanoesandpayal otofmoney.

Act
ivi
ty9:Wr
it
ethecor
rectf
orm oft
hewor
dsi
nbr
acket
stomakeameani
ngf
ul
t
ext
.
Tour ism providesanoppor tunityfor……………………… ( fri
end)di al
oguebet weenpeopl eof
dif
fer entcultures.Ther efor
ei tshoul dbemor eanencount ert hanat our ,.
.………………….
(particular
)fort our i
st swhosetf ooti nacount r
yforthef i
rstt i
me.Theydonotal ways
li
veupt oour………………. .…(expect) ….
.………………( bad)ofall
,theyavoi dcont actwithlocal
peopl eandcr i
ticizet heirtradit
ions. I nmanycount ri
esl ikeEgyptandTuni siat he
sectoroft our i
sm i smor e………………………. .(develop)thant heoneofagr icult
ure.Each
yeart heEgypt i
an…………………………( invest)spendmuchmoneyt or enewt heirhotelsand
restaur ant
s.Thepyr ami dsandt he……………………………. ..(
wonder )placesi nt hecount r
yar e
themostvi sited………………. .
…………( cultur
e)ar easforthetouristswhocomef rom Europe.
So,tour ism i
sanact ivit
ywhi chcanf i
ghtagai nst………………………( poor )i
nsomecount ries
particularl
yint he………………………………( Afr
ica)ones.But ,to………………………. .(reducti
on)t he
consequencesoft our i
sm inSenegalt he…………………………. (gover n)mustf i
ghtagai nst
somebadbehavi oroft hetourist
s.

Act
ivi
ty10:Uset
her
ightf
ormsoft
hewor
dsi
nbr
acket
s.(
BAC2013LV22et
our
).
Impat
iencecandamageour………………….(able)t
ocommuni cate.Whenaper sondoesn’
t
havethepatiencet
o engagein……………………….( mean)conver sat
ion,theyhavet he
……………………………….( t
end)to speak wi
thoutthi
nking.Such i mpatience can r
esul
t
i
n……………………………. .(
underst
and)anddamagesocialrel
ati
onship.

Acti
vit
y11:Filli
nthegapswi t
hthecorrectfor
m ofthewordsgiveninbracket
s.(
Bac
2013)
Beforethe……………………. .(t
oar ri
ve)ofOut r
each,Ngorandtheot hervi
ll
agerswer e
faci
ngal otofdiff
icult
ies.TheNGO madet hem become……………. .……….
.(awareness)
that uni
ted,theywerestr
ongerandcouldachieve………………. .
………….( to
wonder)thi
ngs.

A12:Complet
ethepassagebel
owbygivi
ngtheri
ghtf
ormsofthewordsinbracket
s.
I
njust
iceand-
---
---
------
---
---
---
---
----
---
---
-(oppr
ess)cansomet
imesbecome- -
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----- ----
------
------
-( bear)and l ead peopl etot err
or i
sm.Butnowadaysal otof
terroristgroupsengagei nviol
encef or---- -
- --
---
--- -
-- ----
-----
-----
- -
-- -
--(rel
igion)
reasons.Many peopl e become vi ol
entwhen t hey ar e- -----
----------
---------
(segr egati
on)ont hebasisoftheirr
ace, r
eligionor------- --
-----
-(nati
on).
A 13:Compl etethef ol
lowing passagewi tht heappr opri
ateform oft hewor dsi n
bracket s. It
’saknownf actthatgi rl
sare……………………………. .
(discri
mination)
agai nsti n some count ri
es.Mal ala’sshowshow vi olenceand ignorancecan be
a…………………………( hi
nder)togi r
ls’schooling.Shewasshotbecauseshewasact ively
fi
ght ingforschool…. …………………………( at
tendi ng)f
oral lgirl
s.Forthatreason,UNESCO
strongl yadvocates…………………………( equality)accesst oeducat i
onforallchil
dren.

Acti
vit
y14:Fi l
linthegapsi nt hefoll
owingpassagewit
hrightf
ormsofthewordsinthe
box.Oneoft hem doesnotf i
t.
Commer ci
all
y–i ncrease–obese–var iet
y–loss–nutri
ti
onal–dri
nk
Today mor e and mor e pr epackaged foods and dri
nks are ………………………… .
However, ……………………………war nt hat…………………i sgaini
nggroundi nsomepar tsof
Afri
caasar esultofovereating.An.………………………. .numberofpeopl
earenowexposed
toheartdiseases.………………………pl entyoffl
uidscanhelpus…………………………. weightand
stayheal
thy.

Activi
ty15:Af terconsul ti
ngModu,abi g smoker ,thedoct ort el l
shi m aboutt he
danger sofcigar et
tesmoki ng.Compl etethepassagemeani ngfullywi ththerightforms
ofthesewor ds.
Hur t;danger;destr
ucti
on;di e
Bewar e!Cigarettesmoki ngi sbad.I tisvery….…………………………f oryourheal th,because
whenyousmokemanyci garettesaday,i twill……………………………yourl ungs.Cigarett
e
smoki ng causes a l otofdi seases;and i tcan even be r esponsi bl
ef oryour
…………………………. .
So,Isuggestyou shoul d st op smoki ng ifyou don’ twantt o
…………………………yourl ife.
Activi
ty16:Fi l
linthebl ankswi ththesuitableformsofthewor dsint hebox.
Hope- employment -f
ert
ili
ty-avail
able
Thehi ghlevelof ..
..
..
..
...
..
..
..
...
..
..
..isthemai nreasonwhypeopl eleavevi ll
ages.Another
factoristhe…………………………… ofmovi esandspor ti
ngevent sint owns.I naddi t
ion,
becauseoft he………………………. .oft helands,theyar e……………………………andsogot othe
cit
iesinsear chofbet terli
vingcondi ti
ons.
WORDBUI LDING:BACL ingui st i
candcommuni cativecompet ence.

BAC2002- seri
esL-1ergroupe:LVI
Compl etethesetwosent enceswithwor dsderi
vedfrom t
hewor dsgiveninbracket
s.
1-Many NGOs may di sappear aft
er t he………………………………. .( wit
hdraw) of t he
governmentsuppor t.
2-(
poor )……………………….i swidespreadindevelopingcountri
es.
Bac-2004- Seri
eL- 1ergroupe-LVI
Deri
vewor dsfrom thegivenonestofil
ltheblanks.
1-A hegemoni c wor ld i s l i
ke havi ng a gover nment wi thout
a.
..
..
..
....
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
.opposit
ion(heal
th)
2-TheTal ibanhaveal waysbeendeepl y……………………. ..
ofthePress.
(suspici
on)
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Bac2005- SerieL-1ergr oupe-LVI .
Compl etethesent enceswi thwor dsder i
vedf rom t hosei nbr acket s.
1-Thepopul ati
onswer e………………………. .tosuppor tt hepr oject .(wi l
l)
2-Agood……………………i snecessar yi fyouwantasuccessf ulpr oject .(
pl an)
3-Theywer ean……………………………………………. .poorf ami ly.(excess)
4-TheDi rectoroft hisbanki saver y……………………………. man.( r ely)
Bac2006- SérieL-1ergr oupe- LVI I
Fil
lint hebl ankswi t
ht hewor dinbr acket saddi ngt heappr opr i
atesuf f i
xorpr ef i
x.
1-The- --------------------------- -------- --
---- ---oft het al kswasr egrettable.(fai
l)
2-Thest orywast oo- ----
--- ----------- ------------ ----- --
- -- --tobet rue.(credible)
3-It’
s- ------ -
- -
--- -
--- -
----- ---
-- ----- -
- -ofyout oinsul tthatol dman. (respect f
ul)
Bac2006- SérieL-2me-gr oupe- LVI I
Transf ormt hewor dsinpar ent hesesanduseeachonet ofillint hegaps
1-Nowadays, teenager softenexper ience…………………pr obl ems.( emot ion)
2-……………………………br ingsaboutsoci alandeconomi cpl ights. (poor )
3-TV, f
ilmsandt hei nternet……………………cul turesandval ues. (dest ructive)
Compl etethesesent enceswi thther ightf orm oft hewor dsi nbr acket s.
1-(Poor )and( hungry)ar ewi despr eadi nThi r
dWor ldcount r
iest oday.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2-Ther esolutionoft hesi tuationi nI raqdependsont he…………………. .…………. .(wi t
hdraw)
ofUSt roops.
3- Thegover nmentandt her ebelmovementhavesi gnedapeace…………………………( agree)
Bac2007- SérieL-1er -gr oupe- LVI I
.
Fil
lineachgapusi ngawor dder i
vedf rom t heonei nbr acket s.
Itis par toft he exper t
s’……………………. ………. (r
esponsi ble)t o devi se new pl ans f or
the……………………………………( advance) of Af r
ica. Unl ess cl ear goal s ar e set ,
their……………………………. (achieve)wi llnotbepossi ble.
Bac2007- SérieL-2eme-gr oupe- LVII
Fil
lint hebl ankswi t
ht hecor rectfor m oft hewor dsi nbr acket s.
1-(despai r)Naf ywasso……………………………af terherf ailureatt heexam.
2-(harm)Ever ybodymustbeawar eoft he………………. .………ef fect sofheavyTVvi ewing.
3-(reduct i
on)Onewayt o…………. ……. ...
....
.TVvi ewi ngi st omovet het el evisi
onoutoft he
bedr oom.

Bac2008- SérieS-1er -gr oupe.

Uset heappropr i
ateformsoft hewordsinbr ackets
1-Oneofourbi ggestpr oblemsi show to……. ..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
inreduci
nggas
emissions.
(success) .
2-………………cansaveal otoft imethankst othepr ogressofSci enceandTechnology.
(t
ravel)
3-Somei nventionslikemobi l
ephonesar every………………. ………inourdailyli
fe.(
use)
4-Sciencecanhaveagr eat………………………………ofappl i
cation(vari
ous)
Bac2008- SérieL-1er -gr oupeLVI .
Fi
llinthegapswi t
ht herightform ofthewordsi nbrackets.
1-Shehopedt hathermar ri
agewoul dn’
tbea………………………………( fai
l)
2-Shehasn’ tgotahusbandyet ,sheisst
ill
…………………………………( mar r
y)
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3- Shecant hinkof ………………………. reasonsf ornotget ti
ngmar r
ied.(count )
4-Theywer ehappi lymar ri
eddespi tet heir……………. .
di f
ferences.( culture)
Bac2008- Sér i
eL-1ergr oupeLVI I
Fillinthebl ankswi tht hewor dsinbr acket si nt her ightfor ms.
ManyAf ricanwomenhaveover comedi ffi
cul ti
est hankst ot heir………………………. .
...
..
...
(resour ce) .Theyhavemadea………. .………. ( value)cont ri
but iont ot hest ruggl
eagai nst
pover ty.
Bac2008- Sér i
eL-2eme-gr oupeLVI I
Fillinthebl ankswi thwor dsder ivedf rom t hosei nbr acket s.
1- Streetsvendor sar eof ten…………………. (
br utal )har assedast heywantt oear nt heir
l
iving.
2- Pover ty………………………………………. (strong)sol idar it
ybet weenpeopl e.
3- Givingj obst oyoungpeopl ecoul d……………………. .………. (reduct i
on) i
ll
egalemi gr
ation.
Bac2009- Sér i
eS-1er -groupe.
Findt hecor rectfor m oft hewor dsi nbr acket s.
1- Manypeopl ewi ll
………………………………. ………f rom cancerby2010. (deat h)
2- Keepi ngpeopl e………………………. .……. ist heambi tionofWHO. (heal t
h)
3- Cancer ……………………………. aredoi ngi mpor tantwor koncancer .
(resear ch)
Bac2009- Sér i
eL-1er -gr oupeLVI .
Wr itethecor rectf orm oft hewor dsgi vent of il
lt hebl anks.
1- The Af rican l eader s ai m i st o pr omot et he………………. .…………. oft he continent’s
i
nf rastruct ur es.(i
mpr ove)
2- Thei nf rast ructurequest ionist hemost ….....
....
...
...
..
...
..……i tem ont hisyear’
spol it
ical
agenda. (topi c)
3- Manypol iti
call eader shavenow become……………………. .…..becauset heyoftenbr eak
theirpr omi ses.( rely)
4- Ver y of ten, popul ations quest i
on t he………………………of t heir gover nment s’
pol i
cies.(adequat e)
BAC2009Ser iesS
Findt hecor rectfor msoft hewor dsi nbr acket s
1- Manypeopl ewi ll
……………. .
...
..
..
.....
..
...
.…. .
from cancerby2011( deat h)
2- Keepi ngpeopl e………………………. ....
.istheambi t
ionofW. H. O( heal t
h)
3- Cancer …………………………………. …thewhol ewor l
d( t
hreat )
4- ………………………………. .aredoi ngi mpor t
antwor koncancer( resear ch)
5- Canceri soneoft hedanger ous……………………nowadays( i
ll)
6-Tuber cul osi si
s………………………. .diseasecont rar ytoA. I.
D. S( cur e)
7- I
fnot hingi sdone, cancerwi l
l…………………………. (increase)

Bac2011- Séri
eL-1er -groupeLVII
.
Completethisdialoguewithwordsfr
om thebox.Onei t
em doesnotapply.
Need–ask–har dly–mat ter-broken
A.Youlookwor ried!What’
sthe…………………. .…….
Wi t
hyou?
B.Youknowmyki ds………………..tal
ktomenow.I tseemst omethatel
ectroni
cgadgets
andmusi chave……………………ourr el
ati
ons!
A.Iknow whatyoumean!Myownki dsonlytal
kt omewhent heyar ein…..
..
…..of
money!
Completethefollowingpassagethecor
rectwordsfrom thosei
nparentheses.
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Inmanyhomes,par ent sr arel yshar emeal sorconver sationwi t
ht heirchi l
dren.Si ngle
onesi n par t
icular ,st ruggl ef eel i
ngsofbei ng ……………. .( lone) .,whi ch addst ot he
situationofbor edom and………………. .( unhappy) ,thatcangi vewayt o………………( break)
relati
onshi psandsepar at ion.Theonl ysol utiont ogetoutoft hiscycl ei stof avour
humancont actaswel las…………………………( soci al)
Bac2010- SérieL-2eme-gr oupeLVI I
Usepr efi
xesorsuf fi
xesf rom t heboxt of orm sui tablewor dsf ort hegaps.Youwi llneed
thepl uralformsi nsomecases.
Pr efixes Un–di s–mi s–i n-ant i
Suf fi
xes ment–i st–er
Femi n………. .havebeenf ight ingf oryear sf orwomen’ sr ight s.Theyknow t hatmany
womenhavebeenl ivingi nan……saf eandhost il
eenvi ronment .Allt hi
s……j ust i
ce
resultsf rom t hepol iti
cal………managementofourdeci sion- maker s.Thi sf ightf or
freedom i sasnobl east he……. - slaver yst r
uggl e.
Bac2010- SérieL-1er -gr oupeLVI .
Wr it
et hecor rectfor m oft hewor dsi nbr acket s.
1- Wit
hf ami lymeal s,chi ldrenhavet heoppor tunityt ocommuni cat ewi ththeirpar ents
…………………………. …..(regul ar)
2- Sci
ent i
stsar e……………. .(anxi et y)nott ohavef ami l
iesdevel opbadeat inghabi t
s.
Bac2010- SérieL-2eme-gr oupeLVI
Fillt
hegapswi t
ht hesui tabl ef or msoft hewor dsi nbracket s.
Thever dictthatt hemagi st rategavewasqui te…………. .( fair).Event uallythe……………
(rape)wassetf reewhi let hepl ai nti
ffwashor rifi
edbysuchabl atantcaseof…………
(j
ust i
ce)
Bac2011- SérieL-1er -gr oupeLVI
Filli
nt hegapswi tht her ightf or m oft hewor dsi npar entheses
1.Shar i
ngexpensesi nahousehol di smor e……………………( economy)f oracoupl e.
2.Becauseoft hei rfal l
ingpur chasi ngpower ,peopl el i
vingi nur banar easar eget t
ing
mor eandmor e...
...
...
....
......
.……….( individual ) .
Bac2010- SérieS-1er -gr oupe
1- ……………………. .st aplef oodf orbi ofuelpr esent ssomeconcer ns.( grow)
2-Gover nment smustpr omot et hemost……………………….pat h.( product i
on)
3- The…………………. .ofabi of uelshoul dbedet ermi nedbyr esear ches.( tochoose)
Bac2010- SérieS3-1er -gr oupe
Compl etethispassagewi tht hecor r
ectf or msoft hewor dsi nbr acket s.
……………………. ……( grow)i nE- wast espr oduct i
oni nt heThi rdWor l
dpr esent saser ious
…………………. .(ecol ogy)i ssuesi nceel ect ronicsi spr omot ingat hr owawaycul t
ureand
creatinga…………………. ……( consumpt ion)soci ety.Thi smayhavea……………………( damage)
consequencei fgover nment sdonot…………. .
……. .(provisi
on)sust ainablesol uti
ons.

Lesson2:LI
NKI
NGWORDSorCONNECTORS.
Let’
sstudythef
ollowingsentences.
Alt
houghshedoesn’ tenjoyherjob,
sheworkshard.
Ioft
enlist
entotheradiowhen/ whil
eI’
m havi
ngbreakf
ast
.
I-What’
sal i
nki
ngwor d?Defi
nit
ion:
Alinki
ngwor dorconnect orisawor dorphraseli
ke(al
though,when,whi
le,because
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etc…)whi chl inksorconnect st wodi ffer entpar tsofasent enceusual l
yt wocl ausesor
i
deas.
Ex:Thet elephoner ant wi cewhenIwaswat chi ngTV.Ex:Wewai tedunt i
lshecame.
Ther e ar el i
nking wor ds expr essi ng t i
me,cont r ast,pur pose,r esult/consequence,
reason/ causeorcondi tion.
II
-LI NKI NGWORDSOFTI ME:
Themai nl inkwor dsoft imear e:whenas, whi le, assoonas, bef ore, after,unti
letc…
We nor mal ly use t hese l i
nki ng wor ds t o say when somet hing happens/ will
/has
happenedoroneeventhappenedaf t eranot herone.
Ex:Assoonast heycomebackwewi l
ll eavet hi sdanger ousar ea.
Ex:Theywentoutyest erdaywhent heyhadf inishedt heirhomewor k.
II
I-LINKI NGWORDSOFCONTRAST/ OPPOSI TI ON/ CONCESSI ON:
Themai nl i
nkingwor dsofcont r
astar e:al t
hough, eveni f
,though, event hough, inspite
of,despi te,whi le,wher eas,however ,yet ,butet c…Wenor mal lyuset hesewor dswhen
we wantt o show/ say t hatt herei s an i dea ofcont rastbet ween t wo ormor e
events/ situations.
Ex:ShegotherBACbutshedi dn’ twor kwel l.Despi teherl aziness, shewor kshar d
IV-LINKI NGWORDSOFCAUSE/ REASON:
Themai nl inkingwor dsofcauseorr easonar e:because,becauseof ,as,f or,since
etc…andwenor mal l
yuset hem oexpr essorshowt hecauseofsomet hing.
Ex:Wedi dn’ tgot oschoolbecausei twasr ainingcat sanddogs.
Ex:Theyf ailedagai nbecauseoft heirl ongst rikei nApr il
.
V-LINKI NGWORDSOFCONSEQUENCE/ RESULT:
Themai nl i
nkingwor dsofconsequencear e:so,asar esult,thati swhy,consequent ly,
therefore,t hus,t he r eason why et c… and we nor mal l
y use t hem t o show t he
consequenceofanevent .
Ex:Theywokeupl ateconsequent l
yt heymi ssedt hef i
rstbusf orBamako.
Ex:Theycamel ateyest er dayt hati swhyt heygotzer oint heEngl isht est.
VI-LINKI NGWORDSOFPURPOSE/ AI M:
Themai nl inkingwor dsofpur posear e:t o,i
nor dert o, soast o, sot hat,foretc…
Ex:Theyar egoi ngt oThi est o/i nor dert omeett hepr i
memi nister .
N.W:Wecanusef or+I NGf ormt ot alkaboutt hepur poseorf unct ionofsomet hing.
Ex:Thi skni feisf orcut tingbr ead.
VII-
LI NKI NGWORDSOFCONDI TI ON:
Themai nl inkingwor dsofcondi tionar e:i f
,whet her ,oncondi t
ion, provided, unl
essect …
Ex:Theywi llgot oLondonnextweeki ftheyr ecei vet heirpasspor t.
Ex:Ifyoudon’ tlearnyourgr ammarl essonsyouwon’ tsucceedi nyouexam.
VIII
-LI NKI NGWORDSOFADDI TION:
Themai nl inkingwor dsofaddi tionar e:and, mor eover ,besides, inaddi t
ion,additionall
y
etc.
.
Ex:Thechi l
drenandt hewomenar egoi ngtot hebeach.

Act
ivi
ty1:Chooset
her
ightwor
dsf
rom t
heboxbel
owt
ocompl
etet
hispassage.
Other
wise-i
nor
derto-however
-for
Equi
tabl
eshar
ingofr
iverwater
shasof
tencausedconf
li
cts.……………………….
.avoi
dri
sks,
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delegat esofr ipar i
ancount riesof tenmeet .………………………. .mor eef for tsmustbemade
for aqui cksol ution.…………………………, awarmaybr eakoutatanyt ime.
Act i
vity2:Chooset hesui tablewor dsf rom t heboxt ocompl et ethef ollowi ngpassage.
so, al t
hough, despi te,unl i
ke, unl ess
……………. ……..ther apephenomenoni swi despr eadi noursoci ety, peopl edon’ toftent alk
abouti t
.……. …………………, mor eandmor egi rlsar esuf feringf rom i t
.Andt hiswi llcontinue
……………………. …………. drast icmeasur esar et akenbyt hegover nment .
Act i
vity3:Uset heappr opr i
ateconnect orsi nt heboxbel owt ocoher ent lyfilli
nt hegaps
i
nt hepassagebel ow.
addi ti
onal ly–nei ther–nor–however–asar esul t–ot her wi se–t hough
Human bei ngs musteatt ol ive. ………………………. .,eat ing t oo much i s danger ous.
…………………………………. .
,i tisi mpor tantt opayat tent i
ont owhatt heyshoul deatordr ink.
………………………………………. .
.,t hey may suf fer ser ious heal th pr oblems We
shoul d……………………….eatt oosal tyf oods……………………………t aket oosweet eneddr inks..
……………………………. ,l
eadi ngaphysi callyact i
vel i
fei shel pf ul.
Act i
vity4:Uset hewor dsorphr asesbel owt ocompl et et hesent ences.
Wor ds/ phr ases: t hough - t hus- duet o
Inmanydevel opi ngcount ri
esl ikeSenegal , economi cpr ogr essi ssl ow………. .……power
cuts.
Privatizat i
oncer tainlybr ingsr eliefi nmanysect ors………. ……t hepr i
cet obepai dbyt he
l
abourf or ceishi gh.
Act i
vity5:Chooset her i
ghtwor dsf rom t heboxt o compl etet hispassageabout
children–par ent sr elationshi p. However -so- and
Par entsandchi ldrenmustf indt i
met ocommuni cate.Di nner timeseemst obet hebest
oppor tuni tyfort his.………………………. …………. .
, todaymostf ami liespr efert owat ch T.V.
…………………………, itisadvi sablet hatpeopl echanget hei rhabi ts.
Act i
vity6:Di scour seconnect or s:Uset hewor dsandphr asesi nt heboxt ocompl ete
thesent encesmeani ngf ull
y.Eachi tem hast obeusedonl yonce.
since–howeverAsar esult–yet
Manypeopl euseaspi rint or eli
evewhat everpai nt heymayf eel .……………………. .,many
acci dents have been r epor ted.…………………. ,some peopl e keep usi ng i twi thouta
doct or’s advi ce.…………………………………. ,thosewhoshoul dnotusei tal waysmaket he
fatal mist akeofsel f-medi cation.
Act i
vity7:Mat cheachsent encewi tht her ightnot ionf rom t hel i
stbel ow:
“Cause/ effect ,condi tion, cont r
ast ,war ning, pur pose”
Sent ences Not i
ons
1-Ifwewantt odevel opAf ri
ca, we’ llhavef ocusongi rl
s’ educat ion. ……………………
2-56mi llionchi ldrenar eatr iskofi ll
iteracyi nt hewor l
d. ……………………
3-Theyl aunchedasensi ti
zat ioncampai gnsoast or educegender ………………………
dispar it
ies.
4-Eveni ftherear emor eboysi nschoolgi rlsdobet terr esul ts. ……………………. .

Act
ivi
ty8:Combi
neeachl
ineofcolumnAwi thal
inei
ncol
umnBusi
ngoneoft
hel
ink
wordsgi
ventomakemeaningf
ulsent
ences.
BySai
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 A Li
nkWor ds B
A-Thosepeopledeniedanyfreedom 1-providedthat a-hiscomplaini
ngatthebeginning.
B-Iwil
lagreetosupportyou 2-asar esul
t b-noonehaddonet heirexer
cises.
C-Thecountryshowssignsofacr i
sis 3-despite c-Iseeyouar est
ri
ving.
D-Modouenj oyedhisstay 4-as d-everyoneknewthey’dbedefeated.
E-Theteachergavethem atest 5-since e-peoplehavestat
edt ogoonst ri
ke.
F-Mobot u encouraged hi
ssol di
ersto 6-though f-theyrebel
led.
fi
ghton 7-unless

Act
ivi
ty9:Mat
chsent
encesi
ncol
umnIwi
tht
hei
deast
heyexpr
essi
ncol
umnI
I.

Col umnI ColumnI I Answers

1- HegivesupTVf orawhi l
ei nordertoi mprove a-pref
erence 1-…………………..
hisacademi cperf
ormance. b-goal 2-………………….
2-Ishoul dhaveattendedt
hemeet ing. c-regr
et 3……………………
3-Awai sf ondofTVwher eashersi sterpref
ers d-contr
ast
readingnovels.
Acti
vit
y10:Combi neeachlineofcolumnAwi t
halineincolumnBusi
ngoneoft
helink
wordsgiventomakemeani ngfulsentences.

ColumnA Li
nkingwords ColumnB
A-Biofuels are ver y popularin 1-if a-theyareact
uall
ypr oven“gr
een.
”
roadt
ranspor t
ation 2-unl
ess b-t
heirenvir
onment alimpactis st
il
lnot
B-Thepr oductionofbi ofuel
scan 3-event hough cer
tain.
compromisef oodpr oduction 4-ther
efor
e c-i
tshouldberegul
at edbygover
nments.
C- Gover nments shouldn’
t
subsi
dizerenewabl eener gy

Act
ivi
ty11:Combi
neeachl
ineofcolumnAwi t
hal
inei
ncol
umnBusi
ngoneoft
hel
ink
wor
dsgiventomakemeani
ngfulsentences.

ColumnA Linki
ngwor
ds ColumnC
A-Theywon’tpayel
ectri
cit
ybill
s 1- thatiswhy a-powersuppl yi snotr egular
.
B-The power cut s haven’ t 2-
unless b-tai
lors can’ tfinish theirjob on
st
opped 3-
event hough ti
me.
C-Therearemanyelectr
ici
tycuts 4-inspiteof c-t
hegover nmentr educespr i
ces.
D-Elect
ri
cit
ybil
lsar
estil
lhigh d-the demonst rati
ons i n t he
str
eets.
Activi
ty12:Matchtheunder l
inedwordsorphrasesinCol
umnAwi t
ht heirfunct i
onsi nB.
ColumnA ColumnB
1-.
.andwhi l
eeconomi cstabil
ityi
s……. a-contrast
2-EarnlessthanUS2dol laradayaccor di
ngtoworldbank b-simultaneity
3-Yetasubst ant
ialpar
tofchina’seconomyisdecli
ning c-consequence
d-opinion

BySai
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14
 Lesson3:PREPOSI
TIONANDPHRASALVERBS

A- PREPOSI TI ON:
Let ’
sst udyt hef ollowi ngsent ences.
S1:Thest udent sof tengot oschoolever ydaybybusatseveno’ clock.
S2:Theyar espeaki ngwi t
ht hei rmot heri nther oom.
I-What ’sapr eposi ti
on?:Def inition:
Apr eposi ti
oni sani nvar iablei tem suchas:( i
n, on, of f
, at,with,out ,f
rom, byet c…)whi ch
expr essest her el ationbet weenawor doranexpr essi onwi thanot heroneusual ly( but
notal ways)ofapr onoun, anoun, apr onounorapar ticle(refertot hesent encesabove)
II
- Uses/Funct ionofsomepr eposi tion:
Thef oll
owi ngpr eposi tionsexpr ess/ descr i
be:
-Di rection=t o:Ex:Shei sgoi ngt oschool .Or igin=f r om:Hei sf rom London.
-Place=on, in, out ,at:Ex:Theyi nThi es.Ex:Thecati sont het abl e.Ex:Hel ivesat .
..
-Time=i n,on,at ,t i
ll
,dur ing:Ex:Idon’ tgot oschoolonSunday.Ex:Iwasbor non
Febr uar y06Th.Ex:We’ llcomebackat7o’ clock.Ex:Hewasher edur ingt hewi nt er
.
-Placeandmovement =int o, insi deEx:Theyar ei nto/ i
nsidet hedi ni
ng- r
oom.
-Placeandposi t
ion=under ,thr ough, above, below, next ,near ,acr oss,agai nst,behind, i
n
frontof , between:Ex:Hei sundert het able.Ex:Shei si nf r
ontoft hedooragai n.
-Movement =towar ds,backwar ds,f orwar ds,upwar ds,i nwar ds,out wards,downwar ds,
up, down, of f:Ex:Hegotof fthecar .Ex:Hei sl eadi ngt owar dsusagai n.
-Dur ati
on/ relat i
on/ possessi on/ est i
mat ion/means=f or,wi th,of ,about /around,by:Ex:
Hehasbeenher ef ort enyear s.Ex:Hei slivingwi thhi m.Ex:Thecaroft hepr esidenti s
i
nt hegar age.Ex:t her ear ear ound/ aboutt enst udent sint hecl assr oom.Ex:Theyhave
gonebypl ane.Ex:Mycousi nshavegonet oLondonbyboatwi tht heirfather .
N. W:Tosum upwecansayt hatt herear edi f
fer entt ypesofpr eposi tionsandone
preposi ti
onl i
ke( on, in, atet c…)canhaveoneormor emeani ng/ funct i
on.
B-PHRASALVERBS:
II
I-What ’saphr asalver b?Def inition:
Whenaver bi susedwi thanadver bialpar t
icle( Ex:pr eposi tion)t hecombi nationi s
calledaphr asalver bwhi chf unct ionsl i
keanor dinar yver b.Ex:goi n,goout ,on,look
after ,up, f
or ,wai ton, foret c….
N. W:
Whenaphr asalver bhasadi r
ectobj ect,t het wopar tsoft hever bcanusual lybe
separ ated:t headver bialpar ticl e( pr eposi ti
on)canbeputbef oreoraf t
ert heobj ect.
Ex:Wehavet oputof ft hepar ty/ putt hepar tyof f.
Ex:Whydon’ tyout hrowawayt hatst upi dhat / t
hr owt hatst upidhataway?
-However ,whent heobj ecti sapr onoun( her ,us.Thi s,me,t hem)t headver bpar ti
cle
canonl ygoaf tert heobj ect .
Ex:We’ llhavet oputi tof f.*putof fi t.Ex:Coul dyouputherup?*putupher .
-Ther ear eaf ewver bswhi chconsi stoft hreepar ts:abasever bandt wopr eposi t
ions.
Ex:t ogetonwi th,putupwi th,checkupon,getonwi t
h,cutdownon,r unawayf r
om,
keepupwi thet c…

Her
eisal
istofsomef
requentEngl
ishPhr
asalVer
bs:
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15
Phr
asalver bs Frenchmeani ng Phr
asalver bs Frenchmeani ng
Toappl yf or Sol l
ici ter Tosur roundwi th Entour erde
Togazeat Cont empl er Tobet i
redwi th Etref atiguerde
Tohopef or Espér er Towar nof Aver tirde
ToListent o Écout er Toappl yt o S’adr esser
Tol
ookf or Cher cher Toarriveat Arri
vera
Tol
ookaf ter S’occuper Toattendt o Assi stera
Tol
ookat Regar der Tobelievei n Croirea/ en
Tocallf or Allercher cher Todieof Mour irde
Tocallon Rendr evi sit
e Todiei n Mour irdans
Topresi deover Prési der Todief rom Mour ir(mal adi e)
Toproceedwi th Cont inuer Todifferfrom Etredi fférentde
Tostar eat Fixerdesyeux Togetover Ser emet trede
Towai tf or Attendr e Tofeedon Senour ri
rde
Towai ton Ser vir Tohearf r
om Entendr epar lerde
Toappoi ntt o Nommera Toi
nsi ston Insistersur
Tobechar gewi t
h Etreaccusede Tol
augh/ mockat Semoquerde
Tocoverwi th Couvr irde Tol
iveon Vivrede
Todrivef rom Tirerde Toprof i
tby Profiterde
Todividedi nto Diviseren Toprepar ef or Sepr épar ea
Todrinkoutof Boi redans Torecoverf r
om Guér irde
Tofi
llwi th Rempl ir Toser veas Servi rde
Tol
ookl ike Ressembl er Tosucceedi n Réussi ra
Tol
ookt o Vei l
lersur Tothinkof Penserde
Topar twi t h Sesépar er Towonderat S’étonnerde
Toper siston Per sist er Tobei nter estedin Etrei ntéressé
Topointt o Mont r er Tocommenton Comment er
Topointout Indiquer Todepend/ rel
yon Dépendr ede
Togoodat Etrebonen Tocomef rom Veni rde
Tobebadat Etrenulen Tobequeenon Aimerbcp/ trop
Tocompl ainabout Sepl ai ndr ede Togoi n/ out Entrer /sortir
Totalkabout Par lerde Togetof f
/ down/ on Entrer
Toaskaf ter Demander Tobedepr ivedof Etrepr i
vede
Toabideby Respect er Tospendon Dépenser
Toapol ogi zefor S’excuser Tofallinl ovewi th Tomberamourde
Tobesor ryfor S’excuser Tocar ryon Cont inuer
Tothankf or Remer ci er Tokeepon Cont inuerdef aire
Toappr oveof Appr ouver Tokeepof f Eviter
Tobeaf raidof Avoi rpeur Tokeept o Rest er sur / dans
Tobef ondof Etref r i
andde (sujet)
Toput /tur non/off Allumer /éteindre
Topreventf r
om Empêcherde
Toprot ectf rom Préser ver /protéger
Tosatisf ywi th Secont enter

Act
ivi
ty1:Compl
etet
hef
oll
owi
ngpassagewi
tht
her
ightpr
eposi
ti
ons.
BySai
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16
Somepeoplear ereal
lyafraidoftheimpactofcli
matechange,sotheyareint
erest
ed
……………effi
cientsolut
ions.Infact
,somepeoplesuffer
………………….thesideef
fect
softhe
probl
em.Theyareangr ywithpeoplewhoareresponsi
ble…………….
thi
sphenomenon.

Acti
vit
y2:Complet
ethesentenceswi
ththeri
ghtpreposit
ions(at
,of
,to,
for
,int
o).
Inmostcases,rur
alpeopl
ear edepr
ived………….therighttohaveaccesstoelect
rici
ty.
Refr
igerat
orsthatareimpor t
ed……………….Afr
ica usuall
y have a t
hermalinsulati
on
thi
ckness 22t
hatisnotsuit
able………………t hehighambienttemperat
ureofthe
conti
nent.

Act
ivi
ty3:Someofthepreposi
ti
onsintheboxhavebeenomi
tt
edi
nthepassagebel
ow.
Choosetheri
ghtonef
oreachgap.
Of
-in-for-on-at-up-
from

South Af ri
ca is host i
ng FI FA Wor l
d Cup……… 2010. The compet it
ion
star
ts …………….June10th.Part………………..thehot
els,roadsandst
adi
umsareready.
Supporter
s……..
.….
countr
ies across the worl
d are prepari
ng………………t
his wor
ldwide
event.

