Chapter Objectives

 Determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded

member
 Thermal Stress
 Stress Concentration
 Use ‘force method’ of analysis.

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READING QUIZ (cont.)

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APPLICATIONS

Most concrete columns are reinforced with steel rods; and

these two materials work together in supporting the applied
load. Are both subjected to axial stress?

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER

Px  dδ
 and ε 
A x  dx
• Provided these quantities do not exceed the proportional
limit, we can relate them using Hooke’s Law, i.e. σ = E ε

Px   d 
 E 
Ax   dx 
P x dx
d 
A x E
P x dx
L
 
0
A x E

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EXAMPLE 1

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solutions

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EXTRA 1
EXTRA 2
STRESS CONCENTRATION

• The stress concentration factor K is a ratio of the

maximum stress to the average stress acting at the
smallest cross section; i.e.
 max
K
 avg

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STRESS CONCENTRATION (cont.)

• K is independent of the material properties

• K depends only on the specimen’s geometry and the type
of discontinuity

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INELASTIC AXIAL DEFORMATION

• When a material is stressed beyond the elastic range, it

starts to yield and thereby causes permanent deformation.
Among various inelastic behavior, the common cases
exhibit elastoplastic or elastic-perfectly-plastic behavior.

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EXAMPLE 2
The bar in Fig. 4–29a is made of steel that is assumed to be
elastic perfectly plastic, with σY = 250 MPa. Determine (a) the
maximum value of the applied load P that can be applied
without causing the steel to yield and (b) the maximum value
of P that the bar can support. Sketch the stress distribution at
the critical section for each case.

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• (a) Finding the stress concentration factor,
r 4 w 40
  0.125   1.25
h 40  8 h 40  8

• Using the table and geometry ratios, we get K = 1.7. We have

s max = s Y

 max  K avg ;
 PY 
Y  K 
 
A
 
 
250 106  1.75

PY
  
 0.002 0.032 
PY  9.14 kN (Ans)

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EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
Solutions
• b) As P is increased to the plastic load it gradually changes the stress
distribution from the elastic state to the plastic state.

Pp
Y 
A

  0.0020.032
250 10 6
Pp

Pp  16.0 kN (Ans)

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EXTRA 3
EXTRA
EXTRA 4