Concrete materials.

When completely surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it forms an

Structural properties of Concrete: integral part of two materials, known as reinforced concrete.
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly low tensile strength Steel reinforcements
and as such is usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension. The elasticity of Rebar (short for renforcing bar) also known as reinforcing steel, is a steel bar or mesh of
concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress steel wires used primarily as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced
levels as cracking development. Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. In some instances,
expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some rebars are also used as compression reinforcements.
extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long duration
compressive forces is prone to creep. Basic Load Combinations (From NSCP 2015, ART. 203.3.1)
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important material property. This is Where load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall
proportionate to the square root of the concrete compressive strength. For normal resist the most critical effects from the combinations of factored loads:
weight of concrete, the NSCP Code formula for concrete modulus of elasticity is 1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹)
𝑬𝑪 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇𝒄′ (𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝑬𝒒𝒏. 𝟒𝟏𝟗. 𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟏𝒃) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(L𝑟 or R)
In the stress-strain diagram of concrete, after reaching the peak stress of fc’, the skin of 1.2𝐷 + 1.6(L𝑟 or R) + (𝑓1 L OR 0.5W)
the concrete cylinder sample will spall off. The force/stress will slightly decrease to a 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 𝑓1 L + 0.5(L𝑟 or R)
stress of 0.85fc’ before the sample crushes. 1.2𝐷 ± 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 L
The tensile strength of concrete is defined as the modulus of rupture, fr. Tests yield 0.9D ± 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9D ± 1.0E + 1.6H
strength of about1.2√𝑓𝑐′. However the NSCP limits this to
Where:
𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝝀𝒇𝒄′ (𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝑬𝒒𝒏. 𝟒𝟏𝟗. 𝟐. 𝟑. 𝟏)
D = dead load
Where 𝝀 = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
E = earthquake load
F = load due to fluids well- defined pressure and maximum heights
Types of concrete:
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
1. Lightweight concrete
L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
2. High density concrete
P = ponding load
3. Mass concrete
R = rain load on the undeflected roof
4. Ready-mix concrete
T = self straining and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from
5. Shotcrete
temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials,
movement due to differential settlement, or combination thereof
Reinforced Concrete W = load due to wing pressure
Since concrete is brittle material strong in compression but weak in tension, reinforcing f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8kPa, and for
steel bars are used concrete to provide the tensile resistance. The Steel must have garage live load.
appropriate deformations (lugs) to provide strong bond and interlocking of both 0.5 for other live loads
The common load combinations for most applicatios are the following: 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓, 𝑬𝒒𝒏. 𝟒𝟏𝟗. 𝟐. 𝟑. 𝟏)
1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 (1) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝜆 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒. (𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓, 𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝟒𝟏𝟗. 𝟐. 𝟒. 𝟐)
1.2𝐷 + 𝑓1 L ± 1.0W (2) When the maximum concrete tensile stress reach the modulus of rupture, the concrete
1.2D + 𝑓1 L ± 1.0E (3) member is said to have incipient cracking. On the other hand, when the concrete tensile
0.9D ± 1.0W (4) stress are below the modulus of rupture, the concrete section is considered to be
0.9D ± 1.0E (5) uncracked.
The analysis of reinforced flexural members is based on the assumption of a cracked
Note that in equations (2) and (3) maximum wind load and earthquake forces are applied section. As such, the tension of the concrete is then assumed to be zero and the part of
simultaneously since both are extreme and the statistical probability of these two the beam cross section in the tension side of the neutral axis is assumed to be non-
occurring simultaneously is nil. participating.
The latter two load combinations are applied for tall structures and retaining walls to Figure shows an applied force on a reinforced concrete cylinder. An external force P is
ensure stability against overturning resisted by the two internal forces Ps for steel and Pc for concrete
Problem no 1
Determine the design moment for beam shown with a dead load of 35kN/m and a live 𝛿𝑆 = 𝛿𝐶 = 𝛿
load of 15kN/m. The beam span length is 7m
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
( ) =( )
𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
8 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐴𝑆 𝐸𝑆
𝑀𝑈 = 1.2𝑀𝐷 + 1.6𝑀𝐿 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝐶
𝐿𝑆 𝐴𝐶 𝐸𝐶
35(72 )
𝑀𝐷 = = 214.375𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐴𝑆 𝐸𝑆
8 𝑷 = 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝐶
15(72 ) 𝐿𝑆 𝐴𝐶 𝐸𝐶
𝑀𝐿 = = 91.875𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8
𝑀𝑈 = 1.2(214.375) + 1.6(91.875) = 404.25𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 Now we introduce the following terms
𝐸𝑆
𝑛= (𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
Elastic Behavior of RC beams 𝐸𝐶
𝐴𝑆
Elastic behavior of reinforced concrete(RC) flexural members is relevant specifically 𝑃 = 𝑃𝐶 (𝑛 + 1)
𝐴𝑐
regarding deflections of beams during the service stage where actual (unfactored) loads
are applied on the member. Moreover, elastic analysis can also be used to determine the 𝑃𝐶
𝑃= (𝑛𝐴𝑆 + 𝐴𝑐 )
concrete and steel reinforcement stresses. Consequently, elastic analysis can be used to 𝐴𝑐
determine the member cracking load when the concrete tension reaches the modulus of
𝑃𝐶 𝑃
rupture, its full tensile strength. 𝑓𝑐 = =
𝐴𝑐 𝑛𝐴𝑆 + 𝐴𝑐
Concrete is strong in compression but has a very low tensile strength referred to as 𝐸
modulus of rupture. The NSCP 2015 Codes define this value as equal to Modular ratio, n = 𝐸𝑆
𝐶
Where : 𝐴𝑆
𝑝 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =, 𝑠𝑜 𝐴𝑆 = 𝑝𝑏𝑑
𝑬𝑪 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇𝒄′ (𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝑬𝒒𝒏. 𝟒𝟏𝟗. 𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟏𝒃) 𝑏𝑑
𝑬𝑺 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑴𝒑𝒂 (𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓, 𝑺𝒆𝒄. 𝟒𝟐𝟎. 𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐) 𝑏
−𝑛(𝑝𝑏𝑑) ± √(𝑛𝑝𝑏𝑑)2 + 4 (2) (𝑛𝑝𝑏𝑑)𝑑
𝑃𝑆 𝑃
𝑓𝑠 = = 𝑐=
𝐴𝑆 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑐 𝑏
𝑆 𝑛 −𝒏𝒑 ± √(𝒏𝒑)𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏𝒑
𝑃(𝑛) 𝒄= (𝒃𝒅)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝒃
𝑛𝐴𝑆 + 𝐴𝑐 𝑐
= −𝑛𝑝 ± √(𝑛𝑝)2 + 2𝑛𝑝
𝑑
𝒇𝒔 = 𝒏𝒇𝒄