Act i
vity4:Fil
lint
hebl ankswiththewor dsintheli
stbelow.
in–to–f r
om –f or–which–what–who
The Wor ld Anti
-Doping Agency ( WADA) ist he sports body responsi
ble ………
determi ni
ng ………. . substances ar e banned in athlet
ics. I
t has decreed that
athletes ……………. .ar ef ound wi th banned substances int hei
r possessi
on,or
refuset osubmit…………………. dr
ugt est
ingwillbesever
elysancti
oned.

Acti
vit
y5:Someoft hepreposit
ionsintheboxhavebeenomi tt
edint hepassagebel ow.
Choosetherightonef oreachgap.
at,
for,
against,
too, on,i
n
Today,morethan36%oft heworld’
sharvestsdepend……………i rr
igation.Theref
or e,all
countr
iesshouldl ook……………. .waysofexploit
ingt hei
rwaterr
esourcesmor eeffi
ciently.
Inari
dzones,f orexampl e,peoplecanbui l
dr eservoi
rstofi
ght……………t heevapor ation
ofwater.Thatr esourceis………………………pr eciousf orhumanit
yt obewast ed.Thati s
whymanypeopl edon’ tagree……….thechi
ldrenwhoof t
enwasteituselesslyeveryday.

Activit
y6:Fi lli
nthegapswi thprepositi
onsfrom t
heboxbel ow.
On-in-form-at -wit
h-by-of -off-to-after
-about -
before
Mycousi nwhoi snow………homei sgraduated………..C.A.D.U.Hisisfond……. .t
ennisant
noti nterested…………. basketball
.Hischildr
enar elooked…………. bybabysi t
terwhoi sn’
t
responsi ble…………t heireducation.Sheonl ytakescare……. them,leadthem………school .
………. dinnerorl uncht i
me,shewai ts………t hefamilymember s……….goingtowasht he
car.OnSundayst hechi l
drengo……t hemar ket………theirmot herinordertovisi
tandbuy
somecl ot
hes.Theyar ereallygood……. .MathsandEngl ish,t
hat’swhyt heirfat
heris
neverangr y……..…them.

BySai
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17
 Lesson4:PRESENTSI
MPLEANDPRESENTPROGRESSI
VE

1-PRESNETSI MPLE
A-Forms:
-Affi
rmati
veForm:
Theaffi
rmati
veform oft
hesimplepr
esenttensei smadeupwi th:asubj
ect+Inf
ini
ti
ve
(-
to)+Objectexceptatt
hethi
rdper
sonsingularwher eweadd“ s”or“es”
.
Ex:Wegot oschoolever
yday–Ex:Theytaketheirdinnerat9o’clockpm.
Ex:Sheoft
enhelpshermother–Ex:Heusuallylearnshislessonsinthemorni
ng.
N.
W:
Si
mpl
ePr
esent
,Thi
rdPer
sonSi
ngul
ar:
-I ft
hei nf initi
veoft hever bendsi n“ o”weaddesi nt het hirdper sonsi ngular.
Ex:Hegoest oschoolever yday–Ex:Shef requent lydoesherhomewor kalone.
-I fthei nf init
iveoft hever bsendsi n“ y”andt his“ Y”i spr ecededbyaconsonantwe
changet he“ y”i nto“ i”bef oreaddi ng “ es”Ex:t ocr y,t r
y,st udy,occupy,f l
y,modi fy,
justif
yet c….
Ex:Heof t ent ri
est ocal lhisf riendEx:Shesomet imescr iesi nt hemor ning.
-Ifthei nf initi
veoft hever bendsi n“ s,ch,sh,zorx”weadd“es”i nt het hi
r dper son
singular .Ex:t opass, fix,puni sh, towat chandbuzzet c….Ex:Heof tenpuni sheshi sson
Ex:Itbuzzesal otdur ingt heday.
-Negat iveFor m:
Wegett henegat i
vef orm oft hepr esentsi mpl ewi th:Subj ect+do/ does+not+Ver b
+Obj ect.Ex:Theydonot( don’ t)eatr iceEx:Hedoesnot( doesn’ t)likehi shal f-sister
.
-Interr
ogat i
veFor m:
Thei nter rogat ivef or m oft hepr esentsi mpl eismadeupwi th:
Do/ dose+Subj ect+Ver b+Obj ect+?OrQuest i
onWor d+Do/ do+Subj+Ver b+Obj ect+?
Ex:Dot heygot oschoolever yday?Ex:Doesshehel phermot her ?Ex:WhydoIgo?
-Interr
o- Negat iveFor m:
Weconst r ucttheI nt erro-negat ivef or m oft hesi mpl epr esentasf ollows:
( QW)orDo/ does+not+Subj ect+Ver b+obj ect+?
Ex:Don’ tyougot ohel phi m agai n?Ex:Whydoesn’ theknowwhatt odo?
B-Funct ionsandusesoft hepr esentsi mpl e:
Thesi mpl epr esentt ensei sgener allyusedi nt hef ol l
owi ngcases:
a-Todescr i
bet hingst hatar eal wayst rueorsi tuat i
onst hatexi stnowandasf araswe
knowwi llgooni ndef init
ely.Ex:Tr eesgr owmor equi cklyi nsummert hani nwi nter.
b-Todescr ibeevent sorsomet hingt akingpl acer egular l
y, habi tuallyorr epeat edly.
Ex:Shedr inkst eaever ydayat12o’ cl ock.Ex:I trai nsever ynighti nt hehotseason.
c-Todescr ibeagener al
,sci ent if
icormat hemat i
calt ruth.
Ex:TheEar threvol vesar oundt heSun.Ex:Wat erfr eezesatzer odegr ees.
Ex:Veget ariansdon’ teatmeatEx:TheRi verAmazonf lowsi nt heAt l
anticOcean Ex:
Mymot heri sPer uvianandmyf atheri sMexi can.Ex:Fourmi nust woequal st wo.
d-Tot alkaboutsi tuat ionswhi char eper manentorcont i
nui ngf oral ongt ime.
Ex:MrandMr sShawl ivei nBr istol .Ex:Wear ebl ackpeopl e.
e-Tot alkaboutt hef uture, par t
icul arlyaf terI foraf teraconj unct ionoft ime( assoonas,
when, unt il,t
il
l,asl ongaset c…)andi ndi scussi onsaboutpr ogr amsandt imetabl e.
Ex:Ifhel ear nshe’ llsucceed.Ex:Assoonashear riveshewi llwat chont heTV.
BySai
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f-Toexpr essf ixedar rangement sorsi tuati
onpr esentorf uture.
Ex:Yourexam st artsat9o’ clockt oday.Ex:Hel eavest omor rowat10o’ clock
g-Weuset hesi mpl epr esentwi thver bswhi chper formt heact iont heydescr ibe.
Ex:Ir efuset obel ievehedi dn’tknowt hatthecarwasbr oken( refusal ).
ExIadmi tt hatIcan’ tseeaswel lasIusedt odo( admi ssion) .
NW:
Per f
or mat i
vever bsar e( toapol ogize,assume,deny,hope,guar antee,i nform,pr edict,
promi se, accept ,suggest ,suppose, warn,acknowl edge, advi se,recommend) .
h- We can al so use t he si mpl e pr esenti n st ories t oldi nt he pr esentand i n
comment arieson, forexampl ef oot ball
,tennis, basket ball, wrestlinget c…
Ex:Henr ypassest hebal lt oJobandJobt oFayewhoi ntercept si tandshoot sand
scor es-itisani cegoal .
i-Wecanal souset hesi mpl epr esenti nnewspaperheadl ines.
Ex:Ourpr esi dentgoest oPar i
s. Ex:Twol ionsescapef rom t hezoo.
j-Weof t
enpr efert ouset hepr esentsi mpl er at herthant hepr esentcont i
nuouswi t
h
verbsdescr i
bingst at es.Ex:Ir eal l
yenj oytravel ling. Ex:Ihopet hathe’ l
lcomel ater.
Ex:It hinkthathebel ievesi nGodbuthi sbr otherdoesn’ tknowt hat .
Othercommon st at e ver bs ar e:assume,agr ee,bel ieve,hope,l ike,enj oy,det est,
consi der,know,l ove,bel ong,di sagr ee,pr efer,r eali
ze,r egret,hat e,f eel,own,di slike,
think,cont ain, cost ,wi sh, t
ast e, smel l,r
esembl eet c…
k-Wecanuset hesi mpl epr esentt ogi veinst ruct ionsordi recti
onst osomebody.
Ex:Yout aket hebusNo1andt henNo8t oPr inci palhospi t
al.
Ex:Youwal kf ort wohundr edmet ersandt henyout urnl eft.
l-Tot r
ansl atesomepr over bswhi char eal wayst rueort oquot er eligiousbooks.
Ex:TheKor anort heBi blesays“ Thoushal lnotki ll”Ex:Char i
tybegi nsathome.
Ex:Wher et her eisawi llther ei saway.Ex:Bet t
erl atethannever .
N.W:
Adver bsandadver bialexpr essi onsoft ime, f
requencyorpr obabi lit
ywhi chgener all
ygo
witht hesi mpl epr esentt oexpr essar egular ,
habi tualorr epeat edeventar e:
Often, somet imes, usual ly,sel dom, everyday, rar ely,ever y( week, mont h,year)
Ex:Theyof tengot ohospi talt oget her.Ex:Heusual l
ylear nshi sl essonsi nther oom.
Ex:Ever yyeart heyvi sitt henat i
onalpar k Ex:TheFI FAf oot ballwor ldcupt akes
placesever yf ouryear s.

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2-PRESENTPROGRESSI VEorCONTI NUOUS
A-For ms:
-Affirmat iveFor m:
Wegett heaf firmat i
vef orm oft hepr esentcont i
nuouswi t
hasubj ect ,thepr esentt ense
oftheauxi liar ybeandt hepr esentpar ticipleoft hemai nver b.
Subj ect+am/ is/ ar e+V( ING)+Obj ect
Ex:Iam l isteni ngt ot het eacher .Ex:Theyar ewat chi ngTV.Ex:Hei seat ingabanana.
-Negat i
vef or m:
Thenegat ivef orm oft hepr esentcont inuousi smadeupwi thasubj ect, t
heauxi liar ybe
i
nt henegat ivef or m oft hesi mpl epr esentandt hepr esentpar ticipleoft hemai nver b.
Subj ect+am/ isorar e+not+V( ING)+obj ect.Ex:Theyar enot( aren’ t)sleepi ng.
-Interrogat iveFor m:
Webui ldt hei nter rogat ivefor m oft hepr esentpr ogr essi veasf oll
ows:
Am/ i
s/ are+Subj +V( ING) +Obj +? OrQW+am/ i
s/ ar e+Subj +V( I
NG) +Obj +?
Ex:Ar et heyl ear ni ngt heirlessons?Ex:Wher ear eyougoi ngt odaymyf riend?
-Interro-Negat iveFor m:
TheI nt erro- negat ivef or m ofthepr esentcont inuousi sf ormedwi th:
(QW)orar e/ is/ am+Subj ect+V( I
NG)+Obj ect+?
Ex:Ar en’ tyoul eavi ngt oday? Ex:Whyi sn’ tshedoi ngherhomewor kagai n?
B-Funct ionsandusesoft hepr esentpr ogr essive:
Thepr esentcont inuoust ensei sgener allyusedi nt hef ollowi ngcases:
a-Todescr ibeaneventorsomet hingt hati shappeni ngatt hemomentofspeaki ng
Ex:Pet eri sst i
llsl eepi ngi nhi sr oom.Ex:Wear el isteni ngt oBBCatt hemoment .
b-Tot alkaboutaneventorsomet hi ngt hati shappeni ngt empor aril
ynotper manent .
Ex:Iam nott aki ngcl assest hissemest er.Ex:Onl yonehospi talisf unct ioningnow.
c-Toexpr essort al kaboutdevel opi ngorchangi ngsi tuationsar oundt hepr esent .
Ex:Theweat heri sget ti
ngbet terandbet ter.Ex:Li f
ei sget t
inghar derandhar dernow.
d-Todescr i
bef ut urehappeni ngs,i nt ent i
on,ar r angement ,planoradeci siont akenat
themomentofspeaki ngbutexpect edt ohappen/t akepl acei nt hef ut ure.
Ex:Whatar eyoudoi ngt hiseveni ng?Ex:Wear epr obabl yspendi ngnextweekendat
home.Ex:Thepr esi dentoft her epubl i
ci svi sitingourschoolnextmont hat9o’ clock.
e-Toexpr essnearf ut urewi tht heexpr essi on:begoi ngt o+I nf i
ni t
ive.
Ex:Hei sgoi ngt ohel pyout hisni ght .Ex:Theyar egoi ngt ot ravelnextmont h.
f-Tot alkaboutsomet hingt hati st aki ngpl acear oundt hepr esentt imeandnotexact l
y
atthet i
meofspeaki ng.
Ex:Mycousi ni sl ooki ngf orjobnow.Ex:Bobi sr eadi nganovelbyShakespear e.
g-Wecanspeci al lyuset hepr esentpr ogr essi vewi th:al ways, const ant ly,cont inual lyor
forevert ot alkaboutt hingsorevent st hatof t
enhappenunexpect edlyorannoyi ngl y.
Ex:Shei sal waysbor r
owi ngmoneyandf or get tingt opayyouback.Ex:Youar e
const ant lysmoki ngi nt hedi ningr oom.Ex:Hei sal wayscal l
ingatmedi nnert ime.
h-Todescr ibesomet hingoraneventt hatmaybegoi ngonatanyt i
me.
Ex:Youl ookl ovel ywhenyouar esmi li
ng.Ex:Idon’ tliket obedi stur bedi fI’m wor king.
Ex:Theyof tensmi lewhent heyar er ecei vingt hei rmoney.
i
-Tot alkaboutaneventorsomet hi ngt hati sinpr ogr essf orl i
mi tedper iodar oundt he
present .
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Ex:Rober
tisonhol
idayt
hisweek.Hei
sst
ayi
ngwi
thhi
ssi
steratahot
eli
nGl
asgow.

BeCar eful!
Thereaf ew ver bswhi char enotgener all
yusedi nt hecont inuousf or msoft enses.
Thesever bsar enormal lyusedi nthesi mpleoft ensesf orms, event ot al kaboutt hings
thatar egoi ngonatt hemomentofspeaki ng,becauset heyr efert ost at esr athert han
acti
onsorpr ocesses.Thesever bsar e:
-Senseorper cept i
onver bs:tof eel,hear ,see,tasteandsmel l.Ex:Iheart hem speaki ng.
-Opinion ver bs:t o assume,bel ieve,consi der ,doubt ,f eel( thi nk) ,f i
nd ( consi der),
supposeandt hink.Ex:NowIt hinkt hathebel ievesi nGodcont rar yt ohi shal f-brother
-Ment alver bs:t oforget ,i
magi ne, know, mean, notice, recogni ze, remember ,r
emi ndand
under stand.Ex:Imeant hathemusthel pallhisbr other sandsi st eratt hevi ll
age.
-Emot ion/ desi rever bs:Toenvy,di slike,fear,hat e,hope,l ike,l ove,mi nd,pr efer,wi sh,
regret,wantanddet est .Ex:Todaypeopl edon’ tli
ket oseehi m ont henat ionalTV.
Measur ementver bs:Tocont ain,hold, cost,measur eandwei gh.Ex:I tcost stenUS$.
-Othert ypesofver bs:Tol ookl ike,r esembl e,seem,be( i
nmostcases) ,andhave
(meani ngt opossess) .Thi sgirllooksl i
ket oherf ather .Ex:Heseemst obebusynow.
N.W:
-Percept ionver bs( feel,smel l,see,t asteandhear )ar eof t
enusedwi th“ can”.Ex:Ican
youf rom t hebackoft hecl assroom.Ex:Theycanseeyoueveni nt hedar kness.
-Thesesamever bscanbeusedi nt hepr ogressi vef orm butwi thadi ff
er entmeani ng:
Compar e:-Thi scoatf eelsni ceandwar m.(Yourper cept i
onoft hecoat ’squal iti
es)
-Johni sf eelingmuchbet t
ernow.( Hi sheal thi simpr ovi ng)
Ex:Hehast hreedogsandt wocat s( Possessi on)Ex:Hei shavi ngsupper( she’seat i
ng)
-Now,att hemoment ,pr esently,nowadays,oraf terani mper at iveexpr essionsuchas:
look!Becar eful!aregener all
y( notal wayst rue)i ndi catorsoft heuseoft hepr esent
continuoust ense.
Ex:Listen!Ourschoolbel lisr i
nging.Ex:Whatar eyoudoi ngi nt her oom att hemoment ?
Wear elear ningourHi storyandGeogr aphyl essonf orourt omor r owt estat8o’ cl
ock.

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Acti
vit
y1:Putt hever bsinbr acketinthepr esentsi mpl eorprogressive.
1-Youwi llmeett heleaderoft hegroupwhenhe…………. .backtoday( t
ocome) .
2-Unlessmycough…………………. ….
…..Iwon’ tgot oschool( toimprove) .
3-I’
m sor r
yyoucan’ tseet hedoct ornow, he………. .……………apat i
ent( toconsul
t).
4-Whoi sint heroom?What…………………………………t here?(you/do).
5-Youwi llseehimi nhisof fi
ceassoonashe…………………her e(toarrive).
6-Ther i
verSenegal ………………………. .i
ntot heAtlanticOcean( t
oflow).
7-Becar eful
!I…………………. .t
ol i
stent henewsf rom B. B.Ctoday.(towant )
8-Afri
caandAsi a…………. ………. thepoor estcont i
nent sinthewor l
d( t
obe) .
9-I
fyou………. ……yourpar entsyouwi l
lbecur sedf orevermyf ri
end( torespect)
.
10-ThisLady………………………. t
oLondonwi thherhusband( usual
ly/go).
11-Don’tgoi nt
ot heroom, thechi l
dren……………………t heirl
essons( tolearn).
12-Mydearuncl e…………. ………. .inhisli
braryar oundsi xAM ( of
ten/study).

Act
ivit
y2:Chooset hecorr ectanswerbet weena, borc.tofi
lli
nt hegaps.
1-Ami natasowf all
……………………. .…….
aSenegal esewomanwr i
ter.
a-i
sbei ng b-are c-is
2-We………………. oneofhernovel satthemomenti ntheschoollibrary.
a-read b-ar ereading c-bereadi ng
3-Lookatt hesenaught yboys, t
hey…………. .
………………. thepoorgirl.
a-arelaughi ng b-l augh c-laughing
4-Supposeyou…………. ….
…. theJackpot,whatwi l
lyoudowi t
hthemoney?
a-arewi nning b-wi ns c-win
5-Ami nataSowFal l………………………i nSaintLouisforthet i
mebei ng.
a-i
sl i
ving b-l
ives c-live
6-Theywi llcallModouassoonast hey…………………hi mi nthecity.
a-see b-ar eseeing c-seen

Act
ivit
y3:Therearemi stakesinthesentences.Findthemistakesandcorr
ectthem.
1-Unlessyouwi l
lst
oppl ayingtruant
,youwon’ tsucceedinyourstudi
es.
………………………………………………………………………………. .
2-Looktheteacher,heexplainsandwr i
testhegr ammarlessonagain.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3-Everyweekmysi stersarehelpingourmot herinthekit
chentocookdinner
.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4-Ifyouwil
lgetyourmoneyf rom Daddy,Iam thi
nkingyouar ehel
pingus.
…………………………………………………………………………………. .
5-Whenyouwi llseeAly,youar etel
li
nghimt ocomeathomer i
ghtnow.
…………………………………………………………………………………

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 Lesson5:THEPRESENTPERFECTSI
MPLEANDPROGRESSI
VE

3-THEPRESENTPERFEDCTSI MPLE.
A-For ms:
-Affi
rmat ivefor m:
Theaf fi
rmat ivef orm oft hepr esentper fectsi mpleismadewi thasubj ect,t heauxi l
iary
haveint hesi mpl epr esentandt hepastpar ti
cipleoft hemai nver b.
Subject+has/ have+Pastpar ti
ci ple+Obj ect
Ex:Theyhavegonet oschool .Ex:Hehasr eceivedhi sl etter.Ex:Ihavehel pedher .
-NegativeFor m:
Wegett henegat ivef rom oft hepr esentper fectsimpl ef rom subj ect,theauxi l
iaryhave
i
nt henegat i
vef orm oft hesi mpl epr esentandt hepastpar t i
cipleoft hemai nver b.
Subject+has/ have+not+PastPar ti
ciple+Obj ect.
Ex:Theyhaven’ thel pedhi m Ex:Hehasn’ tseent heboy. Ex:Ihaven’ tgonet her e.
-Int
errogat i
veFor m:
TheI nterrogat i
vef orm oft hepr esentper f
ectsi mpl ei sbui l
tasf oll
ows:Have/ has+
subject+Pastpar ticiple+obj ect +?OrQW+have/ has+subj ect+P. P+obj ect+?
Ex:Haveyouseent heboss? Ex:Wher ehavet heygonewi thoutper mi ssion?
-Int
erro-Negat iveFor m:
Webui ldt heI nter ro- negat ivef orm oft hepr esentper fectsi mpl ewi th:Have/ hasorQW+
have/has+subj ect +pastpar ti
cipl e+obj ect+?
Ex:Hasn’ thewokenupyet ? Ex:Whyhaven’ tyouhel pedt hem agai n?
B-Funct ionsandusesoft hepr esentper fect:
Wegener allyust hepr esentper fectsi mpl eint hef ol
lowi ngsi tuations:
a-Todescr i
be/ talkaboutsomet hingwhi chst artedint hepastandcont i
nuesupt ot he
present,therei saconnect ionbet weent hepastandt hepr esent .
Ex:Shehaswor kedi nLondonf orsi xmont hs( Shest illwor ksi nLondonnow) .
Ex:BenandSophi ahavebeenmar riedsi nce2010( Theyar est il
lmar ri
ednow) .
b-Todescr i
bet hi ngswhi chhavehappeneddur i
ngaper iodoft i
met hatcont i
nuesup
tothepr esent .
ExIhavebeent oEur opeandI ndi a( inmyl i
fe,upt onow)
Ex:Haveyouevereat enChi nesef ood?( Inyourl if
e,upt onow)
c-Tot alkaboutevent st hathappenedatani ndefini
tet i
mei nt hepast .
Ex:Thehavemovedt oLosAngel es Ex:Wehavegonet oGor eeislandt wice.
d-Todescr i
beaneventt hathappenedbutt her esultoft hepastact i
oni sconnect edt o
thepresent .
Ex:Somebodyhasbr okent hewi ndow ( thewi ndow i snow br oken)Ex:Thet axihas
arri
ved( thet axii snowher e) .
e-Weof tenuset hepr esentper fectt ogi venewsorgi vei nf ormat i
on.I tisespeci al l
y
commoni nr epor ts, letter sandconver sations.
Ex:Mybr otherhasgoneabr oad Ex:Daddy, Ihavef oundanewj obdownt own.
Ex:Accor dingt ot hel at estr epor ts, gover nmentf orceshavepushedbackt her ebelsand
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r
etakent
het
own.Ex:I
’m del
ight
edt
otel
lyout
hatyouhavepassedyourexam.

f-Weof tenuset hepr esentper fectsi mpl et ot alkaboutaser i

esofr epeat edact i
ons
whichhavehappenedupt ot hepr esent .
Ex:I'vegonet oThi esmanyt imes.Ex:I ’
veof tenwonder edwher esheget shermoney.
g-Thepr esentpr ef ectsi mpl ei sof tenusedwi thexpr essionsoft imewhi chr efertoa
pastper iodupt onow:Ex:al lthisyear ,allmyl if
e, sof ar ,recently, l
atel
y, since, for,thi
s
year, t
hi sweek( theseper iodsoft imear en’tf i
ni shedatt het imeofspeaki ng) .
Ex:Ihaven’ tseent hepr esentsof ar .Ex:I ’vest udiedhumannat ureal lmyl if
e.
N.W:
Presentper f
ectsi mpl ewi t hspeci alst ruct ur esandf or,si nce,yet ,alr
eady,j ust ,ever,
never .
Weof tenusef orandsi ncewi t
ht hepr esentper fectt ot alkaboutt hingst hathave
cont i
nuedoveraper iodoft imeupt ot hepr esent( nott hepast ).
Let’sst udyt hef ol lowi ngsent ences.
Ex:Ihavebeenast udenti nV. Nhi ghschoolf ort woyear s.
Ex:Ihavebeenast udentatV. Nhi ghschoolsi nce2009.
-For:Weusef orwi tht hepr esentper fectt oshowt hedur ationofaneventt hatst art
ed
inthepastandcont i
nuest ot hepr esent .
-Since:Andweof tenusesi ncet oshowt hest arti
ngpoi ntoft hissamet ypeofevent .
For+Lengt hoft ime( for+f ouryear s, ninemont hs, ashor ttime, oneweek)
Since+st art
ingpoi nt( 2o’ cl ock, Jul y, 1987, Iwasachi ld,lastMonday)
-Yet:Weof t
enuseyetgener allyi nnegat iveori nterr ogat i
vesent enceswhenwear e
expect ingsomet hi ngt ohappenort oshowt hatsomet hinghasnotbeendonesof ar.
Ex:It’s9o’ cl
ock.HasRober twokenupyet ? Ex:Theyhavenotf i
nisheddi nneryet .
-Already:We use al ready wi t
ht he pr esentper fectwhen somet hing happened
sooner / earli
ert hanexpect ed.Ex:Wehaveal readywr ittent hee- mai ltoBob.
-Just :Weusej ustwi t
ht hepr esentper fectt ot alkaboutver yr ecentevent sB. E,A.E
usual l
yuset hepast .Ex:Thet axihasj ustar ri
vedort het axij ustarr i
ved( AM. E) .
-Ever :Everi susedwi t
ht hepr esentper f
ectt omean“ atanyt imeupt onow” .Ex:Have
youeverbeeni nasubmar ine?Ex:Havet heyevergonet oCanada?
-Never :Neveri susedwi tht hepr esentper f
ectwheni tmeans“ atnot i
meupt othe
present ”andt oshowt hataneventhasnothappenedatnot i
meupt othepr esent .
Ex:Youhaveneverbeenher ebef or e, haveyou? Ex:Theyhavenevercomeher e.
-Weof tenuset hepr esentper fectaf ter:Itist hef i
rstt imeandsi mi larexpr essi onssuch
as:Thi s/thati st hef i
rst/ second,et c…/ Thi s/ that/iti st heonl y…. ,This/ that/ itist he
best/ f
inest /mosti nt erestinget c…. .
Ex:Thi s/ i
tist hef irstt ime( that )wehavehear dhervoi ce.

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4-THEPRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSI VE
A-For ms:
-Affirmat iveFor m:
Theaf fir
mat ivef orm oft hepr esentper fectcont inuousi sbui ltwi tht obei nt hepr eset
perfectsi mpl eandt hepr esentpar ticipleoft hemai nver b.
Subj ect+have/ has+been+Pr esentpar t
icipleEx:Theyhavebeeneat ing.
Ex:Hehasbeencomi ngt oseet hem.Ex:Ihavebeenl ear ni
ngmyl essonsi nt her oom.
-Negat iveFor m:
Webui ldt henegat ivef orm oft hepr esentper fectpr ogressi vei s:
Subj ect+have/ has+not +been+Ver b(ing) .
Ex:Theyhavenotl ear ning. Ex:Shehasnotcal l
ingt hem agai n.
-I
nt errogat i
vef orm:
Thei nter rogat i
vef orm oft hepr esentper fectcont inuousi sbui ltasf ollows:
Have/ hasor( QW)+have/ has+subj ect+Ver b+obj ect +?
Ex:Haveyoubeenl ear ning? Ex:Wher ehavet heybeenl ear ningt hei rlessons?
-I
nt erro- Negat i
veFor m:
TheI nter ro-negat ivef orm oft hepr esentper fectcont i
nuousi smadeupasf ollows:
Have/ hasor( QW)+have/ hasnot+subj ect +Ver b+obj ect+?
Ex:Whyhavenotyoubeeneat ingt oget her ?Ex:Hasnothebeendr awi ngadog?
B:Funct ionsandusesoft hePr esentPer fectCont i
nuous:
Sent enceswi ththepr esentper fectsi mpl eorpr ogr essiveal waysconnectt hepr esent
andt hepast .So, wet hepr esentper fectcont i
nuousi nt hef oll
owi ngcases:
a- Tot al kaboutsomet hingt hatst artedi nt hepastandhasbeeni npr ogr essupt ot he
present .Ex:Theyhavebeenl earningEngl ishf orsi xyear snow.
Ex:Myuncl ehasbeenwor kingi nt hisfact orysi nce2009.
b-Todescr iber epeat edact i
onsorsi tuationsi naper i
odupt ot hepr esentort her ecent
past .Ex:Ihavebeendr i
vi ngf ort wohour s.Ex:Hehasbeenl earni ngi nt her oom.
c- Tot alkaboutanact iont hathasbeeni npr ogr essupt ot her ecentpast ,especi all
y
whent heact ionhasr esul tsint hepr esent .
Ex:Look!I thasbeensnowi ng.( I
tisnotsnowi ngnow, butt hesnowi sont hegr ound)
Haveyoubeenpai nting?( Youar enotpai ntingnow, butt herei spai nti nyourhand)
d-Tot alkabouthowl ongsomet hinghasbeeni npr ogr essf rom t hepastt ot hepr esent.
Ex:Ihavebeenwal kingal lmor ning.Ex:Howl onghaveyoubeenl ear ningl essons?
N.W:
Ingener alinsomesi tuationst herei snodi fferencebet weent hepr esentper fectsimpl e
orpr ogr essivet hati st osayt heyar eof t
eni nter changeabl e.
Compar e:
Ex:Theyhavebeenl ivingi nKaol ackf ortenyear s.( Theyar est il
lli
vingi nKl ).
Ex:Theyhavel ivedi nKaol ackf ort enyear s.(Theyar est illl
ivi
ngi nKl ).

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Acti
vity1:Usethepr esentper fectsi mpl eorcont inuousoft hever bsi nbrackets.
1-Sincetheywer eyoung, thechi ldren……………………. …….( enjoy)t r
avellingbyplane.
2-It………………………………. .………. .……( snow)heavi l
ysincet hismor ning.
3-I’
m pleasedt osaythatourt eam………………. …………….( play)wel lthisyear.
4-I……………………. .……………( never /under stand)whywehavet opaysomucht ax.
5-I………………………. ……….……( notr ead)anyofChar lesDickens’ novelsyet .
6-Inr ecentyears,Brazili
ancompani es……………………. .…………( put )al otofmoneyi nt
o
developi
ngadvancedt echnol ogy.
7-That ’
stwiceI………………………. .
…. .
.(f orget)tobringmycomput eratschoolt hisweek.
8-I……………………………………….( never/ l
isten)toanyofBob’ smusi cbefor e.
9-……………………………………….( you/ ever /writ
e)al ett
ertothePr i
meMi nister
?
10-YayaDi eme……………………………. ..(lead)ther epubli
coft heGambi af or16year s.
11-Ourf at
her…………………………. .……….( wor k)inthisfactoryf orsixyear snow.
12-Itisthefir
sttimethatAl y……………………. .…………. .
.(go)t ot heUSAal one.

Activi
ty2:Compl etethesent enceswi t
h:Since,For,Never ,Ever
,AlreadyorYet
.
1-Ther ebell
ionhasst art
edincasamence…………. .…………manyyear s.
2-Haveyou………. ………i nter
viewedaSenegal eseMi nisterinyourli
fe?
3-Myf atherhasn’tcomebackf rom work……………………………
4-Thest udentshave………………. …….gonebef oretheteacher ’sarr
ival.
5-Thesechi l
drenhave……………………….eat enaChi nesedi sh.
6-Themat chhasbegun………………si xo’cl
ockA. M.
7-Thi scoupl ehasbeenmar ri
ed…………12year snow,t hatistosay…………i n1998and
exactlyinDakar .
8-Myf ri
endhasbeendi sappointed…………. .
……hehasf ailedinhisBACexam.
9-Havet heymett heboss…………………. .
?No, t
heyhaven’ tseenhim…………………
10-Bar ackObamahas………. .…….visit
edourbel ovedcount ry………..….
..
hehasbeen
presidentoftheUSA.

Activit
y3:Reformul
atethefol
lowingsentencesusingt hegivenclues.
1-TheRepubl i
cofTunisiahasbeeninvesti
ngi nTechnol ogyfortwentyyear
s.
TheRepubl i
c…………………………………………………………………………. .(
usesince)
2-Si nce2008BanKinMoonhasbeenl eadingtheUnitedNat ions.
BanKi nMoon……………………………………. ……………………………….( usefor)
3-Senegalhasbecomeamemberoft heAfricanUnionf ormanyyear s.
It
’s…………………………………………………………………. ……………………………
4-Theyl astwentt
otheRepubl i
cofHaitisi
xyear sago.
They…………………………………………………………………………. …………………
They……………………………………………………………………………………. ………
It
’s…………………………………………………………………………………………
5-Theset wofri
endsdidnotmeeteachot herfortwentysi xyears.
Theset wo…………………………………………………………………………………. .
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I
t’
s……………………………………………………………………………….
.……………

Lesson6:THEPASTSI
MPLEANDPROGRESSI
VETENSES
5-THEPRETERI T/SIMPLEPAST
A-For ms:
-Affi
rmat ivef or m:
Theaf fir
mat i
vepastsi mpl eofr egul arver bsi sbui ltwith:asubj ectandver bandt he
suffi
xed=Subj ect +Ver b(Ed)+obj ect .
Ex:Theyhel pedhi m yest er day. Ex:Wepl ayedt ennist oget her.
-I
rregularVer bs:Ref ert ot hel istoft hei r
regularver bs.
Ex:Heat et hemangoesl astMonday. Ex:Al ywr oteane- mai ltohimi n2010.
-Negat i
veFor m:
Thenegat ivef orm oft hepr eteritismadeupwi th:asubj ect+di d+not +Ver b+obj .
Ex:Thest udent sdi dnotgot oschool .Ex:Wedi dnotseet hem att hemeet ing.
-I
nterrogat iveFor m:
Weaskquest ionsi nthepr eteritasf oll
ows:Di d+Subj ect+Ver b+obj ect+?Or
Quest i
onWor d+di d+Subj ect+Ver b+Obj ect+?
Ex:Didt heysendane- mai lyest er day?Ex:Whendi dyoucomebackf rom London?
-I
nterro-Negat i
veFor m:
TheI nterro- negat i
vef or m oft hepr eteri
tisconst r
uctedasf ol lows:
Quest ionWor d+di d+notordi d+not+Subj ect +Ver b+Obj ect+?
Ex:Whydi dnotyouhel pt hem?Ex:Di dnott heyseeyouatt hemeet ingyest erday?
B-Funct ionsandusesoft hePr eter i
t/Simpl ePast :
Weuset hepr et eritint hef ollowi ngcases:
a-Todescr ibedef i
nit epastevent soract ionst hati st osayweknow whent hey
happenedi nt hepast .(Ex:yest er day, l
astweek, year,in1999, ago)
Ex:Theywentt oLondoni n2010.Ex:Ipl ayedf ootballyest erday.
b-Todescr ibeapasteventt hathappenedandwascompl et edinadef i
nedandl imit
ed
peri
odi nt hepastnotnow( weof tenknowi tsbegi nningandend) .
Ex:Leopol dSedarSenghorwasourpr esidentf rom 1960t o1980.
Ex:Alypl ayedTenni sfort enmi nut esyest er dayatschool .
N.W:- Thepr eter itwithsomepar ti
cul arstructur esandver bs.
1-Usedt o+i nf i
ni t
ive:
Weuseusedt o+i nfinitivet oexpr esspasthabi tsorst ates.I fwesayt hatsomebody
usedt odosomet hingwemeant hatsomet imeagohedi dithabi t
ually,butt hathe
doesnotdoi tnow.
Ex:Alyusedt opl aycar dsal ot. Ex:Theyusedt opl ayTenni satpr imar yschool .

2-Itishigh( about)t
ime+Subject+Pret
eri
t:
Whenwewantt osaythat“i
tist
ime”forsomebodyelsetodosomething,
weveryoften
uset hestructure:I
tishighti
me+Subj ect+pret
eri
t.Butthemeaningofthi
sstruct
ure
i
spr esentorf ut
ure,nott
hepast.Ex:I
tisti
meyouwentt obednow.
Ex:Everythi
ngi sexpensivei
nSenegal,i
shight
imethepresidentr
educedpri
ces.
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N.W:
I
tishighti
mecanbefol
lowedby:
-I
tishight
ime+to+Inf
init
ive.Ex:I
tisti
metobuyanewandni
cecar.
-I
tishight
ime+for+Object.Ex:I
tisaboutt
imef
oryout
ogotobed.

