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1
ENI S.p.A. DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY' DEPT. TYPE SECTION N.
TITLE
COMPLETION PROCEDURES MANUAL
DISTRIBUTION LIST
NOTE: The present document is available in Eni Agip Intranet (http://wwwarpo.in.agip.it) and a
CD-Rom version can also be distributed (requests will be addressed to STAP Dept. in
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter)
The present document is CONFIDENTIAL and it is property of AGIP It shall not be shown to third parties nor shall it be used for
reasons different from those owing to which it was given
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INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 9
1.1. PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL 9
1.2. IMPLEMENTATION 9
1.3. UPDATING, AMENDMENT, CONTROL & DEROGATION 9
2. RESPONSIBILITIES 10
2.1. DRILLING COMPLETION AND WORKOVER MANAGER 10
2.2. WELL OPERATIONS SUPERINTENDENT 11
2.3. COMPLETION AND WORKOVER ENGINEER 11
2.4. FLUIDS SPECIALIST 12
2.5. OFFSHORE INSTALLATION MANAGER (OIM) 13
2.6. WELL OPERATIONS SUPERVISOR 13
2.7. PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR 14
3. DOCUMENTATION 15
3.1. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 15
3.2. WELLSITE REPORTS 15
3.3. FEED BACK REPORTS 15
3.4. OTHER REPORTS 16
3.5. PERMIT PROCEDURES 16
3.5.1. Guidance For Permits 16
3.6. WELL HANDOVER PROCEDURES 17
3.6.1. Well Handover Certificate 17
3.6.2. Well Intervention Handover Certificate 18
4. HOLE PREPARATIONS 23
4.1. PRELIMINARY CHECKS 23
4.2. WELL CLEAN UP PROCEDURES 23
4.3. BOP STACK CONFIGURATION AND TESTING 24
4.4. WELL CONTROL 24
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5. PERFORATING PROCEDURES 34
5.1. GENERAL 34
5.2. METHODS OF PERFORATING 35
5.3. GENERAL SAFETY PROCEDURES 35
5.4. WIRELINE CONVEYED PERFORATING 37
5.4.1. Casing Guns Run In Overbalance 37
5.4.2. Perforating Procedures For Through Tubing Conveyed Guns 38
5.5. SAFE SYSTEM 39
5.5.1. SAFE System Description (Slapper Activated Firing Explosives) 40
5.6. TCP PROCEDURES 40
5.6.1. Well Preparation for TCP Operations 41
5.6.2. Ancillary TCP Equipment 41
5.6.3. Firing Systems for TCP Operations 43
5.6.4. General TCP Safety Precautions and Running Procedures 44
5.6.5. Firing Procedure for Tubing Installed Pressure Activated Head 45
5.6.6. Firing Procedure for Wireline Installed Pressure Activated Head 45
5.6.7. Firing Procedure for Mechanical Impact Activated Head 45
5.6.8. Firing Procedure for Electrically Activated TCP Guns 46
5.6.9. Procedure For TCP Anchor Running 47
5.6.10. TCP Anchor Firing Head Installation 48
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7. PACKER INSTALLATION 64
7.1. HOLE PREPARATION 64
7.2. WIRELINE PACKER SETTING PROCEDURE 64
7.2.1. Running Procedure 65
7.3. TUBING INSTALLED PACKER SETTING PROCEDURE 66
7.3.1. Workstring Running Procedure 66
7.3.2. Completion String Running Procedure 67
8. COMPLETION INSTALLATION 68
8.1. CARBON STEEL AND PLASTIC COATED TUBING 68
8.2. CHROME TUBULARS 68
8.2.1. Transportation 68
8.2.2. Transport From The Mill 69
8.2.3. Road Transport 69
8.2.4. Marine Transport 69
8.2.5. Handling At The Wellsite 69
8.2.6. Thread Compounds 71
8.2.7. Running Chrome Tubulars 72
8.2.8. Retrieving Chrome Tubulars 73
8.3. EQUIPMENT PRE-INSTALLATION PROCEDURES 74
8.3.1. Material Requisition Lists 74
8.3.2. Completion Sub Assemblies 74
8.3.3. Tubing Hanger 75
8.3.4. Landing Joint 75
8.3.5. Control Line 75
8.3.6. Xmas Tree 75
8.3.7. Flowline 76
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. IMPLEMENTATION
The policies included in this manual apply to all Eni-Agip Division and Affiliates operations.
All supervisory and technical personnel engaged in Eni-Agip’s completion and workover
operations are expected to make themselves familiar with these and comply with the
policies and procedures specified and contained in this manual.
2. RESPONSIBILITIES
The following job descriptions outline the individual responsibilities and duties of specific
key personnel involved in Eni-Agip Completion operations. These are generalised summary
of the individual responsibilities and duties which are specific to completion operations and
as such augment, but do not supersede their current employer’s approved job descriptions.
• Appraising new completion, workover, wireline and well testing technology and
products to determine their application to Eni-Agip’s completion operations, in
order to improve time cost performance and safety conditions.
• Preparing and reviewing completion, workover, wireline and well testing
programmes and final reports and to ensure the production of adequate
feedback about the operations as per the Safety Management System corporate
requirements.
• Reviewing daily the operations versus the programme, providing a thorough
investigation of operational times.
• Providing engineering assistance to the Well Operations Superintendent in the
follow up of operations.
• Providing reports and analysis on the operated and non-operated activities for
presentation, meetings and reporting to the management and to ensure the
operational feedback reporting system is consistent with Eni-Agip and corporate
requirements.
• Assisting his supervisor in contacts with partners and regulatory bodies
providing the necessary documentation and reports.
• Providing the monthly updates on the variance between actual and estimated
expenditures for each job centre for each class of cost, also to liaise with the
Completion/Workover Superintendent, in order to update the expenditure on
each contract.
• Ensuring the production and review of the Completions Procedure Manual in
order to comply with company policies and the current legislation.
• Ensuring all reports required, are accurate in content and are submitted as
required. Reporting requirements are outlined in section 3.
• Liaising with the OIM, Company Production Supervisor, and other operational
Heads on a daily basis to discuss operational considerations and the possible
impact on the other operations.
• Supervising and directs well control operations in accordance with the Eni-Agip
Well Control Manual.
• Liaising with the OIM to give advice on what actions to take, if any of the
Platform Operating Modes are associated with the drilling operation, or arise
from operations in the drilling module.
• On completion of the programme, i.e. Xmas tree is secured with all operations
completed, officially handing over the well to the Production Department
(Production Supervisor). Both parties must sign the relevant well handover
document.
• Co-ordinating all completion activities including wireline and/or coil
tubing/nitrogen, acid stimulation, perforating as well as all preliminary pressure
testing of equipment.
• Ensuring the safe and correct installation of all tubulars and completion sub-
assembly components, i.e. in the correct order and proper depth as per the
completion programme.
3. DOCUMENTATION
This section outlines the documentation necessary for conducting efficient completion
operations and reporting of these operations.
New Wells
Following the successful drilling and completion of a new well, the Operations department
will complete a Well Handover Certificate. Prior to handover of the well to Production, the
well status should be outlined as below:
• Xmas tree installed and fully pressure tested
• Swab cap installed and pressure tested
• SCSSV installed and fully tested
• All wireline plugs removed
• All obstructions removed, the wellhead and Xmas tree areas are clean and tidy
• Written procedure for the venting of annular pressure, if necessary.
Once the Production Supervisor is satisfied that the status of the well is satisfactory, he will
sign the handover certificate in acceptance of the well. Examples of Well Handover
Certificates are shown in figure 3.a and figure 3.b.
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Workover Wells
Workover is defined in this instance as any well operation which involves the change-out of
any completion component from the wireline re-entry guide to the Xmas tree.
Following the successful completion of a well which has been worked over, Well Operations
department will complete a Well Handover Certificate. Prior to handover of the well to
Production the well status should be outlined as below:
• Xmas tree installed and fully pressure tested
• Swab cap installed and pressure tested
• SCSSV installed and fully tested
• All wireline plugs removed
• All obstructions removed, the wellhead and Xmas tree areas are clean and tidy
• Written procedure for the venting of annular pressure, if necessary
Once the Production Supervisor is satisfied that the status of the well is satisfactory, he will
sign the handover certificate in acceptance of the well.
Prior to handover of the well by Production to Well Services the Production Supervisor will
complete a Well Intervention Handover Certificate and ensure the following procedures are
completed:
1) All chemical injection lines on the flowline will be bled down and isolated.
2) The test and production, or injection, header isolating valves will be closed, and the
flowline bled down to the closed drains and isolated when no liquid or gas is observed
at the sample point. Blind flanges should be installed on the flowline termination.
3) The SCSSV control lines will be bled off ready to be disconnected. All lines from the
wellhead to the remote control panel will also be bled down.
4) If the tree is to be removed all instrumentation and control lines will be removed from
the well.
5) All obstructions (e.g. scaffolding) all instrumentation and control lines will be removed.
Once the Well Operations Supervisor is satisfied that the status of the well is satisfactory he
will sign the Well Intervention Handover Certificate in acceptance of the well.
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Following an intervention operation the Well Operations Supervisor will complete a Well
Handover Certificate. Prior to handover of the well to Production, the well status should be
outlined as below:
• Xmas tree installed and fully pressure tested.
• Swab cap installed and pressure tested.
• SCSSV installed and fully tested.
• All wireline plugs removed.
• All obstructions removed, the wellhead and Xmas tree areas are clean and tidy
• Written procedure for the venting of annular pressure, if necessary.
Once the Production Supervisor is satisfied that the status of the well is satisfactory, he will
sign the Well Intervention Handover Certificate in acceptance of the well. An example of a
Well Intervention Handover Certificate is shown in figure 3.c.
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Flowline Status:
ADJACENT WELLS
Well No SCSSV Plugs Xmas Flowline
Tree
Status Tested Date Status Tested Date Depth Status Status
4. HOLE PREPARATIONS
The procedures in this section described the preparation of the hole and surface facilities
for completion operations.
Note: The casing and liner string may be pressure tested at this point, and an
inflow test on liner laps and shoe tracks performed.
For detailed procedures on how to perform inflow and pressure tests refer to the Drilling
Procedures Manual.
If a liner lap is a found to be leaking it may be necessary to run a tie back packer into the
top of the liner lap, otherwise it will be necessary to perform a remedial cement squeeze.
The decision on which method to adopt will depend on the location and nature of the leak.
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Note: Boat manifolds may contain residual materials that could contaminate the
brine. Therefore all manifolds, pumps, etc. that will be involved in brine
delivery will be thoroughly flushed and dried.
Brine will not be loaded onto a vessel or truck until the Company’s responsible person is
satisfied that the brine will arrive at the rig site with the same clarity, density, and solids
content as originally loaded.
Samples of the brine will be taken during the loading operation from the loading tanks and
the vessel's receiving tanks or truck. The volume, density and clarity of the fluid after
loading must be identical to the fluid from the suppliers tanks.
Prior to transferring the brine to the installation from the tanks all hoses, connections, dump
valves, etc. will be checked for leaks.
The volume and density of the brine will be monitored as it is transferred from the vessel.
Any discrepancies in density and volume will be recorded.
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There are both advantages and disadvantages is using high viscosity pills for controlling
fluid loss. These are as follows:
1) Advantages
• They contain no particulate material to impair the formation.
• They can be built quickly and easily.
• They can be removed by thermal degradation, acid, chemical breakers or by
flowing the well.
2) Disadvantages
• They are limited normally to temperatures <280 F.
• They are only effective in low permeability formations where seepage losses are
low to moderate (<1.5 - 2bbl/min).
Notes:
1) The above formulation will give a final weight of 10.5ppg assuming that a 10ppg NaCl
brine is used as the base.
2) If a higher density is required, the formulation will require modification by the addition
of FL-7 Plus and Watersal A. The specific formulation will be determined by the Fluids
Engineer on the rig. However, typical formulations are as follows (see table below).
3) Mixing order of products should be listed.
4) A small amount of defoamer is required (0.2gal/bbl) to minimise foaming.
The system's simplified cleanup reduces rig time during completion and workover
operations. While other fluids require costly processes for removal, removal is simply
accomplished by flowing the well.
The system utilises very pure calcium carbonate with a broad particle size distribution to
effectively bridge the pore openings of the formation. The bridging agent and polymer
chemistry form a thin filter cake to protect the pay zone from damage caused by fluid
invasion. The filter cake is effectively removed by low break-out pressures, leaving no
significant residual material to inhibit the well's production.
Before using a calcium carbonate pill, any potential damaging effects from the calcium
carbonate needs to be assessed as any particles trapped in pore spaces can only be
removed by an HCl acid treatment.
5. PERFORATING PROCEDURES
5.1. GENERAL
Two methods are currently used to perforate wells: wireline conveyed guns and tubing
conveyed guns (Refer to the Completion Design Manual). In the drive to obtain maximum
perforating efficiency, tubing conveyed perforating is the preferred method for most
completion operations as the zones to be tested can be perforated underbalanced in one
run with a large size charges, if possible. However, under some circumstances wireline
conveyed guns may still be preferred. The procedures for both methods are described in
the following sections.
The type of explosive to be used will depend mainly on the bottom hole temperature and
the length of time the guns are likely to be on bottom before firing. Refer again to the
perforating section in the Completions Design Manual and to suppliers technical
specification sheets.
The BOPs and the rig manifolds should have undergone a recent full programme of
pressure testing.
At the safety meeting, the perforating operation should be discussed in fine detail. Apart
from outlining the sequence of operations and contingency plans, all present should be
clearly aware of the extent to which their own area of responsibilities may affect, and be
affected by, the special requirements of a perforating operation.
The perforating engineer should have a diagram of the well, clearly indicating the interval(s)
to be perforated, the fluids present, the pressures/temperatures expected and the depths,
diameters and angles of any changes in the well geometry. There must be no doubt about
the method of referencing the top shot and the settings of the tools (e.g. shear pin settings,
timer delays, etc.). These must be discussed with the Completions Supervisor and fully
understood.
No crane lifts should be made over loaded perforating guns or over the logging cable.
Only essential personnel will be permitted in the vicinity of loaded guns, especially at the
loading area, catwalk, drill floor and spider deck. All personnel, except the perforating
engineer, should be clear of these areas while the guns are being armed.
Diving activities are not permitted during the perforating operation.
Electrical Activation
In addition, whenever the gun firing sequence is initiated by electrically operated detonators, the
following will apply:
• Weather forecasts (two independent sources) must confirm there will be no
likelihood of electrical storms for the duration of the perforating operation.
• Offshore, the perforating engineer should remain on the drill floor at all times
when TCP guns are in the hole still above ground level.
• The perforating engineer must verify there are no stray voltages (greater than
0.25 V) between the rig and the casing or riser.
• Radio silence must be in force before connecting the firing head and until the
guns are 100m below ground level, unless the Schlumberger SAFE firing
system or similar is used (Refer to section 2)).
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• The firing head detonator must not be installed until the Completion Supervisor
confirms to the Perforating Engineer that the rig is on radio silence.