𝒌 = −𝒏𝒑 ± √(𝒏𝒑)𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏𝒑

Singly reinforced Beam:

𝒃𝒄𝟑
𝑰𝑻𝑹 = + 𝒏𝑨𝑺 (𝒅 − 𝒄)𝟐
𝟑

Steps in solving singly reinforces rectangular Beams (Analysis Problem)

1. Solve for the effective depth
2. Compute the modular ratio
3. Total area of steel reinforcement
Transformed Sections Stresses and Strains 4. Compute the steel ratio
5. Solve the location of neutral axis, c = kd
6. Compute the Itr
∑ 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = ∑ 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
7. Solve the moment capacity based on the lower of the two values below
𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑆 (𝑑 − 𝑐) Based on concrete allowable stress, fc
2
𝑏 2 𝑀𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑅
𝑐 + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 𝑐 − 𝑛𝐴𝑆 𝑑 = 0 𝑓𝑐 = ; 𝑀=
𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑅 𝑐
By quadratic equation Based on steel allowable stress, fs
𝑏 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑐)𝑛 𝑓𝑠 𝐼𝑇𝑅
−𝑛𝐴𝑆 ± √(𝑛𝐴𝑆 )2 + 4 (2) (𝑛𝐴𝑆 )𝑑 𝑓𝑠 = ; 𝑀=
𝐼𝑇𝑅 (𝑑 − 𝑐)𝑛
𝑐=
𝑏 Sample Problem:
Introducing the terms
For the beam shown below, determine the concrete and steel stresses at ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
the locations of the maximum positive and negative moments. Use f’c =
9
25Mpa. 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐴 − 30 ( ) = 0
2

𝑅𝐴 = 33.75𝑘𝑁
The maximum negative moment is at point B.
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0

80 12 12
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑛𝑒𝑔 − ( ) − 30 ( ) = 0
3 6 3

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑛𝑒𝑔 = 14.444𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

the maximum positive moment will occur at the point of zero shear which
is determined below
Solution: ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
First, we determine the reactions. 𝑥 𝑥
𝑅𝐴 − 30 ( ) ( ) = 0
9 2
𝑥 = 4.5𝑚

Now, the maximum positive moments can be determined

∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥
30 ( ) ( ) ( ) − 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 9 2 3
9 2
𝑅𝐵 (8) − 30 ( ) ( ) (9) = 0 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑝𝑜𝑠 = 101.25𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
2 3
𝑅𝐵 = 101.25𝑘𝑁
 In determining the stresses at the point of maximum positive moment, the 𝜋
𝐴𝑆 = (162 )(4) = 804.2477𝑚𝑚^2
section properties are first computed. 4
𝐴𝑆 804.2477
200 𝜌𝑛 = 𝑛 = 9( ) = 0.045957
𝑛= = 8.51 𝑠𝑎𝑦 9 𝑏𝑑 250(630)
4.7√𝑓′𝑐
𝜋 𝑐 = [−𝑛𝑝 ± √(𝑛𝑝)2 + 2𝑛𝑝] 𝑑
𝐴𝑆 = (252 )(4) = 1963.495𝑚𝑚^2
4 = [−0.045957 + √(0.045957)2 + 2(0.045957)] (630)
𝐴𝑆 1963.495
𝜌𝑛 = 𝑛 = 9( ) = 0.1122 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎
𝑏𝑑 250(630)
𝑏𝑐 3
2 250(164.228)3 2
𝑐 = [−𝑛𝑝 ± √(𝑛𝑝)2 + 2𝑛𝑝] 𝑑 = [−0.1122 + √(0.1122)2 + 2(0.1122)] (630) 𝐼𝑇𝑅 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 (𝑑 − 𝑐) = + 9(804.2477)(630 − 164.228)
3 3
= 𝟐𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟏𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒
The concrete and rebar stresses can be determined using the maximum negative
𝑏𝑐 3 250(236.01)3 2 moment
𝐼𝑇𝑅 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 (𝑑 − 𝑐)2 = + 9(1963.495)(630 − 236.01)
3 3 𝑀𝑐 14.444(106 )164.228
= 𝟑. 𝟖𝟑𝟗𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒 𝑓𝑐 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝐼𝑇𝑅 1.9394𝑥109

The concrete and rebar stresses can be determined using the maximum positive 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑐)𝑛 14.444(106 )(630 − 164.228)9
moment 𝑓𝑠 = = = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝐼𝑇𝑅 1.9394𝑥109
𝑀𝑐 101.25(106 )236.01 Or
𝑓𝑐 = = = 6.2245𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼𝑇𝑅 3.839𝑥109 𝑓𝑠 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑐) 14.444(106 )(630 − 164.228)
= =
𝑛 𝐼𝑇𝑅 1.9394𝑥109
𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑐)𝑛 101.25(106 )(630 − 236.01)9
𝑓𝑠 = = = 93.52𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼𝑇𝑅 3.839𝑥109 𝑓𝑠 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟓𝑴𝒑𝒂
Or
𝑓𝑠 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑐) 101.25(106 )(630 − 236.01) DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS
= =
𝑛 𝐼𝑇𝑅 3.839𝑥109
Doubly reinforced beams area called as such because aide from tension
𝑓𝑠 = 93.52𝑀𝑝𝑎 reinforcements there are also compression reinforcements as shown where the
section is subjected to positive moment, tension at the bottom and compression
At the point of negative moment, the stresses are determined following the same at the top.
procedure.
Doubly reinforced sections are resorted to when large moments have to be 𝑏𝑐 2
+ [(2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 )]𝑐 − [(2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ 𝑑′ + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 𝑑] = 0
resisted but there are limitations to the beam size. Thus, additional moment 2
capacity is provided by introducing compression bars together with an increase in This will lead to a quadratic equation.
the tension bars. Let A = b/2
B = [(2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ + (𝑛𝐴𝑆 )]
C = (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ 𝑑′ + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 𝑑