3-Woul dr ather+Subj ect+Pr eterit:

Weuset hisst ruct uret osayt hatsomebodywoul dpr eferanot heronet odosomet hing.
Int hiscase, wegener all
yuseapastt ensewi thapr esentorf uturemeani ng.
Ex:I ’dr atheryouwenthomenow.Ex:Don’ tcomet omor row.I ’
dr atheryoucamenext
week.Ex:Mywi fewoul dr atherwedi dn’ tseeeachot heranymor e.
4-Wi sh+Subj ect+Pr eterit:
Weuset hisst ruct uret osayt hatwewoul dliket hingst obedi f
ferentfrom whatt heyare,
thati st osayt oexpr essani deaofwi shi nt hepr esent .
Ex:Iwi shIwashandsome.( =but ,Iam nothandsome)
Ex:Theywi shIgotanewandwonder fulcar .(=but ,Idon’tgetacar )
5-I f+Subj ect+Pr eterit……………Subj ect+Pr esentCondi ti
onal
Weuset hepr et eritinanI fcl ausesent encewi t
ht hepr esentcondi t
ionalinthemai n
clauset oexpr essunr ealpr esent .(2ndcaseofi fcl ausesent ences)
Ex:I ftheywor kedhar datschoolt heywoul dsucceedi ntheirexam.
6-Asi fandast hough+Subj ect+Pr eterit
:
Wegener allyuseasi fandast houghwi t
hapastt enset oshowt hatacompar i
soni s
“unr eal”andt hemeani ngi spr esent .
Ex:Whyi sshel ooki ngatmeast houghsheknewme?I ’
veneverseenherbef oreinmy
l
ife. Ex:Lookathi m hei swal kingasi fhershoeswer etoot i
ght .
7-Woul d+You+Mi nd+I f+You+Pr et eri
t:
Mi nd( int hesenseofobj ectt o,di sli
ke,beannoyedby)i susual l
yf oundi nquest i
ons
andnegat ivesent ences.Theexpr essi onsdoyoumi nd..?andwoul dyoumi nd.?ar e
oftenusedt oaskf orper mi ssion,oraskpeopl et odot hings.Mi ndcanbef oll
owedby
ani ngf orm oranI f-clause.
Ex:Woul dyoumi ndopeni ngt hewi ndow?=woul dyoumi ndi fIopenedt hewindow?
8-I tis+aper iodoft i
me+si nce+subj ect+l ast+pr eterit
:
Ex:I tist enyear ssi nceIl astsawt hepr esident .Ex:I tis2weekssi ncewecal ledher .
N.W:
Themai nadver bsoradver bialexpr essionswhi chgener allygowi tht hepreteri
tare:
ago, yester day, l
ast( week, mont h, andyear )
, onceuponat i
meandi n+pastyear .
Ex:Senegaldef eat edFr ancebyonet oni lin2002.Ex:Isawhi mt enmi nutesago.

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6-THEPASTPROGRESSI VE
A-For ms:
-Aff
irmat i
veFor m:
Theaf fir
mat ivef or
m oft hepastcont i
nuousi smadeupwi t
ht obei nt hesi
mplepast
andt hepr esentpar ti
cipleoft hever b.=Subj+was/ wer e+V( I
ng)+Obj ect.
Ex:Iwaswr i
tingmyl esson.Ex:Theywer esi ngingagai n.Ex:Shewascomi nghere.
-Negat i
veFor m:
Webui l
dthenegat iveform oft hepastpr ogr essiveasf oll
ows:
Subj+was/ wer e+not+V( I
NG)+Obj ect.
Ex:Theboywasnotl earning.Ex:Wewer enotl ist
eni ngtohim.
-Int
errogat i
veFor m(aski ngquest ion):
Wegett heint err
ogativef orm ofthepastcont inuouswi th:
Wer e/was+Subj+V( ing)+Obj ect+? OrQW +wer e/was+Subj+V( i
ng)+Object+?
Ex:Wer etheypl ayi
ngt oget her? Ex:Wher ewasshegoi ngaloneagai n?
-Int
erro-Negat i
veFor m:
TheInt err
o-negat i
vef orm oft hepastcont inuousi sf or
medasf oll
ows:
(QW)/ was/ wer e+not+Subj+V( i
ng)+Obj ect+?
Ex:Wasn’ thecomi ngtoseeyou? Ex:Whywer en’ttheywr i
ti
ngt helesson?

B-Funct ionsandusesoft hePastPr ogr essive:

Thepastpr ogr essivedescr ibesact ions/ eventshappenedi nat imebef or enow,whi ch
begani nt hepastandwer est illgoi ngonatt het imeofspeaki ng.I not herwor ds,i
t
expressesunf inishedori ncompl eteevent si nthepast .
Thepastcont inuousi sgener all
yusedi nt hefoll
owi ngsi t uations:
a-Todescr ibesomet hingi npr ogr essatapastt imeandwasn’ tfi
nishedatt hatt ime.
Ex:Atteno’ cl
ockl astnightIwaswat chingTV.Ex:Wassheeat i
ngat10hyest erday?
b-Weof tenuset hepastpr ogr essiveandsi mpl et oget heri nasent ence,t hepast
progressiver eferst ot he“ backgr ound”act i
onandt hepr eteri
tr eferst ot heshor t
er
eventthathappenedi nt hemi ddl eoft helongeroneori nt erruptedit.
Ex:Thephoner angwhi leIwashavi ngmybat h.Ex:Shef ellwhenshewasr unni ng.
c-Innar rat i
vest oriesuset hepastcont inuousf ordescr i
pt i
onsoft hescene.
Ex:Thebr i
dewaswear i
ng a whi tedr essand car rying a bouquetoff lower .The
bri
degr oom wast remblingandl ooki ngpal e.Suddenl yamanst oodupi nt hechur ch.
d- To descr ibe pastt empor ary act i
ons orsi tuations and t he pr et eritf ormor e
permanentpastevent s.Ex:I thappenedwhi leIwasl ivingi nLondonl astyear .
e-Todescr i
bet woormor esi mul t
aneouspastpr ogr essi veevent s,
Ex:Iwasl earni ngmyl essonswhi lemysi sterwaswat chi ngat9hyest erday.
N.W:
Weof tenuset hepastpr ogr essi vei nt heexpr essions:Iwaswonder ing/hopi ng/ thi
nking
tomakear equestorsuggest ionmor epol i
te.
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Ex:Iwaswonder
ingi
fyou’
dli
ket
ocomeoutwi
thmeoneni
ght
.

Activity1:Compl et
et hefol
lowingtextusi ngt hepastsi mpleorconti
nuousoft heverbs
i
nbr ackets.
Itwasmi dnightandI …………………( tobe)alonei nt hehouse.Myhusband……. .
…( togo)to
Englandaf ew weeksago.Andi nallt henei ghbori
nghousesever ybody………………( to
sleep).Outi t
………………. .(
torain)veryhar d.I……………. .
(t
oget )readytogot obed, whenI
suddenl y……………. (tohear)ast rangenoiseout sidemyr oom inthecorri
dor.Then, when
I…………. .
(t
ol ook)att hedoor ,I
……………………( t
onot i
ce)thatsomeone………………. .(t
ot ur
n)
thehandl e.So,I………………. (
torush)overt ot hedoorandqui ckly………………. .
(t
oput )the
keyi nthel ock.Then,I…………. .
(t
oask)inat rembl ingvoice,Whoi si
t?

Acti
vit
y2:Putt heverbsinbracketsintothepastsi mpleorpr ogr essi
ve.
1-Whenshe………. ……( t
ocome)i nt heroom I………. .……..(t
ol i
sten)t ot
her adi
o.
2-Lastweekwhenmycar …………………( t
obr eak)downI ……………. (t
ophone)agar age.
3-We………………( togo)downt helif
twhenI tsuddenl y………….(tost op).
4-………………. (t
hey/have)dinnerwhenyou…………. .(
tocall)t
oseet hem?
5-Assoonast hedoorbell
……………. (tori
ng)I ……………. .(
toget)upand………………. (toanswer
)
i
t.AndwhenI …………………( toopen)t hedooraf riend………………. (
tost and)there.
6-Myf ri
endyesterdaywhenI ………………. .(
toar r
ive)backatt hecarpar k,mynewcarwas
nolongerther
e.Ohno!What ……………………. (
you/ todo)?
Ii
mmedi atel
y…………………. .(
tocall)t
hepol i
ceand………………. .(
torepor t)i
ttothem.

Activi
ty3:PUTTHEVERBSI NBRACKETI NTHEPASTSI MPLEorPROGRESSI VE.
1- WhenI …………. yesterday, Abdou……. ..
..
……. formeatt hecor ner(arrive/wai t)
.
2-AsI ……...
...
..
...
....
..
.….homel astweek,I …....
...
..
..
.…abl indmanwho……. .
...
..
.met ohelp
him( go/meet /
ask) .
3-WhenIsawt hem, t
hey…………. .
....
..
..
.…….…. i
nthemostexpensi ver estaur ant(eat).
4-In1998Bi l
lCl inton………. ……. .
SenegalwhenAbdouJuf …. .
…………pr esident( vi
sit/
be).
5-What ……………. .( You/do)t hist i
meyest erday?I …………………t ennis( play) .
6-WhenIwasyoungI …………………. .
………. .
tobeabusdr i
verorj ournal i
st( want )
.
7-Pet er
…………. and……. himsel fwhenhe………………hi sbicycleyest erday( fall
/hurt/ri
de).
8-Lastweekwhenyou…………. .j
ohnhe……………………. dinner( call/
have) .
9-Johnt ookofmewhenI ………………………. ..
..
....
..
..
..
.…( dance) .
10-Wewer einaver yhardsi tuation,we………………………. whatt odo( not/know) .
11-Ihaven’ tseenAi chaf orages.WhenIl ast …..
..
.…..hershe……. .
..……. t
of indaj ob
(see/tr
y).
12-Yourt elegram camej ustasI ……………………myhomeyest erday( l
eave) .
13-Thef li
ghtat tendantf ellasshe…………………. ..
...
...
…..i
ntoat axi(get )
.
14-Howf ast………………………( you/dr i
ve)whent heacci denthappened? .
15-Whi leI……………………. .
towor kthatdayImetJaneont heway( come) .
16-Yest erdaywhenI …………….al ongt hest reet,Isuddenl y……………. .foot stepsbehi ndme,
somebody………………………me . I was f ri
ght ened and I ……………t o r un away
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(wal
k/hear
/fol
low/star
t).
17-I
………………myl essonswhenmyf r
iend…………….
.….
.meyesterday( l
earn/call
).
18-Thefir
stWW………………. .
…..
in1914and……..
……………..i
n1918( began/end).
19-WhenIwasyoungI ………………. .
………………f i
shi
ngwithmyf ather(oft
en/go).
20-Theboys……………………. .….
.i
nthegardenwhenthei
rparentswer esleeping(pl
ay)
.

Lesson7:THEPASTPERFECTSI
MPLEANDPROGRESSI
VE
7-THEPASTPERFECTSI MPLE.
A-Forms:
-Aff
ir
mat iveFor m:
Theaffirmat i
vef orm oft hepastper fectsimplei smadeupwi t
ht ohavei nt
hepret
eri
t
andthepastpar t
icipleofthemai nver b.=Subject+had+pastpar t
icipl
e+object
.
Ex:Wehadmett hem downt own. Ex:Theyhadwel comei nthehotel.
-Negativeform:
Wegett henegat iveform oft hepastper f
ectsimpleasf ol
lows:
Subj+had+not+PP+Obj ect .
Ex:Ihadseent hem att hemeet i
ng.Ex:Shehadnotr ecei
vedt hee- mail
.
-I
nterr
ogat i
vef orm( aski
ngquest i
on) :
Theinterrogativef orm ofthepastper fectsi
mpl eisconstructedasf oll
ows:
Qw/had+Subj ect+Pastpar ticiple+Obj ect
?
Ex:Hadt heywr ittent helett
er ? Ex:Wher ehadt heygonet ogetheragain?
-I
nterr
o- negat iveFor m:
Wegett heI nter ro-negativef orm oft hepastper fectsimplewi t
h:
Qw/ had+not+Pastpar tici
pl e+obj ect+?
Ex:Hadn’ tt
heyhel pedhi mt oj oinhisf atherfr
om Fr ance?

B-Funct ionsandusesoft hepastper f

ectsi mpl e:
Thepastper f
ectsi mpl eorcont inuousreferst oanear l
ierpastt i
meandi ti
susedt otalk
aboutevent sthathadal readyhappenedatt het imewear etalkingaboutorr efert o.
Weuset hepastper fectsimplei nthefoll
owi ngsi tuati
ons:
a-Tot al
kaboutaneventt hathadhappenedbef oret hepastt i
meoract ionwear e
refer
ringto.Ex:Whent hepolicear ri
vedyest erdayt het hieveshadal r
eadylefttheci t
y.
b-Toexpr essanunr eali
zedhope,wi shordesi r
e.Ex:Ihadi ntendedt omakeacake,
butIr anoutoft ime.Ex:Ihadhopedt hathewoul dbeabl etoleavet omor r
owf orDk.
c-Thepastper fectisusedi nt her eport
edspeechaf t
erapastver bandwhent hedirect
speechi sinthepr esentper fect,preter
it.
Ex:Shet oldthatshehaddoneherwor kt hedaybef ore.=Repor tedspeech.
d-Todescr i
bear emot epasteventwi th“Just ”betweenhadandt hepastparticiple.
Ex:Theyhadj ustr eceivedthelet t
er.Ex:Ihadj ustcalledt hem bef or
eIcameher e.
N.W:
Thepastper f
ectsi mpl ecanal sobeusedwi t
h:f or,since, alr
eady, neverwitht hesame
functionsast hepr esentper fectbuther ei ti sonl yt ot alkaboutevent st hathad
continuedoveraper iodoftimeupt othepastwear etalkingabout .
Ex:Theyhadl ivedi nDakarsi nce2001bef oreleavingf orThi esi n2009.=
Theyhadl i
vedi nDakarf or8year s.
Ex:Thest udentshadal r
eadygoneoutbef oret heteacherar ri
vedyest erdaymor ni
ng.
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-
Ther
eisnol
inkbet
weent
hepr
esentt
imeandt
hepastcont
rar
ytot
hepr
esentper
fect
.

8-THEPASTPERFECTPROGRESSI
VETENSE

A-For ms:
-Aff
irmat iveFor m:
Thepastper f
ectcontinuousi sconst ructedwi t
ht obei nthepastper f
ectsimpleandthe
presentpar ticipl
eofthemai nver b.
Subj+had+been+V( i
ng)+Pr esentPar ti
cipl
e+obj ect
Ex:Theyhadbeensi ngi ngagain. Ex:Ihadbeenl isteningtot heradi
o.
-Negat iveform:
Wegett henegat i
veform ofthepastper f
ectprogressiveasf oll
ows:
Subj+had+been+V( ing)+Presentpar tici
ple+obj ect
Ex:Youhadnotbeenr eadingyoubooks.Ex:Shehadnotbeenspeaki ngtot hem.
-I
nter r
ogat i
veFor m( askingquest ions) :
Thei nterrogativefor
m oft hepastpr ef ectconti
nuousi sconst ruct
edwith.
Qw/ had+Subj ect+been+pastpar ticipl
e+obj ect+?
Ex:Hadyoubeenwr i
tingbeforeyoul eft?Ex:Whyhadshebeencompl ai
ningagain?
-I
nter r
o- negat i
veForm:
Wegett heI nterr
o-negat i
veform oft hepastper fectpr ogressiveasfoll
ows;
Qw/ had+not+Subj ect+been+pastpar ti
cipl
e+obj ect+?
Ex:Whyhadn’ tshebeenhel pingt hebeggar ? Ex:Hadnotyouspeaki ngtohi m?

B-Functionsandusesoft hePastPer f
ectPr ogressive:
Weuset hepastper f
ectpr ogressi
vei nthef oll
owi ngcases:
a-Todescr i
belongeract i
onsorsi t
uations, whichhadbeengoi ngonconti
nuousl
yupt o
thepastmomentwear ereferri
ngto/ t
alkingabout .
Ex:Whenshear rivedIhadbeenwai ti
ngf or1hour .Ex:Theyhadbeeneat i
ngwhenI
cameyest erdayfrom Londonwi thmyf r
iends.
b-Weuset hepastper f
ectcont i
nuoust ohavet hepastf orm oft
hepresentperfect
progr
essive.
Compar e:
1:Ihavebeenwor kinghar dallday.SoIam ver yt ir
ednow.
2:Ihadbeenwor kinghar dallday.SoIwasver yt ir
edl astni
ght.
c-Weuset hepastper fectprogressivewi thforandsi ncetoshowthedur
ation(f
or)and
thestar
ti
ngpoi nt( si
nce)ofapasteventt hathadbeengoi ngonuptothepastmoment
wearetalkingabout .
Ex:Theyhadbeenl i
vinginDakarsi nce2009bef oretheymovedt oThi
esin2010.
Ex:Theyhadbeenl i
vinginDakarf ormanyyear s.

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Act
ivit
y1:Chooset hecorr
ectf orm between:a, borctof il
lint hegaps.
1-Theof f
icewasempt y,whent hepolicearri
vedtherobber s…………………
a-hadl eft b- l
eft c-hadbeenl eaving
2-Andr ew was l ate atschoolyest erday.When he goti ntot he cl
assr
oom,t
he
l
esson………………………….
a-wasst art
ed b-hadbeenst art
ing c-hadst art
ed
3-I…………………….f orabouthal fandhourwheni tsuddenlyst art
edt orain.
a-hadbeenwor king b-hadwor ked c-beenwor king
4-Beforehef i
nall
yr eti
redi
n1965, Mr.Woods………………. .for15year s.
a-hadwor ked b-hadbeenwor king c-wor ked
5-WhenIopenedmysaf e,
themoney……………………………. .
a-disappear ed b-wasdi sappear i
ng c-haddi sappeared

Activi
ty2:Uset hepastper fectsimpl eorpr ogressiveoft heverbsinbr acket
s.
1-Wear r
ivedatt hecinemaat8: 00, butthef i
lm……………. .(
tostart)at7:30.
2-WhenIspoket othewomenIr ealizedt hatI……………….( tomeet )hersomewher e
before.
3-Rober tmovedt oManchest erin1999, Howl ong…………. .
……..(
he/ l
ive)inManchester?
4-They………………………. .(tostand)t herefornear lyhalfandhourwhent heyreali
zedthat
theyatthewr ongbus- stop.
5-WhenIf oundmycel lphoneyest erday, Idi
scover edthatsomebody…………
(use)thecreditI…………………( buy)twodaysbef ore.
6- Mar i
o felt ver y ner vous when he f i
rst drove i n Gr eat Br i
tai
n because
he………………( never /dr
ive)ont heleftbef ore.
7-Mar i
o’ssister………………………( study)atCambr i
dgeUni versi
tyf orsevenyear sbefore
shef i
nall
ypassedherexams.
8-Whenwear rivedatt hef ootballstadium lastweek,t hegame…………………. (
nearl
y/be)
over.

Activity3:Joi neachi deainAwithani deaf rom B.Makeameani ngfulsentencesby

usingt hepastper f
ectsimpleorprogr
essiveoft heverbsi nbrackets.
A B
1-Ifeltverycol dbecause a- t
heywer elost.
2-I( toplay)t ennisso b- theywer everytir
ed.
3-Thechi ldren’shai rwaswetbecause c-Ifi
nallywenttoseeadoct or.
4-I( not/f
eel )wel lf
orweeks, so d-I(stand)out si
def orover2hour s
5-They( tot r
avel )alldaylongso e-they(swi m)inthesea.
6-They( todr ive)foranhourwhen f-Iwasf eeli
nghotandst i
cky.
theyr eal
izedt hat
Ex:Ifeltver ycol dbecauseIhadbeenst andi ngout sideforover2hour s.(
1-d)
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………

Lesson8:THEFUTURETENSES
9-THESI MPLEFUTURE
A-FORMS:
-Affi
rmat i
veFor m:
Thesi mpl efut urei sf ormedwi thwi l
linallpersonsandt heinfi
nit
iveoft hemai nver
b.
Wecanal souseshal linsteadofwi llwithIandWe.Ex:I /
weshal lwork.
Ex:Theywi l
lcomet oourmeet ingt omor row.Ex:Ishal lhelpthem again.
-Negat i
veFor m:
Thenegat i
vef orm oft hef utureismadeupwi thasubj ectpluswi l
l/
shal lnotandthe
i
nf i
nit
ivewi thoutt ooft hever b.
Subj+wi ll
/shal lnot+i nfini
tive
Ex:Theywi l
lnothel phi m.Ex:Iwi llnotgowi t
ht hem tothemosque.
-I
nterrogativef orm:
Wegett hei nt errogat ivef orm oft hesi mplef utur
ewi thaquest ionwor dorwi l
l/
shal
l
plussubj ectandi nfinitivewi t
houtt o.
Qw/ will
/shal l+subj ect +Inf(-t
o)+?
Ex:Wi llyougot oschoolt omor row? Ex:Shal lItel
lher?Ex:Whatshal lIdo?
-I
nterro-negat ivef orm:
TheI nterro-negat i
vef or m oft hesi mpl efuturei sformedwi thaquest i
onwor dor
will
/shallnotpl usasubj ectandi nfinit
ive(-t
o)and?
Qw/ will
/shal lnot+subj ect+infinit
ive( -t
o)+?
Ex:Whywon’ tyouaskhi mt ohel ptheboy?Ex:Won’ tt
heycomeagai n?

B-Funct ionsandusesoft hesimpl efuture:

Weof tenuset hesimpl efutureint hef oll
owingcases:
a-Topr edictthef uturemeani ngt osay/ expr esswhatwet hinkwi l
lhappen.
Ex:Tomor rowwi llbeanot hercol ddayi npar t
soft hecount ry.
Ex:Wewon’ tarri
vehomebef or emi dnight .
b-Weuset hefuture( will
)whenwedeci det odosomet hi
ngatt hemomentofspeaki ng.
Ex:Thet elephonei sr inging,Ok.Iwi l
lansweri t.Ex:Youwi l
lhaveat esttomor r
ow.
c-Wecanuset hefutur ewi t
hwi lltoexpr esst hreatsorpr omi ses.
Ex:Ipromi seIwon’ tgetdr unkagai n.Ex:Iwi l
lhityouifyoudot hatagain.
d-Wecanuset hefut urewi t
hshal lorwi l
ltomakeof fersorr equest .
Ex:Willyougi vemeahand?Ex:Shal lIcarryyourbagt ot her oad?
e-Weuset hefuturewi t
hwi llwhenwear et al
kingaboutst rongi ntenti
ons,willi
ngness
orinsistence.
Ex:Iwi l
lst opsmoki ng-Ir eallywi ll
.Ex:Iwi l
lcal lyoulater.
f-Intime- clauseaf terwhen, assoonas, asl ongas, until,before,after
,ti
lletc.
..,af
terI
f
andi not hersubor dinat eclauses,weof tenuseapr esentt ensewi thaf ut
uremeani ng
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andt hesi mpl efutur ewi thwi llint hemai ncl ause.
Ex:Iwillletyouknowwhen( assoonas)hear rives.
g-Weuset hef ut
ur ewi t
h( I
/ We)t oexpr essaspont aneousdeci sion.
Ex:Iwillpayf orthet icketsbycr editcar ds.
h-Weuset hef ut
ur ei nthenegat ivef or mt oexpr essunwi lli
ngness.
Ex:Thebabywon’ teathi ssoup.Ex:Iwon’ tleaveher eunt i
lIhaveseent hemanager .
i-We use t he f uture simpl e wi t
h shal l( I/We)i nt he i nt
er rogati
ve f orm t o make
suggestionoraskf oradvi ceori nst ruct ions.
Ex:Shallwegot ot hecinemat oni ght ?Ex:Whatshal lItellthebossabouthi smoney?
j-Weof tenuset hef uturewi thwi ll(you)t ogi veor der sori nvitation.
Ex:Youwi lldoexact lyasIsay.Exwi llyoucomet odancewi t
hm?Exwi llyoumar ryme?
N.W:
-Themai nt imei ndi catorsoft hesi mpl ef utur ear e:t omor row,next( week,mont h,and
year)in+f ut ureper i
od, l
ateret c…
Ex:Theywi llgot oNewYor knextyear .Ex:Iwi llelecthi mi n2014aspr esident.
-The mai n cont ract ions i nt he f ut ur e ar e:Wi ll=’l
l,Wi llnot =won’t ,shal l
=’l
l,shal
l
not=shan’ t
.
Ex:Wewon’ tseet hem agai ni nt het own.Ex:Per hapsI ’l
lseeyoul at
er.
-Weuset obegoi ngt o+i nfiniti
ve( -to)i nt hepr esentpr ogressi veto:
-Talkaboutsomet hingi nt hef uturewhi chcanbeseenasar esultofsomet hinginthe
present.Ex:Lookout !Thel adderi sgoi ngt of alldown.Ex:Look!Tii sgoi ngt orai
n.
-Talkaboutwhatwei ntendt odoi nt hef utur e.Weusegoi ngt owhenwehaveal r
eady
decidedt odosomet hing.Ex:Iam goi ngt ohaveshower .
-Weuset hepr esentpr ogressi vet ot alkaboutsomet hingt hatwehaveal readyplanned
orarrangedt odoi nt hefut ure.
Ex:Whatar eyoudoi ngonSat ur dayeveni ng?Iam meet i
ngPet er.
Ex:Thepr i
meMi nisteriscomi ngi nKaol ackt omor row.
-Weuset hepr esentsi mpl et ot alkaboutf utureevent swhi char epar tofaf i
xed
ti
met ableorf i
xedpr ogramme.Ex:Thef ilm st artsat7: 00andf inishesat9: 00.
Ex:Whatt i
medoesyourpl anel eavet omor row?At6: 00.

10-THEFUTUREPOGRESSI VE
A-For ms:
-Aff
irmat iveFor m:
Wegett heaf firmat i
veform oft hef uturecont i
nuouswi th:subject+will
+be+V(i
ng).
Ex:Theywi l
lbeeat i
ngr i
ceandf ish.Ex:Iwi l
lbewr i
ti
ngmyl essons.
-NegativeFor m:
Thenegat ivef orm ofthef uturecont inuousi sformedwi th:subjectwillnotbe(
ing)
.
Ex:Wewon’ tbedanci ng.Ex:Peopl ewon’ tbewaiti
ngf orthem attheshop.
-I
nterrogat iveFor m:
Theinter rogat i
vef orm ofthef uturecont inuousismadeupasf oll
ows:
Qw/ will+subj ect+be+V( i
ng)+obj ect +?
Ex:Whenwi lltheybel ist
eni ngtohi m?Ex:Wi l
lyoubehel pinghi m again?
-I
nterro- negat iveForm:
Wegett heI nter r
o-negativef orm oft hefut ur
econtinuouswi th:
Qw/ willnotsubj ect+be+V( ing)+obj ect+?
Ex:Whywon’ tyoubewai tingfort het eacher?
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B-FunctionsandUsesoft hef utur eCont i
nuous:
Weuset hef utureprogr essivei nt hefoll
owi ngcases:
a-Weuset hef utureprogr essi vet otalkaboutaneventt hatwillbeinprogress(going
on)atapar ti
cul armomenti nt hef uture.
Ex:Don’tcallhim aftermi dni ght -hewi l
lbesl eeping.Ex:I
’llbeeati
ngat7o’ cl
ock.
b-Wecanal souset hef utur epr ogressivet otal kaboutthingsint hefut
urewhichar e
alr
eadypl annedorwhi char epar tsofar egularr outi
ne.
Ex:Iwil
lbedr ivingintot ownl ateron.Doyouwantal if
t?
c-Weuset hef uturepr ogr essi veasapol i
tewayofaski ngaboutsomebody’ spl ans
especi
allywhenwewantsomeonet odosomet hingforus.
Ex:Wil
lyoubeusi ngyourcamer aatt heweekend?Iwonder edifIcouldborr
owit.
11-FUTUREPERFECT
A-Forms:

Aff
ir
mativef
orm Negati
veform Aski
ngquestions
Iwil
lhavegone/f
ini
shed Iwon’thavegone/fi
nished Wil
l you have gone/
Subj+wil
lhave+PP Subj+willnot+have+PP f ini
shed?
Wil
l+subj+have+PP+?

B-Funct i
onsandusesoft hefutureper fect:
Weuset hefutur
eperfecttosayt hat
/ talkaboutsomet hingwil
lhavebeencompl
etedor
fi
nishedbyacer tai
ntimei nthefuture.
Ex:Thepai nt
erssaytheywi l
lhavef i
ni shedt hedownstairsr
oomsbyMonday.
N.W:Thef utureper
fectcontinuousisf or medwi th:
Subj +wil
l+havebeen+V(ing)
Ex:IwillhavebeenteachingEngl i
shf orei ghtyearsthi
ssummer .

Acti
vity:
1Putt hever bsi nbr acketsintoacondi t
ionalorf uturetense.
1-Asl ongast heydon’ tr especttheirpar ents,they……. …(notget )whattheywantint
heir
l
ive.
2-Daddy…………. .
(topuni sh)them Iftheyr efusedt odot heirhomewor k.
3-By2100t hewor l
dpopul ati
on………………. .(
increase)t o30bi ll
ionspeople.
4- Unl ess he sat isfies t he r ecurrent soci al pr oblems of t he Senegal
ese A
Wade…………. .
(nottobeel ected)inthe2012pr esident i
alel ect
ions.
5-Ift heyhadhel pedt heHai t
ianpeopl e,thesi tuation………………………( nottoworsen)
duri
ngt helastJanuar yEar thquake.
6-Att hismomenti n2014anot herpresident ………………………. (t
ol ead)ourcount
ry.
7-Issaka………………( t
ogo)t oNewYor kIfhesucceedsi nhi sJul yexam.
8-Assoonast heycameathome, t
hey…………………( set)t heT.Von.
Acti
vity2:Chooset her ightanswerbet ween:a, borc.
1-Supposeyouwont henovelpr i
ze,what ………………. .……. .(tobuy)af t
er?
a-willyoubuy b-ar eyougoi ng c-woul dyoubuy
2-…………………………………. …. .(tohelp)them i fyour eceiveyourmoney?
a-willyouhelp b-woul dyouhel p c- wil
lyoubehel ping
3-Byt heendofJul yal lt heteachers…………………. .….….(tof ini
sh)t hei
rsyl
labus.
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 a-wil
lfi
nish b-willbefini
shi
ng c-wi l
lhavefini
shed
4-Thechildr
en…………………( tolearn)t
heirl
essonsatt
histimetomor row.
a-wil
lbelearni
ng b-wi l
lhavelearnt c-woul dlearn
5-I
fIsaachadseenthethief
,he………………………………….( tocatch)him.
a-wouldhavecaught b-woul dcatch c-willhavecaught
6-Theheadmast er
……………. .(tor ej
ect)thei
rfi
lesunlesstheybr i
ngt hem wi
tht
hei
r
par
ents.
a-wil
lrej
ect b-wi l
lhaverej
ected c-woul dhaver ej
ected
Lesson9:I
FCLAUSESorCONDI
TIONALSENTENCES
A-What ’sacondi tionalsent ence?–Def initi
on:
Acondi ti
onalsent encei sasent encewhi chhast wodi fferentclauses, adependentori f
clausei ntr
oducedbyI Fandamai nclause.
Ex:I FIwast her e,Iwoul daskhi m aboutt hemeet ing.
-IfIwast herei scal l
ed:theI Fordependentcl ause.
-Iwoul daskhi m aboutt hemeet i
ngi scal led:t hemai ncl ause.
B-Themai nt ypesofcondi t
ionalsent ences:
1.For m:Fut urepossi ble:
InaType1condi tionalsent ence,thet ensei nt he' i
fclausei st hesi mpl epr esent,and
thet enseint hemai nclausei sthesimpl ef utur e.Ex:
IFCLAUSE( Condi tion) MAI NCLAUSE( Result)
If+si mplepr esent Simpl efuture
Ifitrains youwi llgetwet
Ifyoudon' thur r y wewi llmisst hetrain.
2.Funct ion:
Int hesesent ences, thet i
mei sthepr esentorf ut ur eandt hesi t
uat i
oni sr eal.Theyr efer
toapossi blecondi ti
onandi t
spr obabl eresul t.Theyar ebasedonf acts,andt heyar e
usedt omakest at
ement saboutt her ealwor l
dandaboutpar ti
cul arsituations.Weof ten
usesuchsent encest ogi vewar nings:
Ex:I fyoudon' tleave, I'
llcal
lt hepol i
ce.Ex:I fyoudon' tdropt hegun, I'
llshoot !
1.For m:Unr ealpr esent :
InaType2condi tionalsent ence, thet ensei nt he' if
'clausei sthesi mpl epast ,andt he
tensei nthemai ncl ausei sthepr esentcondi ti
onal .
IFCLAUSE( condi tion) MAI NCLAUSE( result
)
If+si mplepast Presentcondi ti
onal
Ifitrained youwoul dgetwet
Ifyouwentt obedear l
ier youwoul dn'tbesot ir
ed.
Presentcondi tional :f
or ms:
Thepr esentcondi ti
onalofanyver bi scomposedoft wopar ts-t hemodalauxi l
iary
woul d+t hei nfinit
iveoft hemai nver b( without' t
o'.)

Aff
ir
mativefor
m Negati
veform Aski
ngquesti
ons
Ex:Theywouldleaveagai
n. Ex:Theywoul d notleave Ex:Woul
dtheyleaveagain?
Subj+would+Inf+Obj agai
n. Qw/woul
d+subj+i nf+obj+?
Subj+wouldnot+inf+Obj

2.Funct
ionsanduses:
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Inthesesentences,thetimeisnow oranyt i
me,andt hesi t
uati
oni sunreal.Theyar
e
notbasedonf act,andtheyr ef
ertoanunl ikel
yorhypot het
icalcondit
ionandi t
s
probableresult
.Theuseoft hepastt enseafter'i
f‘indicatesunr eal
it
y.Wecannear l
y
alwaysaddaphr asestar
ti
ngwith"but
",thatexpressest herealsi
tuation:
Ex:Iftheweatherwasn'tsobad,we’dgot othepark(…buti tisbad, sowecan'tgo)
Ex:IfIwastheQueenofEngl and,I
’dgi
veever yone£100.( ..
.butI'
m not ,
soIwon't).

Exampl esofuses:
1.Tomakeast at
ementaboutsomet hi
ngt hatisnotr ealatpresent,buti
spossibl
e:
Ex:Iwoul dvisitheri fIhadti
me.(=Ihaven' tgott i
mebutImi ghthavesometime)
2.Tomakeast at
ementaboutasi tuati
ont hatisnotr ealnowandnevercoul dbereal:
Ex:I fIwer eyou, I
'dgi veupsmoking(butIcoul dneverbeyou)
1:For m:Unr ealpast :
InaType3condi tionalsentence,t
hetensei nt he'if
'clauseisthepastperfect
,andthe
tensei nt hemai ncl auseisthepast/
perfectcondi ti
onal.
IFCLAUSE( condition) MAI NCLAUSE( r
esult
)
If+pastper fect PastCondi t
ional
Ifithadr ained youwoul dhavegotwet .
Ifyouhadwor kedhar der youwoul dhavepassedt heexam.
Per fectcondi t
ional:form.
Theper fectcondi t
ionalofanyver biscomposedoft woel ements:would+theperf
ect
i
nf init
iveofthemai nver b(=have+pastpar ti
ciple):

Aff
ir
mativef
orm Negat
ivefor
m Aski
ngquest
ions
Iwouldhavelef
tbef
ore. Iwoul
dn’thavel
eftbef
ore. Would they have l
eft
bef
ore?