• On recovery of the guns, regardless of any indications that the guns have fired,
radio silence must be reinstated prior to the guns being retrieved above 100
metres below the sea bed. This period will end only after the detonator sub-
system has been removed and the perforating engineer has confirmed to the
Completion Supervisor that the guns have been made safe.
• No electric/MIG welding is permitted during the perforating operation.
• Cathodic protection should be shut down and isolated during the period of
radio silence.
• No diving is to be allowed during perforating.
• No crane lifts should be made over the wire during perforating, if applicable.
• No boats should be alongside during perforating.
• No helicopter landings should be allowed during radio silence.
• All non-essential personnel should be excluded from the areas affected,
including the gun loading area, the catwalk, the drill floor and the moonpool,
around the riser below the drill floor.
Common to all perforating operations, a safety meeting should be held before the
operation commences. This is important because perforating will impose restrictions on
other rig operations, such as radio silence, diving and use of the cranes. These procedures
are to be used as a guideline. They should be used only in conjunction with other company
procedures for these operations.
Through-Tubing Guns
Through-tubing guns are small diameter guns run through the test string. They can be used
to perforate underbalanced, and hence eliminate the risk of damaging the formation with
wellbore fluids immediately after perforating. Also, and especially in production situations,
they can be run and fired with the well ‘nippled up’ and intrinsically safe. The gun size which
can be run is limited by the tubing size.
On recovery of the guns, regardless of any indications that the guns have fired, radio
silence must be in force before the guns are pulled back past 100 metres below ground
level and until the cable head is removed.
2) The logging engineer should be given a diagram of the well showing the depths of all
restrictions or changes in diameter.
3) Wireline should be rigged up as per the procedure in the Wireline Procedures Manual.
4) If perforating inside casing ensure the length of the gun assembly is less than the
distance between the blind rams and the grease head.
5) The distance between the top shot and the GR/CCL should be measured. It may
sometime no be necessary to run a record the depth by GR or CCL if depth can be
correlated to a sump packer or bridge plug.
6) The logging engineer must not connect the cable head until the Well Operations
Supervisor, or his designated representative, has confirmed that radio silence is
instated.
7) There is no restriction on running speed but care must be taken at any restrictions and
when applying the brake.
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1) The Logging Engineer must inform the Completion Supervisor, or his designated
representative, when the guns are deeper than 100 metres below ground level.
2) Tie on depth to the CBL/VDL/GR/CCL log. Record a short section of film across the
interval to be perforated showing at least five casing collars and the pup joint at the
top of the reservoir section. The well should be perforated from the bottom upwards.
3) When the gun is on depth and ready to be fired, the logging engineer must inform the
Well Operations Supervisor, or his designated representative, and the driller, who
should observe the well for losses or gains when the gun is fired.
4) Pull out at less than 5,000 ft/hour to avoid swabbing.
2) The logging engineer should be given a diagram of the well and test string showing
the depths of all restrictions or changes in diameter and he should check that he has
sufficient weights for the maximum anticipated wellhead pressure.
3) Rig up wireline for a full bore drift run. Run in the hole and drift the tubing.
Note: Prior to arming the guns, the Offshore Installation Manager will ensure
that conditions for safe operations exist. He should then inform base,
standby vessels, supply boats and any relevant persons that the rig is
passing into radio silence.
4) The wireline should be rigged up with the lubricator system, grease flow tubes,
hydraulic stuffing box, tool trap, ball check valve and line wiper. Once radio silence
has been obtained, rig up the perforating guns into the lubricator and pressure test.
5) Monitor the pressure in the ‘A’ annulus.
6) Ensure the surface tree master and swab valves are open and run in the hole with the
perforating gun tool string.
7) Correlate the GR/CCL to the original GR log. Record a short section of film across the
interval to be perforated showing at least five casing collars and the pup joint at the
top of the reservoir zone. Do not run down into the perforations on subsequent runs.
8) Position the string at the desired perforating interval and fire the guns.
9) Observe and record WHSIP to confirm the guns have fired.
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1) Pull out of the hole with the perforating string, taking care when passing through
restrictions.
2) Repeat steps until the total required interval has been perforated. Do not flow the well
while pulling the guns back through the tubing to surface.
2. Stop when the guns are at 100 metres below ground level until the Completions
Supervisor, or his designated representative, confirms that there is radio silence.
1) The gun should be inspected at surface to check that all charges have detonated.
Care should be taken as pressure can be trapped by debris behind the gun ports. A
film record should be made of the job and the explosion register should be updated.
2) Open the well to flow and continue as per the Completion Programme.
5.5.1 General
There are two types of detonators in general use today:
a) The Electric Detonator or Blasting Cap (which is classed as an Electro Explosive
Device).
b) The Percussion Detonator or Percussion Cap.
Both of these systems contain ‘primary high’ explosives which are initiated by an electric
current heating a filament wire in the case of the blasting cap and a direct mechanical shock
in the case of percussion cap. The blasting cap can also be initiated by shock as it contains
primary high explosives.
In order to store and handle these detonators, special safety precautions must be taken.
These precautions include, in the case of electro explosive devices, the elimination of stray
electric potential differences while arming guns at surface and when returning to surface
after perforating.
Stray electric potential differences can originate from:
• RF Radiation
• Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
• Electric Welding
• Electric Generators and Motors
• Lighting Storms.
The SAFE system was developed to preclude the loss of radio communication and other
vital equipment during perforating operations.
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• The guns can be made up and run in the hole on the completion string or on an
independent anchor system.
• The packer is set and the string fully tested and completed before guns are to
be fired.
• The well can be perforated underbalanced to increase the perforating efficiency
for completion.
• Various methods of detonation can be utilised depending on well conditions.
• Long perforation intervals can be fired in a singe run.
• Accurate placement and efficient detonation in high deviation wells with
selective zonal perforations can be achieved.
• Guns and charge size can be maximised for optimum perforating efficiency.
• Guns can be loaded to perforate specific target intervals.
Perforating systems are available which allow several different intervals to be independently
perforated and tested during one trip in the hole.
Ensure that the casing/liner has been gauged and junk basket/junk sub trip has been made
prior to running the TCP guns.
Note: If the guns are to be dropped into the sump, it is essential that the depth
of the rat hole is sufficient to swallow the guns.
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Clean Casing
This helps prevent problems with packer setting. A bit and scraper run to clean up the
casing and condition the hole is essential, followed by a gauge ring run before TCP gun
installation (Refer to section 4.10). This provides a good clean area for the packer to set
and seal off in, hold high differentials and withstand the shock of the gun detonation.
Clean Tubing
This is also a vital factor that assists in a trouble free firing operation. Tubing should always
be rabbited before being run. This prevents any pipe scale, mud cake or general debris
from falling down to settle out and create a barrier around and over any firing head or
stinger. This is critical if bar drop methods or wireline conveyed firing heads are used.
Any preventative methods employed in the area of scale/dope are strongly recommended.
Clean Fluids
These are important in any perforating operation. By keeping the downhole fluid
environment as clean as possible, less problems will be encountered later in the operation.
As stated above, solids settling out can cause problems/delay/cost, so an emphasis where
possible on clean, filtered well fluids is essential. Perforation tunnel and near wellbore
damage are also a consideration (Refer to the Drilling Fluids Manual for Eni-Agip’s
recommended fluids policies, recipes and cost considerations.
BOP Tests
It must be taken into consideration that the perforating/testing and killing procedures may
take a considerable time to conduct, therefore the next scheduled BOP test may be
rescheduled to take this into account.
Bullnose
Allows the test string to enter liner tops easily. It may also be ported to allow pressure
communication with a pressure activated firing head on the bottom of the guns.
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Circulating Sub
This sub is optionally run above the mechanically activated firing head. It is a ported sub
which allows circulation and beneath the ports is a brass or glass disc preventing debris
from dropping onto the mechanical firing head. The drop bar must pierce the disc before
passing on to the firing head. The ported sub acts as a perforated anchor after the guns
have fired.
Spacer Tubing
Spacer tubing is inserted between the gun drop sub and the top of the guns. The distance
between the gun drop sub and the top perforation should be at least 50ft if production
logging is to be performed.
Shock Absorber
This is an optional tool which may be run to protect downhole equipment from the shock of
gun detonation. This is important when, in particular, downhole gauges are run below the
packer. Both radial and longitudinal force shock absorbers are available.
Radioactive Sub
A radioactive tag in a sub should be installed in the string within the proximity of the packer.
This sub is used as a marker when performing the GR/CCL correlation for depth control. If
the formation has little GR character, radioactive collars can also be included in the casing
string for definitive depth control. If chrome tubulars are being used consideration must be
given to the non magnetic properties of the pipe with regard to the CCL.
TCP String
If using a test string to conduct a shoot and pull procedure, the full range of string
components such as packer, test tubing, tester valve, circulating valves, etc. need to be
employed as per the Company Well Test Manual.
Shot Detection
Shot detection equipment comprises acoustic detectors (hydrophones), vibration detectors
(accelerometers) and the normal surface pressure gauges. Using a combination of the data
detected by these sensors it is usually possible to confirm gun detonation.
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Mechanical Impact
The TCP guns are detonated by the mechanical impact of a firing bar, which for safety must
be run on wireline. (This system is colloquially known as the drop bar system.) Since the
system can be affected by debris in the tubing, the completion fluid must be kept clean. The
system is preferred as a back up instead of the primary firing mechanism because of the
need to use wireline.
Electrically Activated
With this system, the guns are fired with an electrically-initiated detonator which must be run
on a logging cable. Therefore the pressure control system must be rigged up. Since an
inductive or wet electrical connection must be made at the firing head, the system is also
susceptible to debris. This system is rarely used on well tests as the only is that the firing
heads for this system are wireline retrievable, hence the guns can be run unarmed and, in
the case of a misfire, the firing head can be recovered on wireline to determine the cause of
the misfire.
Running procedure
1) The elevators should be changed out to match the special lift sub and the correct slips
for the gun size must be used together with a dog clamp. The perforating engineer will
provide a list of the correct torque for each component of his equipment.
2) After clearing the area of non-essential personnel, pick up the guns on a tugger with
the special lift sub. The guns are made up just as tubing singles but avoid mechanical
shock because the internal carriers can be displaced.
3) Check the booster positions and 'O' rings before making up guns. The firing head
delay will have previously been set according to the test programme and agreed by
the Perforating Engineer.
4) Before connecting the firing head, clear the drill floor and cellar deck areas of all non-
essential personnel.
5) A spacer sub must be installed so that the top shot is well below the rig floor when the
gun is armed. Do not pull the gun back above the drill floor once the firing heads are
installed.
6) Run the rest of the test string but take special care that no debris shall fall down on
top of the firing head. If tubing is in poor condition, ensure it is cleaned and rabbitted
to remove all loose rust and scale.
7) The string must be run without jarring to avoid premature detonation because most
firing heads use shear pins.
8) Run the string to set the guns approximately on depth.
9) Rig up the main logging cable and run a gamma ray logging tool down to the
correlation depth. Tie on depth to the reference log and record sufficient film to show
both radioactive pip markers and any zones of gamma ray character on the log.
10) The required spacing out should be calculated according to the completion installation
procedures in section 8.5.
11) Set the packer and land the completion string. If there is any doubt about the space
out, re-run the gamma ray tool to ensure that the guns are set on depth.
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1) Install the surface equipment (Xmas tree or flowhead) and pressure test as per the
well programme.
2) Circulate the cushion into place and line up the well to flow.
1) If there are definitive signs of the guns firing, continue pulling out. If there are no
indications of detonation, check the tag depth of the firing head to check for debris. If
there is debris, attempt to jar through it. If there is no debris, observe the well for
30min, after which if there is no change, jar down twice again before pulling out.
2) Pull the tool back into the lubricator. Close the tree upper master valve and bleed off
pressure through the flowline.
• Close the swab valve and recover and inspect the firing bar impression nose. If
there is an impression, it is very likely that the guns have fired. But if there is no
impression of the firing head then the string is blocked by debris. If there is a
back up firing system, it should be employed. Otherwise reverse circulate or
attempt to bail the well.
Pick Up Procedure
Refer to figure 5.a TCP Anchor System.
1) The guns should be pre-loaded and spaced, and laid out in numerical order on the
pipe rack. The bottom gun (#1) should be next to the catwalk and the top gun, hanger
and firing system furthest away.
2) The 20ft section gun will be lifted up the V-door by the platform crane, using slings
double wrapped. Alternatively, if lift subs are attached to the guns, single joint
elevators and an air winch may be used.
3) Do not lift by means of the thread protectors.
Note: Never move a gun section that does not have protection on each
connection.
Note: The dog collar must always be made up prior to unlatching the elevators.
(As the gun assemblies have no external set up)
Radioactive sources are present within the gun. These pip tag positions
have been labelled on the outside of the carrier and no contact should be
made at these markings by the rig crew. (Radiation levels will be
monitored by an Instruments Engineer)
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4) Make up the anchor assembly complete with setting tool and a 27/8 ins EUE pup joint.
5) Make up a 30ft joint of 27/8in EUE tubing, crossover and RA marker sub. Check gun
assembly weight.
6) In order to prevent surging or mechanical shock when running or pulling armed guns,
running speeds should be restricted, particularly through downhole restrictions.
7) The guns should be handled carefully at all times to avoid shock, and time taken to
make connections etc. Slips should be set gently. In bad weather, use tag lines when
lifting. Try to keep the lift subs clean. Do not set a gun down on an unprotected pin.
Running Procedure
1) Rig up slickline lubricator and pressure test against swab valve. Care must be
exercised not to exceed the minimum shear pin rating of the firing head.
2) Run in with firing head, sinker bars and spang jars.
3) Continue slowly going in the hole and stop 30ft above the receptor.
4) Pull up and record pulling weight.
5) Continue to run in hole and locate receptor and jar down gently to latch confirm latch
by over pulling 300-500lbs above pulling weight.
6) Jar down to release firing head. Recover toolstring to surface.
7) Before commencing the pressuring up operation, the shot detection chart recorder
should be set and running.
8) Tubing pressure can now be applied to fire the guns. Pressure the tubing steadily up
to the predetermined level to shear the pins (upper limit), hold for 1 min, then bleed off
swiftly to the required tubing pressure (for correct underbalance).
Note: Once the pins have sheared, the hydraulic time delay begins and the guns
will fire when the delay is complete.
9) If no shot is detected, wait 11/2 times the estimated delay. Slowly increase the tubing
pressure until the pressure below the packer is just above formation pressure. Shut in
the well and monitor for fluid leak-off. If there is no leak-off into the formation, increase
tubing pressure to the tubing test pressure or leak-off pressure, whichever is lower..
Hold briefly and bleed off swiftly to the required underbalance
1
pressure and continue
to monitor for firing. If no shot is detected after 1 /2 times estimated delay, resort to
secondary firing system.
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4) Ensure that the following slickline tools are available and on site:
• Overshot designed to catch the fishing neck
• 11/4 ins OD bailer
• 11/4 ins lead impression block
• Chisel point bailer bottom for the 11/4 ins bailer.
5) Make sure that the length of the lubricator is adequate to accommodate the
toolstring and the length of the detonating bar if recovered.
