ZOOLOGÍA 1

Invertebrados

PhD. Gissela De la Cadena

CARRERA DE BIOLOGÍA
Tercer Nivel
 Sistemática Biológica

The Science of Systematics

Definition:
- from the latinised Greek word
“systema” (organized whole) as
applied to systems of classification
developed by early naturalists,
notably Carolus Linnaeus (1735,
Systema naturae).
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The Science of Systematics

It is the Science of the diversity of
organisms; of any and all
relationships (all biological
interactions) among them.
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy is derived from
Greek word
“taxis” (arrangement) &
“nomos” (law).
First proposed in its French
form by de Candolle (1813)
for the Theory of Plant Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
(1778 – 1841)
Classification.
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Taxonomy
Simply, the theory & practice of
classifying organisms –has 2
divisions:
1. Classification: arrangement of
the kinds of organisms from
smaller to larger groups.
2. Nomenclature: procedure of
assigning names to the kinds &
groups of organisms to be
classified.
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Levels of Taxonomy
• Alpha Taxonomy: It is concerned with finding, describing and
naming of organisms. This is the first and basic step in
taxonomy.

• Beta Taxonomy: It includes identification of natural groups and

biological classes.

• Gamma Taxonomy: It includes study of evolutionary process

and patterns.
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Levels of Taxonomy
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Aims of Systematics
1. To inventory the world’s kinds or organisms (flora, fauna, fungi,
etc.)

2. To provide a method for identification & communication

3. To produce a coherent & universal system of classification

4. To demonstrate the evolutionary implications of biodiversity

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Fields of Systematics
1. Biodiversity: number & kinds of organisms.
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Fields of Systematics
2. Taxonomy: art
& science of
describing
organisms
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Fields of Systematics
3. Classification:
methods of
grouping
organisms based on
homology
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Fields of Systematics
4. Nomenclature: Science of naming organisms.
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Fields of Systematics
5. Biogeography: studies
the distribution of
organisms. Aims to reveal
where organisms live, at
what abundance, and why
they are (or are not) found
in a certain geographical
area.
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Fields of Systematics
6. Evolutionary Biology:
seeks to classify organisms
using a combination of
phylogenetic
relationships and overall
similarity. Considers taxa
rather than single species,
so that groups of species
give rise to new groups.
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Fields of Systematics
7. Phylogenetics: study of
evolutionary relatedness
among groups of
organisms (e.g. species,
populations), which is
discovered through
molecular sequencing data
and morphological data
matrices.
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Tools of Systematics
Currently, systematists use:
• Morphological,
biochemical, and
molecular comparisons
to infer evolutionary
relationships.
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Tools of Systematics

ADN Secuencia cox1

Especímenes

Matriz de haplotipos
Árbol filogenético