2:Funct i
ons:
Int hesesent ences,t hetimei spast ,andt hesi t
uat i
oni scont raryt orealit
y.Thef acts
theyar ebasedonar etheopposi t
eofwhati sexpr essed.Type3condi t
ionalsentences,
aret rulyhypot het i
calorunr eal,becausei tisnowt oolatefort hecondi t
ionori t
sresult
toexi st .Ther eisalwaysanunspoken" but...
"phr aseorsent ence.
Ex:I fIhadwor kedhar derIwoul dhavepassedt heexam ( butIdi dn'twor khard,andI
didn'tpasst heexam) .
-Inver sionoft he2ndor3r dt ypeoftheI fclausesent ences:(Omi ssionofI f
)
Inal iterar
yst yle,thest ructureswer e/shoul d/I/
you/heet c...
andhad/ I
/you/he/they
etc...
ar eusedi nsteadofI f+I/you/he/wer e/ had/ should.
Ex:Wer eshemydaught erIwoul daskhert ost ayathome.=I fshewer emy. .
..
..
..
..
..
.
Ex:HadIknownhi m Iwoul dhavehel pedhi m.=I fIhadknownhi m………………. .
Ex:Shoul dyouchangeyourmi nd,l
etusknow.=I fyoushoul dchange…………. .
1-For m:
Int he' zero'condi tional
,thet enseinbot hpar tsoft hesent encei st hesimpl epresent.
IFCLAUSE MAI NCLAUSE
If+si mpl epr esent simpl epresent
Ifyouheati ce i
tmel t
s.
Ifitrains yougetwet .
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2.Functionanduse:
Inthesesent ences,thet i
mei snow oralwaysandt hesi t
uati
oni srealandpossible.
Theyar eusedt omakest atement saboutt herealwor ld,andof t
enr ef
ertogener al
tr
uths,suchassci entif
icfacts.
Ex:Ifyouf reezewat er
,itbecomesasol id. Ex:Pl antsdi ei
ftheydon' tgetenough
water.
Ex:Ifmyhusbandhasacol d,Iusuall
ycat chit.Ex:Ifyoumi xr edandbl ue,youget
purple.
Ex:Ifpublictransporti
sef f
icient
,peopl
est opusingtheircars.
Thisstruct
ur eisoft
enusedt ogiveinst
ructi
ons,usingthei mperat
iveinthemainclause:
Ex:IfBi
llphones, t
ellhi
mt omeetmeatt hecinema.Ex:AskPet eifyou'renotsurewhat
todo.

-USEOFUNLESS:
Unlessmeanst hesameasi f..
.not .Likeif,i
tcanbef oll
owedbyapr esentt ense, apast
tenseorapastper fect( neverby“ will“or' woul d').Iti susedi nsteadofi f+noti n
conditionalsent encesofal ltypes:
TYPE1:( Unl ess+pr esent )
a.You' llbesi ckunl essyoust opeat i
ng.( =Youwi l
lbesi cki fyoudon' tstopeat ing)
b.Iwon' tpayunl essyoupr ovidet hegoodsi mmedi ately.( =I fyoudon' tpr ovidethe
goodsi mmedi atelyIwon' tpay)
c.You' llneverunder st andEngl ishunl essyoust udyt hisgr ammarcar efull
y.( =You'l
l
neverunder standEngl ishi fyoudon' tst
udyt hisgr ammarcar efull
y)
TYPE2:( Unl ess+pastsi mpl e)
a.Unl esshewasver yi ll,hewoul dbeatwor k.
b.Iwoul dn' teatt hatf oodunl essIwasr eall
yhungr y.
c.Shewoul dbeher ebynowunl essshewasst ucki nthet raf f
ic.
TYPE3:( Unl ess+pastper fect)
a.Theel ephantwoul dn' thaveseent hemouseunl essshe' dhadper fecteyesi ght.
b.Iwoul dn' thavephonedhi m unl essyou' dsuggest edit.
c.Theywoul dhaveshotherunl essshe' dgivent hem t hemoney.
-Expressi onsl i
ke' if
':
Thef ollowi ngexpr essi onscanbeusedt oint roducehypot het i
calsi t
uat i
ons:
-supposi ng,i fonl y,whati f.Theyar efollowedbyapastt enset oi ndicatet hatthe
conditiont heyi ntroducei sunr eal :
Ex:Supposi nganel ephantandamousef ellinl ove?( =butweknowt hisisunlikelyor
Impossi ble)
Ex:Whati fwepai ntedt her oom pur ple?(=t hatwoul dbever ysur prising)
Ex:Ifonl yIhadmor emoney.( =butIhaven' t).
Theseexpr essi onscanal soi ntroducehypot het i
calsi t
uat i
onsi nthepastandt henthey
arefollowedbyt hepastper fect.
Ex:Ifonl yIhadn' tkissedt hef r
og( =Ididandi twasami stakebecausehet urnedi nt
oa
horri
bl epr ince, butIcan' tchangei tnow. )
Ex:Whati ftheel ephanthadt roddenont hemouse?( Shedi dn' t
,butwecani magi nethe
result!
)
Ex:Supposi ngIhadgi vent hatmanmymoney!( Ididn't,soI 'vest i
llgotmymoneynow) .
-Refor mul at i
onf rom I f:(cause/ consequencesent ence)
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-Presentsituation/ context:
Weuset he2ndt ypeoft heIfclausesent encest otransform acauseandconsequence
whichisi nt hepr esent.Andr espectt hef ol
lowingpr inci
ple:negati
vever
bbecomes
posit
iveandaposi ti
veonebecomesnegat ive.
Ex:Theyarel ateagai nthat’
swhyt heydon’ tgotoschool .
Ift
heywer enotl ateagai n,
theywoul dgot oschool .
-Pastsit
uation/ cont ext:
Ex:Theydidn’ tgot oschoolt hat ’swhyt heywentt othebeach.
Ift
heyhadgonet oschool ,t
heywoul dn’
thavegonet ot hebeach.
Ex:Theymi ssedt hef i
rstbusbecauset heygotupver ylate.
Ift
heyhadnotgotupver ylate,
t heywoul dnothavemi ssedthef i
rstbus.

Acti
vity1:Putt hever bsi nbr acket si nt her ighttenseorf or m.( I
fcl auses) .
1-Wewi llgooutl ater
,Ifit…………………………. .raining( stop) .
2-Ifwel eaver i
ghtnow, we…………………………. .thefir
stbus( not/mi ss) .
3-Sanex…………………………. ..
.ri
ch, Ifhewonami l
li
onEur o( be).
4-Ifyour eadt hisbook, you……………………pl easant l
ysur pr ised( be).
5-IfAmi nat ou……………………. .
……t ot hepar ty,shewoul dhavemetFama( go) .
6-HadIknownt hat,I
………………………………………….( not/come) .
7-Woul dyouacceptI fthePr esi dent ……………………. .yout obeaMi nister( ask)?
8-Iftheirl i
ghtshadbeenon, possi blyt hey……………………………t het hief( see).
9-Ast ou……………………. .…thesol ution, I
fsher eadsthef inalchapt er( discover ).
10-Iwi llpayHenr y100eur o,Ifhe……………………. .myki t
chen( paint ).
11-Ifyou……………………….compl aining, Iwi llhavet ogoaway( not/st op) .
12-Wewi l
lgot ot hebeachofSal yPor tudal , I
ftheweat her …………………ni ce(be).
13-Iwoul dn’thavegonet ot hepar ty, I
fI ………………i twoul dcostsomuch( know) .
14-IfIhadmor et i
me, I
……………………………. .…. youhowt opl aytenni s( t
each) .
15-IFnei t
heroft hem…………………. willi
ngt oi t,wemustf indsomeoneel se( be).
16-Peopl e………………………. .
youwer elazy, Ifyouwont hemar athon( not /say) .
17-IFwecoul donl yj
oinmyuncl e,I’m sur ehe……………………………. .
us( hel p)
.
18-You…………………………r eadyont i
me, Ifyoudon’ thur ry(not /be).
19-IFt hewor kers……………………. .onst r ike, thepr oduct i
onwi llber educed( go).
20-Ifyou……………………. ……yourexam, wi llyougetar ewar d?( pass) .
21-IfI…………………………. …..anyf r
iends, Iwoul djoinacl ub( not /have) .
22-They……………………………. ……..thereI ft heyhadr eceivedt heirmoney( go).
23-Theeconomywoul df ail
,Ifpeopl e………………………………( not/wor k).
24-Theywoul dhavebeenl ate,Ifthey…………………………. .thet r
ai n(not /take).

Act
ivi
ty2:Ref
ormul
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesusi
ngt
hegi
vencl
ues:

1-Youwi l
lberepr
imandedi
fyoudon’tshutupyourmouth.
-Unless………………………………………………………………. .
……………………
2-Ididn’
tgotothepart
ybecauseIdi
dn’thaveacar.
-Had………………………………………………………………………. .……………..
-IF……………………………………………………………………………. .………….
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3-Wi t
houtyoursupportt
heywillf
ailagai
nintheirexam again.
-Unless……………………………………………………………………………………. .
-If…………………………………………………………………………………………. .
4-Theywoul dhavegonetoEuropeI ft
heyhadhadenoughmoney.
-Had………………………………………………………………………………………. .
5-Ifyouhedoesn’tgotohospit
al,hewon’trecoverhealt
h.
-Unless………………………………………………………………………………………
6-Hadt heyknownittheywouldhavewar nedyouear l
ier
.
-I
F…………………………………………………………………………………………….
7-Thecount r
yispoorthat’
swhypeopl el
iveinbadcondi t
ions.
-IF……………………………………………………………………………………………. .
8-Theydi dn’
tcat
chtherobberconsequentlyt
heydidn’tpunishhi
m.
-IF………………………………………………………………………………………

9-Youi nsul t
edhi mt hat’
swhyher epli
ed.
-If…………………………………………………………………………………. .………..
10-Thepr esidentdidn’trespecthispr omi ses, sot herewerer ebell
ionsever
ywhere.
-IF………………………………………………………………………………. .………….
11-Iwi l
lpar ti
cipat
ei nthedealoncondi t
ionweshar ethebenef i
ts.
-Unless………………………………………………………………………. .
…………….
12-Ourt eam coul dn’twint hemat chbecausewedi dn’thaveagoodcoach.
-If…………………………………………………………………………. …………………
13-Asar esultofherpr egnancy, daddysentNdel laoutofthehouse.
-I
F…………………………………………………………………………………………
14-Pr ovi
dedyoucomeear ly,youwi llf
indmeathome.
-Unless………………………………………………………………………………………
15-Thebosscoul dn’tmeethi mt hat’swhyhewasn’ thappy.
-If……………………………………………………………………………………. .
……
16-IFherf atherhadbeenal ive;shewoul dn’ thavemar ri
edthatman.
Had……………………………………………………………………………. .……………
17-Theycan’ tgodownt ownal oneI fyoudon’ tshowt hem theway.
-Unless………………………………………………………………………………………….
18-Iftheyhadpar ti
cipatedi nthelastwor ldcupt heywoul dhavedef eat
edJapan.
-Had…………………………………………………………………………………………….
19-Ifhewer ethepr esidentofSenegalhewoul df orbiddancing.
-Wer e…………………………………………………………………………. …………….
20-Shewi llnevergetahusbandi nSenegalI fshedoesn’ tchangeabadbehavi our.
-Unless……………………………………………………………………. ………………….
21-Ifthepr esidentdidn’tresigntheywoul dvot eagai nsthi
m.
-Unless……………………………………………………………………………………. …….

Act
ivit
y3:Putthever
bsinbr
acketsintherighttenseorf or
m.
1-Youwi shI……………………………………. outaf
tertheconf erenceofthepresident(
go).
2-I’
dr at
heryou…………………………..
…………. beforeyoudidanyt hing(wait
).
3-Iwish……………………………………………. .
attheseaside( l
ive).
4-Ifonlyyou…………….
.………….
themeet i
ngyouwoul dhaveknownt hetruth(at
tend)
.
5-IwishI………………………………somewher eel
se( be).
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6-IFonl yyou……………. ……………………t hesituationtomeIcoul dhelpyou( explai
n).
7-I’
dr atheryou…………………. …………….t hebossl asttimet ohelphim( meet).
8-IFonl yO.T.DIENG……………………………. .
……. the2007el ecti
ons( win).
9-It
’shi ghti
mewe………………………. .
wear el ate(go).
10-It’
st imeshe…………………. .….
.shehasbeenabr oadf ortoomanyyear s( come).
11-Thi sboyisr ude,i
t’shi
ghtimethathe………………. .
hisbehaviour(change) .
12-It’
st imethatanAf ri
can-Amer i
can……………. .…presidentoftheU. S(become) .
13-Iwi shhe………………………hi sexam, buthedi dn’t(pass).
14-Ifonl yt
het eacher……………………. uszer o,wewoul dhavepassed( not,give)
.
15-I’
dr atherdaddy…………………………. anewhousei nLosAngel es( buy).
16-Hewoul dratherI……………………. …………. heri n2000buti nvain( mar r
y).

Acti
vity4:TENSESANDFORMS:Asel ectionofBACexams:
Bac2006- seri
eL-1ergroupe- LVI
.
Puttheverbsintotheri
ghtt ensesorfor
ms.
1-Hespendsal lhi
stime……………………………………………………. .(
sleep)
2-BeforehewenttoItal
y,Modou……………………. second-handcl ot
hes(sel
l)
3-Youwantt ogot oEngl andi n3mont hs’t
ime.It’
shight imeyou………………l ooki
ngfor
therequir
eddocument s(start)
4-Nafihasjusttol
dmet hatshe………………………f l
owersbyherboyf ri
endyester
day(off
er)
5-HadIknownhewassocor rupt
,I…………………………. forhim( notvot
e).

Bac2006- seriesL- 2emegr oupe-LVII

Puttheverbsi nbr acketsinthecorrectform andt ense.
1-Youngpeopl e………………educat i
onalpr oblems,woul dn’
tthey?( t
oexperience)
2-Sheenjoyed…………………………………. ..
tomusi c.
(t
ol i
st en)
3-I
t’
shight imewe……………………………. .soluti
onst othei ssue.(
tofind)
4-I
fhe…………………………t hedoctor,
hewoul dhavegi venupdr ugs.(t
osee)
Puttheverbsi nbr acketsintheri
ghtf ormsandt enses.
1-I
fsheregul arly…………………………. .herpills,
she’dr ecover(take)
.
2-Thedoct orwoul dr at
herwe……………. thisfoodifwewantt ostayhealthy(noteat
).
3-Sometabl etspr eventpati
entsfrom………………………………………. .(suffer
)

Bac2007- seriesL-2emegr oupe-LVI

Chooset hencor r
ectanswer sa)
,b),c)ord):
1-wear elookingforward……………………………. ar emedyagai nstHIV.
a)tohave b)tohavehad c)tohaving d)
having
2-wewi shAl i
…………………t heAIDSvirusfrom bloodstransfusi
onlastyear.
a)didn’tcatch b)hadn’tcaught c)doesn’ tcatch d)woul dn’tcatch
3-Hadheusedcondoms, he…………………………………………anHI Vpositi
ve.
a)wouldn’thavebeen b)woul dbe c)won’ thavebeen d)shoul dn’tbe
4-Iti
sthef ir
stti
meI ………………………………………. aboutAI DS.
a)havehear d b)hear c)heard d)hadhear d
Bac2008- seriesL-2emegr oupe-LVII
Putthever bsinbracketsinthecorrectt
enses
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1-Streetvending…………………….( gr ow)consi der ablyinSenegalovert hepast5year s.
2-Poverty………………………………. …( spr ead)nowwi ththehi ghinf
lati
onr ate.
3-Todayt heyout hs……………………………. (gi
ve)f ewoppor t
uniti
est oshowt hei
rtalent
s.
Bac2009- seri
esL- 1ergroupe-LVI
Wr i
tethever bsbelowi ntotherightf ormsandt enses
1-TheDemocr at
icRepubl i
cofCongowi l
lst artexpor t
ingelectri
cit
yassoonast hedam
ont heCongo…………………………. (tocompl ete)
2-Had t heybeen gi ven f
reer ein,thebusi nessl eaders……………………a good dealof
reali
zati
ons. (t
oachi eve)
Putt heverb“ l
aunch”i nt
other i
ghtt enseorf ormtocompl etethesent ences.
1.Theyar eusedt o……………………………. .
...
..
...
..anewGPSsat el
li
teever yyear.
2.Iftheyhadgott hemeans, they……………………. .
…….anewGPSSat elli
teeveryyear.
3.Ourf i
rm wi l
lbewel lknownassoonasi t…………. ………….i t
snewGPSSat el
li
te.

Act i
vi ty5:Putt hever bsinbr acketsi nt hecorrecttenses
Today,manyi ndust ri
es…………. .(rel
ease)hugeamount sofcar bondi oxi deandot her
greenhousegasest hatar eheat i
ng t hepl anetup.Thi s……………( creat e)a new and
growi ng concer n aboutt he envi ronment .Wi thoutt he chemi calpol luti
on f r
om
indust r
iesf ori nst ance,ourpl anet………( be)lessdamaged,wi tht ougherr est ricti
ve
envi ronment alpol icies.
Putt hever bsinbr acket sint hecor r
ectt ensesorf orms.
Whent heengi neerhadopenedt hecomput erhe…………………………( find)t hatmanypar ts
………………………………. (be)r emoved.Whatabout ……………………………. (collect)t hee- wast ein
devel opedcount r
iesandget tingt hemanuf acturers………………………( recycl e)i t?
Uset hever bsi nbr acketsi nt her i
ghtt enseorf orm.
BMW………………. .(can)t or eengi neert heI settamodelr ecent l
y.Hei nkeldonotpr oduce
thist ypeofengi nesanymor e.Theyst opped…………….( manuf acture)smal lercarmodel s.
It…………. .…..-(mustbe)di f
fi
cul ttoi mpr ovet heper formanceofel ect r
iccar si nthepast
year s.Compl etet hesent encesbyput ti
ngt heverbsi nbr acketst ot hecor rectt enseor
form. 1-Thecompany…………………………….( tomanuf acture)t hatmachi nef orsome
year snow. 2-Hedi dn’tr emember …………………………… ( t
osee)suchasophi st i
cat ed
cellphone.
3-TheSecr etSer viceAgencyal ways………………( tor ely)onahi ghl yt rainedper sonnel
forPr esi dentObama’ ssecur ity.
4-By2025, mostmodel sofcel l
phonesusedt oday……………………………. (tobe)out dat ed.
Wr it
et hever bsi nbr acketsint hecor rectformsort enses.
1- Theysai dt hey……………………. .(tovisit)thenuclearsi t
et woyear sago.
2-Att heendofhi sl et
ter,Musasayst hathe'slookingf orwar dto………. .( hear )fr om hi s
fri
end.
3.Shewi l
lsendt hem amessageassoonasshe…………………………………….( toget )home.
4-Theysayt heywantt ohavet heircar …………………………….( torepai r)byt hemechani c.

Completethi
sconversat
ionmeani
ngfull
y.Incasethereisaver
bbet
weenbr
acket
s,put
i
tintothecor
rectfor
m.
Si
aka:What ’
swr ongwit
hyourdaughter
, Mbi
ssane?
Mbissane:Well
,she.………………….…tobe/just
/rape)byayoungman!
Si
aka:MyGod!Who.……………14( todo)suchanawf ulact?
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Mbissane:Iti
sDemba, Mbaye,Modou’sson.
Si
aka:Whydon’ tyou.……………….( totake)himtocourt?IfI.………………….(tobe)you,I
woulddoitimmedi at
ely.
Mbissane:Oh!youknow,he’ sourneighbour’
sson,ifwet akehimtocourt,peopl
e
………………( blame)us,wi l
lyou?
Si
aka:Pr obably,butthiscri
minalhast ofacet
heconsequencesofhisheinousact ,
.
……..?
Mbissane:Absolutel
y,I’
m goingtodiscussitwi
thmyfamily.Thanksf
oryourconcern,
Si
aka.

Puttheverbsinbracketsi
nthecorr
ecttenseand/orf orminthemi ni
-dialoguebel
ow.
Tex:Excuseme!Wher ecanIfi
ndthiskindoffirearm?
Joe:Well!Thi
sfir
earm can………………………………. (
tofind)anywhere,butdon’tyouthi
nki t
’s
hi
ght i
meweAmer i
cans……………………. .
(t
ost op)beingsodependentonguns? Tex:
Whydoyout hi
nkso?
Joe:Well,afri
endofmi nefr
om Switzerl
andwoul dli
ketovisitAmer i
ca,buthisfather
wouldratherhe…………………………. (t
ochange)hi smi ndbecauseofthegunvi olence.

Compl et et hef oll

owi ngconver sati
onwi t
ht hesui tablet ensesoft hever bsbet ween
bracket s.
Sit
uation:Aj our nal istandaSout hAf ricanof f
icialaredi scussi ngt heeconomyoft he
country.
Journal ist:Itseemst hatAf ricancount ri
eshavebeensever elyhi tbyt heeconomi c
cri
sisthesepastt hr eeyear s.
SouthAf ricanOf f
ici al:That ’snott r
uef oral lAfricancount ri
es.Sout hAf ri
ca………. ..
.……by
thecrisisf ort hef i
r stt imei n2009.( affect )
Journal ist:Doesi tmeant hatyoureconomyi swel l
-managed?
South Af rican Of ficial :Ofcour se!I foureconomy had notbeen wel l
-managed,
banks…………
usmor emoney.( not /lend)
Journal ist:Areyouopt imisti
caboutt hef uture?
SouthAf r
icanOf ficial :Yes,Iam.It hinkt hatoureconomy…………………. ….soon. (r
ecover)
Journal ist:Whyar eyousoopt i
mi sti
c?
SouthAf ricanOf fi
ci al :Ifyout ravelr oundt hecount ry,you’ l
lseet hatwe………………………a
l
otonI nf r
ast r
uct uressof ar
, whi chisagoodst ept owar dsdevel opment .(invest)
Compl et et hispassagebyusi ngt hever bsinbr acket sinthesui tablef orm.
Nowadaysal otofi nf rast r
uctur es………………. ………( build)forthedevel opmentoft ouri
sm.
Somecount ries…………. …………….( i
nvest )al otofmoneyi nt hissect orforyear snow;
……………………. ….( attr act )hordesofvi sitorsisoneoft heirtoppr ioriti
es.
Compl et et hef oll
owi ngext ractf rom aspor t
snewsl etterwi t
ht hemostsui tableform of
theverbsi nbr acket s.
“Lastweek,t heI nt er nat i
onalAssoci ationofAt hleticsFeder ations( IAAF)t ookasever e
measur e agai nst dopi ng cheat s.I t was deci ded t hat at hletes test ed positi
ve
………………. ..
..
.....
..
..
. (woul dr eturn–woul dber eturned–woul dhave
ret
urned)t hemoneyt heyhadear neddur i
ngt heper i
odt hey……………. ....
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
.
(weret aken–wer et aki ng–wi l
ltake)dr ugs.Butone
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athlet ewho. ..
..
..
..
...
..
..
...
..
...
..
..
...
.....
..
..(awar ded–hadawar ded–hadbeen awar ded)
$250, 000 refusedt or et urnt hemoneyaf ter…………………….( tobeexcl uded–
excl udi ng–bei ng excl uded)f rom allcompet i
tionsfordopi ng”
Fi ndt her ightver bform ort enseoft hever bsinbr acket s.
It’
shi ght imef orAmer i
cans…………………….( tost op)subsi dizingt heirpeasant s.I fthe
mar ketpr i
cesgothi gher,farmer s…………………. .(tobe)happi er.Ourpar tnersenjoy…………
……………………. .(todi scuss)wi thus.ThePr esidentmakesus……………………. .
(t
osi gn)t he
treat y.I t
’syear ssincet hecot tonpr i
ces………………. ……………( tobel ower ed).
Ifyou( sign)………………………….t hecheque, youwoul dhavebeenpai d.
It’
shi ght i
meyou( perf
orm)……………………….t hetask.
Ifwehadr estri
ctedcer ealimpor ts,t
hebal anceoft r
ade( i
mpr ove)…………………………. .
Oi lpr i
ces( be)……………. .
………………. lowsi ncet hebegi nningoft heyear
Lastyeart heshar eofmai zecr opgoi ngintoet hanol( rise)…………………………………. ….
Putt hever bsi ntothecor rectfor msort ense.
1-Wher e………………………………………………. .t
heirhol i
daysl astyear ?(t
hey–spend)
2-Wi l
lyoust opmaki ngt hatnoi se?Thel abassi stant………………………. .ar eport
.(wr i
te)
3-You’ rel ate,myboy!We……………………………………. .lunch.( have–al ready)
4-Ther escuer s…………………………f ortwodayswhent heyf oundt hegasl eak.(work)

Lesson10:EXPRESSI
NGWI
SH,
REGRET,
ADVI
CEANDPREFERENCE

I-WI SHANDI FONLY+PRETERI T:

Wecanusewi shorI fonl ywi thasubj ectandt hepr et
erittoexpr essr egretaboutt he
presentt osayt hatwewoul dl i
kesomet hingt obedi f
fer
ent .=Subj ect+wi sh+subject+
preteri
t
Ex:Iwi shihadanewandni cecar .(Idon’ thaveacar )=Regr et
Ex:Iwi shhewasn’ tsohor ri
blet ome.( Hei shor r
ibl
etome)=Regr et
II
-WI SHANDI FONLY+PASTPERFECT:
Weusewi shorI fonl ywi thasubj ectandt hepastper fectt oexpr essr egretthat
somet hinghappenedordi dnoti nt hepast .=Subject+wish+subj ect+Pastper f
ect
.
Ex:Iwi shIhadn’ tstayedoutsol ate.(Ist ayedoutl at
e)Regr et)
Ex:Ifonlyyouhadexpl ainedt hesi t
uat i
ont ome.( Youdidn’ texplain..
..
)Regr et
II
I-WI SHorI FONLY+WOULD:
Weusewoul daf terwi shorI fonl ywhenwewantsomet hingt ost ophappeni ngorwe
wantsomet hi
ngdi f
ferentt ohappen.=Subj ect+wish+subj ect+woul d+I NF.
Ex:Ifonlyyoust opcompl aining!Ex:Iwi shhewoul dn’tl
eavehi scl othesout .
N.W:
-Inf ormalstyle,thever bwi shcanbef ol lowedbyat oinfiniti
ve.Usedi nthisway, wish
meanswant ,butwanti smuchmor ecommoni naninformalst yle.
Ex:Iwi shtoseet hemanager ,please.=Iwantt osee/woul dl i
ketoseet hemanager .
-Wish+anobj ect+t oi nf
initivest ructurei spossi ble
Ex:Iwi shthemanagert obei nfor medorIwantt hemanagert obei nformedatonce.
IV-WOULDRATHER+SUBJECT+PRETERI T:
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Whenwewantt osayt hatoneper sonwoul dpreferanot hertodosomet hi
ng,wecan
use:Subj ect
+I 'dr at
hersubj ect+pastt ense:I nthiscase,t hepasthasaf ut
ureor
presentmeani ng.Ex:I 'dratheryouwent .Ex:He' dratheryoucal l
edthem.Ex:I '
drat
her
youdi dn'thuntel ephants.
NOTE:t hest resscanbei mpor t
antint hesesent ences, t
oshowwhatourpr ef
erencei
s:
Ex:I 'dr atheryouwent=notme.Ex:I 'drat heryouwent=don' tst
ay
Ex:He' dratheryoucal l
edthepol i
ce=nott heambul anceser vi
ce
V-WOULDRATHER+SUBJECT+PASTPERFECT:
Tot alkaboutpastact ions/eventsint hesamesi t
uationsapastper fectt
enseisused:=
Subj ect+woul dr ather+subj ect+pastper fect:
Ex:Iwoul dratheryouhadn’ tdonet hat .Ex:Theywoul dratherwehadhel pedthem.
N.W:
-WOULDRATHER+I NFINITIVE( -t
o):
Thisst ructurewhi chusual l
ymeanswoul dpr ef
ertoi susedt oexpresswhatwewoul d
prefert odoper sonallynotsomebodyel se.
Ex:I’dr atherhavesomet hi
ngt oeat.Ex:Woul dyour atherstayhereorgohome?

-RATHERTHAN:
This expr essi
on i s usual l
y used i n“ parallelstructures”thati sto say,wi thtwo
adjectives,ort wo adver bialexpr essions,ort wo nouns,ort wo adjecti
ves,ort wo
pronouns, ortwoi nfi
niti
ves, ortwoi ng-forms.EXAMPLES:
a-Adj ectives:
Ex:I’
dcal lherhai rwhi terathert hanbr own.Ex:Ipr eferredratherthanyell
ow.
b-Adver bialexpr essions:
Ex:Wepr ef ertogoi nJulyrat herthani nAugust .
c-Nounsandpr onouns:
Ex:Weoughtt oinvesti nnewmachi neryrat herthanbui l
dings.
d-Ingf or ms:
Ex:Ialwayspr eferstarti
ngear l
y, r
at herthanl eavingever yt
hingtothelastminutes.
e-Infiniti
ves:
Ex:Ideci det owr i
teratherthant elephone.Ex:Ipr ef
ert ogor at
herthanstay.
VI-IT’SHI GH/ ABOUTTI ME:
-Whenwewantt osayt hat ,now i sasui tabl
emomentt odosomet hi
ng,eitherfor
ourselvesorf orsomeoneel se, weuse:i t’
shi gh/aboutt i
me+subj ect+pastt ense:
Andt hismeani ngi spresentorf ut
ur enotpast .
Ex:It
's( high)timeIwent .Ex:I t
'stimeyoupai dthatbi l
l.
Ex:Don' tyout hinki t
'sti
meyouhadahai rcut?
-Wecanal souse:I tishigh/ aboutt i
me+f or+obj ect+t oinf
ini
ti
vetosayi tisti
mef or
somebodyel set odosomet hing.
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Ex:Itisaboutt imef orthem t ol eavet hecount ry.Ex:Itishightimef ormet opayt he
waterbill.Ex:Itisaboutt imef ort heboyt ol eave.
-Iti
shi gh/ aboutt imecanbef ollowedbyat oi nf
init
ive.
Ex:I
tishi ght imet obuyanewcar .Ex:I tistimet ohel ptheneedypeopl e.
VII
-HADBETTTER+I NFINITIVE( -to):
Theexpr essi onhadbet t
er+i nf init
ive(- t
o)i susedwhenwewantt osayt hatsomebody
hadbet terdosomet hing,wedon’ tusual l
ymeant hattheact i
onr ecommendedwoul d
bebettert hananot herone.Wesi mpl ymeant hathe/ sheoughttodoi t.Themeani ngof
thi
sstruct ureispr esentorf utur enott hepast .
Ex:Youhadbet terhurryupi fyouwantt ogethomebef oremidnight.
N.W:
-Thenegat ivef orm ofhadbet terishadbet ternot .
Ex:Hehadbet ternotwai tforthePr imeMi nistertoday.Ex:Wehadbet ternotbelate.
-Hadbet t eroftensuggest saki ndoft hreatorwar ningandi sstrongerthanshoul dor
oughtto.Buti nsomecasest heyar eint erchangeabl eespeciall
yingivingadvice.
Ex:Youhadbet terrespectyourpar ents.=
Youshoul drespectyourpar ent s.=
Yououghtt or espectyourpar ent s.

Act
ivi
ty1:Ref
ormul
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesusi
ngt
hegi
venpr
ompt
s.

1-Whatapi tyyoul eftyoucellphoneinthet axidownt own.

Iwished………………………………………………………………………………
2-Whatapi tyyoudi dn’tcome, Ibroughtsomet hingi nt
eresti
ngf oryou.
Iwished………………………………………………………………………………….
3-Ican’ttel
lyout heexacthourt heywi l
lcome, I’m deadlysorry.
-Iwish…………………………………………………………………………………
4-Shei ssorryshedoesn’ tknowhowt hemachi newor ks.
-Shewi shes……………………………………………………………………………. .
5-Issaregrett
edhavi ngliedtohisbelovedf ather.
-Issawished…………………………………………………………………….
6-ElDioufissorry;hewon’ tplaywi t
hthet eam thet eam nextmat ch.
-ElDioufwishes………………………………………………………………………
7-Whatapi ty!Hil
larylostthepr i
maryelectionsinNew-Yor k.
-Iwish…………………………………………………………………………………
8-Whatashame!ThatyoungMi nist
erwasaccusedofembezzl ementof44bi
ll
ion.
-Iwish……………………………………………………………………………….
9-It’
sapi t
yO.TDi engisn’tourfourthpresident
-Wewi sh………………………………………………………………………….
10-Youshoul dhavebr oughtyourcamer aatt hepar ty.
-Iwish………………………………………………………………………. .
.
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-IFonl y………………………………………………………………………………….
11-Whatashame, BenazirBhut t
owaski l
ledinherownnat ivecountry.
-Peopl ewish……………………………………………………………………………
12-Whatashame, hecan’tspeakhi sownmot hertongue.
-Iwish…………………………………………………………………………………
13-Theyr egretgoi ngill
egall
yt oSpai nbycanoe.
-Wewi sh………………………………………………………………………….
14-Hecoul dn’tstopbetrayi
nghi swi f
e, whatashame!
-Iwish……………………………………………………………………………
15-Whatapi tyourEngl ishclubdi dn’twi nthedramacompet i
tion.
-Iwish………………………………………………………………………………. .
16-It’sapi t
y;Ican’tgivethepastf orm oft heverbtogive.
-Iwish…………………………………………………………………………………
17-I’
m sor ryhedi dn’tacceptourpr oposalaboutt henewsyst em ofteachi
ng.
-Iwish………………………………………………………………………………….
18-Iwi shweover camet hefirstobst acles.
-Ifonly……………………………………………………………………………
19-Iwoul dpr eferhertoweart hi
sdr essatt hepart
y.
-I’
dr ather……………………………………………………………………………
20-Whydon’ tyoubuyahousenextt ot heoneoft heprimemi nist
er?
-I’
dr ather………………………………………………………………………………
21-It’sapi t
y;ourpol i
ti
ciansar einvol vedincor r
uptionnowadays.
-Iwish………………………………………………………………………………

Lesson11:I
NGANDI
NFI
NITI
VEFORMS

GENERALI TI ES:
InEngl ishi tisver ycommonf oronever bt obef oll
oweddi rectl
ybyanot her.This
happens, forinstance, i
fwet alkaboutourat tit
udet oanact ion:t hefi
rstver bdescr i
bes
theat t
itude, andt hesecondr eferstot heacti
on.
Ex:Ienj oypl ayingbasket .Ex:Ihopet oseeyouagai n.
Insomecases, thesecondver bisintheinfi
niti
veandi not
her sitisinthei ngform.
I-VERB+TOI NFI NI
TI VE:
Ifthever bsorver balexpr essi onsbelowar efollowedbyanot herone, thesecondver bis
nor mallyint oinfini
tive:
Afford,agr ee,appear ,arrange,ask,at t
empt ,deci de,expect ,f ai
l,help,hope,l earn,
manage,mean,i nt
end,of fer,prepare,pretend,pr omi se,refuse,seem,t hreaten,want ,
wish,seem,bear ,bear ,choose,f orget
,happen,hat e,determine,swear ,trouble,try,
regret,prefer,proposeet c…
Ex:Thepol icemanaskedt oseeme.Ex:Theydeci dedt ost
ayathomeyest erday.
N.W:Thenegat ivef orm oft o+i nfini
ti
veisnott oinfiniti
ve
Ex:Theypr omi sednott ot ellanybody.Ex:Sheseemednott oseemecomi ng.
-Aftersomeoft heabovever bssuchas( decide,promi se,expect, andhope)wecanuse
at hatclauseex:Shedeci dedt hatshewoul dst ayathome.
-Wi thsomeoft hever bsabovewecanuseanobj ect +toinfi
niti
ve.
Ex:Thet eachert hem t ocomet omor rowagain.Ex:Hepr omi sedmet ogetupear li
er.
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II
-VERB+OBJECT+TOI NFINITIVE:
Afterthever bsbel ow, wenor mallyuseanobj ect+t oinfini
tive:
Tof orce, t
each, get,per suade,t
ell,i
nvi t
e, remi nd,war n,order ,
expect, ask, wantet c…
Ex:Shei nvi tedt heboyt ohavedi nner .Ex:Shewar nedt hem nott obel ate.
II
I-VERB+OBJECT+I NFI NITIVE(- t
o):
Afterthever bst omakeandl etintheact i
vevoi cewenor mal l
yuseObj ect+infinit
ive(
-
to):Ex:Hel etshi ssonsgooutever yday.Ex:Shemadehi m stayathome.
IV-VERB+QUESTI ONWORD+TOI NFI NITI VE:
Aftersomever bssuchast oknow, expl ain, decidewecanuseaquest i
onwor dlikehow,
when, who, whatorwher enotwhypl ust oi nf i
nit
ive.
Ex:Idon’ tknowwhatt osay.Ex:Doyouknowhowt oplayt ennis?
V-VERB+OBJECT+QUESTI ONWORD+TOI NF:
Afterthever bssuchast oshow, tel
ladvi se, teachwecanuseanobj ect+QW +t oI NF
Ex:Shet oldmewher et obuyat icket.Ex:Canyout ell
/showmehowt odot hisjob?
VI-TOI NFI NI TIVEOFPURPOSE:
Wecanuseat oinfi
nitivetotalkaper son’ spur pose-whysomebodydoessomet hi
ng?
Ex:I’m goi ngoutt odosomeshoppi ng.Ex:Shei ssavingmoneyt obuyacar .
FUNCTI ONSOFI NGFORM:
TheI NGf orm of tenact sl i
keaver bandnounatt hesamet i
me.I tcanbef oll
owedbyan
adjective( beat i
ng achi l
d,writi
ng l etters) ,buti tcan al so itselfbet hesubj ector
compl ementofasent ence.Ex:Beat ingachi ldwilldomor ehar mt hangood.
Andl ikeanyot hernoun,t heINGf orm canbeusedwi thanar t
icl
e,orpossessi veor
demonst rativeadj ecti
ve.Ex:Ther ebui l
di ngofCovent ry.Ex:Hi squest ioningabout …
Ex:Doyoumi ndme/ mymaki ngaquest i
on?Ex:Isawhi m get t
ingoutofhi scar.

