CVLE 372 FUNDAMENTALS OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE
Lecture 2
 DESIGN CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS

TS 500 (Building code requirements for reinforced

concrete) is the Turkish standard. In Germany, DIN-1045
is the code. In U.S.A there is not an official code, but
“Building code requirements for reinforced concrete”
which is published by ACI is nearly an official code. In
fact it is the part of the most legal regional codes. These
standards contain provisions for materials, structural
analysis and design of members. There can be found
many similarities between the codes.

One must not forget that design codes are only guides
for engineers. A sound engineering knowledge is
essential for a successful design.
 SAFETY PROVISIONS OF TS 500

TS 498 gives characteristic loads

Load factors
Only vertical loads:
1.4G+ 1.6Q
G + 1.2Q + 1.2T (1.4)

where G is dead load, Q is live load and T is

differential settlement, temperature, shrinkage or creep
effects.
Combinations with the Wind load:

1.0G+ 1.3Q + 1.3W

or 1.4G + 1.6Q (1.5)
or 0.9G + 1.3W
or 1.0G + 1.2Q + 1.2T
where W is wind load.
Combination with the earthquake load:

1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0E

or1.4G +1.6Q (1.6)
or 0.9G + 1E
or 1.0G + 1.2Q + 1.2T

where E is earthquake force.

Combination if horizontal earth pressure exists:

1.4G + 1.6Q + 1.6H

or1.4G +1.6Q (1.7)
or 0.9G + 1.6H
or 1.0G + 1.2Q + 1.2T

where H is the earth pressure.

In these equations the one which produce the most

critical values should be used.
(b) Material factors
Design strength of concrete is calculated by dividing
the characteristic strengths by  m=1.5 for the
members cast in-site,  m=1.4 for pre-cast members. If
quality control is poor, then  m=1.7 should be used.

For reinforcing steel the factor is 1.15.

(c) Factors for serviceability calculations

For all calculations to determine the deformations or

cracks, load or material factors should be taken as
1.0.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ASSUMPTIONS

Structural analyses are based on the equilibrium

and compatibility conditions in the structure.

In practice, usually methods, which assume a

linear-elastic behavior of materials, are used,
though methods that consider the real elasto-
plastic behavior can also be used. When elastic
methods are used results can be modified to a
certain extend by using redistribution concept
which means the consideration of real behavior.
For the design of members following assumptions are
made:

1) There is a perfect bond between the steel bars and the

surrounding concrete. That is the strain in the bar and in
the touching concrete is same. This assumption is almost
correct especially when deformed bars are used.

2) Cross-sections which are plane before deformation

remain plane after the deformation takes place. This
assumption is very close to reality as proved by tests. As a
result of this assumption it can be accepted that strain
distribution in section is linear.

3) Tensile strength of concrete should be ignored, since

concrete cracks in tensile zones.

4) Ultimate strength calculations of members are based on

the actual stress-strain relationships of concrete and steel.
However, these relations are usually idealized to simplify
the calculations.