𝑏𝑐 3
𝐼𝑇𝑅 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 (𝑑 − 𝑐)2 + (2𝑛 − 1)(𝐴′𝑆 )(𝑐 − 𝑑′ )2
3

Stresses:
𝑀𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒: 𝑓𝑐 =
𝐼𝑇𝑅
Creep flow is the plastic flow of concrete that occurs slowly ove a long period of 𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑐)𝑛
time when the concrete member is under a constant compressive stress. 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑠 =
𝐼𝑇𝑅
Concrete will undergo additional shortening or contraction. 𝑀(𝑐 − 𝑑′)2𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′ =
𝐼𝑇𝑅
𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 2𝑛
Example: determine the maximum concrete and steel stresses for the section
Compression area shown when subjected to a positive moment of 170Kn-m. Use fc’ 0f 30Mpa.
(𝑏𝑐 − 𝐴𝑆′ ) + 2𝑛𝐴𝑆 ′
Solution:
𝒃𝒄 + (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝑺 ′ 𝑑 ′ = 70𝑚𝑚
The two terms above can now be considered as two regular polygons. 3
𝑑 = 70 + 307.5 + (50) = 407.5𝑚𝑚
5
The location of the neutral axis is determined by summing of the moments of the 200
𝑛= = 7.77 𝑠𝑎𝑦 8
areas above and equating this to the sum of moments of the area below the 4.7√30
𝜋
neutral axis 𝐴𝑆 = 5 ( ) (25)2 = 2454.369𝑚𝑚2
4
∑ 𝑀𝑁𝐴 = 0 𝜋
𝐴𝑆 ′ = 3 ( ) (20)2 = 942.4778𝑚𝑚2
𝑐 4
𝑏𝑐 ( ) + (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑆 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
 −𝐵 ± √𝐵 2 + 4𝐴𝐶 A beam has a simple span length of 8.5m. Find the maximum deflection due to a
𝑐= uniform load of 15kN/m and the beam weight. Use fc’ = 20Mpa and unit weigh of
2𝐴
𝑏 300 concrete = 24Kn/m^3.
𝐴= = = 150𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝐵 = [(2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ + (𝑛𝐴𝑆 )] = 15(942.4778) + 8(2454.369) = 33772.121
𝐶 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑆′ 𝑑′ + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 𝑑 = 15(942.4778)(70) + 8(2454.369)(407.5)
= 8990845.475
𝐵 + √𝐵 2 + 4𝐴𝐶
𝑐= − = 156.892𝑚𝑚
2𝐴
𝑏𝑐 3
𝐼𝑇𝑅 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑆 (𝑑 − 𝑐)2 + (2𝑛 − 1)(𝐴′𝑆 )(𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ )2
3

(300)(156.892)3
𝐼𝑇𝑅 = + 8(2454.369)(407.5 − 156.892)2 Transform the rebar into equivalent concrete to have a homogeneous section.
3
+ (15)(942.4778)(156.892 − 70)2 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 200
𝑛= = 9.52 𝑠𝑎𝑦 10
Maximum concrete stress 4.7√20
𝜋
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 10 ( ) (202 )(4) = 12566.3706𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑀𝑐 170(10)6 (156.892) Assume c = 100mm
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒: 𝑓𝑐 = = = 15.452𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼𝑇𝑅 1726.0908𝑥106 350(100)(50) = 1750000(< 𝑜𝑟 > 12566.3706(550 − 100) = 5654867
1750000 < 5654867
Tensile and compressive steel stresses Therefore concrete area is not enough and needs to be increased in order that
the moment of the areas above and below the N.A. will be equal.
𝑀(𝑑 − 𝑐)𝑛 170(10)6 (407.5 − 156.892)(8)
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = =
𝐼𝑇𝑅 1726.0908𝑥106 𝑐 (𝑐 − 100)2
= 197.46𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑐(350) ( ) − 200(
2 2
𝑀(𝑐 − 𝑑′ )2𝑛 170(10)6 (156.892 − 70)(16) = 12566.3706(550 − 𝑐)
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ = ==
𝐼𝑇𝑅 1726.0908𝑥106
= 136.93𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑐 = 173.561𝑚𝑚

IRREGULAR SECTIONS
 350(173.561)3 − 200(173.561 − 100)3
𝐼𝑇𝑅 = + 12566.3706(550 − 173.561)2
3
= 2364.416𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
The beam weight is determined as follows:
3.12𝑘𝑁
[0.35(0.6) − (0.2)(0.4)](24) =
𝑚
Total load :
3.12𝑘𝑁 15𝑘𝑁 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝒌𝑵
+ =
𝑚 𝑚 𝒎
The value of 𝛽1 has been established by the NSCP as follows:
The maximum deflection at the midspan of the beam:
𝐸𝐶 = 4700√20 = 21019.04𝑀𝑝𝑎
4
𝛽1 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝟒𝟐𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟒. 𝟑
5𝑤𝐿 5(18.12)(8𝑥1000)4
𝛿= = = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝒎𝒎 𝛽1 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑝𝑎
384𝐸𝐼 384(21019.04)(2364.416𝑥106 ) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝛽1 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − ( ) (𝒇𝒄′ − 𝟐𝟖)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐 ′ > 28𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝟕
𝛽1 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
∑𝐹 = 0
DESIGN OF BEAM USING ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑆
METHOD 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏
BASED ON THE NSCP2015
∑ 𝑀 = 0 → 𝑀𝑁
𝑎
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams 𝑀𝑁 = (𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑆 )(𝑑 − )
2
According to the NSCP(Table 421.2.2), the usable portion of the nominal moment
capacity is only 90% or a reduction factor  = 0.90. This is applicable to tension
controlled classification where the tensile strain of the rebar exceeds 0.005
Also, USD requires that
∅𝑀𝑁 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Flexural members are required to be ductile. These members are designed to 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏
undergo ductile failure when their ultimate capacities are reached. Ductile failure
is preferred over brittle failure because failure for the former is slow in 𝐴𝑠 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎
= ( )
developing and more than adequate tell-tale manifest before the section 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑎
collapses. In contrast, brittle failure is sudden with little or no warning leading to Introducing the notation
disastrous consequences. 𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
Maximum stee ratio, max And recognizing that 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 as per NSCP, the above equation becomes