6) Confirm the distance from the firing head to the ports in the tubing string. This
should be sufficient to allow both the toolstring and detonating bar to remain
below the ports.
7) Rig up slickline and prepare the toolstring with an overshot to catch the detonating
bar.
8) When running in hole confirm the fluid level in the well. Record this depth.
9) Shot detection equipment will be used and it should be monitored during all fishing
operations and attempts to fire the guns.
10) When the detonating bar is located, spud down as hard as possible. Do not pick up
straight away. If the bar moves, chase it to the firing head as quickly as possible. This
will ensure that the slickline tool will not be above the entry ports (should the guns fire)
and be blown up the well. Repeat this process three times.
11) If the guns do not fire fish the detonating bar and pull out of the hole.
12) Rig up with 11/4 ins bailer and ‘Chisel Point’ bailer bottom. The bailer should be
dressed to a sharp point.
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1) Run in the hole and jar down as hard as possible on the firing pin. Again ensure that
the toolstring does not get pulled above the entry ports. Pull out of the hole and
inspect the leading edge of the chisel point. Damage will indicate whether or not
something hard (firing pin or foreign object) is being struck.
2) Carefully observe for any material recovered in the bailer, it may indicate what is
preventing the detonating bar from reaching the firing pin. Fine black powdery
deposits are an indication that the guns have fired and will be associated with a smell
of burnt cordite. Hydrocarbons may also be present.
3) Repeat bailing operations until it is certain that the bailer is striking the firing pin.
4) If it becomes obvious that the bailer is striking something other than the firing pin, run
a lead impression block.
5) Check the fluid level in the well during every wireline run. Monitor carefully for
losses/gains.
6) When it has been determined that the firing pin has been struck, and the guns have
not fired, pull out of the hole with the drop bar.
7) In the event that a retrievable head has been used, this should be retrieved at this
point and inspected.
• If it has not fired, run another firing head on slickline and repeat the procedure.
• If the head has fired, rig down wireline.
8) Top up the well with fluid, and if not already done so, rig up circulating lines from the
cement unit to the production string. Attempt to pump into the formation to confirm
that the guns have not fired. The leak-off pressure should be taken into consideration.
9) Unseat the packer and circulate the well contents to kill fluid. Circulate and condition
the brine. Prepare to pull the completion and retrieve the guns.
10) Once the firing head has been retrieved the guns are safe, and can be pulled from the
well.
11) If it proves impossible to retrieve the detonating bar, the string and guns will have to
be pulled. This is potentially very hazardous. Refer to base and seek the advice of the
TCP gun manufacturer and senior Company personnel. No further action should be
taken without written instructions endorsed by all parties concerned.
There are two gravel pack applications, one for open hole completions and the other for
inside cased hole. This section contains the common procedures for both open hole and
internal gravel packing.
For perforating gun applications and gun design options, refer to the Company Completions
Design Manual.
Open Hole
Step 1
Calculate the total annular volume outside the screen to the planned height of the sand:
Total Annular Volume = Screen/Hole Annulus + Blank Pipe/Hole Annulus + 40-60ft
volume surplus
If the planned sand height was up into the casing, this reduced volume would need to be
considered.
Step 2
Calculate the volume of sand in the rat hole, if applicable:
Hole volume below screens.
Step 3
Calculate total sand required:
Add the calculated volumes from steps 1 and 2.
Internal
Step 1
Calculate the annular volume outside the screen to the planned height of the sand:
Screen/Casing Annulus + Blank Pipe/Casing Annulus + 40-60ft volume surplus
Step 2
Calculate the volume of sand in the rat hole, if applicable:
Hole Volume below screens
Step 3
Calculate the volume required for the perforations:
Length of Perforations x Volume factor (usually 1ft3/ft)
Calculate total sand required:
Add the calculated volumes from steps 1 2 and 3.
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Note: All fluids pumped downhole during the completion phase must be filtered
prior to use.
3) Run in hole with casing scrapers and a short open ended tailpipe on workstring.
Thoroughly scrape the casing through all intervals to be perforated and all packer
setting depths (Refer to section 4.2).
4) Displace the wellbore fluid with the filtered completion fluid. Circulate with filtered
completion fluid till returns are clean according to the well programme.
5) Rig up electric line. Make gauge ring and junk basket run to TD. Pull out of the hole
with the gauge ring and junk basket, if necessary.
6) Verify screen gauge and gravel delivered is correct according to the well programme.
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9) Run flush joint washpipe inside, and to the bottom of, the screen and blank pipe. The
assembly consisting of the following items is then picked up and made up onto the
screen assembly.
• Knock Out Isolation Valve
• Blank pipe
• Shear Out Safety Joint
• Indicating Sub
• Crossover Sub
• Gravel Pack Extension with Sliding Sleeve
• Gravel Pack Packer.
10) The gravel pack service toolstring assembly is then made up to the previous
assembly:
• Shifting Tool
• Gravel Pack Crossover Tool
• Hydraulic Setting Tool.
Note: Apply thread compound sparingly to the pin ends of the connections only.
11) Run in the hole slowly with the completion assembly (90sec per 90ft stand). Set down
into, and pick up gently out of, the slips.
12) Record the pick-up and slack-off weights when reaching the packer setting depth.
13) Once the assembly is positioned on depth, rig up the gravel infuser pumping
equipment, manifold and lines. Test to 5,000psi.
14) Establish circulation, record circulating pressure and drop the packer setting ball.
Allow time for ball to gravitate to the ball seat in the crossover tool, roughly
5min/1,000ft.
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1) Set the packer by slowly pressuring up the workstring according to the steps and
pressures stated in the well programme.
2) Verify slip anchoring of the packer by alternately setting down and picking up 10,000-
15,000lbs weight.
3) Slack off to the neutral position and test the packer by pressuring the casing to
1,000psi. for 5min.
4) Since 1,000psi annular pressure releases the crossover tool from the packer, the
crossover tool may now be snapped out of the packer. Alternatively, the crossover
tool may be released from the packer by turning 15 rotations to the right at the packer
depth holding a slight upstrain.
5) Raise the crossover tool to the reverse circulating position. Apply the appropriate
workstring pressure to shear the ball seat in the crossover tool. Break circulation in the
reverse direction at 3bpm and record the pump pressure.
6) Pickle the workstring1
by circulating the pickling agent to the end of the workstring.
Reverse circulate 1 /2 workstring volumes of filtered completion fluid until returns are
clean.
7) Lower the crossover tool and set down 10,000lbs on the packer. This is the squeeze
position, mark the pipe at the rotary table level. Establish injection pressures at 3, 2, 1,
1
and /2bpm. Do not exceed the formation fracture pressure.
22) Raise the crossover tool to neutral weight plus an additional 2ft. This is the circulating
position,
1
mark the pipe at the rotary table level. Establish circulating pressures at 3, 2,
1, and /2bpm. Monitor the return rate with a flowmeter to determine the leak-off rate to
the zone. If full returns are observed, partially close the annular BOP to hold back-
pressure and induce leak-off. Do not exceed the formation fracture pressure.
23) Raise the crossover tool to the reverse circulating position. Infuse gravel pack sand
into completion fluid at the desired mix ratio and pump a circulating rate of 3bpm.1 A
pump rate of 3bpm must be maintained to achieve a fluid velocity of 500ft/min in 3 /2”
workstring.
24) When the sand is 5-10bbls above the packer, lower the crossover tool into the
circulating position. Continue displacing the gravel with filtered completion brine until
an initial pressure increase is observed due to gravel covering the screens. While
pumping, allow the pressure to build to 1,500-2,500psi. over the initial circulating
pressure at a1 given rate. Maintain this sandout pressure while slowing the pump rate
to 2, 1, and /2bpm. Allow the pressure to bleed off to the formation. Calculate the
gravel height above the screen top using the linear flow equation.
25) Do not re-stress the pack. Close the annular BOP and apply 500psi to the annulus.
Raise the crossover tool to the reversing position. Reverse out excess gravel plus two
workstring volumes. Divert the gravel returns to the slurry dehydration tank and
determine the volume of gravel reversed out. The volume of gravel placed can then
be calculated by subtracting the volume reversed out and the screen/open hole, blank
pipe/open hole and blank pipe/casing annular volumes from the total volume of gravel
pumped.
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1) To test the gravel pack, lower the crossover tool into the circulating position and
attempt to circulate at the same rate and pressure achieved earlier. If sandout
pressure cannot be achieved, mix and pump another batch of gravel. Reverse out
excess gravel. Repeat this step until final sandout occurs.
2) Pull out of the hole with the service toolstring.
3) Revert to the completion procedures in the completion programme.
Note: Use a Tubing Conveyed Perforating system with the highest possible shot
density (typically 12spf), with Gravel Pack or ‘Big Hole’ charges.
Note: This operation should be performed with the underbalance stated in the
well programme (normally 500-1,000psi depending on the formation
strength.
5) Verify the proper positioning of the perforating guns by tagging the sump packer and
space out the string at the correct depth.
6) Set the packer.
7) Rig up the control head and surface lines (if on a floater this will be done before step
6 above).
8) Detonate the perforating guns by appropriate procedure.
9) Flow the well to sufficiently remove all debris from the perforations.
10) Reverse circulate two workstring volumes with filtered completion fluid to stabilise the
well. Continue circulating and filtering until returns are clean.
11) Monitor the well to determine if it has stabilised. Record any fluid losses or gains. If
necessary to control fluid loss, spot a fluid loss control pill.
12) Unseat the packer and reciprocate the string to fully release the packer and repeat
one more complete circulation.
13) Pull out of the hole with the TCP assembly, monitoring for fluid losses.
14) If there is evidence of formation sand in the returns, pick up and run a scraper with a
tailpipe to enter and wash down to the sump packer.
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1) Pick up and assemble the gravel pack assembly in the rotary table as follows, from
bottom up, running at a slow speed to prevent damage to the packing element and to
prevent prematurely setting the packer.
• Snap Latch Seal Assembly
• Sand screens
• Blank pipe
2) Run flush joint washpipe inside, and to the bottom of, the screen through the blank
pipe. The assembly consisting of the following items is then picked up and made up
onto the screen assembly.
• Knock Out Isolation Valve
• Shear Out Safety Joint
• Crossover Sub
• Gravel Pack Extension with Sliding Sleeve
• Gravel Pack Packer.
3) The gravel pack service toolstring assembly is then made up to the previous
assembly:
• Shifting Tool
• Gravel Pack Crossover Tool
• Hydraulic Setting Tool.
Note: Apply thread compound sparingly to the pin ends of the connections only.
18) Run in hole slowly with the completion assembly (90sec per 90ft stand). Set down
into, and pick up gently out of, the slips.
19) Record the pick-up and slack-off weights when reaching the packer setting depth.
20) Record pick-up and slack-off weights one stand above the sump packer. Tag the
sump packer and set down sufficient weight to force the latch of the snap latch to
engage the packer. If desired, the latch may be snapped out of the packer with pull to
verify correct operation.
21) Once the assembly is positioned on depth, rig up the gravel infuser pumping
equipment, manifold and lines. Test to 5,000psi. Establish circulation, record
circulating pressure and drop the packer setting ball. Allow time for ball to gravitate to
the ball seat in the crossover tool, roughly 5min/1,000ft.
22) Set the packer by slowly pressuring up the workstring according to the steps and
pressures stated in the well programme.
23) Verify slip anchoring of the packer by alternately setting down and picking up 10,000-
15,000lbs weight.
24) Slack off to the neutral position and test the packer by pressuring the casing to
1,000psi for 5min.
25) Since 1,000psi annular pressure releases the crossover tool from the packer, the
crossover tool may now be snapped out of the packer. Alternatively, the crossover
tool may be released from the packer by turning 15 rotations to the right at the packer
depth with a slight upstrain.
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1) Raise the crossover tool to the reverse circulating position. Apply the appropriate
workstring pressure to shear the ball seat in the crossover tool. Break circulation in the
reverse direction at 3bpm and record the pump pressure.
2) Pickle the workstring1
by circulating the pickling agent to the end of the workstring.
Reverse circulate 1 /2 workstring volumes of filtered completion fluid until returns are
clean.
3) Lower the crossover tool and set down 10,000lbs on the packer. This is the squeeze
position, mark the pipe at the rotary table level. Establish injection pressures at 3, 2, 1,
1
and /2bpm. Do not exceed the formation fracture pressure.
29) Raise the crossover tool to neutral weight plus an additional 2ft. This is the circulating
position,
1
mark the pipe at the rotary table level. Establish circulating pressures at 3, 2,
1, and /2bpm. Monitor the return rates with a flowmeter to determine the leak-off rate
to the zone. If full returns are observed, partially close the annular BOP to hold back-
pressure and induce leak-off. Do not exceed the formation fracture pressure.
30) Raise the crossover tool to the reverse circulating position. Infuse gravel pack sand
into completion fluid at the desired mix ratio and at a circulating rate of 3bpm. A pump
1
rate of 3bpm must be maintained to achieve a fluid velocity of 500ft/min in 3 /2”
workstring.
31) When the sand is 5-10bbls above the packer, lower the crossover tool into the
circulating position. Continue displacing the gravel with filtered completion brine until
an initial pressure increase is observed due to gravel covering the screens. While
pumping, allow the pressure to build to 1,500-2,500psi over the initial circulating
pressure at a1 given rate. Maintain this sandout pressure while slowing the pump rate
to 2, 1, and /2bpm. Allow the pressure to bleed off to the formation. Calculate the
gravel height above the screen top using the linear flow equation.
32) Do not re-stress the pack. Close the annular BOP and apply 500psi to the annulus.
Raise the crossover tool to the reversing position. Reverse out excess gravel plus two
workstring volumes. Divert the gravel returns to the slurry dehydration tank and
determine the volume of gravel reversed out. The volume of gravel placed behind the
casing can then be calculated by subtracting the volume reversed out and the
screen/casing and blank pipe/casing annular volumes from the total volume of gravel
pumped.
33) To test the gravel pack, lower the crossover tool into circulating position and attempt
to circulate at the same rate and pressure achieved earlier. If sandout pressure
cannot be achieved, mix and pump another batch of gravel. Reverse out any excess
gravel. Repeat this step until final sandout occurs. Pull out of the hole with the service
toolstring.
34) Revert to the completion procedures in the completion programme.
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Service
Seal Unit
With X-Over
Open
Automatic
J-Latch
Shear Pins
Tying Seal
Unit to Packer
Production
Permanent- Seal Unit
Retrievable
Packer
Swivel
Saftey
Joint
Gravel Pack
Sand Screen
Service
Seal Unit
With X-Over
Open
Automatic
J-Latch
Shear Pins
Tying Seal
Unit to Packer
Production
Permanent- Seal Unit
Retrievable
Packer
Swivel
Saftey
Joint
Gravel Pack
Sand Screen
7. PACKER INSTALLATION
In some completion programmes, packers may be set on electric wireline, such as when
installing reference packers for gravel packs or using a packer as a plug. Normally it is
preferred to install a production packer on the completion tubing string in order to obtain
single trip installation saving unwarranted wireline trips and, hence, reduce cost. Refer to
the Completion Design Manual for various packer completion designs and installation
methods.