VII-VERB+I NGFORM:
Ifoneoft hever bsorver balexpr essionsbel owi sf ollowedbysecondver b, thislat
teris
gener ali
nt heI NGFORM.Thesever bsar e:
Toadmi t
,appr eci ate,avoi d,consi der ,cont empl ate,del ay,deny,det est,di sli
ke,like,
endur e,enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feellike, finish, forgive,giveup, can’thel p, i
magi ne,
i
nvol ve,leaveof f,ment ion,mi nd,mi ss,post pone,pr actise,putof f,resent,r esist
,risk,
can’tstand, suggest ,under stand, can’ tavoi d, keeponet c….
Ex:Headmi ttedbr eaki ngt hewi ndows.Ex:Ienj oyget t
ingupear l
y.
N.W: -Thenegat ivef or m oft heIngf or mi snot +i ng.Ex:Headmi ttednotcal linghi m.
-Afterthever bmi ndwecanuseanI fclause.Ex:Woul dyoumi ndifIcl oset hedoor ?
-Aftersomever bssuchast oadmi t
, suggestwecanuseat hatcl ause.
Ex:Headmi ttedt hathehadbr okent hewi ndows.
VIII
-INGFORM WI THPASSI VEMEANI NG:
Afterthever bsneed, requi reandwant ,theingf ormi susedi napassi vesense.
Ex:Yourhai rneedscut ting( tobecut ).Ex:Doesyoursui trequirepr essing,si r?
IX-INGFORM AFTERAPREPOSI TION:
Ingener alaf terapr eposi t
ioni ncludi ng( to,on,f r
om,by,af ter,befor eetc…)weuset he
Ingf orm.Ex:Het ookhi sdinnerbef or eleavi ng.Ex:Hewast alkingaboutst ayi ng.
-Weuset hei ngf orm af tert heexpr essi onsl ike:l ookf orwar dt o,objectto,beusedt o,
preventsbf rom, can’ thel p/ avoid,nouse/ good, bewor th, et
c.Ex:I ’ml ookingf or
war dto
seeingyouagai n.
X-VERB+I NGFORM orOBJECT+TOI NFI NI TIVE:
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Aftertheverbst oadvise,all
ow,encourage,per mit,r
ecommendwecanuseei therthe
ingf or
m orobject+t oinfi
niti
ve.Ex:Theydon’ tall
owpar ki
ngher e.Ortheydon’tallow
yout oparkhere.
XI-VERB+I NGFORM orTOI NFI
NITIVE:
-Aftertheverbsbelowwecanuset heingf orm ortoinfi
nit
ivewithoutmuchdi f
ference
inmeani ng,theseverbsar e:Tobegin,li
ke,prefer,cont
inue,hate,l
ove,star
tetc…Ex:I
li
ket oswim/swi mming.Ex:Hebeganl ooking/tolookforanewj ob.
-Aftertheverbsbelowwecanuset heingf orm ortoinf
init
iveform withadif
fer
encei n
meani ng.Tostop,regret
,remember ,f
orget,tr
y,keep/goone.
Ex:Hest oppedsmoki ngyesterday.Ex:Hest oppedt osmokeyest erday.

Act
ivi
ty1:I
NFI
NITI
VEandGERUND

Exerci
se1:Putint heto-infiniti
veort he- i
ngform ofthever bs.
Ndeye:Didyour emember ....
...
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(pick)upt hosephot ostoday?
Ass:Whatphot os?
Ndeye:Oh,no.Icanr emember…….......... .......( ment i
on)i tt
oyouonl ythis
morning.
Ass:Ican’tremember…. ....................... ......( agree)topickupsome
photos.
Ndeye:Well,don’tforget.........................( call)attheshopf orthem
tomorrow.
You’vegotat er
riblememor y.Yesterdayyouf orgot….................( l
ock)t
hedoor.
Ass:I’
m sureIdidn’ tf
orget…....................( l
ock)it.Icancl ear
lyremember..
.....................( look)f ormykeys.Theywer einmypocket .
Ndeye:Yououghtt owr i
tenot estoyour sel
ftoremindyou.
Ass:Thatwoul dn’tbeanygood.I ’dneverr emember……...............( look)at
them!

Acti
vit
y2:Puti
nt het
o-i
nfi
nit
iveorthe-
ingfor
m oft
hever
bs.
Iusedtoli
kegoingtoourl
ocalcinema.Itwasol
dandrat
heruncomf
ort
abl
e,buti
thad
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character.Nowt hey’vestopped......……....( show)f i
lmst here.Theownerwoul d
l
iket ogoon.................. .(r
un)t heci
nema, buthewoul dneed…. .............
...( make)al otofi
mpr ovement s,whichwoul dmean…................( spend)t ens
ofthousandsofpounds.Ir emember…. .............. (watch)t helastf il
m att he
cinema.I twasamur dermyst ery.Itwasf i
vemi nutesf r
om t heend,andwewer e
tryi
ng…..............( work)outwhot hemurder erwaswhensuddenl yallthelights
wentoutandt hefil
m stopped.Wesati nt hedarkforaf ewmi nutes,andt hent heowner
appearedwi t
hat or
ch.‘Iregret…..............( tell
)you,’hesai d,‘thatourel ect
rici
ty
hasf ai
led.Idon’tmean…. .
...............( di
sappoi nt)you, butI’m afrai
dwecan’ t
show yout heendoft hefil
m.We’ vet ri
ed……...........( phone)t heel ect
rici
ty
company,butt heysayt heycan’ thelp.’Hewenton…. ........................
(explai
n)tot heaudiencehowt hef i
lm ended.Ididn’ tunderstandt hest ory.ButIdon’ t
regret……….............(go)totheci nemaont hatl astevening.

Acti
vity3:Wr i
teeachpai rofsentencesasone.Useat o-i
nfi
nit
iveoran-i
ngform.
Exampl e1:Sali
oudidn’ tringNdeyeFat ou.Hef or
got .
Sal
iouf orgottor i
ngNdeye.
Exampl e2:DaoudaandWal yhadbeenpl ayi
ngcar dsforhours.Butt
heywentonwi th
thegame.
DaoudaandWal ywentonpl ayingcar ds.
1-KhadyDi opdidn’tthinkshecoul dmovet hepi ano.Shedidn’tevent
ry.
............................................................................
..
2-Mi keoncesawaspaceshi p.He’l
lneverforgetit.
............................................................................
..
3Whataboutpai nti
ngt hewal l
s?Theyneedi t.
............................................................................
.
4-Fanawasst udying.Shewentont hroughtheni ght.
............................................................................
..
5-WhenI ssaNdiayewasdr i
ving,heneededt omakeaphonecal l
.Sohestopped.
.............................................................................
..

Exercise4:Putt hever bsbet weenpar enthesesinthecor rectform.

As you know,Il ove.
..
..
...
..
...
..
...
.(go)shoppi ng –especi all
yon Sat urdays.Iusual ly
hate..
...
..
..
..
..
(get)upear l
y,butonSat ur
daysIcan’ thelp..
..
..
..
...
..
..
.(
wake)ear l
y,having
breakfast,..
..
...
..
..
.( do)t hewashi ngup,t hen. ..
..
...
.(
get)outt otheshops.Butl ast
Saturdayever ythingwentwr ong.Fi r
stofal l
,justasIwasaboutt oleave,t hephone
rang.Itwasoneofmynei ghbour swhoaskedi fIwoul dmi nd. .
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
...
.(
take)her
withme.So,i nsteadof. ...
..
..
..(
leave)at9,i twasnear10bef orewesetof f.Ofcour se,
shecoul dn’thelp. ..
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
(offer)acupofcof f
ee.Iwasaf rai
dof .
..
..
...
..
..
...
..
..(upset)
her.I’m notusedt o. .
..
...
..
..
...
.( dri
nk)cof feeatt hattimeoft heday.Buti twasno
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use..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(
refuse) . Hal f a way i nt
o t own t he car br oke! I nor mall
y
enjoy.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(drive), but when t hi
ngs go wr ong, I hat e car s. My f ri
end
suggested.
..
..
..
..
.....
..
..(
try)tostopanot herdriverand. .
...
..
..
...
..
..
..
.(ask)forhelp.Byt hi
s
ti
mei thadstart
ed. ..
...
..
...
..
..
..
..
(r
ai n)
.Nobodyst oppedf orus!Youcani magi nethatIwas
notinaver ygoodmood.Andt henshest arted...
..
...
...
..
...
.(
offer)advice;whatabout
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(go)t ot henear estphonebox. ..
.Itisnogood. ..
...
..
..
..
..
...
..
(l
ook)under
thebonnet.Shewenton. ..
..
..
..
....
..
..
..
.(
complain).Finall
y,Il ostmyt emper .I
tisnouse
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
.(
make)si ll
ysuggest ions!,Ishouted.Soshel eftinsilencet ogetabus.As
sheleft
,thecarst arted.Butwhatast artt
otheday.

Act i
vit
y5:PUTTHEVERBSI NBRACKETSI NTHEI NGorI NFI NITIVEFORM.
A- -Johnwasi nhi ssecondyearatC. A.D.U,studyingHi stor y.Hewasr atheral azy
student ,andhet entedt oavoid( work)………………………wheneverhecoul d.Int hemi ddleof
theyear ,hishi storypr ofessorgavehi m outanassi gnment ,duei ntoweeks.John
intended( do)
…………. theassi gnment ,buthepost poned( wr i
te)……………. .i
tforaweek.The
fol
lowingweek,hef orgot( do)……………. .i
t.Theni ghtbef or etheassi gnmentwasdue,he
suddenl yr emember edi t,andr ushedtot helibrary.Het ried( r
ead) ………………asmuchas
possibleont het opic,butt herewasn’ tenought ime.Johnconsi dered(ask) ……………f or
mor et i
met ohi spaper ,butt hehi st
orypr ofessorwasknownt obever ytoughon
student s,sof i
nallyhedeci ded( cheat)……………. andcopyf rom somewher eel se.He
foundanar ti
cleont hesamet opic,andqui cklytypedi tout .Thenextdayhesubmi tted
thepaper .Thef ollowingweekhewasal ar
med( see)……………. histeacher ,appr oaching
himl ooki ngangr y.“ I
st hisyourownwor k,ordidyoucopyi t?askedt het eacher.John
denied( copy)……………t hepaper .I
fyouexpectme( believe)……………. that,youmustbe
veryst upi d”saidt het eacher.Ever ywor kist akenf rom anar ti
cleIwr otemysel ffour
yearsago.Di dyour eallythinkIwoul dforget(wr i
te)………….i t?

Acti
vit
y6:PUTTHEVERBSI NBRACKETSI NTHEI NGorI NFI
NI TIVEFORM.
1-Iremember …………………….Theki nginLondonyest erday(meet )
.
2-I’
m notused………………………. .upear ly(
get).
3-Iused…………………………. t
ot heci nemaal otwhenIwasi nLondon( go).
4-Theyregret…………………. ………………Sal yabouttheweddi ng(t
ell
).
5Mr sFayeIregret…………………. .
yout hatt
hecr edi
thasbeenexceeded( i
nform).
6-Stop……………………………. thatterribl
enoiseatonce!( make).
7-Iwanttostop……………somepr esents,
butwedi dn’thaveenoughmoney( buy).
8-Look!It
’sstart
ing………………………………( rai
n).
9-Thesetwobr othersst
arted……………………. Engli
shwhent heywer efour(l
earn)
.
10-It’
snotwor t
h………………………. him amessage, heisalreadyinformed(send).

Lesson12:MODALAUXI
LIARYVERBS
Let
’sst udythefoll
owingdialogue:
Peter:Canyouliftthi
sbagmyf ri
end?
John:No, Ican’
t.Iam notstrongenough,
Imustconf
ess.ButI
’m sur
eAl
ycan.
Peter:Ok,noproblem, It
hinkIcandoitmysel
f.
-I
ntroductorypart:
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Inourdial
oguethewordsinboldaregrammati
cal
lycal
ledModalauxi
li
aryverbs.And
cont
rarytotheordi
nar
yverbst
heyar ever
ypar
ti
cul
arintermsofusesandfuncti
onsin
theEngli
shLanguage.So,int
hisregardwearegoingt
ost udyt
hem inthefoll
owing
sect
ions.

I-TheCommonChar act eristi

csoft heModal s:
Modalauxi liariesar epar ticularver bswhi ch:
-Haveno“ s”ont het hirdper sonsi ngul aroft hesi mpl epresent , quest ionsandnegat i
ve
formsar emadewi t
houtdoordi d.
-Ar ef ollowedbyt hei nfinitivewi thoutt oofot herver bs.
-Havet hesamef ormi nal lpersons.
-Havenoi nf initives,andot herexpr essionsar ei nsteadwhennecessar y.
(can=beabl eto,
must =havet o,may=beal lowedt o(per mission) .
II
-Funct ionandUsesofModal s:
Cont raryt ot heusesoft heor dinaryver bs, modalauxi l
iariesar eusedwhenwesayt hat
weexpectt hingsorevent st ohappenort hatevent sar epossi ble,ornecessar y,or
i
mpossi ble,orwhenwesayt hatt hingsdi dnot ,orthatwear en’tsur ewhet herthey
happened.So,t hemai nmodal sar e:can,coul d,may,mi ght,wi ll,woul d,shal l
,should,
must , oughtt o, needanddar e.Butneedanddar earecal l
edsemi -modal sthatistosay
theycanbeusedasor dinar yormodalver bs.
1-Can:
Cani susedi nt hef ollowi ngcasest o:
-Tal k/expr essphysi calabi l
it
y/ capaci t
y.Ex:Theboycanl i
ftabagof50ki l
os.
-Talkabout /expr essioni nt ell
ect ualabi l
it
y.Ex:Hecanr eadandwr it
eChi nese.
-Talkabout /expr essf inanci alcapaci t
y.Ex:Mycousi ncanbuyt hisni cecar .
-Toaskf ororgi veper missi on.Ex:CanIusepenf oramoment ?Yesyoucan.
-Tot alkabout / expressoccasi onalort heoricalpossi bi
lit
y.Ex:Anyonecanl earnto
swim.( =Itispossi blef oranyonet ol earnt oswi m. )
-Toasksomebodyt odosomet hing.Ex:Canyoupostt hisletterf ormepl ease?
Thenegat ivef or m ofcani scannot( can’t)andi susedt o:
-Expr ess/ talkaboutphysi cal,intell
ectualandf inanciali mpossi bilityori nabilit
y.
Ex:Hecan’ tswi m.Ex:Shecan’ tbuyt hishouse.Ex:Hecan’ tdef eatt heKi ng.
-Weusecannot+i nfinit
ivei ndeduct ionst osayt hatsomet hingi si mpossi ble.
Ex:Itisi mpossi blet hatshei sasl eept hereisal i
ghton.=Shecan’ tbeasl eep…..
-Weusecannothave+PastPar ti
cipleindeduct ionstoexpr esscer taintyi nthepast.
Ex:Iam sur et hatyouwer enotatt heswi mmi ngpool .=Youcannothavebeenat ….
..
Ex:Sur ely,thest udent sdi dn’tgoonst ri
keagai n.=Thest udent scan’ thavegone…….

2-Coul
d:
Weusecouldinthef
oll
owingcases:
-Tosayt
hatsomebodyhadt hegener
alabi
li
tyt
odosomet hi
nginthepast
.
Ex:Mysi
stercoul
d(wasableto)t
alkwhenshewas17mont hs.
-Toaskf
orpermissi
on.Ex:Coul
dIaskyouapersonalquest
ion?
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-Tosayt hatwehadgener alper mi ssi ontodosomet hingint hepast .
Ex:WhenIwas19year s, Icoul dbor rowmyf at her’scarwheneverIwant ed.
-Totalkaboutpr esentorf utur epossi bi
lit
y.Ex:Wher eisAL?Hecoul dbei nther oom.
-Weusecoul dhave+pastpar ti
ciplet osayt hatsomebodyhadt heabi lityort he
opportunit
yt odosomet hingi nt hepastbuthe/ shedi dn’tdoi t.
Ex:Icouldhavegonet oChi naonhol idaylastyear ,butIdeci dednott o
-Wecanal sousecoul dhave+pastpar ti
ciplet otalkaboutpossi bi
lityint hepast .
Ex:Perhapsyoul eft/havel eftyoupenathome.=Youcoul dhavel ef tyou………. .
Thenegat i
vef orm ofcoul di scoul dnot( coul dn’ t)andi susedt oexpr essgener al
i
nabili
tyint hepast .Ex:Mygr andmot hercoul dnotdance.
3-Must=Havet o
Weusebot hmustandhavet oexpr essobl igat i
onornecessi ty,butt herei ssomet i
mes
adiff
erencebet weent hem.
-Wenor mal lyusemustwhent heaut horitycomesf rom thespeaker .(Per sonal )
Ex:Youmustbeher eby7o’ clock.( Iinsist)Ex:I ’
vegott erri
blepai n.Imustgoaseea
doctor(necessi t
y.)Ex:Youmustdr ivecar eful l
y( Iinsist).
-Wenor mal lyusehavet owhent heaut hor it
ycomesf rom out sidethespeaker .
Ex:Youhavet odr iveont hel eftinBr i
tain.(That ’sthel aw).
Ex:Ihavet ogoandseet hedoct orat9ht omor row.( Ihavegotanappoi nt ment ).
-Weusemusti ndeduct ionst osayt hatwear esur eaboutsomet hing.( Cer t
aint y)
Ex:I’
m suret hatsheknowsLondonver ywel l.=ShemustknowLondon……
-Weusemusti ndeduct ionst ot alkaboutsupposi tioni nthepr esent .
Ex:Isupposehei sveryt iredt oday.=Hemustbever ytir
edt oday.( Supposi tion)
Thenegat ivef orm ofmusti smustnot( must n’t)andi susedt oexpr esspr ohibi
t i
on
meaningi tisusedwhent herei sanobl igationnott odosomet hing.
Ex:Youmust n’tgooutt oday.Exyoumust n’tsl eepi nclass.( Prohibiti
on)
-Weusedon’ thavet o/don’ tneed/haven’ tgott oorneedn’ tt osayt hati tisnot
necessaryt odosomet hing.( Absenceofobl igat i
on)
Ex:Idon’thavet ogetupear l
iert oday.=I tisnonecessar yt ogetupear liertoday.
Ex:Idon’tneed/haven’ tgott o/don’ thavet o/ needn’ tgetupear li
ert oday.
-Wecanal souseneedn’ t+I nf
ini t
ivewhent hespeakergi vessomeoneper mi ssionnot
todosomet hi
ng.Ex:Youneedn’ tpaymebackt hemoneyyouoweme.( Igi veyou
permissionnott opaymebackt hemoney) .
-Wecanusemusthave+pastpar t
icipleindeduct ionst oexpr esscer t
aintyint hepast .
Ex:I’
m suret hatthoseshoeswer eexpensi ve.Thoseshoesmusthavebeenexpensi ve.

-Weuseneedn’ thave+pastparti
cipl
etosaythatsomeonedidsomet hi
ng,butitwas
notnecessary-Itwasawast
eoftime.
Ex:Ineedn’thavemadesomuchf oodfortheparty.Nobodywashungry.(I
twasnot
necessaryt
omakesomuchf ood,butIdi
dit
).
Ex:Ineedn’
thavet ol
dKat
ewhathappened.Shealreadyknew.(
ButIdid)
-Weusedi dn’tneedto+i
nfi
nit
ivetosaythatsomet hi
ngwasn’
tnecessar
y(butitdoes
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notsayi fsomeonedi ditornot ).
Ex:Shedi dn’tneedt owai t.(Itwasn’ tnecessar yt owai t, butwedon’ tknowi fshedi dor
not)
.Ex:Theydi dn’ tneedt owor r y.(Itwasn’ tnecessar y)
4-May:t obeal l
owedt o( per mi ssi on)
WeuseMayi nt hef ollowi ngcases:
-Toaskf orper mi ssion.Ex:MayImakesuggest i
on?Ex:MayIgooutf oramoment ?
-Toexpr ess/ tal kaboutpr esentorf ut urepossi bilit
yoruncer tainty.Ex:Hemaybei nt he
room.=Per hapshei si nt her oom.Ex:Theymaybel ateagai n.=Per hapst heyar e..
-Toaskf orsomet hi ngandt oexpr esspr ayer s.Ex:MayIhavesomemor ecof f
ee?
Thenegat ivef orm ofMayi smaynot .Ex:Hemaynotbei nthevi ll
age.( Possi bili
ty)
WeuseMayhave+pastpar ticipl eindeduct i
onst oexpr esspossi bili
tyoruncer taintyin
thepast .Ex:Wher ewasSal lyl astni ght ?It hinkper hapsshewasatt hecinema.=I
thi
nkshemayhavebeenatt heci nema.
5-Mi ght:
Weusemi ghti nt hef ollowi ngcases:
-Toaskf orper mi ssioni nal essdi rect ,mor eformalst yle.Ex:Mi ghtImakesuggest i
on?
-Tot alkabout /expr essf ut ur eorpr esentpossi bil
ity.Ex:Wemi ghtgot ot hebeach.
=Perhapswewi l
lgot ot hebeach.
-Wecanusemi ghthave+pastpar ti
cipl ei ndeduct ionst otal kaboutpossi bili
tyint he
past.Ex:Pet eri sl ate.Per hapshemi ssedt het rain.=Pet ermi ghthavemi ssedt het r
ain.
-Wecan al so usemi ght /coul d have+pastpar t
iciplet o sayt hatsomet hi
ng was
possibleint hepastbutdi dn’ thappen.( Specul at i
ononaf i
nishedevent )
Ex:Youwer est upi dt ot ryt ocl imbt hatt ree.Youmi ghthavef allendown.
Ex:Theywer eat tackedyest er dayatmi dni ght.Theymi ghthavebeenki l
led.
6-Wi ll:
Weusewi lli
nt hef ol l
owi ngcases:
-Tosayt hatwear ewi lli
ngt odosomet hingort oof fert odosomet hing.
Ex:I’llhelpyouwi thyourbag.Ex:I ’lllendyoumybi cyclei fyouwant .Ex:Ar eyou
hungr y?I’l
lmakeyousomet hingt oeat .
-Tot alkaboutsomebody’ st ypicalbehavi ourorchar acter i
sti
chabi ts.
Ex:Simonl ovesmusi c.Hewi llsitf orhour sl i
steni ngt ohi sst ereo.
-Wecanusewi lltoexpr essst rongi ntent ionsf orexampl ei npr omi sesandt hreat s.
Ex:I
’llbecar efulwi t ht hecar .Ex:Ipr omi seIwon’ tbel atet omor r
ow.( Pr omi se)
Ex:St opmaki ngt hatnoi seorI ’
llscr eam.( Threat )
-Weusewi llyou?( Ar eyouwi ll
ingt o? )t oasksomebodyt odosomet hing,ori n
i
nvitationsorof fers.Ex:Wi l
lyouswi tchont hel i
ght ,please?Ex:Whatwi l
lyouhavet o
dri
nk?Ex:Wi llyouhavedi nnerwi thust omor rowatSof i
telhot el?
Thecont ractedf orm ofwi llis’llandt henegat ivefor mi swi llnot( won’ t)
.Thef ormi s
usedt osayt hatpeopl eort hi ngsr ef uset odosomet hing.Ex:Annwon’ tdoher
homewor k( Sher efusest odoi t
).Ex:Thi smachi newon’ twor k.(Itrefusest owor k).

7-Would:
Weusewoul dinthefoll
owingcases:
-Weusewoul dyou?t oasksomebodyt odosomet hing.Ex:Wouldyoupostthisl
ett
er
forme?Ex:Thetelephoneisri
nging,woul dyouanswerit?
-Weusewoul dwiththeverbmind( objecttoordi
sli
ke)tomakepoli
terequest
s.
Ex:Wouldmindswi t
chingon/offt
helight?Ex:Wouldyoumi ndi
fIshutthedoor?
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-Wesomet i
mesmaker equest sbyusi ngwoul dl ikeasapol itewayofsayi ngwhatwe
want .Ex:I ’
dl ikeagl assofwat er,please.Ex:I ’dl iket oaskyouaper sonalquest ion.
-Weusewoul dwi tht hever bssuchas:l ike,pr eferandr athert omakepol i
ter equest s,
offersandi nvitations.Ex:Woul dyoul iket ogot ospar tyonSat urday?
Ex:Woul dyoupr efert ost ayi norgooutt hisni ght ?Ex:Woul dyoul ikemet ohel py. .
-Weusewoul dt ot al kaboutpasthabi ts.Ex:WhenIwasachi ldmyf atherwoul d
somet imest akemef i
shi ng.Ex:Theywoul dpl aycowboyswhent heywer echi ldren.
Thenegat ivef or m ofwoul diswoul dnot( woul dn’ t)isusedt osayt hatpeopl eort hings
refusedt odosomet hingi nthepast .Ex:Themachi newoul dn’twor kyest erday.
-Weusewoul dhave+pastpar t
iciplet ot al kaboutawi sh/ i
deat hati snotf ulf
il
ledor
accompl i
shed.Ex:Shewoul dhavevi sitedGor eeI slandbef orel eavingt hecount r
y.
8-Shal l:
-Weuseshal lI?( doyouwantmet o?)t oof fert odosomet hingf orsomeone.
Ex:Shal lIhel pyou?Ex:Shal lIopent hedoorf oryou?
-Weuseshal lwe?t oaskf orandmakesuggest ions.Ex:wher eshal lwest art?
-Weuseshal ltoexpr essof fers,suggest i
ons, request sfori nstruct i
onsandadvi ce.
Ex:Shal lwegooutf orlunch?Ex:Shal lIcar ryyourbag?Ex:Whatshal lwedo?
Thecont ractedf orm ofshal lis’l
landt henegat ivef ormi sshal lnot( shan’ t).
9-Shoul d=Oughtt o:
-Wecanusebot hshoul dandoughtt ot al kaboutobl igationordut yandt oaskf orand
giveadvi ceandi ngener alt osaywhati sgood, badorr i
ght .
Ex:Youshoul dl ear ntoswi m.Ex:Yououghtt ol ear n…Ex:Youshoul dn’ttellli
es.
-Wecanuset hat …shoul daf terver bslike:suggest ,insist,recommend, andagr ee.
Ex:Isuggest( that )heshoul dseeadoct or.Ex:Iagr eedt hatweshoul dt ellthepol i
ce.
Thenegat ivef orm ofshoul disshoul dnot( shoul dn’ t)andt heoneofoughtt oi sought
nott o(ought n’ tto)Ex:Youshoul dn’ t
/ought n’tt ellliest opeopl e.
Weuseshoul d/ oughtt ohave+pastpar ticiplet osayt hatsomeonedi dthewr ongt hing
i
nt hepast .Ex:Ishoul dhavepost edt hel etteryest er day.(If orgotandIdi dn’ t
)

Act
ivi
ty1:Rewr i
tethefoll
owingsentencesusingthegivenprompts.
1-Perhapstheyforgotthelastpoli
ti
calmeeti
ngoft heS.D.P.
-They……………………………………………………………………………………………. …
2-I
’m surethatthedriverwasn’tdr
ivi
nginthemi ddleoftheroadt
hatday.
-Thedriver
……………………………………………………………………. …………………
3-Maybemypar ent
swer esleepi
ngwhenIar ri
ved.
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-Mypar ents………………………………………………………………………. .
…………….
4-Youshoul dbehavecor rectlybeforeyourt eacher satschool .
-You…………………………………………………………………………………………. .…..
5-I’
m surehehasnotr efusedouri nvitati
on.
-He………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
6-It
’simpossi blethatitiscol dtoday.Nobodywear sacoati nthisdistr
ict
.
-IT……………………………………………………………………………………. ……..……
7-Wesental ettertowr ongaddr ess.It’si
mpossi bleDaddyr ecei
vedi t
.
-Daddy………………………………………………………………………………………………
8-ForGodsake!Theyshoul drespectt hei
rf ather .
-They……………………………………………………………………………………………. .
9-Youdon’ thavet oattendt heclassesatUni ver sityIfyoudon’ twant .
-You…………………………………………………………………………………. .………. .
10-Perhapsitwi l
lraintodayort omor row.
-IT……………………………………………………………………………. …………………
11-Wher eisDaddy?I ’m sur ehei sn’tworkingi nhi sof f
icenow.
-He…………………………………………………………………………………. ……………. .
12-Thisyounggi rlhadbet terchangeherbehavi ourf orherinterest.
-She…………………………………………………………………………………. .
…………. .
13-Myf ri
endi slate.Maybehei swai t
ingforat axidownt own.
-My………………………………………………………………………………………………
14-I’
m surethatmynewcarcan’ tbest ol
enher esoqui ckly.
-Mycar …………………………………………………………………………………….
15-It’
snecessar yt hatwest artsavingmoneyatt hebank.
-We……………………………………………………………………. .………………………
16-It’
snotnecessar ytoat tendal ltheSpani shcl asses.
-We……………………………………………………………………………………. ……..
17-Perhapst hePr imeMi nisterdidn’treceiveourr equestofyest er
day.
-ThePr i
meMi nister…………………………………………………………………………
18-Itwasimpossi blethatSaddam Hussei ndi ednat urall
y.
-Saddam Hussei n……………………………………………………. …………………………
19-Youneedn’ tcomet ot hemeet ing.–You………………………………………. .
…………
20-Theyhadbet t
erbel esst alkati
ve.–They……………………………………………………. .

Lesson13:I
NVERSI
ONANDFRONTI
NG
Note:Negati
ve,quasi
-negati
veorrestr
ict
ivewordsfr
ont
ingorplacedatt
hebegi
nni
ng
ofasentencerequi
reaninversi
onofthesubjectandt
heauxi
li
ary.
Andinthiscasewehavet hi
s:N/QN/Rwor d+Aux+SUBJ+P.P………….
Ex:Neverhadhesettl
edawari nAfr
ica.
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N.W:
Themai nnegat i
veorquasinegat iveorr est ricti
vewor dsar e:never ,sel dom,li
ttl
e,
nowher e,undernoci rcumst ances,ver yr arel y,r arely,so,such,onl yi f
,onlywhen,not
once,onl y now,notunt iland t he coupl es t hatar e:Scar cely/hardly…..when,Not
onl
y/Notsi mpl y………butal so, Nosooner ……. .than,
Acti
vit
y1:Rewr it
et hefoll
owi ngsent encesusi ngt hegi venclues.
1-Ami natousucceededi nherexam andi mmedi atelyaftershegotmar ri
ed.
-Nosooner ………………………………………………………………………………………. .
2-Johnf ellinlovewi ththegi rlnotonl ybecauseofherbeaut ybutal soherper sonal
it
y.
-Notsi mply……………………………………………………………………………………….
3-Ther obber sbur ntNdondy’ shouseandki dnappedhi swifefort wodaysl ong.
-Notonl y……………………………………………………………………………. ……………
4-Hehadnosoonerl efthishouset hanhehear dhi sphoner ingingi nhispocket .
-Hardly……………………………………………………………………………………………
5-Assoonast hepl anelanded, t
hepassenger spassedaway.
-Scarcely……………………………………………………………………………. ……………
6-Johnneveral lowedhi swi fetoj oinwomenassoci ati
onsofherdi str
ict
.
-Notonce……………………………………………………………………………. .……………
7-John’ ssuccessdependsbot honhar dwor kandongoodbusi nesssense.
-Notonl y……………………………………………………. …………………………………….
8-MrJohnwassoi maginativeandcr eativet hatever yclasswi t
hhi m wasdi f
fer
ent.
-So……………………………………………………………………. .
………………………….
9-Whenhel osthisJohnkeptqui ett hewhol eday.
-Notawor d………………………………………………………………………………………
10-Theonl ywayf orast udentt osucceedi nhi sorherexam i stowor khar datschool.
-Onlyby…………………………………………………. .
…………………( uset hefuture)
11-Daddywon’ tpunishusi fwedon’ tmakeser iousmi stakesatschool .
-Onlyif……………………………………………………………………………………………
12-Ever yoneofuscander ivesuchwi sdom f r om ourancest ors’ l
egacy
-Such…………………………………………………………………………. ………………….
13-ElMansourhasnevermett heki ngi nt hisar eaonMonday.
-Never …………………………………………………………………………………………. ..
14-Whenhehadbeeni nLondonhehadneverat tendedaconcer tatast adium.
-Never ………………………………………………………………………………………. ….
15-Themat chbeganandi mmedi atelyafteri tst artedr aini
ngcat sanddogs.
-Nosooner ………………………………………………………………………………………. .
-Hardly……………………………………………………………………………………………
16-Heshoul dn’thavepuni shedt hest udentnomat terwhathedi dinclass.
Undernoci r
cumst ances………………………………………………………………………….

Lesson14:ASKI
NGANDANSWERI
NGQUESTI
ONS
Let’
sst udythefoll
owingdi al
ogue.(A poli
cemanisquest
ioni
ngawi t
nessofacar
crash).
P:Whathappenedexact l
y?Whendi dithappen?
W:Ther ewasaterr
iblecrashbetweenthisl
orryher
eandt
hatwhitecarovert
her
e.
Ithappenedt
enmi nutesago.
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 P:Whosecarwast his?Whowasdr ivingit?Howmanypeoplewereint
hecar
?
W:Iti
st hatmansir
,hiswi f
ewasdrivingandthereweret
hreeper
sonsi
nit
.
P:Whichvehicl
ewasf aster,
doyout hink,
thelor
ryort
hecar?
W:Iti
sver ydi
ff
icul
ttoanswerthesequest i
onssir.
P:Ok,thankyouveryforcoll
abor
ati
ng.