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑐
𝜌 = 𝛽1 ( )
𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝟑
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜷𝟏 ( )
𝒇𝒚 𝟕

Minimum steel ratio, min

Also, the code has a minimum steel ratio with the same objective of making the
beam section ductile. If the steel reinforcements are too few, then the effect of
the steel reinforcements is no longer felt as if the section is pure concrete only.
Concrete being a brittle material, will lead to brittle failure if the amount of
In order to ensure that the flexural member will be ductile, the amount of the
tension reinforcement is negligible. Therefore, there is a need to provide a
tension reinforcement is controlled. The NSCP ensures that the flexural member
minimum amount of steel reinforcements. This is specified in NSCP 409.6.1.2
will be under reinforced by prescribing a minimum strain of 0.004 for the tensile
where
reinforcement (Art. 409.3.3.1). It must be noted that under reinforced beam
sections will have larger strains in the tensile rebars. √𝑓𝑐′
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑠 = 0.25 𝑏 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑤
From the stress strain diagram: The equation above can be rearranged such that
𝑐 0.003 3 𝑨𝒔 √𝒇𝒄′
= = 𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝑑 0.003 + 0.004 7 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝒇𝒚
From equilibrium equation However the NSCP stipulates further that this steel ratio should not be lower than
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑆 1.4/fy. Hence the minimum steel ratio is
 √𝒇𝒄′ 𝟏. 𝟒
𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
Example
Analysis of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam A simply supported beam shown is to support a total dead load of 15kN/m.
determine the live load that the beam can resist in accordance with the
The analysis procedure is outlined below requirements of NSCP2015. Use fc’ = 35Mpa and Grade 60. The reinforcements
1. Determine the 𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 and 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 shown are 5-16mm bars.
2. Determine the actual steel ratio act
3. Compare the actual steel ratio act with 𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 and 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
if act > 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 then use  = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
in this situation the existing reinforcement exceed the NSCP maximum
limit. Thus, only the amount of reinforcements corresponding limit is valid
𝟑
if act < 𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 then use  = 𝟒 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕
in this situation, the existing reinforcement also are below the NSCP
minimum limit. However the NSCP has a provision (Art. 409.6.1.3) that
states that the minimum steel requirement can be waived if an additional Solution:
1/3 of the required reinforcement is provided. Conversely, for an existing 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝛽1 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − ( ) (𝟑𝟓 − 𝟐𝟖) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
beam section with reinforcements below the NSCP limit, then only the 𝟕
reciprocal 3/4of the actual reinforcements will be counted
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝟑 0.85(35) 3
if 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 > 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 > 𝑝𝒎𝒊𝒏 then use  = 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜷𝟏 ( ) = 0.80 ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟖
𝒇𝒚 𝟕 414 7
this is the case where the NSCP steel reinforcement limits are complied
with and thus no reduction in the actual reinforcements is made
4. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑 √𝒇𝒄′ 𝟏. 𝟒
𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓
5. Solve for “a” 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
6. Determine the moment capacity √35 1.4
𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 = 0.0035725 𝑜𝑟 = 0.0033816
𝑎 414 414
∅𝑀𝑁 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∅ = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2
= 0.90 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟓
 𝟑
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎 ( ) = 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝒎𝒎 ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝟓
𝜋 𝑤(𝑥)2
𝐴𝑠 = 5 ( ) (36 ) = 5089.38𝑚𝑚2
2
− 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 0
4 2
5089.38 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 7.2938𝑤 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = 0.05115
250(398)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 Now, this maximum moment is equated with the ultimate moment capacity of
Use 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.024638 the beam
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟖(𝟐𝟓𝟎)(𝟑𝟗𝟖) = 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐 301.22𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 7.2938𝑤𝑢
41.298𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟓(𝟒𝟏𝟒) 𝑤𝑢 = = 1.2𝑤𝐷 + 1.6𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 1.2(15) + 1.6(𝑤𝐿𝐿 )
𝑚
𝑎= = = 136.457𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏 0.85(35)(250) 𝒘𝑳𝑳 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝒌𝑵/𝒎

136.457 Design of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

0.9(2451.449275)(414)(398 −
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑁 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 2 )
2 106
The design of beams to resist the factored moment is made up of two parts:
= 301.22𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
1. Determining the required section size defined by bd^2 which is similar to
The next step is to analyze the beam in order to get the maximum positive the section modulus
moment 2. Determining the amount of reinforcements

∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0
The NSCP requires that
6.3
8𝑅𝐴 − 𝑤(6.3) ( + 1.7) = 0
2 ∅𝑀𝑁 > 𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝐴 = 3.819375𝑤 𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝑁 =
∅

∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 𝑎 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑁 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ′
) = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦𝑑(1 − )
2 1.7𝑓𝑐 𝑏 1.7𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑅𝐴 − 𝑤𝑥 = 0 𝑀𝑢 𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑥 = 3.819375𝑚 = 𝑓𝑦 (1 − ) 𝑏𝑑2
∅ 𝑏𝑑 1.7𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑀𝑢 𝑝𝑓𝑦
= 𝑝𝑓𝑦(1 − )𝑏𝑑 2
∅ 1.7𝑓𝑐 ′
 𝑝𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑓𝑦(1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐 ′

𝑴𝒖
𝒃𝒅𝟐 =
∅𝑹

𝑀𝑢 𝑝𝑓𝑦
= 𝑝𝑓𝑦(1 − ′
)𝑏𝑑 2
∅ 1.7𝑓𝑐
2.3Pu = 289.8kN
𝑀𝑢 𝑝𝑓𝑦 𝑝2 𝑓𝑦
= 𝑝 (1 − ) = (𝑝 − ) wu = 26.8kN/m
∅𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑦 1.7𝑓𝑐 ′ 1.7𝑓𝑐 ′ There are 3 critical areas where moments are maximum, namely negative
𝑀𝑢
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑋 = moments at A, maximum positive moment within span AB, and negative
∅𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑦
cantilever moment at B.
𝑓𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 =
0.85𝑓𝑐′