An advantage of setting a packer on wireline is it is quick and simple and accurate setting.
This ensures that the packer is not set across a casing coupling or can be used as a
reference for TCP gun depth correlation. A disadvantage, other than trip cost saving, is that
the packer is not pressure tested until the tubing string is installed.
Packers to be set in highly deviated wells may be installed on a workstring where wireline
would not reach. The packers set on a workstring can be set mechanically or hydraulically
by applying pressure to the workstring.
Selective completions may have a number of tubing retrievable type packers installed in a
single trip which are set in sequence.
Eni-Agip’s policies for the use of retrievable and permanent packers is fully outlined in the
Company’s Completion Design Manual.
Both tubing and wireline set packer installation procedures are described in this section.
Note: Do not tag the packer after setting as the adapter kit may become stuck in
the packer, resulting in a fishing job.
19) Pull the tool back to surface carefully, ensuring that all radio silence procedures are
followed.
20) When the toolstring is back at surface, inspect the adapter kit and setting tool to verify
the proper setting of the packer, handling carefully in case there has been a misfire.
21) Release any pressure from the setting tool and rig down.
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8. COMPLETION INSTALLATION
The procedures in this section describe the procedures for equipment pre-installation
checking and completion installation.
8.2.1. Transportation
Handling, transportation, and temporary storage of tubular goods will comply with Section 3
of API RP 5C1.
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Note: Where possible the pipe should be racked at a 20o incline to ensure
proper drainage of water, with the box end being raised to prevent
accumulation of water in the threads.
9) As each row is laid out the thread protectors will be removed and cleaned and the
threads cleaned and inspected by an approved thread inspector, i.e.:
• Clean the threads using a steam jet.
• Do not use oil based solvents and wire brushes.
• Dry the threads with compressed air.
• Apply a thin coating of Molycote to the clean threads.
10) If driftable open ended protectors are provided then they will be installed (after
cleaning as above), and the tubing drifted with the appropriate size drift.
11) If closed end protectors are provided then they will be installed after drifting the
tubing.
12) The tubing will be drifted from end to end using a nylock drift to API spec. The drift
dimensions will be as per (API RP 5A5):
7" 29 lbs/ft 6.059" (153.9 mm)
51/2 " 17 lbs/ft 4.767" (121.1 mm)
41/2" 12.6 lbs/ft 3.833" (97.3 mm).
13) The diameter of the drifts will be checked regularly during the drifting operation.
14) Extreme care should be taken at pin and box sealing areas.
15) If a joint is rejected for any reason, i.e. fails to drift, or if the threads are damaged, the
joint will identified with red paint. It will then be repackaged and sent back onshore. A
report detailing the reason for rejection will be sent to the Workover Superintendent in
the Company office.
16) The tubing will be measured from the end of the coupling to the pin threads by the
designated Company Representative and the entire length corrected for make up
loss. For shouldered connections measure the length from box end to the shoulder on
the pin.
17) Record the joint number as per stencilled description. The measurements will be
recorded on the tubing tally form.
18) Make up loss details should be sourced from manufacturer’s technical data sheets.
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Note: A thread compound described as API Modified does not necessarily have
a friction factor of 1.
1) Avoid contamination of the thread compound by water, rain, snow, etc. whilst it is
being applied.
2) Do not use thread compounds which have been contaminated by any kind of
extraneous matter. e.g. sand, dirt, water, solvent, drilling fluid, etc. It is recommended
to use a new can of compound and new brushes for application
3) Thread compound should be kept warm to ensure even distribution.
4) Thread compound should be applied with an automatic pipe dope applicator when
available. This is used on the box end, and will apply only a thin film of thread
compound, as recommended both for joint make-up, and to avoid extrusion of excess
pipe dope into the tubing.
5) If no pipe dope applicator is available, apply thread compound sparingly to the entire
pin end and to only the shoulder seal and first three threads of the box using a new,
clean, 1 ins fibre brush, ensuring that it fills the thread roots and covers the seal faces
and torque shoulder adequately.
Note: When using a brush, it is easy to over apply the joint with thread dope. By
applying thread compound to the pin end only the amount extruded into
the tubing as the connection is made up will be minimal, thus minimising
any build up on wireline tools, and contamination of the formation.
7) For VAM connections the minimum quantity of dope required is given by the following
relationship:
• Minimum weight (grams) = 10 x pipe OD (ins)
e.g. 51/2” pipe requires 55 grams or 2 ounces.
8) Store thread compounds in a clean, warm, dry environment away from direct sunlight.
Upturn the compound containers periodically while in storage to prevent solids
separating out.
9) A thread inspector must inspect all threads.
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5) Pick up lines to the single joint elevators will be arranged to allow the joint to be
stabbed to hang vertically over the hole, so that no undue pull will be exerted on one
side during make up.
6) The tubulars will be transferred to the catwalk with thread protectors installed. Nylon
slings wrapped around the joints will be used for lifting purposes.
Note: On no account will metal slings be used when handling chrome tubulars.
All new tubulars will be supplied with Econowrap LE.
7) Use single joint pick up elevators for handling tubulars onto the drill floor.
8) Tubing slips will be dressed with low stress dies.
9) Care will be taken when setting pipe in the slips to prevent shock loading and impact
damage.
10) After removing the thread protector the threads will be cleaned and inspected (if not
already done on the pipe deck).
Note: Do not use a wire brush for cleaning chrome thread forms.
11) Any joints with damaged threads will be laid out, and clearly identified (Refer to
section 8.2).
12) Apply API Modified thread compound with a friction factor of 1, using an automatic
pipe dope applicator (Refer to section 8.2.6)
13) A non-metallic (i.e. plastic) stabbing guide will be used to guide the pin correctly into
the box.
14) The joint will be lowered slowly into the stabbing guide to allow the man on the
stabbing board, and the man on the rig floor to guide the pin into the stabbing guide.
Throughout the stabbing operation the pipe should be kept as vertical as possible.
15) If the stabbing operation was unsuccessful both pin and box threads will be inspected
for damage. If the box was damaged consideration will be given to replacing it. If the
pin was damaged the joint will be laid out.
16) After successfully stabbing the pipe the first four or five turns of the make up will be
done by hand using a nylon strap wrench.
17) The last turns will be made using a torque turn unit with a graphical torque turn
analyser to confirm the correct make up value.
18) The make up speed should be between 3 to 10rpm. Final make up should be at 5
RPM.
19) The running speed will be limited to a maximum of 14 joints per hour.
Note: If LSA scale is present closed end protectors will be installed, and the
joints clearly identified as being LSA contaminated. The designated
responsible person will check all tubing joints for LSA scale
contamination, and will ensure that the correct action, documentation,
manifesting and notifications are adhered to for shipment of all LSA scale
contaminated tubulars.
11) The tubulars will be transferred from the rig floor using nylon slings wrapped around
the joints.
Note: On no account will metal slings be used, or hooks inserted into the pin
and box ends.
Note: If possible the crane will be used to lift the joints from the rig floor to the
transport boxes.
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12) Each joint will be clearly marked, and an 'as pulled' tally prepared by the Well
Operations Supervisor.
13) Before placing the tubulars in their transport frames they will be flushed with fresh
water.
14) Any joints with damaged threads will be clearly identified and laid out for back-loading
in a separate transport frame.
15) A detailed report will be prepared by the Well Operations Supervisor on the condition
of the recovered tubulars. This report shall contain details of thread damage,
corrosion, scale build up, position in well of damaged tubulars, etc., and will be
forwarded to the Completions and Workover Superintendent in the Company office.
1) Look through each sub-assembly to confirm that all test plugs have been removed.
Ensure that no items of debris remain inside the sub-assemblies, and that all
protective wrappings and coatings are fully removed before final assembly of the
completion string.
2) Inspect the packer rubber and seals on the tubing anchor for any signs of damage.
8.3.7. Flowline
Check with the Production Supervisor that the flowline is on site and that it is the correct
length (the amount of curvature applied to coflexip flowlines is critical) and that it is ready to
be connected to the Xmas Tree.
Also confirm that the tree choke valve is present on site.
19) Set down and slack off string weight, land and set the surface hanger as per the
manufacturer’s instructions. This operation may sometimes be carried out prior to
setting the packer.
20) Pressure test the annulus according to the programme, observe the pressure is stable
for 15min.
21) If the well has been perforated, set a wireline plug in the tubing string and the plug in
the tubing hanger profile.
An alternative procedure for testing the packer without having to remove the tailpipe plug, is
to utilise a ported slick joint in the landing string on which the pipe rams or annular can be
closed. The packer is then pressure tested by applying 500psi to the annulus. This saves
installation time.
If direct acting SSSVs (storm chokes) are being used, they will be calibrated and then
installed also according to the procedures in the Wireline Procedures Manual.
An option to steps 5 through 8 is to install a check valve on the SCSSV control line port and
open the valve locking in the pressure. this then allows tripping in the hole to space out
without the control line in the hole.
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At this stage the Xmas tree should be API pressure tested to the required pressure against
the hanger plug in the tubing hanger. This test should be carried out in two stages:
1) With the flow and kill wing valves closed and the choke open.
2) With the valve downstream of the choke and kill wing valve closed, and the flow wing
valve and choke open.
When all tests are complete, the hanger plug should be removed from the tubing hanger
and the tubing plug retrieved by wireline.
The results of all SCSSV tests will be forwarded to the Completion and Workover
Superintendent, and a copy retained in the onsite production well file.
As nearly all gas lift designs use Side Pocket Mandrels (SPM) for gas lift valve installation,
the procedures in this section are concentrated on this basis and ignores earlier less
effective methods (Refer to figure 9.a).
The gas lift method and applications are thoroughly described in the Completion design
Manual.
Tubing
Pressure
Latch
Packing
Casing
Pressure
Packing
Retrievable Mandrel
(pressure valve shown)
Record and monitor all production and gas injection data including pressures to enable
comparison of the well performance versus the design. If production is not as expected,
conduct a fault finding exercise.
The gas lift design can be optimised by making adjustments to the injection rates, pressures
or changing the operating valve settings (by changing out the existing valve). Complex
software programmes are available to optimise gas lift production.
9.3. TROUBLESHOOTING
Gas lift installations are designed to unload and operate with a minimum amount of manual
control. Constant observation of the well’s performance is necessary to maintain maximum
production. These observations include well tests, casing-tubing pressures, gas input
volumes, flowing pressure-temperature surveys, acoustical surveys, static bottomhole
pressures and producing characteristics.
Should an installation fail to function satisfactorily, it should be analysed carefully before
changing gas lift valves. Most problems can be determined while the well is still gas lifting
Many problems can be corrected or minimised at the surface by changing the surface
parameters. Should it be necessary to pull valves, the new installation should be based on
the analysis of the previous installations.
Well test data, flowing parameters are most commonly tools used for gas lift analysis. A
two pen pressure recorder should be used every time a well is unloaded.
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This section contains generic procedures for downhole pump installations, namely ESP,
Rod Pumps and Hydraulic Pumps.
10.1.1. Handling
The downhole components, motor, pump, protector, and intake are usually shipped in a
metal shipping box for protection. The shipping boxes are painted red on the end that
should be placed towards the wellhead when the equipment is delivered to the wellsite. The
shipping boxes should be lifted with a spreader chain or bridled with a sling at each end.
Severe equipment damage can result from dropping, dragging, or bouncing the boxes. The
shipping boxes should never be lifted by the centre of the box only.
The cable reel should be lifted by using an axle and a spreader bar. If a fork lift is used, the
forks should be long enough to support both reel rims when the reel is picked up from an
end. The ends of the cable should be covered or sealed to protect them from the elements.
Transformers and switchboards are provided with lifting hooks. To avoid damage, the
recommended practice is to lift with a spreader bar to maintain a vertical position. Variable-
speed drives are normally skid-mounted with fork lift slots and lifting eyes. Some VSD
models are manufactured with pull bars.
Additional information on ESP handling and installation procedures is available in ‘API
Recommended Practices for Electric Submersible Pump Installation’.
10.1.2. Installation
There are five phases to every ESP installation. These are:
• Well preparation
• Site layout
• Equipment preparation
• Assembly and installation
• Start up of the equipment.
4
3
2
4 1
4 3
3 2 4
2 1
3
1 2
1
Well Preparation
1) Prior to beginning installation of the ESP equipment, the well must be cleared of any
tubing, rods, packers, etc., that would prevent the downhole equipment from reaching
target depth.
2) The casing flange and wellhead should be examined for burrs and sharp edges. This
is very important in small-diameter casing because cable damage can be caused by
burrs and sharp edges catching cable bands.
3) A gauge ring should be run in (particularly in 4.5” casing) to below the setting depth of
the downhole equipment. If gauging indicates tight spots, a scraper or reamer run
should be conducted to remove the obstruction (scale, paraffin, burrs, or partially
collapsed casing). This will ensure adequate clearance for the ESP downhole
equipment as it is run into the well.
4) The BOP, if used, should be checked for adequate clearance as well as burrs and
sharp edges. Cut-out profiled rams are available for most tubing and cable sizes.
They should be installed in the BOP for well control in the event of a kick during
equipment installation.
Site Layout
1) The pulling rig should be centred over the well as close as possible. The guide
wheel/cable sheave should be secured safely to the rig mast no higher than 30 to 45ft
above the wellhead. The guide wheel should be at least 54” in diameter.
2) The cable reel or spooling truck should be positioned about 100ft from the wellhead in
direct line of sight of the rig operator or driller. One person should be responsible for
the cable operation. The responsibilities of this person are to ensure that there is
minimum tension on the cable (the cable should be run at the same speed as the
tubing), that the cable is kept clear of the power tongs during tubing makeup or break,
and that no one stands in front of the cable reel/spooler.
3) The cable junction box must be located at least 15ft from the wellhead. The
switchboard must be located a minimum of 50ft from the wellhead and 35ft min from
the junction box. The junction box normally is located 2 to 4ft above ground level to
ensure there is adequate air circulation and easy access. The junction box must never
be located inside a building.
Equipment Preparation
The ESP manufacturer’s field representative must thoroughly check all equipment before
installation.
During installation his responsibility is to supervise the pulling and/or running of the
downhole equipment. All equipment delivered to the wellsite is checked to determine that all
components necessary to complete the installation have arrived and are not damaged. The
ESP manufacturer’s field representative will perform the following checks and procedures.
1) Remove the shipping box covers and record all component serial numbers from name
plates
2) Check the casing, wellhead and pack-off materials.
3) Check the switchboard for proper fuses, potential transformer set-up, and current
transformer ratios.
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1) Check all couplings for shaft diameter and spline match. Check that the shaft is
centred correctly (as impact can cause misalignment).
2) Check the flat cable length, size, and pothead type.
3) Check power transformers for correct primary and secondary voltage rating
4) Confirm that the pump design setting depth and capacity match the well conditions
and the specification in the Completion Programme.
5) Check the power cable and flat cable with instruments and a high voltage megger.
