Strength Analysis of Singly

Reinforced Concrete Beams

Design Methods
◈ allowable-stress design or straight-line method
◈ strength design
 Strength Design Method Assumptions
Assumptions:
1. Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing bars at the
same level, provided that the bond between the steel and
concrete is adequate.
2. Strain in concrete is linearly proportional to the distance
from the neutral axis.
3. The modulus of elasticity of all grades of steel is taken as
Es = 200 000 Mpa. The stress in the elastic range is equal
to the strain multiplied by Es.
4. Plane cross sections continue to be plane afterbending.
 Strength Design Method Assumptions
Assumptions:
5. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected because
concrete’s tensile strength is about 10% of its compressive
strength
cracked concrete is assumed to be not effective, and
before cracking, the entire concrete section is effective
in resisting the external moment.
6. The method of elastic analysis, assuming an ideal
behavior at all levels of stress, is not valid. At high
stresses, nonelastic behavior is assumed, which is in
close agreement with the actual behavior of concrete
 Strength Design Method Assumptions
Assumptions:
7. At failure the maximum strain at the extreme
compression fibers is assumed equal to 0.003.
8. For design strength, the shape of the compressive
concrete stress distribution maybe assumed to be
rectangular, parabolic, or trapezoidal.
Structural Safety
◈
 Failure Modes and Flexural Strength of
Reinforced Concrete Beams

Case 1: Balanced Design

Case 2: Underreinforced Design
Case 3: Overreinforced Design
 Failure Modes and Flexural Strength of
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Case 1: Balanced Design
Balanced design refers to a design so
proportioned that the maximum stresses in
concrete (with strain εc = 0.003) and steel (with
strain εs = fy / Es) are reached simultaneously once
the ultimate load is reached, causing them to fail
simultaneously. Failure in this mode is brittle.
 Failure Modes and Flexural Strength of
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Case 2: Underreinforced Design
Underreinforced design is a design in which the steel
reinforcement is lesser than what is required for
balanced condition. If the ultimate load is approached,
the steel will begin to yield although the compression
concrete is still understressed. If the load is further
increased, the steel will continue to elongate, resulting in
appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in the
tensile concrete. Failure in this mode is ductile and will
give the warning to the user of the structure to decrease
 Failure Modes and Flexural Strength of
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Case 3: Overerreinforced Design
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel
reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced
condition. If the is overreinforced, the steel will not yield
before failure. As the load is increased, deflections are
not noticeable although the compression concrete is
highly stressed, and the failure occurs suddenly without
warning to the user of the structure. Failure in this mode
is brittle.
Note: To prevent a brittle failure, the reinforcement must yield
Load Factors and Load Combinations
1. In the case of dead, live, and wind loads:
U = 1.4 D
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
U = 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.0 W
U = 0.9 D + 1.0 W
U = 1.2 D + (1.0 L + 0.5 W)
2. In the case of dead, live, and seismic (earthquake) forces, E:
U = 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.0 E
U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E
Load Factors and Load Combinations
3. For load combination due to roof live load, rain load, snow load,
in addition to dead, live, wind, and earthquake load:
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (1.0 L or 0.5 W)
U = 1.2 D + 1.0 W + 1.0 L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2 D + 1.0 E + 1.0 L + 0.2 S
Load Factors and Load Combinations
4. Where fluid load F is present, it shall be in cluded as follows:
U = 1.4 (D + F)
U = 1.2 D + 1.2 F + 1.6 L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2 D + 1.2 F (L + 0.5 W) + 1.6 (Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2 D + 1.2 F + 1.0 W + 1.0 L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2 D + 1.2 F + 1.0 E + 1.0 L + 0.2 S
U = 0.9 (D + F) + 1.0 E
Load Factors and Load Combinations
5. When the load H (load due to lateral earth pressure,
groundwater pressure, or pressure of bulk material) is present, it
shall be included as follows:
a. Include H with load factor 1.6 where effect of H adds to primary
variable load effect.
b. Include H with load factor 0.90 where effect of H resists to
primary variable load effect.
U = primary permanent loads + 1.6 H
U = primary permanent loads – 0.9 H
 Strength Reduction Factor, ø
The main purposes of these factors follows:
1. To account for the understrength of a member due to
variations in material strengths and dimension.
2. To allow for inaccuracies in the design equations.
3. To reflect the degree of ductility and required reliability of
a member.
4. To reflect the importance of a member.
 Strength Reduction Factor, ø
The NSCP Code specifies the following values to be used:
For tension-controlled sections ø = 0.90
For compression-controlled sections
a. with spiral reinforcement ø = 0.75
b. other reinforced members ø = 0.65
For plain concrete ø = 0.60
For shear and torsion ø = 0.75
For bearing on concrete ø = 0.65
For strut and tie models ø = 0.75
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in
Bending