Int
roduct or ySect ion: -Int hisdialoguet hepol i
cemanwasn’ tpr esentwhent heacci dent
happened,buthewant edt ohavei nf ormat ionaboutt hecr ash.So,heaskeddi f
ferent
questionst oawi tnessoft heacci dentt oknowwhathappenedexact l
yaboutt heevent .
I-FORM:
InwrittenEngl ishwenor mal l
yfor m quest ionsexcepti nsomecasesasf ol
lows:
Quest i
onWor d+Aux/ Modal+Subj ect+Ver b+Obj ect+?
butifther ei snoquest ionwor dwehave:Aux/ Modal+Subj ect+Ver b+Obj ect+?
Ex:Wher edoyoul iveThi es?Ex:Di dsheeatt hecake?Ex:Canyouwr it
eyourname?
II
-TheDi f fer entTypesofQuest ions:
InEngl isht her ear edi fferentwaysofaski ngquest i
ons.Andt hemor efrequentar e:
Yes/Noquest ion,t hesubj ectquest ion,thenegat ivequest ion,theal t
ernativequest ion
andt heW- Hquest ion.
1-Yes/ Noquest ion:
Ayes/ noquest ional waysst ar
tsbyanauxi l
iaryormodalandi sanswer edbyyesorno.
Thest ruct ur eoft hist ypeofquest ioni s:Aux/ modal+subj ect+ver b+obj ect+?
Ex:IsJohncomi ngt oday?Ex:canyouhel pmepl ease?Ex:Hasheboughtt hecar?
2-Subj ectquest ion:
Asubj ectquest ionasksaboutt hesubj ectofaver bi nasent enceandwenor mal ly
don’tusedo/ does/ didt ogeti t
.Wef ormi tasf oll
ows:Quest i
onwor d+ver b+obj ect+?
Ex:Whol ovest heKi ng?Ex:Whatwasbar kingi ntheni ght?Ex:Whowasspeaki ng?
3-Negat ivequest ion:
Anegat i
vequest ioni snot hingbutt heI nter ro-negat i
vef orm/ sent ence.
Iti
sbui ltasf ollows:Quest i
onwor d/ auxi l
iaryormodal+subj ect+ver b+obj ect+?
Ex:Aren’ tyouwat chi ng?Ex:Whydi dn’tyoucal lhim?Ex:Can’ tyoudr ivethisnewcar ?
4-Alternat ivequest ion:
Anal ternat ivequest i
oni scomposedoft wopar tssepar atedbyorhast woormor e
possibleanswer s.Ex:I sJohncomi ngonSundayorMonday?Ex:Di dhet aket hepl ane
ortheboat ?
Ex:hadt heyhel pedt heQueenorherdaught er?
5-W- Hquest ions:
W- Hquest ionsexpr essspeci f
icci rcumst ancesandcanbedi rectori ndi r
ect.Thef orm
ofeachquest iondependsoni tsf unct ionandgr ammat icalname.Formor edet ail
sl et’
s
considert hechar tbel ow:

Quest
ionWor ds Grammat icalfunct
ion Exampl
es
Who(withoutanoun) Subject and obj ect Theboyishelpi
nghisf at
her.
(people) Whoishelpi
nghisfather?
Whoistheboyhelping?
Whom Object(people) Theboysarehelpi
ngt hei
rfat
her
.
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 Whom ar et heboyshel ping?
Which ( with orwi t
hout Subject and obj ect The youngest boy i s t he best
noun/ pronoun) (animal s, t hings and pl ayer .
people) Theyr ewar dedt hebestwr it
er .
Whi chboyi st hebestpl ayer ?
Restrictedchoi ce Whi chwr iterdi dtheyr ewar d?
What( wi t
h or wi t
hout Subject and obj ect Thisdogi sal waysbar kingatni ght.
noun) (animal sandt hings) Sheopenedt hedoorandsmi led.
Whati salwaysbar kingatni ght?
Whatdi dsheopen?
What+noun Subject and obj ect Iwoul dr athervot efort heyoungest
(Peopl e) Pr efer
ence- candi date.
choice Whatcandi datewoul dyouvot efor?
What+ To do ( to be Verbsexpr essingact ions Shewasl ooki ngf orherpur se.
adapted) Whatwasshel ookingf or?
Last week t hey al lt ravelled to
Dakar .
Whatdi dtheydol astweek?
Theydot hewashi ngupever yday.
Whatdot heydoever yday?
What ……. .
..
li
ke(how) Weat her It
’squi tewi ndysi ncet wodays.
Whati stheweat herl ike?
Howi stheweat her?
What .
..l
ike(l
ook Mor al/physicalqual i
ti
es I ’
veneverseensuchahandsome
l
ike/how) man.
Whati st hemanl ike?How i sthe
man?
Whose( withorwithouta Possessi on/ Rel at
ionship Thi scari sHami dou’ snewone.
noun) Whosecari st his?Whosei st hi
s
car?
Thisboyi st hePr esident ’sson.
Whosesoni st hi
sboy?
Wher e Place They of t
en spend t hei r hol i
days
abroad.
Wher e do t hey of ten spend t hei
r
holidays?
Why Cause/ Reason She i s l ate because she was
sl
eepi ng.
Whyi sshel ate?
What …..
For Goal /
ai m/pur pose/ object Shewenti ntot her oom t o sleep
i
ve again.
Whatdi dshegoi ntot her oom f or?
When Definitetime/ dat e Hef inall
yar ri
vedl astweek.
Whendi dhef inallyar ri
ve?
How+ Adj
ect
ive or Descr
ipt
ion: Theskyiscl
oudytoday.
Adver
b (
Quali
ty&state) Howistheskytoday?

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 Theskyi sverycloudyt oday.
Howcl oudyi stheskyt oday?
HowLong Dur
ati
on Theyhavebeenl earningEnglishf or
si
xyear s.
How longhavet heybeenl ear ni
ng
Engli
sh?
HowOf
ten Fr
equency Thest udentsgot oschoolt wi cea
week.
How of ten do thest udentsgo t o
school?
HowFar Di
stance Thiesis70ki l
omet ersfarfr
om t he
capit
alci t
y.
How fari sThi esf rom thecapi tal
ci
ty?
Howmany Number/quant
it
y Theshopkeepergaveher2ki losof
(
Countable) ri
ce.
How many ki l
os ofr i
ce di
dt he
shopkeepergi veher?

Howmuch Number/
quant
it
y Theshopkeepergaveher2ki losof
(
uncount
abl
e) rice.
Howmuchr icedi dhegi veher ?
Howmuch Pri
ce Theseor angescost200f r
ancscf a.
Howmuchdi dt heseor angescost ?
HowFast Speed Hami dou’ s new cari s 320 km/ h
fast.
Howf astisHami dou’ snewcar ?
HowHi
gh Height Ki l
imanjaroi s5450met ershigh.
Howhi ghi sKi li
manj aromount ai
n?
HowWi
de Width InLondon,ourdi ningr oom wassi x
met erswi de.
How wi dewas ourdi ni ngr oom in
London?
HowLong Length In London ourdi ning r oom was
ninemet erslong.
How l ongwasourdi ningr oom i n
London?
HowDeep Depth Att hisl evel,t her iveri s9met er
s
deep.
Howdeepi st her iveratt hislevel?
How…….
+ver
b Manner/Gr
eet
ings/
Heal
th Hewal ksver ysl owl y
Howdoeshewal k?
Hef eelsver ysi ck.
Howdoeshef eel?
Howol
d Age Rudyar dKi plingwas71year sol d.
Howol dwasRudyar dKi pl
ing?

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HowHeavy/
Wei
gh Wei
ght
/Load Thi
smammalistwot
onsheavy.
Howheavyi
sthi
smammal?

Lesson15:QUESTI
ON-
TAGS
Let’sstudyt
hisdialoguebetweenJames, Pet erandBi l
l.
James:Johni scomi ngwithust odayagain,i
sn’ the?
Peter:No,heisn’
t.Hewi l
lgotot hestadi
um wi thhisfr
iendBopp.
Bil
l:Oh!Thatisstrange!Healwayscomeswi thusatEast er
,doesn’
the?
James:Wewon’ tbehappywi thouthim,willwe?

Introduct or yPar t:
-I n ourdi al ogue t he di fferentexpr essi ons orphr ases pl aced att he end oft he
sent encesar ecal l
edquest i
ont ags.Theyhavegr ammat i
calf orm andf unct i
oni nthe
Engl i
shLanguage.Let ’sst udyt hef oll
owi ngsect i
ons.
I-Def i
nition:What ’saquest ion- tag?
Aquest ion- tagi sanexpr essi onl i
ke:i she,doesn’ the?,wi llwe?of t
encal ledmi ni-
quest ionorr eplyquest i
onput / placedatt heendofasent encet oaskf orconf ir
mat i
on
ofsomet hingwear en’ tsur eabout ,ort oaskf oragr eement .Aquest ion-tagmeans
somet hingl ike“ ist his/ittrue?Ordoyouagr ee? ”or( N’estcepas? )inFr ench.
II
-For m ofaquest ion- tag:
Aquest i
on- tagi smadeupof / wi th:anauxi l
iary/modalver b+per sonalpr onoun+?
Thesent encebef oret hequest ion- tagi snor mal lyast at ementaf f i
rmat i
veornegat ive.
Quest i
on- tagsar enotusual lyaddedt oquest i
ons.
Ex:Youar et henewsecr etar yher e,aren’ tyou?Ex:Youdon’ tlikefish,doyou?
II
-Basi cr ul es:
-Wenor mal lyuseanegat ivequest i
ont agaf teraposi t
ivest atement .
-Posi ti
vest atement =Negat i
vequest i
ont ag
Ex:Fat oul ikesoper a, doesn’ tshe?Ex:Theywentt ot hemar ketagai n,didn’tthey?
-Wenor mal lyuseaposi t
ivequest i
ont agaf teranegat ivest atement .
-Negat i
vest atement =Posi ti
vequest i
ont ag
Ex:Pet erdoesn’ tl i
keoper a, doeshe?Ex:Wecan’ thel pt heboyt oday, canwe?
N.W:Ther ear eaf ewdi ffi
cul tiesorexcept ionswi tht heusesofquest ion-tags.
-Thequest ion- tagofIam, i
sal waysar en’ tI?Ex:I ’ml ate, aren’ tI?
-Aftert henegat iveoraf firmat i
vei mper ative( you) ,wenor mal lyused wi l
lyou?i n
quest ion- tag.Ex:Swi tchont hel i
ght s,wi llyou?Ex:Don’ tgooutt oday, wi l
lyou?
-Aftert hei mper at i
veexpr essi onl et’s(letus)+i nfi
ni t
iveweuseshal lwe?i nquest i
on-
tag.Ex:Let ’sst ar tthedebat e, shal lwe?Ex:l et’slistent ohi m agai n,shallwe?
-Weuseaposi tivequest ion- tagi nsent encescont ainingnegat ive,semi -negativeor
restrictivewor dsl ike:not hing,nobody,never ,har dl y,sel dom,scar cely,rar el
y,barely,
rather ,anybody, anyt hinget c...
Ex:Hehar dlyf elldown, didhe?Ex:Theynevercomeont i
me, dothey?
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-Weuset heyasper sonalpr onouni nquesti
on-tagwhent hesubjectoft heverbi
s:
everybody,nobody,somebody, anybody,someone, no-
one,people,t
hepoliceetc.
..
Ex:Somebodyi scomi ng,aren’
tthey?
-Wecanuset her
einquest i
on- t
ag.Ex:Therewon’tbeanypr oblem,wil
lthere?
-Weusei tinquesti
ont agfornothing.Ex:Not
hingiswr ongt
oday, i
sit?

Act
ivi
ty1:ASKI
NGQUESTI
ONS(
BacExam)
Bac2002- seriesL- 1ergroupe-LVI
Askthequest ionscor r
espondingt ot heunder li
nedwor dsorgroupofwor ds.
1-NGOsar ebei ngsqueezedbydonorgover nments.
…………………………………………………………………………………. …………………
2-Inthethi r
dwor l
d, manypeopl esuf ferfrom poverty.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3-Mostaidagenci esgetabouthal ftheirbudgetf r
om government s.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Bac2004- seriesL- 1ergroupe- LVI
Askquestionscor respondingtot heunder li
nedanswer s
Forsomeyear snow,anAmer i
cangi antcal l
edUnocalhasbeennegot iati
ngwi
tht
he
Tali
banforper missiontobui l
danoi lpipeline.
How……………………………………………………………………………. …………………?
What………………………………………………………………………………. .……………?
Bac2005- seriesL- 1ergroupe- LVI
Askquestionscor respondingtot heunder li
nedwor ds.
Anationalsolidaritybankwassetupt of undsmal lscal
eenterpr
ises.
1 2
1………………………………………………………………………………………………….?
2-…………………………………………………………………………………………………?
Bac2006- seriesL- 1ergroupe- LVI
Askquestionscor respondingtot heunder li
nedwor dsorgroupofwor ds
Theseboysusedt ogoswi mmi ngt wiceaweek.
1 2 3
1……………………………………………………………………………………………?
2…………………………………………………………………………. …………………?
3……………………………………………………………………………………………?
Thenextel ectionswi l
lbehel dinFebr uar y2007
1………………………………………………………………………………………………?
Bac2006- seriesL- 1ergr oupe-LVI I
Compl et
et hesent enceswi that ag.
1-Daddyusedt obeagoodf ootballer,……………………………………………?
2-Nobodycanj umpi ntofi
reandbesaf e,……………………………………………?
3-Iam good- looking,…………………………………………………………………. ?
Bac2006- seriesL- 2eme-gr oupe- LVI
Askquestionscor respondingtot heunder li
nedwor dsorgroupofwor ds.
Manypeopl esuf f
erfrom diabetes…………………………………………………?
Somepeopl enevergoandseedoct or s………………………………………………?
Baysebar elyrespondedt ohi sfourchi l
dren………………………………………?
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Bac2006- ser
iesL-2eme-groupe-LVI
I
Fi
ndt hequestionscorr
espondingt
otheunderl
inedwor
ds.
1-Youngonescan’ thandl
estressandanxi
ety.
……………………………………………………………………………………………?
2-Teenagersbehavebadlynow.
…………………………………………………………………. …………………………?

Bac2007- seriesL- 1ergr oupe- LVI

Askquest i
onscor respondi ngtot heunder l
inedgr oupsofwor ds.
1-Theor gani zationmeet sonceamont htot rytosol vepr oblems.
a b
a-……………………………………………………………………………………. .…………?
b-………………………………………………………………………………………. .………?
2-Kof fiAnnanl edt heUni tedNat ionsf or10year s.
C
c-………………………………………………………………………………………. ………?
BAC2007- Compl etet hesesent encesusi ngt heappr opr i
atetagquest i
on.
1-Noonecoul dquel lthatcr i
sis,…………………………………. …………………………. ?
2-Iam aci ti
zenoft hewor ld,
………………………………………………………………. .
?
Bac2007- seriesL- 2eme-gr oupe- LVI
Askt hequest i
oncor respondi ngt ot heunder li
nedwor ds.
1-Theyshoul di nvitet hemedi calcommuni t
yt oi nitiateethicaldiscussi
onst owards
l
ift
ingt hemedi calconf i
dent i
ali
ty.
1
-.
....
...
....
..
..
..
....
..
....
..
....
...
..
..
....
..
..
..
...
....
..
..
...
..
..
..
...
...
..
..
..
....
....
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.?
2-Allt hisst uffaboutAI DS i sj ustameanst opr omot et hewhi teman’ sbusiness
i
nt erest .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….?
Bac2007- seriesL- 1er -gr oupe- LVI I
Askquest i
onscor respondi ngtot heunder l
inedwor dsorgr oupsofwor ds.
1-Ourexper tshavebeenmeet i
ngf oroneweek.
a b
a-…………………………………………………………………………………. .….…………. ?
b-…………………………………………………………………………. .………………………?
2-Theyar elooki ngf orwar dtobui ldingdykes.
c
c-…………………………………………………………………………………………………?
Bac2008- seriesL- 1er -gr oupe- LVI
Askquest i
onscor respondi ngtot heunder l
inedgr oupsofwor ds
1-Br i
desgoi ngabr oadcansuf ferfrom cul t
ureshock.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………?
2-Hehasbeenwor kingabr oadt okeephi sfami lyoutofpover t
y.
…………………………………………………………………………………. …………………?
BAC2009Ser i
esL1b, La,L’1,L21erGr oupLVI I
AlyandNgorar ediscussi ng.Ngor ’sanswer saregi ven:Nowwr it
eAly’squesti
ons
Aly:………………………………………………………………………………………………. ?
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Ngor
:Icamesixmont hsago.
Al
y:……………………………………………………………………. ………………………..?
Ngor
:No.Ihaven’t.I
’m st
il
ljobless.
Al
y:…………………………………………………………………………. ……………………?
Ngor
:YesIhave, butIhaven’tgotanyansweryet
.
Al
y:………………………………………………………………………………………………. ?
Ngor
:Yes.Iam relat
ivel
yoptimistic.
Al
y:Goodluck,
then.

Bac2009- seri
esS- 1er -groupe
Findt hequest i
onscor r
espondi ngt ot heunder l
inedwor ds.
1-“Cancerdi agnosesar eexpect edt ohi t12mi l
lionthisyear”
(a) (b)
(a)…………………………………………………………………………. .…………………?
(b)………………………………………………………………………………………………?
Bac2009- seri
esL- 1er -groupe- LVI
Compl etethi
stextwi t
htheappr opriat etagsorquest i
ons.
Jour nal i
st:I tisj ust incredible!Pr acti
cally ever yt
hing has been dest royed in
here,………………………. .?
Obser ver:Unfortunatelyyes!
Jour nal i
st:………………………………………………………………………………………. ?
Obser ver:Theyhavebeenf i
ghtingsi nceCol onelCost acamet opoweraf teracoup.
Jour nal i
st:But…………………………………………………………………………………?
Obser ver:Heclaimedt hathisgover nmentwascor r
upt .
Jour nal i
st:And……………………………………………………………………………………. ?
Obser ver:No!Not hinghasi mpr oved.Thesi tuationhasbecomewor seinstead.
Jour nal i
st:It’
sapi ty.Everythingi st ober econstructed.I
twi l
lbeyear st ogett he
count rybackoni t
sf eet!
Activity2:Reor dert hefollowingel ement st opr epareaquest ionnair
eonci garet
te
smoki ng.Thef ir
sthasbeendoneasanexampl e.
Exampl e:smoke/you/do/Why?Goodor der:Whydoyousmoke?
you/been/have/smoki ng/Howl ong?
Goodor der:……………………………………………………………………………………. .
do/smoke/ Howmany/ you/cigarettes/ aday?
Goodor der:………………………………………………………………………………………
Cigar et t
esmoki ng/you/hear dt hat/Haven’ t/danger ous/is?
Goodor der:……………………………………………………………………………………. .
solutions/do/What/yousuggest/ci garettesmoki ng/t of
ightagainst
?
Goodor der:……………………………………………………………………………………. .

Acti
vit
y3:Twof ri
endsAhmaandBenbedaar ediscussi
ngt headventofmasstour
ism
i
nTuni si
a.Completethei
rconversati
onaccordi
ngly.
Ahma:Ther earemanypeopl einTunisiawhohavet akenbadhabi tsfr
om t
ouri
sts.
Whatashame!Benbeda:Sur e!Iwishthey…………………………………………………. .………….
.
Ahma:Youngpeopl eshoul dn’
tcopythetouri
sts’
lif
est
yle,
………..………………………….?
Benbeda:Yes,you’reri
ght.Ourtr
adit
ionsare.…………………………………………………
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Ahma:Butwemustr ecognizethatt
ouri
stscontr
ibut
ealottot
helocaleconomy.
Benbeda:……………………………………………………………………………………. .?
Ahma:Inbuyingourlocalpr
oductsandspendingalotofmoneyonleisur
eacti
vit
ies.
Benbeda:However,
theyareaccusedof………………………………. .
…………………
Ahma:That’
squitetr
ue, wehavetheexampleofAIDS.

Acti
vity4:Compl etet hi
sdialoguemeani ngfull
y:
Ali
ouandMal i
ckar efr
iends.Al i
oul i
vesinSenegal ,butMal ickhasbeenl i
vinginthe
USAf ormanyyear s.Theyar et alkingont hephoneaboutt heelectr
ici
tycri
siswhich
aff
ectstheSenegal esepeople.Fillintheirconversati
onmeani ngfull
y:
Malick:HiAliou!Howi sthesituat i
onbacki nSenegal ?
Ali
ou:Ter r
ibl
e!Inf act,t
hecount ryisgoingt hrought hemostsever eelect
ri
cit
ycrisi
sin
i
tshistory.Yesterdaymanypeopl ewer e.
...
..
..
..
...
..
..inar i
otandayoungmanwaski l
led.
Malick:GoodLor d!Whoki ll
edt heyoungman?Al i
ou:Wedon’ tknow.
Malick:………………………………………………………………………………………. ..
…?
Ali
ou:Itdepends!Somet imespoweri scuttwiceaday.
Malick: …………………………………………………………………………………………? Al iou: Generall
y for
severalhours.Mal i
ck:Whatapi ty!I...
..
..
..
..
.it'
l
lsoonbeover !
Ali
ou:Sodowe!Mal i
ck:Ok!Byef ornow!I ’l
lcallyouagainsoon!

Acti
vit
y5:Penda, anaccount anti
nacompany, hasgonet oseeherbosst odi
scussher
wage.Compl et
ethedi aloguemeani ngf
ull
yandcoher entl
y.
TheBoss:Goodmor ning, Penda!Haveaseat ,
……...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.?WhatcanIdofor
you?
Penda:Iwoul dl
iketot alkaboutmywage.It hinkIneedapayr ai
se.
TheBoss:.……………………………………………………………………………………?
Penda:I’vebeenwor kingher efortenyearsnow andIdon’ tunderst
andwhyBiram,
who’sdoing thesamej ob asme,i sbet t
erpaidt han Iam .Wehavet hesame
qual
ifi
cat
ions,……………………. …….?
TheBoss:You’ r
er i
ght!Ineedt othi
nkitover!Givemesomet ime,
…………………………?
Penda:Yes!Thankyou, sir!

Acti
vit
y6:Thi sisanextractoftheconversat
ionbet
weent wopeoplet
alki
ngabouthow
besttoshar ethewat er
sofacommonr i
ver.Thequest
ionsarejumbled.Rewr
it
ethe
questi
onsbyput ti
ngthem i nt
herightor
der.
Ngor:share/count r
ies/ther i
ver/Howmany?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Mali
ck:Eightcountri
es.
Ngor:meet/Howof ten/t hey/do?
…………………………………………………………………………. ……………………….
Mali
ck:Twi ceayear
Ngor:organizati
on/t hi
s/When/t hey/setup/did?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Mali
ck:Tenyearsago.
Ngor:managi
ngcommi tt
ee/I
s/wor
king/att
hemoment/t
he?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mali
ck:Yes,i
tis.

Lesson16:ACI
VEANDPASSI
VEVOI
CES
Let ’
sst udythef ollowi ngt wosent ences.
-Sent ence1:Theboybr oket hewi ndowyest erday.
-Sent ence2:Thewi ndowwasbr okenyest er dayyt heboy.
-Introduct or
yPar t:
Int hef i
rstsentence, theper sonwhodi dt heact i
on( t
heboy)i scal ledt hesubj ect,then
wesai dwhathedi dwi th( thever bbr oke)andwhathedi di ttoiscal ledt heobject.
Int hesecondsent ence,t heopposi tehappens:West ar tbyt alkingaboutt hewi ndow
(theobj ectoft hesent encehasbecomet hesubj ectoft hesecond)andt henwesay
whatwasdonet othesubj ectandwhot hiswasdoneby.
So, thef i
rstsent encei si nt heact ivevoiceandt hesecondi nthepassi vevoi ce.
I-THEPASSI VEVOI CE:
1- PASSI VE:FORM
Thepassi vevoi cei nEngl i
shi scomposedoft woel ement s:theappr opr i
atetenseand
form oft hever b' be' +t hepastpar ti
cipleoft heact ivever b.
Ex:Thi sni cehousewasbui l
tin1999.Ex:Wast hel ettersentyest erdayat10o’ cl
ock?
II
- THEPASSI VEVOI CE:
2- PASSI VE:FUNCTI ONANDUSE
Thepassi vevoi cei susedt oshow i nteresti nt heper sonorobj ectorani malt hat
exper i
encesanact ionr athert hant heper sonorobj ectorani malt hatper f
ormst he
act i
on.
Thepassi vei susedi nt hef ollowingcases:
-Weof tenuset hepassi vevoi cewhenwedon’ tknowwhoorwhatdoessomet hing.
Ex:Mycarwasst olenl astni ght .(Idon’tknowwhost ol
et hecar ).
-We can al so use t he passi ve when we ar en’ti nterested i n who orwhatdoes
somet hing
Ex:Thehousewaspai nt eddur i
ngt hewar .Ex:Shehadbeeni nvit
edt othepar ty.
-Wecanal souset hepassi vewhenwedon’ twantt osaywhoorwhatdoessomet hi
ng.
Ex:Act ive:Imadeami stake.=Ami stakewasmade.Passi ve
Thepassi vevoi cei sof tenusedi nformalorsci entifictexts:
Ex:Agr eatdealofmeani ngi sconveyedbyaf ewwel l
- chosenwor ds.ExOurpl anetis
wr appedi namassofgases.Ex:Wast emat er i
al sar edi sposedofi navar i
etyofways.
N. W:Ifwewantt osaywhoorwhatper f
or mst heact i
on, weuset hepr epositionby:
Ex:" AHar dDay' sNi ght "waswr it
tenbyt heBeat les.Ex:Thef ilm wasdi rectedbyAL.
II
I-THEDI FFERENTETYPESOFPASSI VE:
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1-THEPASSI VEINFI NITIVE
Thepassi veinfi
niti
vei sformed:(be+pastparti
cipl
e).Weuset hisform af
termodal
verbs(must ,can,shall,wil
l,et
c)andafteranumberofot herstr
ucturessuchas:have
to,goi
ngt o,wantt o,andwoul dli
keto).
Ex:Thisdoormustbekeptl ocked.Ex:Hei sgoi
ngt obeintervi
ewednextweek.
Ex:Idon’twantt obedi st
urbedtoday.Ex:Thejobcan’tbedonebynextweek.
2-THEPASSI VEPERFECTI NFINITI
VE
Thepassi veperfectinfini
ti
veisformedwi t
h:(modal+havebeen+pastpar t
ici
ple)
.
Weuset hi sformtot alkaboutthepast .
Ex:Thenewspapermayhavebeent hrownawayl astni
ght.Ex:Hemusthavebeen
invi
tedtot hemeet ing.Ex:Weshoul dhavetoldaboutthedangers.

3-PASSI VEI NGFORM

Thepassi vei ngf ormi sf or medwi th:( being+pastpar ti
ciple)andt hisf ormi saf ter
preposi tionsorver bsnor mal lyf ollowedbyager und.Ex:Hei sgl adaboutbei ngt aken
totheZoo.Ex:Idon’ tl i
kebei ngcheat ed.Ex:Her emember edbei nggi vent hebook.
4-THEPASSI VEI NTERROGATI VE
Ingener alwef or mt hei nter rogat ivepassi veasf ollows:
Quest ionwor d)/ be( appr opr iatet ense)+obj ect+pastpar ti
ciple+?
Ex:Di dt heboysendt hel ett eryest erday?=Wast hel ettersentyest erday?
5-VERBSWI THTWOOBJECTSI NTHEPASSI VE/ Doubl epassi vevoi ce
Somever bssuchas:t ogi ve, send, offer ,ask, teach, promi se, showet c…canhavet wo
Object sandi nt hiscase, wecanmaket wodi f
ferentpassi vesent ences.
Ex:Thet eachergavet hem adi ffi
cul tt estyest erday.PV1=t heywer egi venadi f
fi
cult
testyest er day.PV2=adi fficul twasgi vent otem yest erday.
6-IMPERSONALPASSI VE:
Whenwewantt ot alkwhatot herpeopl esay,t hink,bel ieveet c… wecanusean
i
mper sonalpassi vef orm.Andf ort hiscaset her earet wopossi blef orms.
-Ex:Act ive:Peopl esayt hatt hepr esidenti spower f
ul.
=Passi ve:( 1)I tissai dthatt hepr esidenti spower ful.(It+passi ve+t hat+cl ause)
=Passi ve( 2)t hepr esi denti ssai dt obepower ful.(Subj ect+passi ve+t o+i nfinitive)
-Butwhent hebel i
ef s,event soract ionsr efertoanear liertimeormoment ,weuset he
perfecti nfini t
ive( tohave+pastpar ticipl e) .
Ex:Peopl ebel i
evedt hatt hef irehadst art ed.=Thef i
rewasbel ievedt ohavest ar ted.
7-GET/HAVESOMETHI NGDONE
Thisconst ruct ioni spassi vei nmeani ng.I tmaydescr ibesi tuationswher ewewant
someoneel set odosomet hi ngf orus.
Ex:Imustget/havemyhai rcut .Ex:We' rehavi ngt hehousepai nted.
Ifthever br ef erst osomet hi ngnegat iveorunwant ed,i thast hesamemeani ngasa
passi vesent ence.Ex:Ji m hadhi scarst ol enlastni ght .(=Ji m' scarwasst ol en)
Theyhadt hei rr oofbl ownof fi nt hest or m.( =Thei rroofwasbl ownof finthest orm)
The const ruct ion can r efert ot he compl etion ofan act ivity,especi allyi fa t ime
expressi oni sused.Ex:We' llgett hewor kdoneassoonaspossi ble.
Ex:I '
llgett hosel etterst ypedbef or el uncht ime.
Inal lthesesent ences,wear emor ei nt erestedi nt her esultoft heact i
vityt hani nthe
personorobj ectt hatper for mst heact i
vi ty.
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'
X' NEEDSDOING:Passi vemeani ng
Inthesameway,t hisconst ructi
onhasapassi vemeaning.Thei mport
antthingi nour
mindsi sthepersonort hingt hatwi l
lexper i
encetheact ion.Ex:Theceili
ngneeds
paint
ing(=theceil
ingneedst obepai nted)Ex:Myhai rneedscut t
ing(=myhai rneeds
tobecut)
-Wecansomet imesuseget( +pastpar tici
ple)inst
eadofbet omakepassi vever bs.We
suethiswhenwet alkaboutt hings/eventsthathappenbyacci dentorunexpectedly.
Ex:Iwassurpri
sedt hatIdidn’tget/
wasn’ ti
nvitedtotheparty.

Act
ivi
ty1:Ref
ormul
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesusi
ngt
hegi
venpr
ompt
s.

1-Peopl esai dt hatourpr esidenthadgoneabr oadt wicet hisyear .

-Ourpr esi dent ……………………………………………………………………. …………….
2-Theysayt hatt hisboyi st hemosti nt
ell
igenti nthisvill
age.
-Thisboy…………………………………………………………………………. …………….
3-Whydi dn’ ttheyt aket hethi eftothepolice-stati
onyest erday?
-Why…………………………………………………………………………………. .
……….
4-ThePr imeMi nist ermayhavepost ponedt hemeet i
ng.
-Themeet ing……………………………………………………………………………………
5-Thet eacherwi llhavet oaskt hem int
eresti
ngquest i
onst omor row.
-They……………………………………………………………………. .…………………….
-Interestingquest i
ons………………………………………………………………………….
6-Peopl econsi deredt hatSenegalwast heni cestFrenchcol onyi nWestAfr
ica.
Senegal ………………………………………………………………………………………….
7-TheEngl isht eacher sar ehol dingameet i
ngnowi nt hest affroom.
-Ameet ing……………………………………………………………………. ………………. .
8-Wast hemant akent oprisonbyt hevil
lager slastweek?
Did……………………………………………………………………………………………. ?
9-Ever ydayt hechi ldrenbuyanewspaperf ordaddyatt heshop.
-Anewspaper …………………………………………………………………………………. .
10-Hei sgoi ngt oinvi t
eYoussouandThi oneatBer cynextweek.
-YoussouandThi one……………………………………………………………………………
11-Thepr esi denthast otakest ri
ctmeasur est oeradicatepover ty.
-Strictmeasur es…………………………………………………………………. .………………
12-Irackwasi nvadedi n2003byt heAmer icanG. I’
s.
-TheAmer icanG. I’s…………………………………………………………………. ………….
13-ManyAf ricancount ri
eshadbeencol onizedbyt heUni t
edKi ngdom.
-TheU. K…………………………………………………………………………………. ……. .
14-Theybel i
evedt hattheMi nisterofhealthhadr esignedaf t
ert hatpr
obl
em.
TheMi nist erofheal th……………………………………………………………………………
15-Ther enewabl eener gycanbepr oducedbyt hesunr ays.
Thesunr ays……………………………………………………………………. …………………
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16-ManySenegal esepeopl ebel
ievethatN.E.P.A.Disnot hi
ngbutaf
ail
ure.
-N.E.
P.A.D………………………………………………………………………………………
17-Nobodywaswai tingfortheMinist
erofeducat ion.
-TheMi ni
ster……………………………………………………………………………………
18-Theysaidt hatsomeonehadal readystolent heking’scar.
-Theking’scar……………………………………………………………………………………
19-Whydi dn’ttheyi nform hi
m aboutthenewcabi netreshuff
le?
Why…………………………………………………………………………. .
…………………. ?
20-Hewasn’ tsentt ot heshopatthatdanger oustime.
Nobody……………………………………………………………. ….…………………………….

Lesson17:DI
RECTANDREPORTED(
INDI
RECT)SPEECH
Let ’
sst udyt hefollowingdi aloguebet weenMrDi all
o,FayeandDi op.
MRFaye:It hinkt hatIwi l
lgot oSpai nf ormyhol idayifgetmypasspor t.( S1)
MrDi allo:Real l
y?
MrDi op:Whatdi dMrFayesaymyf riend?
MrDi allo:Hesai dthathewoul dgot oSpai nforhi sholidayifhegothi spasspor t(S2)
-Introduct or yPar t:
Inourdi alogueS1i si nt hedi rectspeechbecauseMrFayei sdi r
ectlyspeaki ngt ohi s
twof ri
ends.ButMrDi opdi dn’thearorunder standwhatMrFayehassai d,soMrDi allo
repor tedt ohi m MrFaye’ swor dsi ndi rect
ly.Thisi scalledrepor tedspeech.
I-DI RECTSPEECH:
Directspeechr epeats,orquot es,theexactwor dsspoken.Whenweusedi r
ectspeech
i
nwr it
ing, wepl acet hewor dsspokenbet weeni nvert
edcommas( ".
..
."
)andt hereisno
changei nt hesewor ds.Wemayber eporti
ngsomet hingt hat'sbeingsai dNOW ( for
exampl eat elephone conver sati
on) ,ort ell
ing someone l at
erabouta pr evious
conver sat ion.
Exampl es:
Ex:Shesays" Whatt i
mewi llyoubehome? "-Shesai d" Whatt i
mewi l
lyoubehome? "
Ex:" Ther e'saf lyi nmysoup! "scr eamedSi mone.-Johnsai d,"Ther e'sanel ephant
out sidet hewi ndow. "
II
- Repor tedSpeech:
Repor tedspeechi susual l
yusedt ot al
kaboutt hepast ,sowenor mal lychanget he
tenseoft hewor dsspoken.Weuser eporti
ngver bsl i
ke' say','t
ell
’,
’ask' ,andwemay
uset hewor d'that '
toi ntr
oducet her eportedwor ds.Invertedcommasar enotused.
Exp:Shesai d,"
Isawhi m yesterday."Shesai dt hatshehadseenhi mthedaybef ore.
-N. W:' That 'maybeomi t
ted:
Shet oldhi mt hatshewashappy.=Shet ol
dhi m shewashappy.
'Say' and' tell
'
:
-Weuse' say' whent herei snoi ndirectobj ect:Ex:Hesai dthathewast ir ed.
-Weal waysuse' t
ell'whenyousaywhowasbei ngspokent o(ex:wi thani ndirect
obj ect).Ex:Het oldmet hathewast ired.Ex:Theyt ol
dhi mt hattheywer eout .
-'Talk' and' speak' areusedt odescr i
bet heact ionofcommuni cat i
ng:
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Ex:Het alkedtous.Ex:Shewasspeaki ngont het el
ephone.
-with'about't
or ef
ertowhatwassai d:Ex:Het alked( t
ous)abouthi sparent
s.
N.W:
-Whent hereporti
ngverbisinthepr esentorf uturethereisnochangeoft ensef r
om
dir
ectt oreport
edspeech.
Ex:Johnsays“ I
’m goi
ngtoLondonwi thmyf ather”Directspeech
Ex:Johnsayst hathei sgoi
ngtoLondonwi thhi sfather.Report
edspeech
-Weal sodon’ thavet ochangeiftheor i
ginalst atementwasaboutsomet hingthatis
sti
llt
rue.Ex:hesayst hathehasmi ssedthet rainbuthewi l
lcatchitl
ater
.
-Whent hereporti
ngverbisinthepast( preter i
torpastper fect)changesoftensesin
thefol
lowi ngcharthavetoberespected.