10.1.4. Troubleshooting
This section outlines a recommendations to identify typical ESP problems and provide
solutions. The sole method that a failure can be analysed and its cause determined, is by
data collection. When problems occur, obtaining as much data as possible is essential.
Data Collection
Information that should be routinely compiled on each ESP installation includes:
• Production data (such as water, oil, and gas rates)
• Run life in days
• Number of unit start ups and stoppages
• Dynamic and static fluid levels
• Pump setting depth
• Perforation depths.
When an ESP well is first placed on production, data should be collected daily for the first
week, weekly for the first month, and a minimum of monthly after the first month. Production
data during the first month are very important because they will indicate whether the pump
is performing as designed. If a downhole pressure instrument is installed, operating BHP is
equally if not more important.
The major source of information when troubleshooting an ESP installation is the recording
ammeter. The recording ammeter is a circular strip-chart accessory mounted in the
switchboard that records the amperage drawn by the ESP motor. A number of changes in
operating conditions can be diagnosed by interpreting ammeter records. The following
addresses ammeter chart ‘reading’ and typical problem situations.
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Normal Operation
A normal chart is smooth, with amperage at, or near to the motor specification amperage
draw. Actual operation may be, either, slightly above or below the specification amperage,
however, as long as the curve is symmetric and consistent over a period of time, operation
is considered normal.
Normal Start-up
The start-up ‘spike’ is caused by the inrush surge as the pump comes up to operating
speed. The subsequent amperage draw is high but trending towards the normal level. This
is principally a result of the fluid level being drawn down to the design TDH, resulting in a
high but declining amperage draw. Using the modern variable speed units this problem has
been overcome.
Power Fluctuations
Operating ESP amperage will vary inversely with voltage. If system voltage fluctuates, the
ESP amperage will fluctuate inversely to maintain a constant load. The most common
cause of this type of fluctuation is a periodic heavy load on the primary power system. This
load usually occurs when starting up another ESP or other large electric motor.
Simultaneous start-up of several motors should be avoided to minimise the impact on the
primary power system.
Ammeter spikes also can occur during a thunderstorm that is accompanied by lightning
strikes.
Gas Locking
Gas locking occurs as fluid level drawdown approaches the pump intake and intake
pressure is lower than the bubble-point. There are three possible remedies for gas locking:
• Install a gas intake and/or a motor shroud
• Lower the setting depth of the pump (but not lower than the perforation unless
the motor is shrouded)
• Reduce the production rate of the pump by using a surface choke (but ensure
that the production rate remains within the recommended range for that pump).
It is entirely feasible that none of these solutions is satisfactory, then the pump should be
replaced with a pump that does not draw down the fluid level or reduce intake pressure
below the bubble-point.
Another possible solution is to add a variable speed drive (VSD) to the existing system. The
VSD controls the speed of the pump, which in turn controls the pump capacity. Thus the
pump output can be fine-tuned to protect against pump-off and gas lock while contributing
to improved pump life.
If the problem is confirmed to be due to reservoir conditions, then a stimulation operation
may be considered to reinstate the original PI and therefore allow operation of the current
ESP design.
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Fluid Pump-Off
Fluid pump-off occurs typically when an ESP is too large in relation to the inflow capacity of
the well. The remedial actions are much the same as those listed for a gas lock and, in
addition, a well simulation treatment may increase the well’s productivity closer to a match
with the pump.
In general, cycling an ESP will have an adverse effect on optimal run life. As a temporary
measure, the amount of time delay before automatic restart can be increased if the
switchboard is equipped with a Redalert Motor Controller. This may allow the fluid volume to
build up to prevent a high frequency of shutdown occurrence. Nevertheless, the pump and
well are not compatible and the pump size should be checked on the next change-out or the
well worked over to improve productivity.
Overload Shutdown
A pump will automatically shut down when it reaches an overload condition. When an
overload condition shutdown does occur the unit must not be restarted until the cause of
the overload has been identified and corrected. Some motor controller overload-detection
circuits contain a built-in time delay, ranging from 1 to 5 secs at 500% of the set point to 2 to
30 secs at 200% of the set point. However, they will not automatically restart the unit on an
overload condition. A restart attempt in an overload condition can destroy the downhole
equipment if the cause of the overload is not identified and corrected first.
The most common causes of overload conditions are:
• Fluid pump-off
• Increased fluid specific gravity
• Sand production
• Emulsion formation
• Scale
• Electric power supply problems
• Worn equipment
• Lightning damage
Many of the problems outlined above have been reduced due to the use of VSD.
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Tubing
Sucker Rods
Working Barrel
Plunger
Travelling Valve
Working
Barrel
(Heavy Wall)
Standing Valve
Shoe
The design and installation procedures for subsea wells is significantly different from land
and platform wells. Although the downhole completion equipment is generally the same, the
subsea wellhead and subsea Xmas tree systems are totally different and are also
manufacturer specific.
Similarly, well interventions methods from floating vessels are much more complex requiring
specialised well intervention or workover systems.
In today’s technology, there are two main types of subsea Xmas tree and intervention
systems termed ‘Conventional’ and ‘Horizontal’.
The conventional subsea completion system utilises a Xmas tree with valving configurations
similar to dual surface Xmas trees, to which a dedicated well intervention riser, run from the
vessel, can be attached. After latching to the subsea Xmas tree and testing the integrity of
the system, well servicing operations such as wireline and coiled tubing can be safely
conducted through the riser into the wellbore. This riser system is also utilised for the
installation and retrieval of the subsea tree.
This design, however, has some drawbacks in that the dedicated riser systems are
extremely costly to purchase and maintain, especially for fields with only a few wells over
which to share the costs. Nowadays, some standardisation has been adopted between
manufacturers and riser systems which are adaptable to various manufacturers subsea
trees are offered on a rental basis, however their availability at critical times may not always
be guaranteed. Further to this, in order to re-complete or workover a well, the conventional
system requires the subsea tree to be recovered and a marine riser system deployed to be
able to pull the completion string.
A less costly alternative to the conventional subsea tree system, is the ‘Horizontal’
(sometimes refereed to as ‘Spool’) system. This only requires the use a conventional drilling
marine BOP riser system for re-completion or workover. Tie-back strings and tooling back to
surface are deployed through the riser to enable access to the tubing bores. The horizontal
system design uses a casing head spool through which casing and the completion string
can be installed (with the tree production valves equivalent to two master valves on the
horizontal flowline bore). This enables re-completion or workover operations to be
conducted without having to pull the subsea tree and without having to purchase a
dedicated riser system. The drawback of these systems is the complexity of the re-entry
tools used inside the marine riser for wellbore re-entry (dual subsea tree, tubing running
tool, etc.).
An alternative guidewire running tool for use in deep water, combines a camera and guide
frame deployed on drillpipe which is steered by fluid jets. Pumping down the drillpipe steers
the tool via the jetting nozzles, and the camera allows the observation of the positioning and
orientation of the collet connector above the guide post. One draw back of this tool is the
ability to run only one guideline connector at a time.
The tool should be checked to ensure that it has not been damaged and is intact.
• Check that the connectors fit the tool.
• Check the nozzles operate correctly.
• Attach the camera umbilical and ensure the camera is operational.
3) When preparation of the tubing hanger is complete, leave the tubing hanger in the
tubing hanger stand or remove the hanger from the stand and lay back down in its
shipping box. Protect the tubing hanger from mechanical and weather damage.
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Some systems have the THRT and THOJ as separate tools, whilst other systems have a
single run/set and orientation tool.
For setting up of the orientation of the THRT/THOJ refer to the Manufacturer’s Operations
Manual.
Pre-deployment testing may be performed, either on the rig deck or drill floor, and involves
stack-up of the THRT on the tubing hanger and utilises the test stands. Tests, according to
the manufacturer’s operating procedures manual, will be required to verify the integrity of
the system. These will cover the following aspects:
• Cleanliness of the hydraulic systems meets with the specification, especially the
sub-surface safety valve line, usually to NAS 1638 class 6 or better.
• Operation of all of the THRT functions.
• Pressure integrity and operation of all hydraulic lines from the panel to the
tubing hanger.
The following tests are required to test the integrity of the system. Afterwards the THRT and
tubing hanger assembly will remain as one unit stored on the rig floor, connected to the
utility umbilical, if possible. A second or back-up system must be available for testing. The
testing procedure can be modified as long as the overall testing requirements are satisfied:
1) Check the tubing hanger in its shipping box (Refer to previous section).
2) Install the tubing hanger in the tubing hanger stand over a suitable hole in the deck.
3) Position the THRT tool stand.
4) Install the THRT in its stand and test.
5) Interface test and flush the THRT with the tubing hanger in the stand.
6) Check and position the tubing hanger body seal.
7) Check the THOJ and flush through the tool.
8) Move the THRT and stand up to the rig floor.
9) Move the THOJ to the rig floor with the handling tool and make up to THRT.
10) Return the complete assembly to the deck and test.
11) Before running the tubing, return the complete tool to the rig floor.
12) Run through the rotary and make up to enough joints of tubing or 5” DP to stand the
assembly back in the derrick.
13) Hook up the utility umbilical.
14) Stand back in the derrick.
15) Test the function lines.
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These activities are described in more detail in the following sections. Refer to the specific
manufacturer’s Operation and Maintenance Manual for additional instructions.
It should be noted that pressure tests conducted through flexible hoses will be subject to
some pressure decay caused by umbilical expansion. For this reason, an acceptable
pressure decay should be established during chart recorded tests.
All site received inspections and ECR punch list items relating to this equipment must have
been satisfactorily addressed before proceeding.
THRT Preparation
1) Locate the THRT stand adjacent to the tubing hanger stand on the rig deck and within
hot-line range of the control panel.
2) Perform THRT preparation according to the Manufacturer’s Operating Manual.
3) Perform LATCH/UNLATCH and LOCK/UNLOCK tests.
4) Check the orientation key function and that the correct key is selected to ensure
correct orientation of the hanger.
5) Install the running tool back onto the stand.
THOJ Preparation
1) Check end connections and seals when horizontally located on the deck. Check that
there is no evidence of orientation sleeve and slot damage. Check the orientation
sleeve securement pins and field welds for damage or distortion. Check the downhole
pressure transducer connectors.
2) Fit the flushing tool to the bottom end of the joint, hook up the utility or test umbilical to
the top and circulate/flush as necessary to achieve the required hydraulic cleanliness.
3) Disconnect the utility or test umbilical and cover/protect any quick couplers.
4) Fit the handling tool to the top end of the joint.
WARNING: Do not bend the umbilical beyond it’s minimum specified bend radius.
WARNING: Do not bend the umbilical beyond it’s minimum specified bend radius.
7) Ensure the umbilical clamps are a tight fit. Ensure that the installed clamp dimensions
are within the BOP diameter.
8) Umbilical tails must be plaited as necessary to take up any excess length and to
provide protection.
9) Protect hoses as much as possible by tying back to the riser pipes.
10) Fit a hose protector if provided.
11) While handling the sheave and paying out the umbilical, stand the assembly back in
the derrick and secure to protect from unnecessary damage.
12) When stood back, the final pressure and function tests of the lines from the panel to
running tool can be performed in order to save time later.
13) The THOJ/THRT assembly is now ready for use.
Note: Some subsea tree designs have extension subs that can be shimmed
and/or slide within seal pockets to adjust for any incorrect stack up
heights of the casing hanger or tubing hanger assemblies. Typically this
adjustment is limited to a maximum of 1 to 2ins.
Mechanical probes, sleeves, lead impression blocks are all used in various tool designs with
some being diver assist.
• The tool’s probes or shear sleeves must be set and pinned according the
Manufacturer’s Operating Manual.
• Care should be exercised so as not to accidentally clash with other equipment
and inadvertently move the probes or sleeves thus giving a false
indication/impression.
• If diver assist, the diver must be fully versed in the tool operation.
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Preparation of this equipment, up to the end of the main and utility umbilicals, is addressed
in the following sections.
After each of the above items is loaded onto the rig, a Site Received Test should have been
performed. Thereafter, the equipment will be stacked, function and pressure tested on deck
to verify equipment performance prior to running.
Assuming that all the necessary equipment is available, SRTs are complete and ECR
Punch Lists are acceptable, pre-deployment testing should commence as defined below.
Pre-test activities should be performed on deck and conducted according to a plan provided
in the well programme.
1) Place the XT on the XT test base and the tree cap on the LRP test base ensuring that
the connectors are fully unlocked prior to interface and correctly locked following
interface. Connector indicator pins should be observed to be correctly positioned.
2) Flush the control lines to the specified cleanliness standard.
XT
XT + XT = XT
BASE BASE
TCRT
TCRT CAP
CAP + LRP BASE = LRP BASE
3) Test the XT/XT base interface, i.e. AX/VX gasket, production, annulus and flowline
bores.
4) Integrate the XT and tree cap ensuring that the connectors are fully unlocked prior to
interface and correctly locked following interface. Connector indicator pins should be
observed to be correctly positioned.
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11) If the LRP and TRT control fluids are acceptably clean, stack p as shown and test the
interface ensuring that the connectors are fully unlocked prior to interface and
correctly locked following interface. Connector indicator pins should be observed to be
correctly positioned.
LRP + LRP + TRT = TRT
BASE LRP
LRP
BASE
12) Flush all lines. Hook up to Workover Control System (WOCS) and perform:
• Pressure test of bores and AX/VX cavities
• Pressure test of control lines at TRT/LRP interface
• Hydro-test both sides of LRP valves.
13) Integrate the LRP on the XT assembly ensuring that the connectors are fully unlocked
prior to interface and correctly locked following interface. Connector indicator pins
should be observed to be correctly positioned.
TCRT TRT
CAP SCM LRP SCM
- TCRT + TRT =
XT CAP LRP XT
XT BASE XT BASE
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Note: This step may be omitted if the tree is known to be clean through previous
flushing. Hydraulic cleanliness must be verified by sampling 3 lines at
random within each assembly. All three samples must all meet hydraulic
cleanliness criteria.
The combined XT and cap will be flushed together later. This activity
should be conducted with the assistance of a tree schematic which will
show all the lines on the tree.
5) Hotline open the ASV and AMV and drift the tree production bore valves. Close the
valves after drifting. Valve indicator pins where fitted should be observed for correct
action and travel.
6) Pressure test the XT/test stump interfaces through the test skid lines.
7) If required, hook up the DHPTT simulator to the electrical lines emerging from the
base of the tubing hanger simulator and check.
8) Fill the tree and test stump with water to aid later testing when the cap is installed on
the tree by using hotlines to open all necessary valves. Valve indicator pins where
fitted should be observed for correct action and travel.
9) Bleed air from test stump connections as necessary.
10) Prepare the tree cap on the maintenance stand for interface with the LRP/Tree cap
test and flushing skid.
Note: Tree cap flushing may be omitted if the cap is known to be clean from
previous flushing. Hydraulic cleanliness must be verified by sampling any
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3 lines at random. All three samples must meet with hydraulic cleanliness
criteria.
11) Place the cap on the cap test and flush stand and pressure test the production and
annulus bores ensuring that the connectors are fully unlocked prior to interface and
correctly locked following interface. Connector indicator pins should be observed to be
correctly positioned.