This simplifies the quadratic equation to ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0

𝑚 2 1.2
𝑝 −𝑝+𝑋 =0 𝑀𝐵 + 126(1.2) + 26.8(1.2) ( ) = 0
2 2
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟐𝒎𝑿
𝒑=
𝒎 𝑀𝐵 = −170.496𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑨𝑺 𝟒𝒑𝒃𝒅
𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔, 𝑵 = =
𝑨𝒃 𝝅𝒅𝒃 𝟐
by Three moment Equation
Example : 26.8(8.23 ) (8.22 − (3.72 )
The prismatic beam below is to carry superimposed loads of Pu =126Kn and wu = 2𝑀𝐴 (0 + 8.2) + 𝑀𝐵 (8.2) + + 289.8(3.7)( =0
4 8.2
26.8kN/m. Assume that the beam is already included. Design the beam using
25mmdiameter top bars and 20mm diameter bottom bars. Use fc’ = 30Mpa and 𝑀𝐴 = −566.98𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
grade 60 bars. Use d/b = 2 and steel ratio equal to 1.5pmin in determining the beam
size. Also use a concrete cover of 50mm and stirrup size of 12mm.
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
 √𝒇𝒄′ 𝟒
𝑅𝐴 (8.2) + 126(1.2) − 289.8(3.7) − 26.8(9.4)(4.7 − 1.2) − 566.98 = 0 𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
√30 1.4
𝑅𝐴 =289.00kN 𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25 = 0.003075 𝑜𝑟 = 0.0033816
414 414

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0.0033816

𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑝 = 1.5(0.0033816) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓

𝑝𝑓𝑦 0.0050725(414)
𝑅 = 𝑝𝑓𝑦 (1 − ) = 0.0050725(414)(1 − = 2.0135𝑀𝑝𝑎
1.7𝑓𝑐 ′ 1.7(30)

𝑴𝒖 566.98(106 )
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝒃𝒅𝟐 = = = 312.87𝑥106
∅𝑹 0.9(2.0135)
𝒅
𝒃𝒖𝒕 =𝟐
𝒃

1/3
312.87𝑥106
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝒃 = ( )
22
= 427.66𝑚𝑚, 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 − 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 50𝑚𝑚, 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑏
= 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
1/2
312.87𝑥106
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝒅 = ( ) = 833.83𝑚𝑚
450

25
Design of Beam Section 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝒉 = 833.83𝑚𝑚 + (50 + 12 + )
2
0.05 = 𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (30 − 28) = 0.83571
7 25
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝟑 0.85(30) 3 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑 = 900 − (50 + 12 + ) = 825.5𝑚𝑚
2
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜷𝟏 ( ) = 0.83571 ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟏
𝒇𝒚 𝟕 414 7
Steel reinforcement
Design of top bars at A:
𝑨𝑺 𝟒𝒑𝒃𝒅 4(0.0041609)(450)(828)
6 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔, 𝑵 = = =
𝑀𝑢 566.98(10 ) 𝑨𝒃 𝝅𝒅𝒃 𝟐 𝜋(20)2
𝑋= = = 0.0049622
∅𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑦 0.9(450)(825.5)2 (414) = 4.93 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟓𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

𝑓𝑦 414
𝑚= = = 16.235
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 0.85(30)
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟐𝒎𝑿 𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟐(16.235)(0.0049622)
𝒑= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟕 < 𝒑𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒎 6.235
= 0.0033816 Doubly reinforced Rectangular Beams
Consider a doubly reinforced section under positive moment shown
Therefore the amount of reinforcement shall be increased by an additional 1/3 as
long as the minimum in not exceeded:
𝟒 𝟒
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟑 < 0.0033816
𝟑 𝟑

𝑨𝑺 𝟒𝒑𝒃𝒅 4(0.0020143)(450)(825.5)
𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔, 𝑵 = = =
𝑨𝒃 𝝅𝒅𝒃 𝟐 𝜋(25)2
= 1.52 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