1-Changesoft
enses

Directspeech I
ndir
ectspeech
Presentsimpleandpr ogressive Pastsi
mpl eandpr ogressi
ve
Presentperfectsimpleandpr ogressi
ve Pastperfectsi
mpleandpr ogressive
Pastsimpleandpr ogressive Pastperfectsi
mpleandpr ogressive
Futuresi
mpl eandper f
ect Condit
ionalsimpleandper f
ect
Pastperfectsimpl eandcont inuous Pastperfectsi
mpleandcont inuous
Conditi
onalpr esentandper fect Condit
ionalpresentandperfect

2-Changesofpr
onounsandpossessi
veadj
ect
ives

Di
rectspeech Report
edspeech
I
/We He/
She/ They
Me/Us Hi
m/ Her/Them
My/Our Hi
s/Her/Their
Mine/
Ours Hi
s/Hers/Theirs
Mysel
f/Our
sel
ves Hi
mself/Herself
/Themsel
ves

3-ChangesofAdver
bsoft
imeandpl
aceanddemonst
rat
iveadj
ect
ives

Directspeech Indir
ectspeech
Today/ t
onight Thatday/t hatnight
Tomor row Thefollowingday
Yesterday Thepr eviousdayorthedaybef ore
Last(week/ month/ year
/cent
ury) Thepr evious(week/month/year/
century)
Next(week/ month/ year
/cent
ury) Thefollowing(week/mont h/
year/cent
ury)
Ago/thedayaf tertomor r
ow Before/Intwodays’ t
ime
Here/this/
these There/that/t
hose

I
II
-THEDI
FFERENTTYPESOFREPORTEDSPEECH:

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1-Repor t
ingQuest i
ons
Nor malwor dor derisusedi nr eportedquest i
ons,thatistosay,t hesubj ectcomes
beforetheverb,anditisnotnecessar ytouse' do'or'
did'
:
"WheredoesPet erli
ve?"Sheaskedhi m wher ePeterl
ived.
1-a:Yes/noquest i
ons:
Thistypeofquest i
onisreportedbyusi ng:if/whether+clause.
Ex:"DoyouspeakEngl i
sh?"=Heaskedmewhet herIspokeEngl i
sh.
Ex:"AreyouBr i
ti
shorAmer ican? "=Heaskedmei fIwasBr it
ishorAmer ican.
EX:"Isitr
aini
ng? "=Sheaskedi fitwasr aini
ng.
Ex:"Haveyougotacomput er ?"Hewant edtoknowwhet herIhadacomput er
.
1-b:W- HQuestions:
Thesequest i
onsar ereport
edbyusi ng' ask'(
oranotherverblike'ask'
)+quest i
onword
+clause.
Ex:"Whati syourname? "heaskedme.=Heaskedmewhatmynamewas.
Ex:"Howol disyourmot her
? ”heasked.=Heaskedhowol dhermot herwas.

2-Repor ti
ngHopes, I
nt ent i
onsandPr omi ses
Whenwer eportani ntent ion,hopeorpr omi seweuseanappr opr i
at ever bsuchast o
hope, propose, threaten, guarant ee, promi seorswearf oll
owedbyat hat-clauseorat o-
i
nf i
nitive:Ex:" I'
llpayyout hemoneyt omor row. "Hepr omi sedt opaymet hemoneyt he
nextday.Hepr omi sedt hathewoul dpaymet hemoneyt henextday.
Ex:" I'
llbebackbyl uncht i
me. "=Hepr omi sedt obebackbyl uncht ime.
Hepr omi sedt hathewoul dbebackbyl uncht ime.
Ex:"Weshoul darrivei nLondonbef oreni ght f
al l
."Theyhopedt oar ri
vei nLondonbef ore
nightfal l
.Theyhopedt heywoul dar ri
vei nLondonbef oreni ghtfall.
Ex:"Gi vemet hekeyst ot hesaf eorI 'l
lshootyou! "
Het hr eatenedt oshootmei fIdidn' tgivehi mt hekeyst ot hesaf e.
Het hr eatenedt hathewoul dshootmei fIdi dn'tgivehi mt hekeyst ot hesaf e.
3-REPORTI NGORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTI ONS
Whenwewantt or epor tanor derorr equest ,wecanuseaver bl i
ke' tell
'withat o-
(i
nfinitive)clause.Exampl es:
Het oldmet ogoaway.=Thepat terni sver b+i ndirectobj ect+t o- clause.
(Thei ndi rectobjecti st heper sonspokent o.)
Otherver bsusedt or epor torder sandr equest si nt hiswayar e:command, order
, war n,
ask, advi se,invi
te,beg, teach, forbid.Exampl es:
Ex:Thedoct orsai dt ome, " St
opsmoki ng! ".Thedoct ort oldmet ost opsmoki ng.
Ex:"Getoutoft hecar !"sai dthepol i
ceman.Thepol icemanor der edhi mt ogetout…
Ex:"Coul dyoupl easebequi et
,"shesai d.Sheaskedmet obequi et.
Ex:Themanwi ththegunsai dt ous, "
Don' tmove! "Themanwi t
ht hegunwar nedusnot
tomove.
3-a:Request sforobj ect sar er eportedusi ngt hepat ternask+f or+obj ect:Exampl es:
Ex:"CanIhaveanappl e? ",sheasked.Sheaskedf oranappl e.
Ex:"CanIhavet henewspaper , please? "Heaskedf ort henewspaper .
Ex:"MayIhaveagl assofwat er?"hesai d.Heaskedf oragl assofwat er.
Ex:"Sugar ,
please."Sheaskedf ort hesugar .
Ex:"Coul dIhavet hreeki l
osofoni ons? "Heaskedf ort hreeki l
osofoni ons.
3-b:Suggest i
onsar eusual lyr epor ted wi that hat -clause.' That 'and ' should'ar e
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opti
onalint heseclauses:
Ex:Shesai d:" Whydon' tyougetamechani ctol ookatthecar ?
"Shesuggest edthatI
shouldgetamechani ct olookatt hecar.ORShesuggest edIgetamechani ctolook. .
.
Otherreportingverbsusedi nt hi
swayar e:insist,r
ecommend,demand,r equest,and
propose.
Ex:"
Itwouldbeagoodi deat oseet hedent i
st"
,sai dmymot her.Mymot hersuggest edI
seet hedent ist
.Ex:Thedent i
stsaid,"
It hi
nkyoushoul duseadi f
ferentt oothbrush".
Thedentistr ecommendedt hatIshoulduseadi f
ferentt
oothbrush.
Ex:Mymanagersai d,"Ithi
nkweshoul dexami net hebudgetcareful
lyatt hismeet ing."
Mymanagerpr oposedt hatweexami nethebudgetcar ef
ull
yatt hemeet ing.Ex:" Why
don'tyousleepover nightatmyhouse? "shesai d.Shesuggest edthatIsl eepover night
atherhouse.
Notes:Suggestcanal sobef oll
owedbyager und:Isuggestedpost poningt hevisitt o
thedenti
st.

Act
ivi
ty1:Ref
ormul
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesusi
ngt
hegi
venpr
ompt
s.

1-“Didyouat t
endyest erday’ ssemi nar?”Mycol leagueaskedme.
Mycol leagueaskedme………………………………………………………………………. ……
2-“Resear chshowst hatt heonsetofdr ugsabuseof t
enoccur si nyouth.”Hesai d.
Hesaid………………………………………………. .…………………………………………
3-“ N.E.P.A.D haspr i
oritized agricult
ur east hekeysect ort hatwi l
lst i
mul atethe
economygr owt h.”Thepr esidenthadsai d.
Thepr esidenthaddecl ared………………………. ..
..
...
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
...
..
...
..
..
...
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
...
..
..
4-“Thegi r
lwi llbeoper atedont omor r
ow. ”Thedoct orsaid.
Thedoct orsaid…………………………………………………………………. .
………………
5-“Imustbr i
ngmysi sternextweeki nourhour .
”Thegi r
lsaid.
Thegirlsai d………………………………………………………………………………………
6-“Whydi dn’tIi nvit
emyt eacheri nourvi ll
ageyest erday? ”Theboyaskedhi msel f.
Theboyaskedhi msel f
…………………………………………………………. .………………
7-Henr ysays”Iwantt opayavi si
tt omyf ri
endinPar i
s.”
Henrysays…………………………………………………………………………. ……………
8-Bambasai d“ I’m st
udyi ngEngl i
shal otnow. ”
Bambasai d…………………………………………………………. .………………………
9-“Don’ tsayt hatELDi oufi sthebadboyi nournat ionalfootballteam.”Hesai d.
Hesaid………………………………………………………………. ……………………………
10-Her veaskedhersi ster“ Howl onghaveyoul ivi
ngher ewi ththesepeopl e?”
Herveaskedher ……………………………………………………………………………………
11-Ami natousai d“Ourpol i
ti
calpar t
ywi llorganizeameet ingtomor row.”
Aminat ousai d………………………………………………………………………………………
12-Robi nsonsai dt oJane“ youshoul dn’tinsultyourcl assmat es.”
Robinsonadvi sedher ………………………………………………………………………………
13-“OurEngl ishcl ubwonapr izeinGor ee, t
hreemont hago. ”Thechai rmansai d.
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Thechairmansai d…………………………………………………………………….
14-Benaskedhi sclassmates”Didyouenj oyyourselvesyester dayatthepar
ty?
”
Benaskedt hem………………………………………………………………………………….
15-Habibsai d”Wi l
lIbeabl
et osucceedi nmyexam nextmont h. ”
Habibasked……………………………………………………………………………………. ...
16-Thet eachertoldus“Bepunct ual,workhar danddon’ tcomet olat
e.”
Theteacher ……………………………………………………………………………. …………
17-“Ihavebeenl eani
ngJapanesef orsixyearsnow. ”Theboysai d.
Hesaid……………………………………………………………………………………. ………
18-Asssai d“ Thi
smor ni
ngni neAmer icanswer ekil
ledinr ack.”
Asssaid………………………………………………………………………. .…………………
19-Andrewsai d“Therewasanai rcrashi nD.RofCongoyest erday.”
Andrewsai d…………………………………………………………………………………. ……
20-Hesai dthatthosebigcowsbel ongedt ohisgrand- father.
Charl
essai d”………………………………………………………………………………………
21-Mikaelsai d”Ourtwinbrother
sf r
om t heU.Swi l
lpayusavi sittomorr
ow.”
Mikaelsaid……………………………………………………. .……………………………….

LESSON18:RELATI
VEPRONOUNSI
NRELATI
VECLAUSEs

Let ’
sstudyt hef oll
owi ngsent ences.
Ispoket ot hewomanwhoownst hehot el.(1)
Didyouseet hel et t
erthatcameyest erday?( 2)
-Introductorysect ion:
Inoursent ences:( Whoownst hehot elandt hatcameyest erday)ar ecalleddefining
relati
vecl auses.Thesecl ausest elluswhi chper son;t hi
ngorani malt hespeakeri s
talki
ngabout .Andwhoandt hatar ecal l
edr el
ativepr onouns, usedt ol i
nktwodi ff
erent
relati
vecl auses.
I-FUNCTI ONS/ USESOFRELATI VEPRONOUNS:
1-WHO:
Whoi sther elativepr onounsubj ectwhi chnor mal l
yr ef
erstopeopl e.Ex:Thel adywho
i
sspeaki ngi smyaunt .Ex:Thej our nali
stwhoi nterviewedmewasver ynice.
2-WHI CH:
Whi chist her elativepr onounsubj ectorobj ectreferri
ngt opeopl e,animalsorthings.
Ex:Thecarwhi chi sovert herebel ongst omydaddy.=Subj ect
Ex:Thenewspaperwhi chweor der edyest erdayi sher e.=object
3-THAT:
Thati sther elativepr onounobj ectorsubj ectreferringtoani mals,thingsorani mals.
Ex:Thekeyst hatwer eont hetabl ehavedi sappear ed.Subject
Ex:Itisthebookt hatIboughtyest erdayatt hebookshop.Obj ect
4-WHOM:
Whom i st her elativepr onounobj ectr eferr
ingt opeopl e.
Ex:ImetamanIknewl astyear.Ex:Themanwhom I ’mt al
kingabouti sAlObject.
5-WHOSE:
Whosei sar elativepossessi vepr onounandi susedt ogetherwi thnounsi nthesame
wayashi s,her,ori t
s.I tcanr efert opeopl e,thingsorani mals.Inar elat
iveclause,the
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structurewhose+nouncanbet hesubj ectort heobj ectofaver bort heobjectofa
preposi ti
on.
Ex:WhenIl ookedatt hewindowIsawagi rlwhosebeaut ywasst r
iking.Subject
Ex:Itwasameet ingwhosei mpor tanceIdi dn’tr
ealizeatt het i
me.Obj ect
-I
nst eadofwhose, ofwhichcanbeusedt orefertothingsandi t’ssomet imesprefer
red.
Ex:Wehadameet i
ngt hepurposeofwhi ch/ whosepur posewascompl etel
yunclear
.
6-WHERE/ WHEN/ WHY:
Wher e, whereandwhycanber el
ativepr onouns( pl
ace, timeandcause) .
Ex:Thef actorywher ehewor ksisgoi ngt oclosedown.
Ex:Theywer ebornwhent heworldwarbr okeout .
Ex:Ist herear easonwhyyouwantt oleaveus?
N.W:- Somet i
meswecanuseapr eposi ti
on( in,with,of)befor ewhichorwhom.
Ex:Thepeopl ewithwhom Il i
vearever yki nd.Ex:Thi sci tyi
nwhi chIwasbor n.
-Alltheser elati
vepr onounsexceptt hatcanbequest ionwor ds.Compar e:
Ex:Themanwhoi sspeakingont heTVi smyf ather.Rel ati
vepr onoun
Ex:Whoi sspeaki ngont heTV? Quest ionWor d.

Acti
vit
y1:Compl etethef oll
owingsent enceswi thr ightr elativepr onouns.
1-The“ coldwar ”wast het i
me…………. …t heS.Uandt heU. Scompet edeachot her
.
2-IntheS. O.Scent ersther earemanychi l
dren………. ..
.……………par entsar edead.
3-Theboy……………………………. youar eseei ngovert her ei smyyoungbr other.
4-He………………………………………. …….li
vesbyswor dwi llper ishbyswor d.
5-……………………………. .………. bookdoyoupr ef
er?Thegr eenort her edone?
6-Theboy………………………………………. .
………. fat
heri sadoct ori scr ying.
7-Thet eacher …………………………………. .
…………. i
scomi ngi sver yski ll
ful .
8-Thecar sandt hedogs………………………. ………. .areovert her ear ef orDaddy.
9-Thepl ane………………………………………hasj ustar rivedbel ongst ot heKi ng.
10-TheMi nister…………………………. .……ist alki
ngont heT. Vi saToucoul eur.
11-Yest er
dayImetaboy…………………………………. .askedmet hewayt oSam.
12-Theyl i
vei nacount ry……………………. …………. ever ybodybel ievesi nGod.
13-Thef ir
stpr esi dent……. ………..ledtheU. Sf r
om 1789t o1797wasWashi ngton.
14-Thel ady………………………………. ……wi fei sabroadi sdanci ngi nherr oom.
15-Thebus…………………………………. Itookyest erdaywasver yol danddi rt
y.
16-Magel lanwast hef i
rstman……………………………. travel edar oundt hewor ld.
17-Theycamei nSenegal ……………………………………. .
theywer e20year sold.
18-Shei st ool azyt hereason………. .
……………………. .
shecan’ tgetagoodmar k.
19-Theboywi th………………………………t heywentoutyest erdayi si ntelligent.
20-Thevi l
lagei n…………………………. wear edependsonagr icultur eandf i
shing.
21-Thepr esi dent …………………………. .……wi feist alkativei sexcel lentandki nd.
22-Thesi nger ………………………………………………. voicei sni cei sOmarPene.
23-DaddyandMummyboughtani cebook……………………………. usef ulandcheap.
24-Didyouseeorheart hecarcr ash…………………. ……………happenedyest erday?
25-Thel ady……………………………………. ……wont hej ackpotl astweeki sabr oad.
26-Hei sthepr esident……………………………………sonwant st ot akeoverhi mlater.
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Acti
vit
y2:Uset her i
ghttagstocompl et
ethefol
lowingsentences.
1-Stoppesteri
ngmewi thsil
lyquest i
ons,
……………………. .
……………. .
?
2-Theywoul dn’ttellusaboutthemeet i
ng,
……………. ……………………?
3-Theyhadn’ tthoughtabouti tatal l
,
………………………. .
……………. .
?
4-Heneverknowswhatt odo,…………………………. …………………. .
?
5-Let’
sgoonwi thit,………………………………………………………. .?
6-Thesolutionwi lldependonus, ……………………………. .……………?
7-Don’tgot oseet hem again, ………………………………………………?
8-Theyusedt ogot oViennaonceaweek, ……………………. ……………. ?
9-Heal wayski ckst hedoor,…………………………………………………. ?
10-Theyar eusedt ogoingskiing,……………………………. ………………?
11-Theyhadn’ teat ensuchadel iciouscake,
…………………………. ……….?
12-Theycoul dn’tnotpr oveitatall
,…………………………………………. ..
.?

LESSON19:COMPARATI
VEANDSUPERLATI
VE:
-I:COMPARI SON:
-Super ior i
tycompar i
son:
Tocompar et hedi fferencebet weent wopeopl e,thingsorevent s,weuse:
-a:Shor tadj ecti
ve:adj ective+er /r/i
er+t han
Ex:Mt .Ever estishi ghert hanMt .Blanc.Ex:Thai landi ssunni ert hanNor way.
-b:Longadj ecti
ves:mor e+adj ecti
ve+t han
Ex:Acari smor eexpensi vet hanabi cycle.Alber tismor ei nt
elli
gentt hanArthur.
-Equal i
tycompar ative:
Tocompar epeopl e, places, event sort hings,whent her eisnodi fference,
weuse:
As+adj ective+as:Ex:Ali s24year s.Johni s24year sol d.Peteri sasoldasAl .
Ex:Moscow i sascol dasSt .Pet ersbur gint hewi nter.Ex:Ramonai sashappyas
Raphael .Ex:Ei nstei nisasf amousasDar win.Ex:At i
geri sasdanger ousasal ion.
- I
nequal it
yCompar ative:
Differencecanal sobeshownbyusi ngnotso/ as…………. ....as:
Ex:MontBl ancisnotashi ghasMountEver est.Nor wayi snotassunnyasThai land
Ex:Abi cycl eisnotasexpensi veasacar .Ex:Ar thurisnotasi ntelli
gentasAlber t
.
-Inferior itycompar ative:
Inferioritycompar at iveisusedasf ollows:Less+adj ective+t han
Ex:Mi kaeli slesst alkat i
vet hanEl t
on. Ex:Acari slessexpensi vet hanaplane.
-Par allelCompar at ive:
Par allelcompar ative i s made up as f ol
lows:The + compar ative cl
ause + t he +
Compar ative+Cl auset osayt wot hings,ani mal s,peopl eormor echanget ogetheror
onedependsont heot her.Ex:Themor esheeat s,thef attersheget s.
-Gr adualCompar ative:
a-Shor tAdj ect
ives:
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Wegetgr adualcompar ati
veofshor tadject ivesasf oll
ows:Adj ecti
ve+er /
r/ier+and+
adjecti
ve+er / r/i
er
Ex:Lif
ei sgettinghar derandhardernowadays.Thesuni sgettinghot t
erandhot ter
.
b-LongAdj ectives:
Wegetgr adualcompar ati
veoflongadj ect i
vesasf ollows:mor e+and+mor e+adj .
Ex:Teachi ngisbecomi ngmor eandmor edi ffi
cult.
-DecreasingCompar ati
ve:
Wegetdecr easi ngcompar at
ivewi th:lessandl ess+adj ecti
vet osayt hatsomet hi
ngi
s
decreasing.Ex:Shei sbecomingl essandl essi nt
ell
igent.
II
-SUPERLATI VES:
-Superiorit
ysuper l
ati
ve:
a-Shor tadjectives
Wegetsuper ioritysuperl
ati
veofshor tadj ectiveswith:The+adj ect
ive+est /st/i
est
.
Ex:KingHenr yI Vwast hehappiestinEur ope.Ex:Shei st hefastestinthegroup.

b-Longadj ectives
Wef or
mt hesuper iori
tysuperlati
veoflongadjecti
veswit
h:The+most+adj ect
ive.
Ex:Ourfri
endi st hemosti ntell
igent
.Ex:Hei st
hemostambi t
iousofthegroup.
-I
nferi
orit
ysuper l
ative:
Wegeti nfer
ioritysuper l
ati
veasf oll
ows:The+l east+adj
ecti
ve.
Ex:Theequat ioni stheleastdiffi
cul
t.Ex:Thi
sideaisthel
eastclear
.
-IRREGULARCOMPARATI VESANDSUPERLATI VES
Theseadjectiveshavecompl etel
yirr
egularcomparati
veandsuperl
ati
veforms.

Adj
ect
ives Comparat
ive Superlat
ive
Good Better Thebest
Bad Wor se Theworst
Far Further
/far
ther Thefar
thest
/furt
hest
Much Mor e Themost
Many Mor e Themost
Li
tt
le Less Thel
east
Lat
e Later Thel
east

II
I-COMPARI SONSOFQUANTI TY:
Toshowdi ff
er ence:mor e,l
ess,f
ewer+t han
Toshownodi f
ference:asmuchas, asmanyas, asfewas, asli
tt
leas
-Toshowdi fference:mor e,l
ess,f
ewer+t han.
-Withcountablenouns:mor e/fewer
Ex:Eloisehasmor echildr
enthanChant al
.Ex:Chant alhasfewerchil
drenthanEloi
se.
Ex:Ther earef ewerdogsi nCardif
fthaninBr i
stol.Ex:Ihavevi si
tedfewercountr
ies
thanmyf ri
endhas.Ex:Hehasr eadfewerbookst hanshehas.
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-Withuncountabl enouns:mor e/less
Ex:Eloisehasmor emoneyt hanChant al.Ex:Chant alhaslessmoneyt hanEloi
se.
Ex:Ispendlesst imeonhomewor kthanyoudo.Ex:Cat sdrinklesswatert
handogs.
Ex:Thisnewdi ctionarygivesmor einformat i
ont hant heoldone. So, t
herul
eis:
MORE+nounst hatar ecount abl
eoruncount able
FEWER+count abl enouns
LESS+uncount abl enouns
Toshownodi ff
er ence:asmuchas, asmanyas, asf ewas,asl i
tt
leas
-asmanyas/asf ewas+count ablenouns
-asmuchas/asl i
ttl
eas+uncount ablenouns
Withcountablenouns:
Ex:Theyhaveasmanychi l
drenasus.Ex:Wehaveasmanycust omersasthem.
Ex:Tom hasasf ewbooksasJane.Ther eareasf ewhousesi nhisvi
ll
ageasinmine.
Ex:Youknowasmanypeopl easIdo.I ’vevisit
edt heStatesasmanyt imesashehas.
Withuncountablenouns:
Ex:Johneatsasmuchf oodasPet er.Ex:Jim hasasl it
tl
efoodasSam.
Ex:You'vehear dasmuchnewsasIhave.He' shadasmuchsuccessashi sbrot
her
has.
They'vegotasl i
ttlewateraswehave.

Lesson20:CONJUNCTI
ONS
Let’
sstudyt hef ollowingsent ences.
Myf r
iendi sat axi -dri
verandapai nter.
Theycanei thersi tdowni nt her oom ort heygoout
-GENERALI TI ES:
InEnglisht her ear et wot ypesofconj uncti
ons:Coor dinati
ng( and,but,or ,so)and
corr
elative( nei ther …nor ,eit
her…. or,both…. and,notonl y…butal so)conjunctions.
I-
CORDI NATI NGCONJUNCTI ONS:
1-DEFINI TION:
A coordi nat ing conj unct i
on i san i nvar i
ablei t
em whi ch connect st wo orphr ases,
cl
ausesorwor dshavi ngt hesamemeani ngi nasent ence.
2-FUNCTI ONS/ USESOFSOMECUNJUNCTI ONS:
a-and:
Andist hecoor dinatingconj unctionusedt odescr ibe/showani deaofaddi t
ion.
Ex:Thel ionandt hedonkeyar etwoani mal .
b-but:
Butisacor rel ativeconj unct ionusedt oshowani deaofcont rastoropposi ti
on.
Ex:Peteri sanexcel l
entst udentbuthei stool azy.Ex:Shei sfastbutunl ucky.
c-or:
Orisacoor dinat ingconj unct i
onusedt oshowani deaofchoi ce.
Ex:Thebeanscanbeyel low, greenorr ed.Ex:Whi chcolordopr ef
er?Redorgr een?
d-so:
Soisacoor di nat i
ngconj unct ionusedt oshowani deaofef f
ectorr esul
t.
Ex:Theywentt obedver yl atesot heydi dnotwakeupear ly.
II
-CORRELATI VECONJUNCTI ONS:
1-DEFI NI TION:
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Like coor dinati
ng conjunct i
ons,correlati
ve conj uncti
ons ar e used tol ink words,
phr asesorcl auses.Butcont rar
yt o coor dinat ing,corr el
ati
veconj unct
ionsal ways
appeari nt wof or
msorpar ts.Themai ncor relativeconj uncti
onsar e:Neither….
.…nor,
either……. or,both……and, notonly………..butal soandwhet her ……….or.
-a- ei
ther…or .
Weuseei ther…ort oindi
cateaposi t
ivealternative.Ex:Wecangoei t
herbyorcar .
-b- nei
ther …nor .
Weusenei ther…nortoindicateanegat i
veal t
er nat i
ve.Ex:Hecanspeaknei therFrench
norEngl i
sh.
-c- both…and.
Weusebot h…andt oshowani deaofaddi ti
on.Ex:Theyar ebot hpupilsandteachers.
-d- notonl y…butal so
Weuset hiscor rel
ati
veconj unct
iontoemphasi zeanegat iveideaofadditi
on.
Ex:Hei snotonl ythemostf amousbutal sot hel aziest
.
-e- whether …or .
Weuset hiscor rel
ati
veconj unct
iontoshowani deaofcondi ti
on.
Ex:whet heryousi tdownoryougetout .

LESSON21:TheDi
ff
erentTypesofRef
ormul
ati
ons
Def init
ion:
Whendeal ingwi threformul ation/ t
r ansf ormat ion/ rewr i
ti
ng/ rephrasingwear easkedt o
rewr iteasent encet osecondone, meani ngf rom onegr ammat icalst r
ucturetoanother
onewi thoutchangi ngt hei ni ti
almeani ngoft hef irstsent ence.Todosot her
ear e
differentways, andt hemostr ecur rentar e:
1- Refor mul ationf rom Unl esst oI f
…….Not( andvi cever sa)
-Unl essyouwor khar datschool ,youwon’ tsucceedi nyourBACexam.
-Ifyoudon’ twor khardatschool ,youwon’ tsucceedi nyourBACexam.
2- Refor mul ationf rom inver sionoft het hirdcaseoft hei fcl ausesent ences
-IfIhadknownhi spastl if
e, Iwoul dn’ thavevot edf orhim.
-HadIknownhi spastl if
eIwoul dn’thavevot edf orhim.
3- Refor mul ationf rom Ifofacause/ consequenceorr esul tsent ence
a-Fi r
stcase:Pr esentsi tuation
Ifthecause/ consequenceorr esultsent encei si nthepr esentsi tuation/contextweuse
thesecondcaseoft heI fclausesent encest or eformul atei t.
-Theyeatagr eenmangot hat ’swhyt heyar ei ll
.
-Iftheydi dn’teatagr eenmango, theywoul dn’ tbei l
l.
b-Secondcase:Pastsi t
uat ion
Ifthecause/ consequenceorr esul tsent encei si nt hepastsi tuati
on/ contextweuset he
thirdcaseoft heI fclausesent encest or eformul ateit.
-Peopl edi dn’tgot othemeet ingsoIwasdi sappoi nted.
-Ifpeopl ehadgonet othemeet i
ng, Iwoul dn’thavebeendi sappointed.
4- Refor mul ationf rom Wi sht oRegr et( andvi cever sa)
a-Pr esentsi t
uat i
on:WeuseSubj ectWi sh+Subj ect+Pr et erit
-Whatapi ty!Idon’ tseet hedoct ori nt hehospi tal( Regret -)
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-Iwi sh/i
fonl yIsawt hedoct orinthehospi t
al(Wi sh+)
b-Pastsi tuat i
on:WeuseSubj ect+Wi sh+Subj ect+PastPer fect
-It’
sapi ty;t heywentt ot hepar t
ywi ththeirsons( Regr et-)
-Iwi sh/i
fonl ytheyhadn’ tgonet othepar tywi t
ht hei rsons( Wi sh+)
N.W:
Ani deaofr egretinthepastcondi t
ional(Shoul d( not )+HavePastP. P)canbecomean
i
deaofwi shi nt hepastper f
ectwi t
houtchangi ngt hef orm.
-Theyshoul dn’thavechosensuchadevel opmentst rategy.
Ifonly/Iwi sht heyhadn’ tchosensuchadevel opmentst r
ategy.
5-Ref ormul ationfrom Act ivetoPassi vevoi ce(andvi cever sa)
-Peopl esayt hatourpr esidenti sthemosti ntelli
gent .
-Ourpr esi denti ssaidt obet hemosti ntell
igent.Ori tissaidt hatourpr esi
denti
sthe
most ….
.
6-Ref ormul ationFr om directtor eportedspeech( andvi cever sa)
-Asssai d“ Iam goingt ohel pmyf ather”-Asssai dt hathewasgoi ngtohel phi
sfat
her.
7-Ref ormul ationfrom aModalt oamodalexpr essi on( andvi cever sa)
-Iam sur eAsswentt oschoolwi t
hhi ssister–Assmusthavegonet oschoolwit
hhis
sister.
-Theycer tainlydidn’tgooutal one–Theycan’ thavegoneoutal one.

8-Refor mul ationbet ween:Ago, Since, andFor .

-Il
astsawt heMi ni sterofeducat i
ont woyear sago.
-Ihaven’ tseent heMi nisterofeducat ionf ort woyear s.
-Ihaven’ tseent heMi nist erofeducat i
onsi nce2008.- I
t’stwoyear ssinceIhaven’t
seen/lastsawt heMi nisterofeducat ion
9-Reformul at i
onf rom:I tis/ wasnouseGer und
-Wet r
iedt oconvi ncehi m buti nvain.I twasnouset r
yingt oconvi ncehi m.
10-Refor mul ationf r om I t
’sHi ghTime+Subj ect+Preteritor+For +Obj ectInf
init
ive
-Ithi
nkyoushoul dst opt al kingnow.I tishi ght i
meyoust oppedtal ki
ngnow.
11-Ref ormul at i
onf rom I nver sion:Negat i
vewor d+Auxiliary+Subject+Ver b
-Theyhadneverseent hepr esidental one. - Neverhadt heyseent hepr esidental
one.
12-Refor mul ationf r om acompar ati
vet oasuper lat
ive(andvi cever sa)
-Therei snobodyasol dasourpr esidenti nt hecount ry.
-Ourpr esidenti st heol desti nthecount ry.
13-Refor mul ation f
rom: What /who/ where/when+Ever t o No matt
er
What/who/ wher e/when
-Whateverhedoeshewi llsucceedi nhi sexam.
-Nomat terwhathedoeshewi l
lsucceedi nhi sexam.
14-Refor mul ationf r om:Despi teorInspi teof .
-Heisver yintelligentbuthecan’ tsucceedi nhi sexam.
-Despite/ I
nspi teofhi sint elli
gence/despi t
ehi sbeingi ntelli
genthecan’ tsucceedinhis
exam.Despi te/Inspi teoft hef actthathei sver yintelli
genthecan’ tsucceedi nhis
exam.
15-Refor mul ationf r om:Nomat t
erhowt oHowever +AdjorAdv( andvi ceversa)
-Nomat terhowcour ageoushei shedar en’tchal l
engeTyson.
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-Howevercour ageoushei shedar en’ tchallengeTyson.
16-Ref ormul ationf rom How/ Whatabout+Ger und?AndSubj ect+Suggest
-Isuggest edwewentt ot hebeach.–What /
Howaboutgoi ngt othebeach?
17- Refor
mul ati
onf rom woul drathert owoul dpr efer/li
ke( viceversa)
-Iwoul dpr efer/l
iket hem t owor khar d.–Iwoul dr athert heywor kedhard.
18- Refor
mul ati
onwi thpar all
elordoubl ecompar ati
ve
-Asheget sol der,hebecomesmor eandmor epopul ar.
Theol derheget st hemor epopul arhebecomes.
19-Ref ormul ationf rom Adj ecti
ve+As+Subj ect +Ver b
-Theyar er ichbutt heycan’ tbuyever yt
hingt heywant .-Ri chast heyaretheycan’
t…...
20- Refor
mul ati
onf rom aPr epositi
on+Ger undatt hebegi nningofasent ence
-Theydi dn’tgot oschoolbutt heywentt othebeach.
-Insteadofgoi ngt oschool ,t
heywentt ot hebeach.
21- Refor
mul ati
onf rom t woopposedsi tuati
onsandunl ike
-Assi sveryi ntell
igentbuthi ssisterAwai st ool azy.
-Unl i
kehissi sterAwa( Whoi stool azy)Assi sver yi ntel
ligent.
22- Refor
mul ati
on from S+Have/ has+never +P.P+such+adj and
super l
+have/ has+ever +P.P
-Wehavenevereat ensuchadel i
ci ousmeal -Itisthemostdel ici
ousmealwehaveever
eaten
-Thisisthef i
rsttimewehaveeat ensuchadel iciousmeal .
23- Refor
mul ati
onf rom I T+take+Obj ect+durat ion+t oinfi
ni t
ive
-Theyspentt wohour sbef orereachi ngDK-I tt ookt hem t wohour storeachDakar.

Lesson22-
HOW TOWRI
TEAGOODESSAYI
NENGLI
SH
A-GENERALI TIES
Inessaywr it
ingdon’ tusecont r
actedf ormsbutusef ullforms,acl earandsi mple
l
anguage,uset hepunct uationmar ks,Engl i
sht ensesandf ormscor rectly.Don’ tuse
l
ong and bombast i
c sent ences.Be as si mpl e as possi bl
e by usi ng easy and
understandabl ewor ds, expressi
onsorphr ases.Nobodycanwr it
eanessayi fyoudon’ t
understandi t.Toknowwhatyouar easkedt odoi nat opic,youhavet or eadt het opic
manyt imes.Under li
net hekeywor dsoft hetopicandt ryt ohavet heirmeani ngt hatwi l
l
helpyout ogetorunder standt hemai norgener ali deaofyourt opi c.Andt hent ryto
rephr
aset hetopici nyourownwor ds( i
fpossible)toseei fyouhaver eallyunder stoodit.
Anyessayi scomposedoft hreemai npartsthatar e:thei ntroducti
on, thedevel opment
orbodyoft hewor kandt heconcl usion.
B-INTRODUCTI ON:
A goodi ntroducti
oni sdi ff
icul
tt obewr i
tt
en,buti ti sver yimpor tanti nanessay
becausei tenabl est her eadertoknow whatt hest udenti sgoingt odoi nt hecomi ng
secti
ons.So, i
fyouwantt omakeagoodi ntroductionr espectt hefoll
owi ngst eps.
-Contextualizeyourt opicbydef i
ningifpossi blet hemosti mportantkeywor d( f
or
i
nstanceRur alexodus,Mar ri
age,Immi grati
on,democr acyet c…)andbyr ephr asingt he
topi
cr ef
er ri
ngt othet extfrom whicht hetopicisext racted.
-Announceyourpl ant hat’
st osayt ostatethedi f
ferentpar tsofyourdevel opment .This
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canbedonei ntwoways:byaski ngaquest ionorbygi vingat opicsentence.
N.W:Theset wosect ionsoft heint
roduct i
onhavet obeconnect edbyal inkingwor dor
expressi onsuchas:so, t
hus,then,i
nthisway, i
nt hisregar d, therefore,
etc…
C-DEVELOPMENT:
Tomakeagooddevel opmentyouhavet orespectt hef ollowi ngst eps.
-Fi
rstly,r espectand f oll
ow yourcl earand wel l
- st
r ucture pl an announced i nt he
i
ntroduct ionandt akei ntoconsiderat
iont hefollowingpr i
ncipl e:Onepar agr aphperi dea
oronei deaperpar agr aph.
-Starteachpar agr aphwi t
hasi mplesentencei ntroduci ngi t
si dea.
1-Whati sapar agr aph?Apar agr
aphi saser iesofsent encest hatdevelopsasi ngl
e
i
dea.I tcont ainsat opicsentence,asuppor ti
ngsent enceandaconcl udingsent ence.
1-a:Topi csent ence. At opicsentencest atest hemai ni deaoft hepar agraphand
i
ndicat est hepur poseofi t,
thatist
osaywhatwewantt oshowi nt heparagr aph.
1-b:Suppor ti
ng sent ence.A suppor t
ing sent ence pr ovides det ail
s,f acts,event s,
observat ions,stat istics,examples,i
ll
ustrati
onsandpr oof stot hei deaofthepar agraph.
1-c:Concl udingsent ence.Aconcl udingsent encesummar i
zesyouri deaandof fersa
fi
nalcommentoft hepar agraph.
N.W:Fr om onesect iont oanotheronei nthedevel opmentyouhavet oar rangeyour
i
deasi nal ogicalor deraccor di
ngt oyourpl anandusepl ent ylinki
ngwor dssuchas:
and,ther efore,then, so,but,however,thus,yet,thoughet c…f rom onepar ttoanot her .
D-CONCLUSI ON:
A concl usioni sal soessent ialinanessayandi ti scomposedofanechooft he
i
ntroduct ion,ashor tsummar yofyourdevel opment ,aconcl udi ngsent enceandan
openquest i
oni fpossi blebutnotcompul sory.