12) Prepare the cap for TCRT interface according to the Manufacturer’s Operating
Manual.
13) Prepare the TCRT according to the Manufacturer’s Manual.
14) Install the test sub into the top of the TCRT and torque up tight on the drill floor.
15) Install a 15ft pup joint above the sub.
16) Use hotlines or the TCRT umbilical to function and pressure test the tool.
Integrate Tree/Tree Cap with Surface Control Module (SCM) and Test Stump
1) Ensure the SCM has been fully inspected and tested upon the SCM test and flushing
skid according to the relevant procedures.
2) Pick up the SCM, check all the connections, and without the use of the SCM running
tool, land on the XT mobile mounting base (MMB) ensuring that the connectors are
fully unlocked prior to interface and correctly locked following interface. Connector
indicator pins should be observed to be correctly positioned. This is a very critical
activity and extreme care must be taken to avoid damage.
3) Lock the SCM to the MMB by setting weight on the locking bar.
Note: The seals and gaskets will be rechecked later before stacking the
LRP/TRT onto the tree.
7) Pick up the LRP using slings or the tree handling tool and land over the LRP/Tree cap
test skid. Use hotlines to lock the LRP to the skid ensuring that the connectors are
fully unlocked prior to interface and correctly locked following interface. Connector
indicator pins should be observed to be correctly positioned.
8) Perform a brief pressure gauge test of the LRP/Test skid hub interface to obtain
confidence in the interface sealing.
9) Flush the control lines through the skid until the required cleanliness is achieved.
10) When hydraulic line cleanliness is satisfactory, remove the tree handling tool.
11) Ensure that the WOCS is fully flushed and tested, then connect the main umbilical to
the TRT.
WARNING: Do not bend the umbilical beyond it’s minimum bend radius.
12) Pick up the TRT and carefully set over the LRP ensuring that the connectors are fully
unlocked prior to interface and correctly locked following interface. Connector
indicator pins should be observed to be correctly positioned.
13) Test the LRP and TRT connector control lines.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 115 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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The LRP/TRT/WOCS system is now tested as a unit and is ready to be integrated with the
tree, (Refer to Section 8 for details on WOCS).
Note: Throughout all tests check that return flows generally match and that
there is no visible return line leakage. Because of line expansion and
effects from adjacent lines in the umbilical, inconsistent supply and return
flows can occasionally be experienced.
1) If necessary to check the ram sealing ability on the THOJ, close the rams, install the
safety valves on the landing strings and test down the kill line to the appropriate
pressure, usually 1,500psi. Painting the THOJ white will give confirmation that the tool
has been correctly positioned within the stack.
2) Bleed off the test pressure, open the rams and pull the landing string, strap the pipe if
necessary.
3) Observe the paint on the THOJ and for signs on the dummy hanger that it was
properly positioned.
4) Close the blind rams and disconnect the dummy hanger. Pick up the allocated TH and
pack off into the rotary table and attach the THRT/THOJ to the hanger.
5) Check that the TH seals have not been damaged and install the protection cap. Stand
the complete assembly back in the derrick.
6) Rig down the dual elevators and rig up the single completion handling equipment.
7) Ensure the completion sub-assemblies have been laid out in correct running order
and appropriately numbered.
8) Refer to completion installation procedures in section 8.
9) Run the string to the hanger installation point and, according to the completion design
and procedures in the well programme, conduct the spacing out operations or install
the hanger/THRT assembly. Terminate and connect up the control line and electrical
cable.
10) Pressure test the SCSSSV control line on the control panel. Check electrical
continuity.
11) Conduct the final tubing pressure test and any other necessary tests according to the
Operating Manual.
12) Run the completion string to depth on the hanger landing strings, locking pressure in
all the correct functions.
13) When 10ft above the hang off point, activate the orientation mechanism and lower the
hanger until soft landing into the wellhead.
14) Check the depth marks on the landing string confirming proper depth location. Check
with chain tongs that the orientation slot is engaged. Repeat the procedure only if
absolutely necessary as damage to the control line or cable may be caused by cycling
in and out of the hole.
15) Ensuring all the completion string weight has been hung off, proceed with the hanger
setting and testing procedures as per the manufacturer’s Operating Procedures
Manual which will test:
• Production string
• Annulus string
• Above the hanger
• Below the hanger
• All control or injection lines
• DHPTT cable.
16) Rig up wireline and plug the well for BOP removal according to the well programme.
17) Unlatch the running tool from the hanger and retrieve the landing string to surface.
18) If applicable, run the TH orientation or verification tool.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 120 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
STAP -P-1-M-7120 0
After each of the items are received onboard, a Site Received Test should first be
performed. It is then to be tested to confirm operation before use.
The pre-deployment test procedures for both systems is detailed in the following sections.
Antenna
'A'
ESD
Radio Antenna
ENI S.p.A.
Link 'B'
Agip Division
SXT ESD
Panel
ARPO
Battery
Elecrtical Supply Safe Area
HPP LCP
RCP
Air Supply
Control
SXT
Lines
Control Control
Lines Lines
STAP -P-1-M-7120
IDENTIFICATION CODE
SCM
PAGE
THOJ TCRT
LRP RT
XT XT THRT
REVISION
121 OF 192
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 122 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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All tests will be in accordance to the manufacturer’s Operating and Maintenance Manual
and should meet the guidelines below.
Note: During the following tasks the subsea ESD accumulator should re-charge
after each ESD test, but allow 5min between tests to provide sufficient
time for re-charging.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 123 OF 192
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Record that the operating time until the last valve closes is according to the time
specified in the manual and within tolerance.
b) Verify that the next set of valves close:
• PWV
• AWV
• XOV
• PSV
• ASV
• Methanol Injection Valve
• Scale inhibitor Injection Valve.
Record that the operating time until the last valve closes is according to the time
specified in the manual and within tolerance.
c) Verify that the next set of valves close:
• PUMV
• AMV
Record that the operating time until the last valve closes is according to the time
specified in the manual and within tolerance.
e) Verify that the SCSSV1 line depressurises at the correct time after the workover
ESD button was pressed on the LCP.
f) Unlock the workover ESD push-button at the LCP.
g) Operate the workover ESD, reset push-button on the LCP after the ESD
sequence is completed.
h) Verify that the workover ESD lamps at the LCP, RCP, and RESDP switch off.
3) Enable the RCP at the LCP and re-open all the actuated valves as per step 1 above
at the RCP. Verify at the LCP gauges, SCSSV1 test base gauge and by visual
inspection. Also check that the ESD supply is fully charged.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 124 OF 192
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5) Disable the RCP at the LCP. Re-open all the actuated valves as per step 1 overleaf at
the LCP. Verify at the LCP gauges, SCSSV1 test base gauge and by visual
inspection. Also check that the ESD supply is fully charged.
6) Depress the workover ESD push-button at the remote ESD panel.
a) Valve closure should be identical to that monitored in step 2 overleaf.
b) Unlock the workover ESD push-button at the remote ESD panel.
c) Operate the workover ESD reset push-button on the LCP, after the ESD
sequence is completed.
d) Verify that the workover ESD lamps at the LCP, RCP, and RESDP switch off.
Check Sensors
1) Configure the PESU as a surface unit with the supplier’s protocol. Send a BREAK
STATE REQUEST COMMAND to SEM A. Verify that all valves and indicators are
shown as ‘OK’.
2) Send an ANALOGUE DATA REQUEST COMMAND to SEM A. Verify that all
transmitters are indicated as ‘(tick)’.
3) Verify that readings for Annulus Pressure and Production Pressure are correct.
Ensure that the bores are vented at the block elbows by opening the wing valves,
hence ensuring pressure is not locked in.
Injection Pressure
Ambient pressure = __________ barg
PESU reading = __________ mA
350
Converted PESU reading = x (PESU reading diff. from 4.00)
16
= __________ barg
(Acceptance criterion is +/- 2.2 bar)
Annulus Pressure
Ambient pressure = __________ barg
PESU reading = __________ mA
350
Converted PESU reading = x (PESU reading diff. from 4.00)
16
= __________ barg
(Acceptance criterion is +/- 2.2 bar)
Take the opportunity to check the tree valve position indicators during these tests.
1) Check the displayed readings of LP supply and return volumes by sending an
ANALOG DATA REQUEST COMMAND. If the readings are not zero, transmit
commands to RESET the readings. Record that the readings have been reset in the
table.
2) Transmit a VALVE COMMAND to open the Production Tree valve specified in the
table.
3) Send a FUNCTION/STATUS REQUEST COMMAND to SEM A and check that the
tree gate valve is indicated in the OPEN position.
4) Obtain the displayed readings of LP supply and return volumes by sending an
ANALOG DATA REQUEST COMMAND and record readings in the table.
5) Check on the XT that the valve actuator has moved to the energised position. In the
case of the simulated SCSSV1 valve, check on the gauge on the hook-up line coming
from the tree test stump that the line has been energised.
6) Transmit RESET FLOW COUNTER COMMANDS to reset the LP supply and return
volumes.
7) Transmit a VALVE COMMAND to close the production tree valve.
8) Send a FUNCTION/STATUS REQUEST COMMAND to SEM A and check that the
tree gate valve is now indicated in the CLOSED position.
9) Obtain the displayed readings of LP supply and return volumes by sending an
ANALOG DATA REQUEST COMMAND and record readings in the table 11.a.
10) Check on the XT that the valve actuator has moved to the de-energised position. In
the case of the simulated SCSSV1 valve, check the needle valve/gauge on the tree
test base.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 127 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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5) Confirm that the valves on the tree follow the same sequence. Send an FSR to verify.
5) Confirm that the valves on the tree follow the same sequence. Send an FSR to verify.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 131 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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3) Verify SCM valve functions using SEM A. As the LRP is installed to the top of the tree,
the tree valves will not function when operated through the SCM and PESU, however,
valve supply lines will be pressurised up to the tree receiver plate and the SCM will
give a 'pressurised' status for that line.
Check valve functions in the following order:
• IUMV
• SCSSV1
• IWV
• AMV
• AWV
• XOV.
Record the results in table 11.e.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 132 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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Test No. 2 IUMV From Above, ISV & XOV From Below
Open valves: IWV, ILMV
Monitor at: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Pressurise from: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Hold and continue with Test 2A
Test No. 2a ILMV From Above
Open valves: As Test No. 2, then open IUMV, close ILMV
Monitor at: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Pressurise from: (Line according to the Operating Manual)
Test No. 3 IWV, AWV and XOV From Above
Open valves: AWV, IUMV, ILMV
Monitor at: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Pressurise from: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Test No. 4 IUMV and AMV From Below
Open valves: AWV, XOV, ILMV
Monitor at: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Pressurise from: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Test No. 5 IWV, ASV and AWV From Below
Open valves: IUMV, ILMV, AMV
Monitor at: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Pressurise from: (Lines according to the Operating Manual)
Note: The readings will not be representative as the tree cap is not fitted.
Return Flowmeter
Reading
Return Flowmeter
Reading
Return Flowmeter
Reading
Return Flowmeter
Reading
Following the successful completing of a well, it will normally have been left with the
completion fluid left in both the tubing and annulus. To enable the well to produce under
natural flow conditions (i.e. non artificial lift) the overbalance pressure exerted by the
completion fluid must be removed, sometimes referred to as ‘unloading’. The well may be
brought onstream direct into the production facility but is often tested with a well test
package to be cleaned up prior to placing it on production (this is normal practice for subsea
completions where the production of the well straight into the subsea flowline system
without cleaning up may plug and perhaps damage the facilities).
If losses have occurred during the drilling and completion phases, the hydrostatic pressure
in the tubing needs to be reduced to such an extent that the replenishing losses flowing
back into the wellbore does not kill the well again. It is normal practice to circulate an
underbalanced fluid into the tubing using a circulating device or coiled tubing service, which
will provide sufficient underbalance to enable the well to flow under the conditions stated.
The fluid used is usually selected to provide as large drawdown as possible at low cost.
Under some circumstances, an underbalance can be achieved by simply bullheading a
lighter fluid into the tubing relying on produced gas to maintain the underbalance during
flowback. This is a cost effective method if bullheading is acceptable for a particular
formation.
The fluids normally used may be water, base oil, diesel or nitrogen. Nitrogen can be
circulated by deploying the coiled tubing and continuously gas lifting the well until natural
flow is established. It may also be installed like the other fluids by pumping it into the tubing
taking returns through a circulating device and out of the annulus. The depth to which the
underbalance fluid is circulated depends upon the drawdown which can be achieved.
Continuous gas lifting a well is preferred if there has been large losses otherwise the
circulation process may have to be repeated more than once causing higher costs, this
needs to be evaluated.
The procedures for circulation are given in this section. The procedures for nitrogen lifting
are given in section 14 and coiled tubing procedures in section 13.
1) Pressure test the wireline lubricator to a minimum of 1,000psi above the maximum
anticipated wellhead pressure or to WP.
2) Install the circulating device opening or shifting tool. If using a SPM, install the SPM
dummy valve pulling tool.
3) Run in the hole and open the circulating device. There should be no differential
pressure across the device as there is completion fluid on both sides.
4) Confirm the circulation path is open by pumping up on the tubing and observing
pressure on the annulus.
5) Pull out of the hole. With some particular SSDs, it is sometimes possible to run two
tools in one run to open and close the sleeve in one trip (parking it below the SSD
during circulation).
6) If a SPM is being used, run and install a circulating valve in the pocket and pull out of
the hole.
7) With the return system from the annulus open, begin to pump the underbalance into
the tubing monitoring the volume pumped and the volume of returns from the annulus.
8) Continue pumping until the calculated amount of fluid has been pumped. Check that
the surface ‘U’ tube pressure is correct for the volume of underbalance fluid pumped
according to calculation and hold this pressure on the pump.
9) Run in the hole and close the circulating device. In the case of a SPM, reinstall the
dummy valve. Confirm closure by pressuring up on the annulus and observing no
pressure on the tubing or any significant volume is pumped.
10) Pull out of the hole.
11) Rig up, run in the hole and pull the packer tailpipe plug or standing valve, if used.
12) Rig down wireline and the pump lines.
13) Ensure the production flowline is lined up to flow to the production facilities and that
the production operators are informed that the well will produce back through their
facilities.
14) Open the production wing valve.
15) Gradually open the production choke to flow the well.
16) Monitor the wellhead pressure, slowly opening the choke as it is assured that the well
is successfully unloading.
17) Continue until the well has stable flowing conditions at a reasonably high rate
(reservoir engineering will provide the flowing parameters).
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 141 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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13.1. PREPARATION
Coiled tubing (C/T) operations will not be allowed to commence without an approved work
programme.
The Completions and Workover Superintendent will confirm that the well to be worked on is
available and accessible. Should the rig be required, then he will confirm its availability and
the manning requirements.
A pre-job meeting should be held well in advance of the actual operation. The purpose of
this meeting is to:
• Discuss the programme of operations.
• Establish channels of communication and define responsibilities.
• To discuss any special requirements or circumstances that may arise e.g.
procedures in the case of emergency, adverse weather conditions, ID of string
components versus tool OD, escape of hazardous treatment fluids, etc.
• Additional topics will be discussed as required and may include working in
confined spaces, working with pressurised equipment, handling of heavy
equipment, etc.
Make sure a completion diagram of the well is available. This should include the location of
casing, tubing shoe, packers, perforations, etc., as well as KOP and maximum angle of
deviation. A brief written outline of previous relevant well operations should be given to the
coiled tubing supervisor.
The Completions and Workover Superintendent will ensure that all relevant equipment and
materials for the job are on site in a timely manner.
• Before rigging up coiled tubing, a safety meeting will be held with all relevant
personnel. The topics to be covered will include, but are not be limited to:
a) Working with pressurised equipment
b) Handling of heavy equipment
c) Use of hazardous chemicals
d) Safe working areas
e) Emergency procedures
f) Protective clothing
g) etc.
• Communication with the operator in the C/T control cabin, the drill floor/skid
deck and the control room will be maintained throughout the operation.
• All personnel should be aware of the Emergency Procedures for C/T operations.
13.2.1. Tubing
The coiled tubing should be treated like a pressure vessel. While operating or pressure
testing it will contain several cubic meters of gas, fluid, or energised fluid. Unlike a pressure
vessel however, it undergoes considerable stress during running and also suffers from both
internal and external corrosion. Therefore, ensure that the reel carries a full and up-to-date
operational history, which should include the following information:
• The cycle history of the whole reel length (one cycle being a run in followed by
the run out).
• The treatment history, i.e. what fluids have passed through the reel.
• The well conditions. What fluids and gases were in the well being treated, e.g.
H2S, Acid.
• The condition of welds or joins in the reel, i.e. are they original, are X-rays
available of the welds, etc.
• The records showing when was the last non-destructive test of the full reel
length.
1) After de-pressuring the Xmas tree and riser but before the BOP is broken out, the
swab valve must be closed. This is to prevent any possible hazardous condition
arising due to the inadvertent opening of a wing valve, or flow from a leaking master
valve.
Note: All permits will be issued in accordance with the Permit to Work System.
Note: Permits may not be valid for 12 hours on crew change days.
Note: The C/T unit will be function tested on the deck prior to it being made up
in the well.
Note: It is Company policy to run a remote hydraulic control shear seal BOP at
the bottom of the riser immediately above the tree.
1) When picking up the injector head, use tugger lines to keep the assembly vertical.
Tugger lines must not be attached to the injector body, as this will interfere with the
weight indicator readings.
2) Fill the reel with water. The reel should be flushed with water and pigged with a no-go
prior to running packers and other sensitive tools to gauge reel volume, ensure that
there are no restrictions to the ID of the coil and to purge any debris form the tubing.
Make-up and fit the end connector and test sub. Test reel to full test pressure and
perform pull test before stabbing on to BOP.
3) Attach the C/T BHA, and stab the injector onto the BOP.
4) The assembly will be pressure tested with the BHA across the BOP.
Injector Head
Hydraulic Hose
Stripper/Stuffing
Box
Quad BOP's
STAP -P-1-M-7120
Lubricator/Riser
IDENTIFICATION CODE
REVISION
147 OF 192
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 148 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
STAP -P-1-M-7120 0
Safety
A safety meeting will be held with all relevant personnel prior to any job. The meeting will
address the hazards inherent with handling liquid nitrogen (Refer to section 14.7). The
meeting will also address the actions to be taken in the event of an emergency.
Procedures
1) Rig up and test the coiled tubing (Refer to section 13.4)
2) The nitrogen tanks, converter and pumping unit should be positioned close to the
tubing reel in order to minimise the length of pressurised lines.
3) Reduce the test separator pressure according to the coiled tubing contractors
procedures, and line up the well to the test separator.
4) Allow any gas cap on the well to vent off through the test separator.
5) Confirm that the tree and SCSSV controls have been isolated from the main control
system.
6) Equalise pressure across the swab valve then open.
7) Run in the well carefully, stopping to establish nitrogen injection at a low rate,
increasing the rate slowly as the coiled tubing is further run in.
• If the well begins to slug nitrogen, reduce the injection rate
• Shut down the nitrogen unit at the first indication of any rapid build up in
wellhead pressure.
8) Once the tubing has reached the predetermined depth, stop running in and continue
pumping nitrogen until nearly all the nitrogen is pumped, or the well is flowing strongly.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 151 OF 192
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Note: Pull the tubing out of the well before the nitrogen supply is completely
exhausted. This is to ensure that the pressure differential across the
tubing wall does not exceed 1,000psi.
1) Rig down and hand the well over to the Production Department.
2) The following data will be recorded throughout the nitrogen lift operation:
• Wellhead flowing pressure
• Nitrogen injection pressure
• Nitrogen injection rate
• Wellhead flowing temperature
• Separator level
• Separator pressure
• Separator temperature.
3) Fluid samples will be taken from the flow line sample point by the Well Operations
Supervisor.
Scale removal can be achieved by circulating acid across the area requiring treatment.
Note: Much of the acid may remain unspent and that this may have an effect on
surface flowlines and production equipment. Specific formulations may be
recommended by the contractor to remove sulphate scale, and scale
containing hydrocarbons.
Matrix acidisation of the formation can take the form of a small acid wash injected from the
coiled tubing directly to the zone requiring treatment, or for larger treatments, with the coiled
tubing being used to circulate the acid to fill the tubing prior to direct high rate injection from
surface. If leaving the coiled tubing in the well ensure that it is sufficiently inhibited and that
the internal pressure of the C/T remains equal to or above the external pressure.
Well bore clean-ups are performed to remove scale, debris and waxes from the perforation
tunnels. They are not intended to penetrate the formation, which could lead to additional
damage. The treatment is applied by jetting the treatment fluid into the perforations while
slowly cycling the nozzle across the perforations. The treatment is performed with the well
balanced or slightly underbalanced to prevent treatment fluid penetration.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 152 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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Safety
Prior to rigging up the acid equipment a safety meeting will be held with all relevant
personnel (Refer to section 15.5). The meeting will address the hazards inherent with
handling acids, particularly under pressure. The meeting will also address the actions to be
taken in the event of an emergency.
Procedure
The following details the basic procedures to be followed when performing acid treatments
through coiled tubing:
1) Rig up and test coiled tubing (Refer to section 13.4).
2) Suggested BHA is, from the bottom up:
• Jetting nozzle
• 2 dart type check valves
• 6ft straight bar
• Tubing connector.
3) Confirm that the tree and SCSSV controls have been isolated from the main control
system.
4) Pig the reel to determine accurate reel volume.
5) Equalise pressure across the swab valve then open.
6) Run in the well carefully, circulating at minimum rate. Perform regular pull tests/checks
at 1,000 ft intervals.
7) Once the area to be treated has been reached, pump treated injection quality
seawater in order to establish the circulating pressure.
8) If an acid wash or solvent treatment is to be performed then:
• Circulate the coiled tubing to treatment fluid
• ϑet the area to be treated while reciprocating the coiled tubing slowly
• Circulate the tubing to injection quality seawater
• Pull out of the hole.
Inhibition
It is essential that a sufficient quantity of inhibitor is used in the acid system. If a mutual
solvent is being used, the inhibitor content must be doubled due to the detrimental effect
that the solvent has on inhibitor efficiency.
A slug (5-10bbl), with 5% inhibitor in injection quality seawater, should be circulated ahead
of the acid treatment. This will give protection to both the inside and outside of the tubing.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 153 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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Safety
Prior to rigging up the coiled tubing and circulating equipment a safety meeting will be held
with all relevant personnel. The meeting will address the hazards of handling chemicals and
use of pressurised equipment. The meeting will also address the actions to be taken in the
event of an emergency.
Procedure
1) Ensure that the well is lined up to take returns to the test separator.
4) The required gel system should be prepared in a mixing tank and transferred to a
holding tank containing agitators once it is fully hydrated.
5) Confirm that the Xmas Tree and SCSSV controls have been isolated from the main
control system.
6) Equalise pressure across the swab valve then open it.
7) Begin running in carefully with the well producing at a reduced rate. Keep the tubing
string filled full of treated sea water by circulating at the minimum rate. Carry out
regular pull tests/checks at 1,000ft intervals.
8) Once the string is below the SCSSV, increase the production rate to its normal level.
9) Break circulation when well above the last recorded hold up depth and establish a
minimum circulation rate while pumping gel.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 154 OF 192
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Agip Division REVISION
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Note: Monitor the pump pressure, wellhead pressure and coiled tubing string
weight continuously throughout the operation. If there are any indications
of problems pull back above the last hold up depth immediately and
evaluate the situation.
1) Run in slowly to the top of the fill, stopping to note the hanging weight. Slow down
when the weight begins to drop off the tubing and flag pipe at surface as a reference.
The tubing must be kept in tension at all times.
2) After penetrating 20ft, pick-up to the tubing shoe then run back in to repeat the
process in stages of 20ft, pumping continuously.
3) Having reached the required depth, continue to pump gel while reciprocating the
tubing back to the tubing shoe twice. Carefully monitor fluctuations in pick-up weights.
If an increase is seen, wash back until weight corresponds with the initial running
weight.
4) Pull up above the perforations and displace the tubing to treated seawater.
5) Pull out with the well flowing to ensure that all sand moving up as the tubing is
removed.
6) Rig down and hand control of the well back to Production.
7) Sand wash the test separator and record the volume of sand removed.
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 155 OF 192
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division REVISION
STAP-P-1-7120 0
The use of nitrogen is potentially hazardous and many precautions need to be taken to
obtain a successful safe operation.
14.1. PREPARATION
1) No nitrogen operations will be allowed to commence without an approved work
programme.
2) The Completions and Workover Superintendent will confirm that the well to be treated
is available and accessible. Should the rig be required then he will confirm its
availability and the manning requirements.
3) A pre-job meeting should be held well in advance of the actual operation. The
purpose of this meeting is to:
• Discuss the programme of operations.
• Establish channels of communication, and define responsibilities.
• To discuss any special requirements or circumstances that may arise, e.g.
procedures in the case of emergency, adverse weather conditions, safety data
sheets, escape of gaseous or liquid nitrogen or energised fluids, etc.
• Additional topics will be discussed as required, and may include working in
confined spaces, working with energised fluid, extreme low temperatures,
handling of heavy equipment etc.
4) A brief written outline of previous relevant well treatments should be given to the
stimulation supervisor, or nitrogen operator.
• Good communications between the nitrogen operator, rig floor, wellhead area
and coiled tubing or stimulation operator where applicable must be maintained
throughout the operation.
• All personnel should be aware of the Emergency Procedures for C/T operations.
• All work areas will be chained or roped off, and warning signs placed at access
routes. The exact requirements will be specified on the work permits.
• Fire hoses will be available in the areas where liquid nitrogen is to be used. The
hoses will be fully charged, so that they can be used immediately should a spill
occur.
• The nitrogen tanks and nitrogen converter/pump will be positioned as close to
the well as possible to minimise the length of pressurised lines.
• Gaseous nitrogen will escape from nitrogen tanks continuously as the tank is
warmed. Do not stand in the immediate vicinity of escaping nitrogen and do not
attempt to plug or block the escaping gas.
• Nitrogen is not toxic (it represents about 80% of the air we breathe) but if
released in a confined area it will displace some of the oxygen present leading
to an oxygen poor atmosphere and possibly asphyxiation of people present.
(The effect is like putting a plastic bag over one’s head.) Do not enter or work in
a confined area where nitrogen is escaping.
• Liquid nitrogen is very cold being a cryogenic fluid. It will freeze flesh on contact
almost instantly, especially if the surface is water wet. The freezing effect is
anaesthetic and may not be immediately noticed. The flesh or eye once frozen
is effectively destroyed. The affected area will be treated as a serious burn.
• Lines carrying liquid nitrogen are also very cold and should only be handled with
dry insulated gloves.
• On contract with steel, liquid nitrogen causes embrittlement and shrinkage of the
surface leading to fracture generation. Thus if nitrogen is split on a steel deck, it
will quite rapidly freeze and crack the deck, allowing the liquid to spill to the next
level. Apply a fine spray of water to the spill immediately. As in a liquid fire, do
not apply a fierce jet to the liquid as this will disperse it to other areas. The fine
spray will lay down an insulating layer of ice on the deck and help evaporate the
liquid nitrogen.
Note: The pressure testing will be witnessed by the Well Operations Supervisor.
• Pressure tests will be monitored for 15 mins on a chart recorder. The chart will
be labelled and stored for reference.
• The PRV is to be isolated during pressure test.
A nitrogen pumping schedule will be prepared in advance by the service company. If during
the nitrogen operation there are any significant variations from this schedule the job will be
shut down and the cause investigated. If necessary, the operation will be adjusted and
restarted.
14.5.1. Pressures
• Nitrogen pump pressures should be determined before the start of a job. This is
of particular importance with gas lifting. If the job is not correctly designed the
combined coiled tubing friction pressure and negative hydrostatic effect can lead
to high surface pump pressure which may exceed the maximum allowable coiled
tubing pressure.
• The maximum working pressure of wellheads and production equipment should
also be considered when designing nitrogen operations. High pressure gas
pockets may return to surface.
Note: Safety of personnel is paramount, and the above actions should only be
followed if it is considered safe to do so. Therefore if there is ANY doubt
ALL personnel will report to their muster stations IMMEDIATELY.
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15.1. INTRODUCTION
1) Stimulation Treatments will not be allowed to commence without an approved work
programme.
2) The Completions and Workover Superintendent will confirm that the well to be treated
is available and accessible. Should the rig be required then he will confirm its
availability and the manning requirements.
3) A pre-job meeting should be held well in advance of the actual operation. The
purpose of this meeting is to:
• Discuss the programme of operations.
• Establish channels of communication and define responsibilities.
• To discuss any special requirements or circumstances that may arise e.g.
procedures in the case of emergency, adverse weather conditions, chemical
safety data sheets, escape of hazardous treatment fluids, etc.
• Additional topics will be discussed as required and may include working in
confined spaces, working with pressurised equipment, handling of heavy
equipment, etc.
4) A brief written outline of previous relevant well treatments should be given to the
stimulation supervisor.
• Good communications between the pump operator, tank operator, rig floor,
wellhead area and coiled tubing or nitrogen operator where applicable must be
maintained throughout the treatment.
• All personnel should be aware of the Emergency Procedures for coiled tubing
operations .
• All work areas will be chained, or roped off, and warning signs placed at access
routes. The exact requirements will be specified on the work permits.
• Fire hoses will be available in the areas where acid is to be used. The hoses will
be fully charged, so that they can be used immediately should a spill occur.
• Acid showers and eye baths will be available should any personnel come into
contact with acid.
• Sacks of soda ash or calcium carbonate will be available for absorbing small
spills of acid.
• The acid tanks and pumping unit will be positioned as close to the well as
possible to minimise the length of pressurised lines.
15.2.2. Pressure
• During Stimulation operations pressure will be used to inject the fluid into the
wellbore and for the transfer of fluids between tanks and pumps.