Design of bottom bars at Span BC

20
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑 = 900 − (50 + 12 + ) = 828𝑚𝑚
2 The tension reinforcement is required to yield by the NSCP. Thus, the tensile force
6
𝑀𝑢 566.98(10 ) is always
𝑋= = = 0.0040238
∅𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 0.9(450)(828)2 (414)
2
𝑇𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦
The concrete compression force is
𝑓𝑦 414 𝐶𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎𝑏 − 𝐴′𝑆 )
𝑚= = = 16.235
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 0.85(30) The steel compression force 𝐶𝑆 = 𝐴′𝑆 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ,
𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝟐𝒎𝑿 1 − √1 − 2(16.235)(0.0049622) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝒑= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟗
𝒎 6.235 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑆 𝜀𝑆𝐶 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
> 0.0033816 From the strain diagram
 𝑐 − 𝑑′ 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 3 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝜀𝑆𝐶 = (0.003) 𝜌 = 𝛽1 ( ) + 𝜌′
𝑐 𝑓𝑦 7 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑐 − 𝑑′ (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 3
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = (0.003)(200000) = (600) ≤ 𝑓𝑦 𝜌 − 𝜌′ = 𝛽1 ( ) = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑐 𝑐 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 7
𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑦.
𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝑆 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎𝑏 − 𝐴′𝑆 ) + 𝐴′𝑆 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆 − 𝝆′ (𝟏 − )
𝒇𝒚
Therefore:
𝑪𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
𝑪𝑺 = 𝑨′ 𝑺 (𝒇𝒔𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄) The analysis procedure for a doubly reinforced beam is outlined below
𝒂
𝑴𝑵 = 𝑪𝑪 (𝒅 − ) + 𝑪𝑺 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ ) 1. Determine 𝛽1 and 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝟐
𝐴𝑠 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 3
2. Determine𝜌 = 𝑏𝑑 and compare with 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 (7)
𝑓𝑦
Maximum steel requirements If 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 then analyze as a singly reinforced rectangular beam and
To ensure that the beam will be ductile, the NSCP requirement for a minimum follow the procedure for singly. The compression bars are conservatively
tensile strain of 0.004 still has to be complied with. neglected in the analysis
However if 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 then analyze as doubly and follow the steps
discussed below
𝐴′ 𝑠
3. Determine 𝜌′ = 𝑏𝑑
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′
4. Compare 𝝆 − 𝝆′ (𝟏 − ) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 and determine the effective As
𝒇𝒚
𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′
If 𝝆 − 𝝆′ (𝟏 − ) > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 then consider only the amount of tension
𝒇𝒚
steel satisfying the code requirements
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑇𝑆 = 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝑆 𝐴𝑆 = [𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌′ (1 − )] 𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦
Otherwise, the original As is fully effective.
𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) It is easier to assume that the compression bars yield (fsc = fy) which can
Dividing both sides of the equation with bdfy and substituting the expression a = be easily be confirmed later
𝛽1c, c/d = 3/7, =As/bd and ’ = A’s/bd In this case, the equilibrium equation for summation of forces equals zero
𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) becomes
= +
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦
 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑆 − 𝐶𝑆 The beam shown has a height of 600mm and a width of 300mm. determine the
maximum safe live load that the beam can carry. The dead load is the beam
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) weight plus a superimposed load of 15kN/m. The stirrup size is 12mm, the top bars
are 2-20mm and the bottom bars are 5-28mm. the clear distance between layers
5. Assume that the compression bar yields of bottom bars is the bar size, 28mm. Use fc’ = 30Mpa, grade 60 reinforcements
𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) and concrete cover of 50mm.
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽1
6. Solve for fsc using hooke’s law
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = (600) > 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
If the assumption that the compression rebars have yielded is confirmed
(i.e. fsc>fy) then the moment capacity can now be derived
7a. moment capacity if compression bar yields
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑁 = 0.90 [(0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏) (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′ 𝑠(𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )] 𝜋
2 𝐴𝑆 = 5 ( ) (28)2 = 3078.8𝑚𝑚2
7b. if the compression bars do not yield (i.e. fsc<fy) the expression for the 4
𝜋
equilibrium equation becomes more complicated. 𝐴′𝑆 = 2 ( ) (20)2 = 628.32𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑇𝑆 = 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝑆 The effective depth d

𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) 56

𝑐 − 𝑑′) 𝑑 = 600 − 76 − 2 ( ) = 501.6𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑆 ( (600) − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) 5
𝑐

(0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑏)𝒄𝟐 − (𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 − 600𝐴′ 𝑠 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝐴′ 𝑠)𝒄 − 600𝐴′ 𝑠𝑑′ = 0

𝑐 − 𝑑′ 0.05
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = (600) 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑐 𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (30 − 28) = 0.83571
𝒂 7
∅𝑴𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 [(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃) (𝒅 − ) + 𝑨′ 𝒔(𝒇𝒔𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ )(𝒅 − 𝒅′ )] 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝟑 0.85(30) 3
𝟐 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜷𝟏 ( ) = 0.83571 ( ) ( ) = 0.022061
Example 𝒇𝒚 𝟕 414 7
 𝑨𝒔 3078.8
𝝆= = = 0.02046
𝒅𝒃 300(501.6) 64
𝑑 = 600 − 78 − 2 ( ) = 496.4𝑚𝑚
Since 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 therefore the section will be analyzed as a singly reinforced 5
rectangular beam
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 3078.8(414)
𝑎= = = 166.62𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏 0.85(30)(300)
𝑎 166.62 0.05
∅𝑀𝑁 = ∅𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 0.9(3078.8)(414) (501.6 − ) (10)−6 𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (30 − 28) = 0.83571
2 2 7
= 𝟒𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟒𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝟑 0.85(30) 3
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜷𝟏 ( ) = 0.83571 ( ) ( ) = 0.022061
𝒇𝒚 𝟕 414 7
The beam shown has a height of 600mm and a width of 300mm. determine the 𝑨𝒔 4021.24
𝝆= = = 0.027003
maximum safe live load that the beam can carry. The dead load is the beam 𝒅𝒃 300(496.4)
weight plus a superimposed load of 15kN/m. The stirrup size is 12mm, the top bars > 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝑫𝑹𝑩
are 2-20mm and the bottom bars are 5-32mm. the clear distance between layers
of bottom bars is the bar size, 28mm. Use fc’ = 30Mpa, grade 60 reinforcements 𝑨′𝒔 628.32
𝝆′ = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟗
and concrete cover of 50mm. 𝒅𝒃 300(496.4)

′
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 0.85(30)
𝝆 − 𝝆 (𝟏 − ) = 0.027003 − 0.0004219 (1 − ) = 0.023044
𝒇𝒚 414
> 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 0.022061