E-USEFULEXPRESSI ONSI NESSAYWRI TING

1-InanI nt roduct i
on.I nanI ntroducti
onyoucanuset hef ollowi ngexpr essions:Firstly,
secondlyt hirdly,fi
rstofal l,f
ir
standf oremost ,tobeginwi th, toint r
oduceet c..
.
2-Toexpr essorgi veper sonali deas/opinions
Togi veper sonali deaswecansay:Tomyopi ni
on,personalIt hinkt hat,asf orme,as
farasIam concer ned, forme, inmypoi ntofvi ew, Ibel
ieve/ thinkt hat,
3-Tor epor tsomebody’ sopinions/ideas
Accor di
ngt ohi m/ her/ t
heaut hororwr iter,ifIunder standhi m hesai d,forhi m/her ,
she/ hewant st osayt hat,hest atesthat,
het r
iestoshow/ sayt hatet c….
4-Cont r
adi ct i
ngori nfi
rmi ngani dea
Tocont radi ctani deawecansay:Ont hecont rar
y,conver sely, bycompar i
son, but,yet,
however , unl i
ke, alt
hough, despite,i
nspiteof ,though,bycont rastet c…
5-Exempl i
fyingori l
lustrati
ng
Toexempl ifyyoucansay:Forexampl e,f
ori nstance,suchas, l
ike, si
milarly,aset c…
6-Gener alizingi deas
Togener alizeani deawecansay:Gener allyspeaking,r oughl yspeaki ng,int hemai n,
gener al
ly, l
ar gely,ont hewhol eingeneralet c…
7-Rest rictinganopi nion
Tor estr
ictyouri deasyoucansay:Toacer tainextent,upt oacer t
ainext ent,
8-Devel opi ngani dea
Todevel opani deayoucansay:Iwoul dliket oshow/ not e,add,Iwantt opoi ntout,on
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topoft hat ,Iwantt oshow, we’lltrytoet c…
9-Coor dinat ingi deas
Tocoor di nat eorl inkideaswecanuse:And, but ,or,nor,for,yet
10-Devel opi ngani deaofcauseorr esul t
/consequence
Wecanuse:Because,t herefore,t hus,so,si nce,consequent l
y,that’
swhy,t hereason
why, t
hat ’st her easonwhy, for,becauseofet c…
11-IdeaofGoal /objective
Themai nexpr essi onsofobj ectivear e:Inordert o, t
o, f
or,
12-Expr essi onsofcor relati
on
-Ei
ther…..or ,nei t
her ….nor ,both…. and, notonly…butal soetc…
13-Usi ngnegat iveitems
Tohaveanegat ivef orm wecanuse:never ,not ,not( any+thing/body),scarcel
y,har
dly,
rar
ely,sel dom et c…
14-Or der ingi deasorevent s
Forthiswecansay:Fi r
st (
ly),second( ly),t
hird(ly),
First,andt hen,before,nextandfi
nall
y,
atlastetc….
15-Inaconcl usion
Inaconcl usi onwecanuset hef ollowi ngexpr essions:
Toconcl ude,t oputi nanut shel l,inshor t
,shor tly,inf i
nalr emar k,tosum up,t o
summar ize, briefly,f
inally,asaconcl usion,l
astbutnotl east,toshortenetc…

Mor
eExer
cises
Act
ivi
ty1:COMPLETETHEFOLLOWI
NGSENTENCESWI
THTHERI
GHTTAG.

1-Therecoul dhar dlyhavebeenasi l

li
erexcuse,…………………………………. ?
2-Thingsar eseldom qui t
ewhatt heyseem, ………………………………………. .?
3-Your arelygetever ythingyouwanti nli
fe,
………………………………………?
4-Peopleshoul dmaket hebestofwhatt heyhavegot ,
……………………………?
5-Youcan’ tli
vef orever,……………………………………. .
?
6-Thenewsi sratherdepr essing,
……………………………. ?
7-Therehavebeensomet err
ibl
escenesont el
evision,………………………………?
8-Itwil
lbever ydi f
ficul
tt ohel pallt
hesepeopl e,
…………………………………. ?
9-Thisisscar celygener ous, ……………………………………?
10-Wehavet odowhatwecant ohelp,………………………………?
11-Avoidcr i
ti
cizingpeopl e,………………………………………. .?
12-Neverst optrying;……………………………?
13-Let’skeepont rying,……………………………………?
14-Everybodyknowst het ruth,……………………………………. .?
15-Nothingcanbedonenow, ………………………………………?
16-Itwon’ traintoni ght……………. .? 21- Shecan’ tseeclear
ly,
………………?
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17-Itisal ovelyday, ………………. .? 22-Ever ybodywashappy; ……………….?
18-Theseki dsar elazy,……………. ..
..
.?20-Wewer edisappoint
ed,
……………….?
23-Theyhar dlyspeakt ohim, …………?24-Nobodycanl if
tthehorse,
…………?
25-Elephant sar ebiggert hanhi ppos, …………………………………?
26-Itwon’ tbet hebi ggesteventoft heyear ,………………………. .?
27-Mybr otherandIar en’tstudent s,…………………………………. .
?
28-Wr i
tinglettersismybesthobby, ………………………………. .?
29-I’
m nott her ightmani nt hisfami l
y,……………………………. ?
30-Anyonecandot hishar dj ob,………………………………?
31-Ami natouandIdon’ tknowher ,
……………………………. .?
32-Theai r-host essspeaksEngl i
shver ywel l
,………………………?
33-Aly’suncl ehasbeent oWashi ngton, ……………………………?
34-Thisol dmandoesn’ tli
kei cecream, …………………………. ?
35-I’
mf ondoff ootbal l
,……………. ...
.?36-Someoner escuedhi m,
………………..?
37-Hewoul dr atherobeyhi spar ents,……………………………. .?
38-Ihaveneverhear dt hatbadnews, ……………………………. .?
39-Thet axi-driverdidn’ twor konSunday, ………………………. .
?
40-Fatoui sst i
llangr ywi t
hyou, ……………………………………?
41-Het hrewdownt hebookhewasr eading,………………………. ?
42-Honest yi salwayst hebestpol i
cy,…………………………………. ?
43-Mysonr eceivedt hef i
rstpr i
ze,…………………………………. ?
44-Wol eSoyi nkawasawar dedt heNovelPr i
ze,………………………?

Acti
vit
y2:Ref ormul at ethefollowi ngsent encesusi ngthegi vencl
ues.
1-Whydoesn’ thet ryt oimpr ovehi sphysi calappear ance?
Iwish…………………………………………………………………………………. .
2-Herhusbandi ssoj ealous, whatapi ty!–Iwi sh…………………………………….
3-Theyshoul dn’thaveor gani zedapr otestmar chdur ingtheworldsoci
alf
orum.
Wewi sh………………………………………………………………………………
4-Pover t
ywon’ tdisappeari nsomeAf r
icancount ries,it’
sapi t
y!
Iwish……………………………………………………………………………………
5-It’
sapi tythatt hepol i
cecan’ tcatcht hemur der er.
Peoplewi sh………………………………………………………………………………
6-Theyst atedt hewaragai nstI raq,theyr egr
etitnow.
Theywi sh………………………………………………………………………………
7-Youshoul dspendl esstimewat chingTVdur i
ngt heschoolyear.
Iwish……………………………………………………………………………………
8-Iam sor rymyf atherwon’ tal l
owmet ocomet oyourpar ty.
Iwish……………………………………………………………………………. ...
...
..
9-Youhadbet t
ernotwor ryaboutt hissi t
uati
on.
Iwish…………………………………………………………………………………….
10-Ifonlyyoust opusi ngdr ugs!- Iwi sh………………………………………………
11-Ifonlysomebodywoul dgi vememoney.- Iwi sh………………………………. ..
.
12-Ifonlyyouhadn’ ttol
danyt hingtoyoursi ster.
Iwish………………………………………………………………………………. .
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13-It’sapi tytheydi dn’tcarr
yont heirpeacet alks.
Everybodywi shes………………………………………………………………………. .
14-Shei ssor ryshedoesn’ tknowwhatt odo.–Shewi shes…………………………….
15-Wear esor r
ybutnobodyi spr epar i
nglunchf oryouatt hemoment .
Wewi sh………………………………………………………………………………. ..
16-Whatapi ty!Ourt eacheralwayscomesl ateatschool .
Wewi sh…………………………………………………………………………………
17-Theboyr egrettedhavingl i
edt ohi swealthyf ather.
Theboywi shed…………………………………………………………………………
18-It’sapi tythesoci ali
stmayorofDakarwasshout edat.
Peopl ewi sh…………………………………………………………………………
19-Iam noti nvitedtoyourconf er ence.Whatapi t
y!
Iwish………………………………………………………………………………. .
20-Youar esorryyouar enotplayi ngwiththet eam nextmat ch.
Youwi sh……………………………………………………………………………
21-SueJohnsonr egretsfai
li
ngherexami nati
on. =SueJohnsonwi shes………………………
22-It’sapi tychildrenar ebeingabusedt hroughoutt hewor ldnowadays.
Hewi shes…………………………………………………………………….
23-You’ dbettervot eforouryoungcandi date.
Iwish………………………………………………………………………………
24-It’sapi tytheydi dnotmeett hei rf
avori
tesi ngeratt heconcer t
.
Theywi sh………………………………………………………………………….
25-Theywer epleasedt hattheygaveust oomuchmoneyf orproj
ect.
Sopl eased………………………………………………………………….

26-I ft heyhadnotapol ogized, wewoul dneverhavef orgi

vent hem.
Never ………………………………………………………………………………….
27-Theysucceededi ntheirexam becauset heylearnttheirlessons.
I………………………………………………………………………………………
f
28-“ Don’ tbrothersofyour sandour svisitthenewhousewebui ltbyoursel
ves?
”our
brother saskedFat ou
Ourbr othersaskedFat ou………………………………………………………………
29-Whyar eyoul ookingfort heboy?–Whyi s………………………………………?
30-I ’
dhavepr eferr
edt owai tformybr otherinthehotel.
I’
drat her ………………………………………………………………………………. .
31-I ’
dpr eferhimt ocallonusbef orewel eavethi
sci t
y.
I’
drat her………………………………………………………………………………. .
32-I fhedoesn’ tattendEngl i
shandSpani shclasses,hewi llrepeatagain.
Unless…………………………………………………………………………………. .
33-Theyar rivedhomeandi mmedi at el
yaf t
eritst
artedrainingcat sanddogs.
Hardl y………………………………………………………………………………….
34-Event houghhewasi ntelli
genthemademanymi st
akesi nhi stest
.
Nomat terhow…………………………………………………………………………
Inspi teof ………………………………………………………………………………
35-Shei snotsuchagoodmot her.–Shei snotso…………………………………
36-Iam sor rythatshei ssoi mpolite.-Iwi sh…………………………………………
37-Ir egrettheydi dnotagr ee.–Iwi sh……………………………………………. ..
..
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38-Sheshoul dnothavei nformedusaboutt hatdeci si
on.
Iwish…………………………………………………………………………………. .
39-Iwi shhehadbeent opofhiscl ass.
Iti
sapi tythat …………………………………………………………………………
40-Ther ear ever yf ewfemal estudentsi nthisclassr oom.
Therear ehar dly………………………………………………………………………
41-Ther ewasnotmucht ealeftinthecup.
Therewashar dly………………………………………………………………………
42-Weknowver ylitt
leaboutthemat ter
.
Weknowhar dly……………………………………………………………………
43-Shei sl essi ntelli
gentthanherhal f-brother.
Shei snotso…………………………………………………………………………. .
44-Whatagoodwal kwehad!–Wehadsuch…………………………………….
45-Youar ewast ingyourt i
me, pleasest opt al
king.
Iti
shi ghtime…………………………………………………………………………
46-Hecant akemycar ,Idonotobj ecttot hat.
Idon’tmi nd……………………………………………………………………………. .
47-Idonotwantt odot hewhol ejob.
Iobjectto………………………………………………………………………….
48-Itismi dday;wehavebeenwai tingsince8o’ clockam.
Wehave……………………………………………………………………………….
49-Imakest udent swor khard.–Icausest udent s………………………………………
50-Theywor kedhar d.Theywoul dpasst heirexam.
Only…………………………………………………………………………………

51-Si r,Iam sor r

yImi ssedt hecl assyesterday.
Sir,Iapologize………………………………………………………………………. .
52-Shet oreherhusband’ sshi rtandi nsult
edhi m aswel
l.
Notonl y………………………………………………………………………….
53-Let ’
scor recttheexer cise,andt henwewi l
lhavearest.
Assoonas…………………………………………………………………………
54-Whydon’ tyouaskt het eachert oexplainthelessontoyou?
IfI…………………………………………………………………………………….
55-Thet ail
orisgoi ngt omakeanewdr essforNafy.
Naf y……………………………………………………………………………………
56-Shedi dn’tinvit
eme, soIdi dn’ tgotoherbi r
thdaypart
y.
If…………………………………………………………………………………………
57-Whatapi tytheirteam di dn’twi nthewor l
dcup.
TheNi ger i
answi sh……………………………………………………………………. .
58-Iam sor ryIcannotat tendt hecl asstoday.
Iwi sh……………………………………………………………………………………
59-Howsad, itisraining!–Iwi sh…………………………………………………….
60-Theyar esor rytheydi dn’tinvi t
eyou.
Theywi sh……………………………………………………………………………….
61-Johnbr oket hewi ndow, her egretsi
tnow.
Johnwi shes……………………………………………………………………………. .
62-Peopl ebelievethatmoneyi snecessar yinlif
e.
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Money…………………………………………………………………………………
63-Wewon’ tgotoschoolt odayunl esstheweat herimpr oves.
If…………………………………………………………………………. .…………. .
64-Hehadcommi ttedal otofcr imesthati swhyhewast akentojail
.
If……………………………………………………………………………. ………
65-Weoughtt oarrangeameet ingassoonaswef ini
sht hepr oj
ect.
Ameet i
ng………………………………………………………………………. .
…..
66-Ipr efernottolistent ohisnonsense.
I’
dr ather………………………………………………………………………………
67-Wehavegott omakeadeci sionnow.–I tishight i
me…………………………
68-Herbr otherdri
vescar ef
ull
yandhersi sterdr i
vesfastly.
Unl i
ke…………………………………………………………………………………
69-Takeoutagoodi nsur ance,itisessential.
Itisessent i
al…………………………………………………………………………. .
70-Ever ybodybur stoutl aughingi mmedi atelyafterhehadl ef
ttheroom.
Nosooner ……………………………………………………………………………. .
71-Ishoul dbuyacar .Iti
snecessar y.
Ifindit…………………………………………………………………………………
72-Di ff
icultasitseemst obe, i
tiswor thtrying.
Nomat ter……………………………………………………………………………….
73-Asheshout edmor eather ,sheobeyedl essandl ess.
The………………………………………………….t he……………………………….
74-Becauseoft hepowercut ,wedi dnotgot othemovi esyest erday.
Thepower -cutprevent ed……………………………………………………………

75-Al t
houghhei sstrong, hecannotdef eatourchampi on.
Str
ongas…………………………………………………………………………. …….
76-Iwi l
lfor gi
veheronlyi fyouaskmet odoso.
Iwillnot …………………………………………………………………………………
77-I twasr aini
ng,thatiswhywedi dnotgot oschoolyest erday.
Becauseof ………………………………………………………………………………
78-Youwi llsucceedinyourst udiesoncondi ti
onyoust opf ool
ingaround.
Unless………………………………………………………………………………
79-Hei st hemosti ntel
ligentboyofhi sfami l
y.
Noot her…………………………………………………………………………………
80-Nobodyeverhear dhi mt al
kinclass.=He………………………………………
81-Shewi llhavetodot heexer ci
sebef oreleavingtheroom.
Theexer cise……………………………………………………………………………. .
82-Peopl ebel i
evedthatwedi dnotagr eewi t
ht hemayor .
We………………………………………………………………………………………. .
83-Whenwast hejobfinishedbyJohnCar mi er?
When……………………………………………………………………………………
84-Ever ybodyexpect smet odot hejobear l
ierthanexpected.
Iam……………………………………………………………………………………
85-I sanybodyt akingcar eofthischil
d? =Is………………………………………?
86-Abdouwasobl igedt otakeshelterunderat reedur
ingt herain.
Abdou……………………………………………………………………………………
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87-Shehadt heabi li
tyt obeathim, buthedidnott r
yt odoit.
She………………………………………………………………………………………
88-Ast oudidnotknowabouti t
.Itwasi mpossi bl
e.
Astou…………………………………………………………………………………….
89-Itispossiblet hatJoeJacksonr evealedthesecr et.
Joe……………………………………………………………………………………….
90-Per hapsNaf ydi dsomet hingwr ong.=Naf y………………………………….
91-Iam sur ethatNadi nedidnotwr i
tethismeani nglesslet
ter
.
Nadine………………………………………………………………………………….
92-Thi sgir
listwent yyear sold.–Shei sa…………………………………………….
93-Modoul ooksol d.–Modoui s………………………………………………………
94-Herf acehadt heshapeofahear t.–Herfacewas…………………………………
95-Abdouwor kshar d.-Abdoui s……………………………………………………. .
96-Thi sanimalr eall
yl ooksstrange!–Thi sisar eall
y………………………………….
97-Ir egretgoingt ot hatpartywithoutbei nginvited.
Iwish……………………………………………………………………………………. .
98-Iwon’ ttal
kt oyoui fyoudon’tt ellmewher eyouhavebeen.
Unless………………………………………………………………………………. .
99-Whydon’ tyout aket hetraininst eadofdriving?
I’
dratheryou………………………………………………………………………….
100-Coul dyoul endmeyourcarf ort heweek- end?
Wouldyoumi nd……………………………………………………………………. ?
101-Theyr esumedcour sesassoonast hei
rdemandshadbeensat i
sfi
ed
Scarcely…………………………………………………………………………

Acti
vit
y3:Ref ormulatethef ol
lowingsentencesusi ngt hegivingprompt s
1-OusmaneBenLadeni ssai dtobet hewor stenemyoft heAmer icans.
-People…………………………………………………………………………………
2-Weadvi seyout oobeyandr espectyoupar ents.
-You…………………………………………………………………………………. .
3-Thebeggarwassl eepybecausehedi dn’teathisf avori
temeal .
If
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4-Shecoul dn’thavechi l
dr en,
shewasbar r
en
If
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5-Perhapst heydi dtherightthinglastti
me
-Theymay………………………………………………………………………………
6-Hermot herwasver ytalkati
vewher easherf atherwast ooshy
-Unli
ke…………………………………………………………………………………
7-TheAmer ican’sinvasionofI r
ackwasabi gmi stake,theyregretit
.
-Amer i
cansshoul d…………………………………………………………………….
8-Isupposet hathewasl ateatschoolagai n.
-Hemust ………………………………………………………………………………
9-Shesai dt hatshedi dn’tknowt hemanandhehadneverl enthim hercar
.
-Shesaid“ ……………………………………………………………………………”
10-Ilastsawt hekingofKabr oussetenyear sago.
-I
tis………………………………………………………………………………………
11-Assoonashermot herwentout ,theyounggi r
lstartedtoshout .
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-Nosooner ……………………………………………………………………………
-Hardly………………………………………………………………………………
12-Iftheyhadbeenhel ped;t heywoul dhaveneversuf feredagain.
-Never ………………………………………………………………………………. .
13-Whydi dt heydevaluatet heC. F.Acurr encyearly?
Iwish…………………………………………………………………………………
14-Let’scorrectthetestandt henwewi llhavear estoft went ymi nut
es.
-Assoonaswe……………………………………………………………………. .
15-Theymadeaser iousmi st akewhent heywer ewr it
ingt heirl
essonofgrammar
.
-On……………………………………………………………………………………
16-Homel esspeopl ewi l
lbegi vennewhousesbyt hegover nment .
-Thegover nment ……………………………………………………………………
17-“ Iwoulddot hesamemysel fifIwerei nyourpl ace”
-Shesai d…………………………………………………………………………….
18-Wear esor r
yyouar eleaving.Iwi sh……………………………………………
19-It’
sapi t
y, t
hingsar esobad. Wewi sh…………………………………………
20-Ishouldn’thavedr ivensof astmyf ri
end.I fonly…………………………………
21-Hewon’ tunderstandanyt hingifhedoesn’ tl
istent othet eacher.
-Unless……………………………………………………………………………….
22-IfIhadseent hem inthest r
eets;Iwoul dhaveaskedyout ostopthem.
-Had……………………………………………………………………………………. .

Activit
y4:Putt hever bsi nbr acketi ntother i
ghttenseorf orm.
1-Keepqui etplease, we………………………………………. .t
oObama’ sfi
rstspeech( tolisten).
2-WhenDadent eredt her oom, t
heki ds……………………………. .……..
awf ulnoise( tomake) .
3-Shekepton…………………. …………. .…...
theboyquest i
onsabouthi sschoolwor k( toask).
4-Hewasmade……………………………………………. …………. .
hi sneedypar ent s(t
ohel p).
5-Itist hetimeanAf rican- Amer ican..
...
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
.......
..
.……presidentoft heUSA( tobe
el
ect ed)
6-Shewant edTeddy………………………………. .
…. ………………. hereveryweek( tovisit).
7-Shedi dnotl ethim………………………. .
…. .
hismoneyi fhedi dnotsayt hankyou( tohave) .
8-Iwi l
lcomet oseeyouI fI………………. ……………. myhomewor ki
nt wohour s(tof i
nish).
9-Iwi shedTaphagueye……………………………. ………………byBaboye( tobedef eated) .
10-Assoonast heyst art, Tapha……………………………. .
…………. ……Bal a2( t
oat t
ack) .
11-Lookatt hi
sboyhel ikes……………………………. tooneofBobMar ley’ssongs( listen).
12-Ifhewasnotst r
ongert hanBaboye, BallaG2…………….…………. .(nottobedef eated).
13-In2002Br azil
………………………………t heFIFAf ootbal lwor ldcupi nKor ea(towi n).
14-Thenextpr esi
dent ialel ections…………. …………………. in2012i nSenegal( tobehel d)
15-Itwast hesecondt imet hathe…………………. ……tot heUSAal oneonbusi ness( togo).
16-Theywoul dhavewont hemat chi ft
hey…………. …………………………. .well(toplay) .
17-Theast ronaut……………………………. t
heat t
ent i
onoft hecr owdf oronehour( t
ohol d)
18-Unl esstheycomeback, we……………………. .
…………………t hegameagai n(tost art)
19-Nobody………………………………………. .…helpt hesedesper atepupi l
syest erday( can) .
20-Bef oret
heyst artedt hewr estl
ingt hetwowr estler s…………………………hands( toshake).
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21-For mel y,Bl ackAmer icans……………. ……………………………. tovot e(nott oallowed) .
22-I……………. .……………………………………………homef ortenyear snow( nottogo) .
23-Itwast het hirdtimethey…………………………………t hekingofOussouye( towel come) .
24-Thi stimei nt woyear sEdou……………………………………. inhi sgar denal one( tosi ng)
25-Ifyouwantt osucceedi nyourexam youmust ………………………har datschool( towor k)
26-BillGat e……………………. .
…………………. .t
her ichestmani nt hewor ldtoday( tobe)
27-AlltheSenegal esepeopl e……………………………. …………. .fondofr iceandf ish(tobe)
28-In2000Abdoul ayeWade……………. .…………………. .thepr esi dent ialelecti
ons( t
owi n)
29-Bef ore1960manyAf ri
cancount r
ies………. ….………………. .byFr ance( tobecol oni zed)
30-They……………. ………………. .hi mifhewasmor ecooper ativedur ingt hegame( tohel p)
31-In2012Macky………. ……..…………………. .thenewpr esidentofSenegal( tobeel ect ed)
32-Listent ot hecr azymanhe……………. ………………………. tosi ngl ikeever ybody( t
ot ry)
33-Thesat elli
te……………………………………………………. .
.inorbi tsi ncel astweek( be).
34-It’shi ght imewe………………. ……………………………………f orourr ight( st
andup) .
35-IfIhadr ecei vedtheletteront i
me, I…………………………………………. .withhim( go) .
36-Ami nat ou……………………………. i
nthathousef or2year sbef oreshewentabr oad( l
ive).
37-Af ricanchi ldrenusuallyl i
veinlargef amili
est i
llt
hey…………………………. old(gr ow) .
38-Hewasr equest ed……………………. ……………………. .thesi ckper sons( not/dist
ur b).

Acti
vit
y5:Putt hever bsinbr acketsi nt
other i
ghttenseorf orm.
1-Asf arasIcanr emember ,he………………………………. .
anythingf ormybaby( never /buy).
2-Iti
sr eal l
yt hefi
rstt i
met hey……………………………………………. .
overt oEngl and( fly).
3-Itwast het hi
rdt i
meshe……………………………………………. theki nginLondon( meet ).
4-Weal lthoughti twassur pri
singt hatshe…………………………………. .l
ikethat( behave) .
5-Iwoul dr atheryou………………………………………………. inhishol yplace( not/smoke) .
6-Iti
shi ght i
memyf ri
end;you……………………………………………upyourmi nd( make) .
7-MyDaddy…………………………………. .
inPar i
sfortenyearsandnowhei shappy( l
ive).
8-Hesai dhewoul dt ellherabouti twhenshe…………………………………………. ..(come) .
9-They………………………. ………………. t
ot hebus-st opwhent hebombexpl oded( walk).
10-Iwi shhe…………………………………………………gi veusahel pinghandagai n(can) .
11-…………………………………………………………t omysi steryesterday?( you/speak) .
12-IFIhadbeengi venachance, I
…………………………………. longerst udies( under take).
13-Ishoul d………………………………………………………. t
hislet
teryest er
day( bring).
14-Iwi shyou…………………………………. hewasi l
l,Iwouldhavegonet oseehi m( tell).
15-Supposeyouwont heNovelPr i
ze,what…………………………………………( you/ do) ?
16-Supposeyouar et hepresident, what……………………………………. .………. (you/ do) ?
17-I………………………………………………………………Rober tforalongt i
me( know) .
18-Mybr other…………………………………. thearmywheni s17year sint woyear s( join).
19-Theki ng’sdaught eristhepr et
tiestgir
lI…………………………………………. .(ever /see).
20-IfIwer elostinadeser t,I
…………………. aholeand…………………mymoney( di g/hide).
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21-Myson………………………………………………. .
..goingt obedsol ate(tobeusedt o).
22-Iti
sal ongtimesi ncewel ast…………………. .…………………. them inLosAngel es( see).
23-Al ongt imeagomen……………………………………………………. .
wi t
hani mal s(li
ve) .
24-They………………………………………………………………f ordaysanddays( wai t)
.
25-WhenIbecomeamanI ………………………. ……………. myf athert obuyahouse( help).
26-Assoonast hebus………………………………………t hepassenger swi llgetdown( st
op).
27-Tomor rowthey……………………………………………. t
ofinishtheirconver sation( can).
28-Iwi l
lhel pmypar ent swhenI ……………………………………………………. aman( be).
29-Af ewyear sagol ife…………………………………………………cheapert hant oday( be).
30-Whoi sthatman?What…………………………………………………………. (he/ want )
?
31-Ifhehadn’ tdrivensof ast,he……………………………………………i ntoat ree( bump) .
32-Whendr i
vesof astyou………………………………………………. .
.toyourdeat h(drive).
33-Yest er
dayshe………………………………………. togetupear li
ert ogot oschool( must)
34-Youcan‘ tmakehi m…………………………………………………suchadeci sion( t
ake) .
35-Johni si nt
erestedi npoli
ti
csbuthe…………………. .
...
..
..
..
...
..
...
...
..
....
...
..
...
..
....
(not/have).
36-Theywoul darrestt hethi
efIfthey……………………………………………. .faster(run) .
37-Who………………………………………………. .…thisdoor ?Shuti timmedi ately(open) .
38-Iti
saboutt i
mewe………………………………………………………. .t
hedebat e(start)
.
39-I………………………………. .……………………. .Fatout hismont hatt hemar ket(see) .
40-Shemadehi m suffersomuchsot hathe……………………………………. .heryet( forget)
.
41-Iwi l
lcomeaf t
er……………………………………………………. .myhomewor k( fi
nish).
42-Thet eacher………………………………. .t
hel essonont heboar dt womi nutesago( write)
.

ENGLI
SHI
RREGULARVERBS
I
nfi
nit
ive Pr
eter
it PastPar
ti
cipl
e Meani
ng

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Tobr i
ng brought (1) br ought Appor ter
Tobuy bought bought achet er
Toseek sought sought cher cher
Tofi
ght fought fought sebat tre/ combat tr
e
Tobeseech besought besought i
mpl or er
Tothink thought thought penser
Tocat ch caught caught attraper
Toteach taught taught ensei gner
Toawake awoke (
2) awoken ser évei ller
Tobr eak broke br oken casser /br iser
Tochoose chose chosen choi si r
Tofreeze froze frozen (con) gel er
Tospeak spoke spoken par ler
Tosteal stole stol en Dér ober / voler
Towake woke woken sel ever /révei l
ler
Toweave wove woven ti
sser
Toblow blew (
3) blown souf fler
Todr aw drew dr awn ti
rer /dessi ner
Tofl
y fl
ew fl
own s’envol er
Togr ow grew gr own grandi r/pousser
Toknow knew known savoi r/connai tre
Tothr ow threw thr own l
ancer /jet er
Towi thdraw wi t
hdrew wi thdr awn ser et irer
Toshow showed shown mont rer
Tomow mowed mown tondr e
Tosow sowed sown semer
Tosaw sawed sawn scier
Toar i
se arose (
4) ar i
sen sur veni r
/ sel ever
Todr i
ve drove dr i
ven condui re
Toride rode ridden condui re( qch)
Tostr i
de strode stridden enjamber
Torise rose risen sel ever( qch)
Tostr i
ve strove striven s’effor cer
Towr ite wr ot
e wr itten écrir e
Tosmi t
e smot e smi tten frapper( s. fi
g)
Toget got (
5) got obt eni r
Tofor get forgot for got t
en oubl ier
Totread trod trodden mar cher( sur)
Toswel l swel l
ed swol len enfler
Tobite bit bitten mor dr e
Tohide hid hidden cacher
Tobid bade bidden faire une
Tofor bi
d forbade for bidden offre/ muser
Tomi stake mi st
ook (
6) mi st aken i
nt er dire
Totake took taken set romper
Tounder t
ake under t
ook under t
aken prendr e
Toshake shook shaken ent repr endr e
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Tofor sake forsook forsaken secouer
Tobear bor e (
7) bor n abandonner
Toswear swor e swor n suppor ter
Totear tore torn jurer
Towear wor e wor n déchi rer
Toshear shear ed shear ed/shor
n por ter
Tofor bear forbore forborne couper
Tobend bent (8) bent patient er
Tol
end l
ent l
ent (se)cour ber
Tosend sent sent prêt er
Tospend spent spent envoyer
Topay paid (9) pai d dépenser
Tosay said said payer
Tol
ay l
aid l
aid par l
er
Tobind bound (
10) bound pondr e/ poser
Tofi
nd found found li
er
Togr i
nd ground ground trouver
Towi nd wound wound moudr e
Toshi ne shone shone serpent er
Tostand stood (11) stood bril
ler
Tounder stand under stood under stood sel ever
Towi thstand withstood withstood compr endr e
Tosel l sold (
12) sol d résist era
Totell told told vendr e
Tofor etell foretold foretold dire
Tobegi n began (13) begun prédi re
Todr i
nk drank drunk commencer /
débuter
Toring rang rung boire
Torun ran run sonner
Toshr ink shrank shrunk cour ir
Tosing sang sung rétréci r
Tosink sank sunk chant er
Tospi n span spun sombr er
Tospr ing sprang sprung fil
er
Tostink stank stunk bondi r/venirde
Toswi m swam swum puer
Tocreep crept (
14) cr ept nager
Todeal deal t deal t ramper /seglisser
Todr eam dreamt dreamt distribuer /
parlerde
Todwel l dwel t dwel t rêver
Tofeel fel
t fel
t demeur er
Tokeep kept kept sent ir
Tokneel knel t knel t gar der
Tol
eap l
eapt l
eapt s’agenoui l
ler
Tol
eave l
eft l
eft saut er
Tobur n bur nt bur nt quitt er
Tol
ear n l
ear nt l
ear nt bruler
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Tol
ean l
eant l
eant appr endr e
Tomean meant meant sepencher
Tosmel l smel t smel t signi fier
Tosleep slept slept sent i
r
Tospoi l spoi l
t spoi l
t dor mi r
Tosweep swept swept gât er /gâcher
Toweep wept wept bal ayer
Tol
ose l
ost l
ost pleur er
Tobui l
d built built per dr e
Tober eave ber eaved/
ber
eft ber eaved/
ber
eft const ruire
Tocli
ng clung (15) clung endeui l
ler
Tofl
ing fl
ung fl
ung accr ocher
Tosli
ng slung slung lancer
Tostick stuck stuck jeter
Tosting stung stung col l
er
Tostrike struck struck piquer
Tostring strung strung frapper /bat tre
Toswi ng swung swung enf il
er
Towr ing wr ung wr ung sebal ancer
Tohang hung hung (se)t ordr e
Todig dug dug accr ocher /pendre
Tobleed bled (16) bled creuser
Tomeet met met sai gner
Tofeed fed fed rencont r er
Tol
ead l
ed l
ed nour rir
Tobreed bred bred condui r
e/ diriger
Toplead pled pled élever
Tofl
ee fl
ed fl
ed plai der
Tospeed sped sped s’enf ui r
Tohol d held held foncer /sepr écipi
ter
Tobehol d behel d behel d teni r
Towithhold withheld withheld cont empl er
Tobet bet (
17) bet reteni r
Tobid bid bid par ier
Tobroadcast broadcast broadcast offrir
Tocast cast cast diffuser / émet t
re
Tobur st bur st bur st jeter
Tocost cost cost éclat er
Tocut cut cut cout er
Toforecast forecast forecast couper
Tohit hit hit prévoi r
Tohur t hur t hur t frapper
Toput put put blesser
Torid rid rid met tre
Tofi
t fi
t fi
t se( débar rasser)
Toshed shed shed aller( habi t)
Toshut shut shut ver ser
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Tosli
t sli
t sli
t (larmes/ sang)
Tospit spit spit fer mer
Tosplit split split fendr e
Toquit quit quit cr acher
Toread read read déchi rer/fendre
Toset set set qui tter/par ti
r
Towet wet wet li
re
Toknit knit knit poser
Tospread spread spread moui ller
Tobe was (
18) been tricot er
Tobeat beat beaten étal er/répandr e
Tobecome became become êtr e
Tocome came come bat tre
Todo did done deveni r
Toeat ate eaten veni r
Toforgi
ve forgave forgi
ven faire
Togive gave given manger
Togo went gone par donner
Toundergo underwent underwent donner
Tohave had had aller /partir
Tol
ie l
ay l
ain subi r
Tol
ight l
it l
it avoi r
Tomake made made s’allonger
Toprove proved proven allumer
Toshoot shot shot fabr iquer /fai
re
Tosit sat sat pr ouver
Tohear heard heard tirer( balle/pist
olet
)
Tofall fel
l fall
en s’assoi r
ent endr e
tomber /chuter

BySai
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oneTeacherofEngl
ishat
Valdi
odi
oNdi ayehighschool
and
PedagoguesPrivateschool

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95