• The pressure will either be fluid pressure or energised fluid pressure. It is
important to not that when operating with energised fluid pressure, it is essential
to keep the operational personnel in safe areas when ever possible. The effect
of energised fluid pressure release is explosive.
• It is essential that all pressure handling equipment carry up to date certification
for use in the pressure range specified. A pressure test and wall thickness
certificate is only proof that the equipment was acceptable on that date. Full
visual inspections should be carried out on all pressure handling equipment
during rig up. Any defects at all should result in the item being marked defective
and laid aside.
• Follow the rig up and pressure test procedures rigorously for all items operating
under pressure. Any leakages should be dealt with by replacing the defective
item, followed by a re-test.
• Ensure that all operational personnel in the work area are made fully aware of
the pressure hazard and are told to keep clear of the area when not actually
performing duties.
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Note: All permits will be issued in accordance with the Installation Permit to
Work System.
Note: Permits may not be valid for 12 hours on crew change days.
• The stimulation company will be provided with well details, and the nature of the
operations.
• The stimulation company will provide details of the equipment and chemicals
required. This will include dimensions and weights of individual items, together
with data sheets for all chemicals that are to be used.
• The stimulation company will also provide details of their quality assurance and
safety procedures. These procedures will be approved by the Company.
Note: The pressure testing will be witnessed by the Well Operations Supervisor.
• Pressure tests will be monitored for 15 mins on a chart recorder. The chart will
be labelled and stored for reference.
• The PRV is to be isolated during pressure test.
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A pumping schedule will be prepared in advance by the service company. If during the
stimulation treatment there are any significant variations from this schedule the job will be
shut down and the cause investigated. If necessary the treatment will be circulated out of
the well, and a revised treatment performed.
Pressures
If a matrix acid treatment is to be carried out an injection test will be performed before any
treatment. This test will establish the injectivity of the formation and will give a baseline on
which to provide a preliminary estimate of the treatment effectiveness.
The maximum allowable pump pressure will be determined during the design phase of the
job. Normally the limiting factor will be the formation breakdown pressure. It is normally
undesirable to fracture the formation while performing a matrix acid treatment. Therefore a
maximum allowable surface pressure will be clearly stated in the stimulation programme.
Normally this pressure will include a safety factor.
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Pump Rates
Pump rates will be clearly stated in the individual stimulation programme. The rate of
dissolution will depend on the nature of the deposits, and the speed at which the acid is
being pumped. Some treatments will require a soak period, and a slow pump rate may be
required. Other treatments may require rapid pump rates to ensure that any reaction
products are removed quickly.
The particular method used will depend on the nature of the scale in the well. The methods
for the placement of acid are given below. the method to be used will be dependent on
prevailing circumstances. As no two jobs will be the same the procedures given below are
guidelines only. The actual procedures will be dependent on the nature of the work to be
done.
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15.5.5. Bullhead
Bullheading acid can be potentially wasteful of the amount of acid used for a treatment. It is
possible that some of the acid will react with scale and other products deposited on the
inside of the tubing. These products may then be pushed into the formation resulting in
damage.
Back-flushing of spent acid may be more difficult and time consuming if bullheading is used.
An advantage with bullheading is that high rates can be pumped and rig up is more
straightforward.
The type of damage will have to be assessed prior to the job. Once this has been done the
procedure can be finalised. Where possible the stimulation company will be provided with
details of formation fluids, completion fluids, production history and, if possible, a core or
scale sample.
Temperature
The speed of any chemical reaction is directly affected by temperature. For instance acid
will react three times faster at 300oF than at 150oF.
Increasing temperature will cause a reduction in viscosity, which will have a role in reaction
kinetics.
Increase in temperature will also lead to more severe corrosion of the well bore tubulars.
Acid Concentration
The greater the strength of hydrochloric acid the longer it will take to react to completion.
However the initial reaction rates are faster. The increase ion by-products resulting from the
stronger acids acts as a retarder to the acid as its strength reduces. For example:
• 25% HCl reacts faster than 10% HCl in a limestone. But when the strength of
the 25% acid is reduced to 10% its reaction rate is less than that of a 10% acid
concentration.
• For temperature from 75oF to 250oF, 30% HCl will take approximately three
times longer to react than 15% HCl.
Velocity
In general increasing velocity will reduce the time it takes for acid to react. This may be
offset by the increase in penetration rate.
Surface Area
The greater the surface area exposed to acid the faster the acid will react, so limiting the
depth of penetration of the acid. However in anisotropic formations (e.g. limestone) the acid
may tend to 'wormhole', and so penetrate to a greater depth than might be thought.
Formation Composition
The chemical and physical composition of the formation will have an effect on the reaction
rate, the greater the volume of calcium carbonate the faster the reaction.
The main types of acid used in sandstone acidising are hydrochloric acid (HCl), and
hydrofluoric acid (HF). Organic acids, such as acetic acid and formic acid, can also be used
in conjunction with HF and HCl.
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HCl will not dissolve sand or clays. It will dissolve any carbonates present in the formation
(e.g. from LCM material, or scale build up). It will also partially dehydrate any water swollen
clays that may be present. When hydrated bentonite is in contact with HCl an ion exchange
occurs. This results in the sodium bentonite being altered to hydrogen bentonite. This can
result in up to 80% loss of water, and shrinkage are of the clay particles.
HF does have the ability to dissolve silica (sand) or silicates such as clay, shale, silt and
feldspar. As bentonite is a silicate it can be dissolved by HF acid. Formations with damage
due to clay migration, or bentonite from drilling mud can be treated with HF.
HF is usually pumped as an HCl-HF acid mixture, with the HF being liberated by the
reaction of HCl on ammonium bifluoride. Excess HCl is used as it tends to increase the
solubility of some of the secondary reaction products, and also has a significant effect on
the rate of the reaction.
A summary of commonly used acids and their reactions is presented in figure 15.a.
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Diverting Agents
To ensure that the total interval of interest is to be properly stimulated it will be necessary to
limit the amount of acid penetrating any zones of high permeability and/or low pressure.
This is done by adding a diverting agent to the treatment.
Diverting agents available are both mechanical and chemical in nature.
Mechanical means, such as ball sealers of high specific gravity are pumped at sufficient
velocity to plug off the perforations. They then drop off and fall into the sump when pumping
stops.
Chemical diverting agents bind together to form an impermeable skin across the
perforations, or within the formation. They must be soluble in hydrocarbons or water to allow
clean-up on back flushing.
Surfactants
Surfactants lower the surface tension of the acid solutions. They assist acid penetration into
microscopic pores in tight formations, or in removing scale or cement particles from sand
faces. They aid acid penetration of oil films present in the pores, or formation surfaces so
improving contact. They also aid back flushing and return of spent acid during clean up by
decreasing the resistance of the formation to acid flow.
Retarders
Retarders are used to decrease the reaction rate to achieve increased penetration away
from the wellbore. This is done by using chemicals which deposit a film over the rock after
initial acid contact, or through increased viscosity by using natural or artificial gums to
thicken the acid.
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Demulsifiers
Demulsifiers are used to reduce the tendency of the acid to form an emulsion with oil within
the formation. This is particularly important, as the formation of an emulsion may block the
pores completely.
Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors are used to minimise damage of the downhole tubulars by the acid.
They can be complex organic substances which can inhibit both the anodic and cathodic
reactions at the same time.
Additional Additives
Other additives which may be used are:
• Alcohol (aids clean up in water blocked gas zones)
• Clay stabilisers
• Scale inhibitor
• Paraffin inhibitors.
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FIELD NAME
District/Affiliate Company REPORT
DATE: ARPO 01 Cost center
Major Contractors
Type of Service Company Contract N° Type of Service Company Contract N°
Mud Logging
D. & C. Fluids
Cementation
Waste treatment
Rig-up [hh:min]
Delay [hh:min]
Lost-time Accidents [hh:min]
Rig Anchorage
Anchor Mooring Line Piggy Back Mooring Line Tension Operative Total
Bow Weight Length Weight Chain Cable [Tested] Tension Time
N° Angle Type & Manufacturer [t] Cable Chain N° [t] Length Ø Length Ø [t] [t] [hh:min]
[m] [m] [m] [mm] [m] [mm]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Note: Supervisor
Superintendent
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Operations at 07:00
Contractor Type of Service Working Stand by Arrived on Loc. Left Loc. Daily Service Cumulative Serv.
Hours Hours Date Hour Date Hour Cost Cost
District/Affiliate Company
REPORT FIELD NAME
SQUEEZE / PLUG
Type Ø Length [m] Cap.[ l/m] Bottom [m] Cement retainer Manufacturer Model / Type Ø Depth
Squeeze packer [inch] [m]
Injectivity Test with: Pump Rate Testing Pr. Tot. Vol. Final Sqz Pr. Returns Vol
[l/min] [kg/cm 2] pumped [l] [kg/cm 2] [l]
Test [kg/cm 2] [mins]
Stinger Pressure test
Annular pressure
CEMENTATION
GENERAL DATA
Time [mins.] Flow Rate Pressure Total Volume Operation Description Final Press. Returns
Partial Progr. [l/min] [kg/cm 2] [l] [kg/cm 2] Vol. [l]
Supervisor Superintendent
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Report N°
From [m] Depth (m)
Interval Drilled (m) Mud Type
Density (kg/l)
3
To [m] Drilled Volume [m ] Cl- concentration (g/l )
3
Phase size [in] Cumulative volume [m ]
3 3
Water consumption Phase /Period [m ] Cumulative [m ]
Mixing Mud
Others
Total
3
Mud Volume [m ] Phase Cumulative Service Company Contract N°
Dumped Transportation
Transported IN
Transported OUT
Remarks
Supervisor
Superintendent
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Well Size [Ø] Steel Thickness Measured Depth Vertical Depth Cement Top
Situation Grade [lb/ft] Top [m] Bottom [m] Top [m] Bottom [m] M.D. [m] T.V.D. [m]
Liner
Casing
Casing
Tubing Service Company
Packer
Tubing shoe
Perforation System
Data Gun Gun Gun Charge S.P.F Measured Depth Vertical Depth Pool Remarks
Type Specific. Ø Type Top [m] Bottom [m] Top [m] Bottom [m]
Note:
Supervisor Superintendent
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GRAVEL PACK
PERFORATING WELL NAME
Well
Vert. Type
< 30° Viscosity
Water [Cps][ppm]
Salinity Ø [inch]Production casing Top [m] Perforation
Bottom [m] UB/OB [psi]
Dev. >30° Pay Zone Inclination [°] Weight [lb/ft]
Hor. > 80° Porosity [%] Shoe M.D. [m]
Type of job Net Pay (VD) [m] N/G [%] Shoe T.V.D.[m]
OHGP SBHT [°C] at m Fluid losses Drilling Underreaming After Perforating After Back Surging
ICGP SBHP [kg/cm 2] at m Losses [m 3/h]
F&P Permeability [mD] Total [m3]
TTGP to [ ] HC [ ] Brine Losses Control LCM Volume [m3]
Well data Pilot hole Underreamed Caliper Gravel Annulus Pad Carrier Displa- Well Schetch
Ø Ø min Fluids cement
Top [m] Ø max Name / Salt
Bottom [m] Ø med Density [Kg/l]
N° Starting Pumping Volume Progr. Progr.Vol. Proppant Initial Final Injection Casing Notes
Injected
Fluid Time Rate Volume Entering in Concentr. Press. Press. Index Press.
3 3 Formation
Ref. [bbl/1'] [m ] [m ] [lb/gal] [psi] [psi] [bbl/day/psi] [psi]
Notes / Remarks:
Supervisor
Superintendent
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Superintendent
District/Subsidiary
Report Date:
Well Name: Well Code:
General Information
Contract No: Contract Type: Contractor:
Service/Supply:
Drilling Completio Workover Duration Dates of Failure: Distributed By:
n
RIG SITE
Description of Failure:
Contractor Representative:
DISTRICT OR SUBSIDIARY NOTES:
Analysis Code:
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CONTRACTOR EVALUATION
(FEED BACK REPORT 02)
District/Subsidiary
Report Date:
Well Name: Well Code:
General Information
Contract No.: Contract Type: Contractor:
Service/Supply: Distributed By:
R1 Technical Requirements
FB_01 REPORT REFERENCES
FB Report No.: Time Lost (Hr.Min): Economic Cost (£M):
Category Evaluation Score (0-9)
Suitability of Equipment and Materials
Compliance of Equipment and Materials to the
Contract
Adequacy of Personnel
Meeting with Operational Programme Requirements
Meeting with Contract Operation Timings
Equipment Condition/Maintenance
R2 Management and Organisational Requirements
FB_01 REPORT REFERENCES
FB Report No.: Time Lost (Hr.Min): Economic Cost (£M):
Category Evaluation Score (0-9)
Availability of Equipment and Materials
Technical and Operational Support to Operations
Capability and Promptness to Operational Requests
R3 Safety and Quality Assurance Requirements
FB_01 REPORT REFERENCES
FB Report No.: Time Lost (Hr.Min): Economic Cost (£M):
Category Evaluation Score (0-9)
Meeting with the Contract Agreement DSS
Availability and Validity of Requested Certificates
Meeting with Contract Quality Assurance Terms
Event Support Documentation
Type of Subject: Issued By: Date:
Document:
Notes:
Appendix B - ABBREVIATIONS
AC/DC Alternate Current, Direct Current
AHTS Anchor Handling Towing Supply
API American Petroleum Institute
BG Background gas
BHA Bottom Hole Assembly
BHP Bottom Hole Pressure
BHT Bottom Hole temperature
BJ Blast Joint
BMT Blue Methylene Test
BOP Blow Out Preventer
BPD Barrel Per Day
BPM Barrels Per Minute
BPV Back Pressure Valve
BSW Base Sediment and Water
BUR Build Up Rate
BWOC By Weight Of Cement
BWOW By Weight Of Water
C/L Control Line
CBL Cement Bond Log
CCD Centre to Centre Distance
CCL Casing Collar Locator
CDP Common Depth Point
CET Cement Evaluation Tool
CGR Condensate Gas Ratio
CMT Cement
CP Conductor Pipe
CR Cement Retainer
CRA Corrosion Resistant Alloy
CSG Casing
C/T Coiled Tubing
CW Current Well
DC Drill Collar
DE Diatomaceous Earth
DHM Down Hole Motor
DHSV Down Hole Safety Valve
DIF Drill in Fluid
DLP Dog Leg Potential
DLS Dog Leg Severity
D&CM Drilling & Completion Manager
DOB Diesel Oil Bentonite
DOBC Diesel Oil Bentonite Cement
DOR Drop Off Rate
DP Drill Pipe
DPHOT Drill Pipe Hang off Tool
DRLG Drilling
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Appendix C - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Document: STAP Number
Completion Design Manual STAP-P-1-7100
Drilling Procedures Manual STAP-P-1-6140
Drilling Fluids Manual STAP I N 6051
Well Control Policy Manual STAP-P-1-6150
Well Test Manual STAP-P-1-7130
Wireline Procedures Manual STAP-P-1-7110
Other
API Specification No 811-05CT5