′
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐴𝑆 = [𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌 (1 − )] 𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦
0.85(30)
= [0.022061 + 0.0004219 (1 − )] (300)(496.4)
414
𝜋 = 3874.92𝑚𝑚^2
𝐴𝑆 = 5 ( ) (32)2 = 4021.24𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴′𝑆 = 2 ( ) (20)2 = 628.32𝑚𝑚2 Assuming that the compression bar yields:
4 𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) 3874.92(414) − 628.32(414 − 0.85(30))
The effective depth d 𝑎= =
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85(30)(300)
= 𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝒎𝒎
Check for fsc using hooke’s law Design of doubly reinforced rectangular beams
20
𝑑′ = 50 + 12 + = 72
2
177.793
𝑐 − 𝑑′ − 72
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = (600) = 0.83571 (600) = 396.94𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦 = 414𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑐 177.793
0.83571
Therefore results indicate that the compression bar do not yield.
Compute c using
𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐)
𝑐 − 𝑑′)
𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑆 ( (600) − 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐) 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 3
𝑐 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ( )
𝑓𝑦 7
(0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑏)𝒄𝟐 − (𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 − 600𝐴′ 𝑠 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝐴′ 𝑠)𝒄 − 600𝐴′ 𝑠𝑑′ = 0 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 (1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐 ′
0.85(30)(0.83571)(300)𝒄𝟐 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∅𝑏𝑑 2
− [(3874.92)(414) − 600(628.32) − 0.85(30)(628.32)]𝒄
− 𝟔𝟎𝟎(628.32)(72) = 0 This value of Mmax is compared eith the design factored moment Mu. If MMAX is
greater than MU, then the section dimensions b and d are enough to design the
𝒄 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 beam as singly and the design procedure for singly is followed
Otherwise, when MU>MMAX the beam will have to be designed as doubly.
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = (600) = 398.89𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑐 𝑨𝑺𝟏 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒃𝒅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑻𝑺𝟏 = 𝑨𝑺𝟏 𝒇𝒚
𝑻𝑺𝟏
𝒂 𝑻𝑺𝟏 = 𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎 =
∅𝑴𝑵 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 [(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃) (𝒅 − ) + 𝑨′ 𝒔(𝒇𝒔𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ )(𝒅 − 𝒅′ )] 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝟐 𝒂
𝑴𝑴𝑨𝑿 = 𝑴𝟏 = 𝑻𝑺𝟏 (𝒅 − )
𝟐
214.28𝑥0.83571 𝑴𝑼
∅𝑴𝑵= 0.90 [(0.85(30)(214.28𝑥0.83571)(300) (496.4 − ) 𝑴𝟐 = − 𝑴𝑴𝑨𝑿
2 ∅
+ 628.32(398.89 − 0.85(30))(496.4 − 72)] (10−6 )
𝑴𝟐 𝑻𝑺𝟐
= 𝟓𝟗𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑻𝑺𝟐 = ′
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝑺𝟐 =
𝒅−𝒅 𝒇𝒚
 𝑪𝒔 = 𝑻𝑺𝟐 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 0.028047(276)
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 (1 − ′
) = 0.028047(276) (1 − )
1.7𝑓𝑐 1.7(25)
𝑪𝒔 = 𝑨′𝑺 𝒇𝒔𝒄 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒔𝒄 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒂𝒓 = 6.311𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝒄 − 𝒅′ 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∅𝑏𝑑 2 = 6.311(0.90)(300)(4302 )(10−6 ) = 316.07𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝒇𝒔𝒄 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝒇𝒚
𝒄
When the stress fsc is established, the compression reinforcement A’s can be The design moment Mu
determined easily 40.4𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑆2 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑆 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′) 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(19) + 1.6(11) =
𝑚
𝑨𝑺𝟐 𝒇𝒚 𝑘𝑁
𝑨′𝑺 = 𝑃𝑈 = 1.2(55) + 1.6(34) = 120.4
(𝒇𝒔𝒄 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′) 𝑚
Example 𝑀𝑢 = 40.4(2.2)(1.1) + 120.4(2.2) = 𝟑𝟔𝟐. 𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 > 316.07𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Therefore the section has to be designed doubly
The cantilever beam shown is to carry the loads P and w. The concentrated load P Determine the As1
consists of PDL =55Kn and PLL = 34kN. The uniform load w consists of wDL = 19kN 𝑨𝑺𝟏 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒃𝒅 = 0.028047((300)(430) = 3618.1𝑚𝑚2
(including beam weight) and wLL = 11kN/m. The prescribed beam size is b =
300mm and d = 430mm and d’ = 70mm. The material properties are f’c = 25Mpa Determine the required additional nominal moment
for concrete and grade40 rebars. The span length of the beam is 2.2m. design the 𝑀𝑈 362.65
𝑀2 = − 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝑋 = − 316.07 = 86.875𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
reinforcement of the beam. ∅ 0.9

Determine the As2 and the total As

𝑀2 86.875(106 )
𝐴𝑆2 = = = 874.35𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 276(430 − 70)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑆1 + 𝐴𝑆2 = 3618.1 + 874.35 = 4492.45𝑚𝑚2

Check for the value of fsc

𝑻𝑺𝟏 𝐴𝑆1 𝑓𝑦 3618.1(276)
𝑎= = = = 156.64𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 25𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 28𝑀𝑝𝑎 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 0.85(25)(300)
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 3 0.85(25) 3 𝑐 = 184.29𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ( ) = 𝛽1 ( ) = 0.028047 𝒄 − 𝒅′ 184.29 − 𝟕𝟎
𝑓𝑦 7 276 7 𝒇𝒔𝒄 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝑴𝒑𝒂 > 276𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝒄 184.29
 Thus the code (NSCP Art. 406.3.2) defines this effective width “be” for reinforced
Therefore use 𝒇𝒔𝒄 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝑴𝒑𝒂 T beams as shown in table 4.6.3.2.1
In essence, for interior beams, the effective width “be” should be the least of the
The required area of compression rebars, A’s three values below:
a. bw +L/4
874.35(276) b. bW + 16ts, and
𝑨′𝑺 = = 𝟔𝟖𝟕. 𝟖𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
276 − 0.85(25) c. bw + sw or average of the beam center to center spacing at both sides of
the web.
For exterior beams, the effective width “be” shall be taken as the least among
the three values listed:
a. bw +L/12
b. bW + 6ts, and
c. bw + sw/2 or bw/2+c-cspacing/2 = (bw + c-c spacing)/2

Beams with irregular sections

Effective width “be” of T beams

Table 4.6.3.2.1 Dimensional Limits for Effective
Overhanging Flange width for T-beams
Effective Overhanging Flange width,
Flange location
beyond face of web
8h Analysis of Irregular Sections
Each side of web Least of: sw/2
Analyses of irregular sections are common. For shapes with several webs, these
ln/8
webs can be moved transversely and combined as a single web. However the
6h
one side of web Least of: sw/2 effective width of the concrete compression flange should be determined
ln/12 beforehand.
h = slab thickness The procedure is outlined and discussed below
sw = clear distance between webs 1. determine the effective width “be” based on NSCP requirements
ln = center to center distance of supports 2. assume “a” is equal to ts
The tension and compression forces are then determined based on this
assumption.
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏𝑒
Case 1 if C>T then “a” must be reduced, a<ts

𝐶𝑓 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑠 (𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 ) 𝐶𝑤 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏𝑒

𝑇𝐹 = 𝐴𝑆𝐹 𝑓𝑦 𝑇𝑤 = 𝐴𝑆𝑤 𝑓𝑦
𝑡𝑠 𝑎
𝑀𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓 (𝑑 − ) 𝑀𝑓 = 𝑇𝑤 (𝑑 − )
2 2
3. solve for 𝐶𝑓 and 𝑀𝑓
4. solve for 𝐴𝑆𝐹
5. sove for 𝐴𝑆𝑤 = 𝐴𝑆 − 𝐴𝑆𝐹
𝐴𝑆𝑊
6. solve for steel ratio 𝑝𝑤 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
7. after solving 𝑝𝑤 compare with the 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 . If this is less than 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 there is no
reduction in Asw, But if it is greater than 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 , there is a need to reduce the
Case 2 if C<T then “a” must be increased, a > ts
steel , so Asw is now equal to 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑆𝑊 𝑓𝑦
8. solve for 𝑎 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤
𝑎
9. determine the 𝑀𝑊 = 𝐴𝑆𝑊 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2)
10. solve the ultimate moment capacity, 𝑀𝑈 = ∅(𝑀𝑓 + 𝑀𝑊 )

This is now the situation where the compression region is no longer rectangular
and is now considered as “irregular”
In analyzing irregular beam the nominal moment capacity is divided into two : MF
and MW as shown
Example
A simply supported joist shown has a span length of 4.3m. The total dead load
carried by the joist is 25kN/m. The material properties are fc’ = 35Mpa and grade
60 reinforcements made up of 4-20mm diameter bars. Determine the maximum
live load(kN/m) that the joist can carry.
 𝐴𝑆𝑊 = 𝐴𝑆 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 1256.6— 1724.6 = 2981.3𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑆𝑊 2981.3
𝑝𝑤 = = = 0.017746
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 320(525)

The 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 will have to be solved and compare with 𝑝𝑤 .

0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( ) (50 − 28) = 0.80
7

0.8(0.85)(35) 3
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( ) = 0.024638 > 𝑝𝑤
Assume a = 100mm 414 7
𝜋(202 )
𝐴𝑆 = 4 = 1256.6𝑚𝑚2 Since 𝑝𝑤 < 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒.
4
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑆 𝑓𝑦 = 1256.6(414) = 520248𝑁
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏𝑒 = 085(35)(100)(80) = 238000𝑁 𝐴𝑆𝑊 𝑓𝑦 2981.3(414)
𝑎= = = 129.65𝑚𝑚
Since C < T therefore a>100mm. The analysis will proceed with the section 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤 0.85(35)320
𝑎 129.65
considered as irregular 𝑀𝑊 = 𝐴𝑆𝑊 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 2981.3(414) (525 − ) (10−6 ) = 567.97𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
2 2
𝑏𝑤 = 120 + 80 + 120 = 320𝑚𝑚
0.85(35)(100)(80 − 320)
𝐶𝑓 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑡𝑠 (𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 ) = = −714𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝑈 = ∅(𝑀𝑓 + 𝑀𝑊 ) = 0.9(−339.15 + 567.97) = 205.94𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
1000
The maximum moment of the simply supported beam is
𝑑 = 100 + 425 = 525𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑈 =
8
100
𝑡𝑠 714 (525 − 2 ) 8(205.94)
𝑀𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓 (𝑑 − ) = − = −339.15𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑤𝑢 = = 89.103𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 1000 4.32

𝐶𝑓 714000 Now the live load can be solved

𝐴𝑠𝑓 = = − = −1724.6𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 414 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝑑 + 1.6𝑤𝐿
 89.103𝑘𝑁 𝒂
= 1.2(25) + 1.6𝑤𝐿 ∅𝑴𝑵 = ∅ [𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝒇𝒄′ )𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒔 (𝒅 − )]
𝑚 𝟐
𝟕𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 [𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟏)(𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎)(𝟕𝟓) (𝟒𝟑𝟎 − )] (𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )
𝒘𝑳 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟗𝟑𝟗𝒎𝒎 𝟐
= 𝟔𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟐𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Example
0.85(21)(1450 − 250)(75)
Determine the amount of reinforcing bars needed for a typical simply supported 𝐶𝐹 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑏𝑒 − 𝑏𝑤 )𝑡𝑠 = = 1606.5𝑘𝑁
1000
interior stringer. The simple span length is 7.5m and the stringer spacing is 3.6m.
it carries a superimposed factored of 25kPa. The stringer has a web width of
1606.5(1000)
250mm, total height of 500mm and effective depth of 430mm. The slab thickness 𝐴𝑆𝐹 = = 5820.7𝑚𝑚2
276
is 75mm. The concrete strength is 21Mpa and the rebar are grade40 75
1606.5 (430 − 2 )
The total factored load of the stringer including beam weight is first computed 𝑀𝐹 = = 630.55𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
1000
𝑀𝑈 709
Stringer load, wu = 25(3.6)+1.2(0.25)(.5)(24) = 100.84kN/m 𝑀𝑊 = ( ) − 𝑀𝐹 = − 630.55 = 157.23𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
∅ 0.9
𝑓𝑦 276
The design moment is 𝑚= = = 15.462
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.85(21)
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 100.84(7.52 ) 𝑀𝑈 157.23(106 )
𝑀𝑈 = = = 709.00kN − m 𝑋= = = 0.013693
8 8 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 𝑓𝑦 250(430)2 (276)
The effective depth width is determined based on NSCP REQUIREMENTS
1 − √1 − 2𝑚𝑋 1 − √1 − 2(15.642)(0.013693)
𝑝𝑤 = = = 0.015567
𝑚 (15.462)
a. bw +L/4 = 250 + 16(75) = 1450𝑚𝑚
7500
b. bW + 16ts = 250 + = 2125𝑚𝑚 𝛽1 = 0.85
4
c. bw + sw or average of the beam center to center spacing at both sides of
the web. = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑐 − 𝑐 = 3600𝑚𝑚 0.85(0.85)(21) 3
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( ) = 0.024638 = 0.023560 > 𝑝𝑤
276 7
therefore use 𝒃𝒆 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝐴𝑆𝑊 = 𝜌𝑊 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.015567(250)(430) = 1673.4𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑆 = 𝐴𝑆𝑊 + 𝐴𝑆𝐹 = 5820.7 + 1673.4 = 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟒. 𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟐