2014 IEEE Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science
A New Control Strategy for Interfacing Battery
Supercapacitor Storage Systems for PV System
Sathish Kumar Kollimalla Mahesh Kumar Mishra
Student Member, IEEE Senior Member, IEEE
Indian Institute of Technology Madras Indian Institute of Technology Madras
kollimallasathish@gmail.com mahesh@ee.iitm.ac.in
Abstract—In this paper, a new control strategy is proposed
for hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for remote area power
supply system consisting of PV, battery, supercapacitor (SC) and
load. Since the PV generation and load demand varies continu-
ously, batteries can undergo irregular, partial charge/discharge
cycles. It has detrimental effects on battery life span and rating.
Therefore in the proposed method, batteries are used to balance
the low frequency power surges, because of its low power density
and low charge/discharge rates. Whereas SCs are used to balance
the high frequency power surges, because of its high power
density and high charge/discharge rates. The control of the
battery system is coordinated with SC to improve the life span
and reduce the stress on battery. The proposed control strategy
is compared with the conventional strategy and validated for
sudden changes in PV generation and load demand through
digital simulation.
Index Terms—Battery, Buck-boost converter, Hybrid energy
storage system (HESS), Photovoltaic system (PV), Remote area
power system (RAPS), State of charge (SOC), Supercapacitor
(SC).
I. I NTRODUCTION
Non-conventional energy sources are expected to play an
important role in meeting the world’s power demand, due to
their abundant availability and less impact on the environment.
Solar power generation is currently considered as one of the
most useful renewable energy source. In remote areas where
connection to the main utility grid is not feasible, standalone
renewable generation can offer the benefit of reduced running
and maintenance costs [1]–[3]. Due to the variable nature of
PV power and load demand, a PV system alone cannot supply
the load demand. At present, battery storage systems seems to
provide a promising opportunity to mitigate the issues of load
demand and power generation fluctuations in most real life
remote area power system (RAPS) applications [4]–[6].
The typical energy storage applied in standalone PV sytsem
is lead acid batteries. Batteries have high energy density but
low power density, low charge/discharge rates and life span of
less than 1000 full cycle [7]–[9]. Therefore, under severe load
fluctuations, batteries cannot respond immediately and will be
under high stress. It is reflected as increase in the charging
and discharging cycles and leads to reduction in battery life
span [10]. The supercapacitors (SC) are new form of energy
storage which stores energy by means of static charge. When
compared to batteries, SC possess high power density but low
978-1-4799-2526-1/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Uluslararasi Kibris Universitesi. Downloaded on August 11,2023 at 15:46:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Lakshmi Narasamma N
Member, IEEE
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
lakshmin@ee.iitm.ac.in
energy density, high charge/discharge rates and life span of
around 500,000 cycles. Hence, SCs can be used to satisfy the
quick load fluctuations [8], [11].
Certain loads require high starting current e.g. motor loads,
the starting current requirement can be 7-10 times the normal
operating current [9]. The high current demand need to be
met only for few seconds. Sizing the battery to meet this high
current demand can prove costly. In standalone PV systems
the batteries are replaced typically every 3-5 years. An ideal
energy storage system (ESS) in a standalone PV system should
be able to provide both high energy and power capacities
to handle situations such as weather changes and load step
changes. Thus, the objective is to harness the advantages of
both batteries and SCs to design ESS with high power and
energy density. By utilizing a battery-supercapacitor hybrid
energy storage system (HESS) the following advantages can
be achieved: i) improvement in battery life span ii) reduction
in battery size and hence the cost iii) reduction in stress on
battery and iv) improvement in power balance between power
generation and load.
Different control strategies have been reported in litera-
ture [1]–[13], for controlling power sharing between battery
and supercapacitor. N. Mendis et al. [4] has addressed the
benefits of adding a SC to a battery storage system in a
wind based hybrid RAPS system. In this regard, an energy
management algorithm (EMA) has been established between
the battery storage system and SC to operate both energy
storage systems in a designated manner. Authors in [8] have
proposed HESS for microgrid applications. Amine Lahyani et
al. [12] presented a study of the reduction in battery stresses by
using SC. Authors in [13], demonstrated that HESS lowers the
battery cost and improves the overall system efficiency. The
fundamental idea of all these control strategies is that battery
provides low frequency power component and SC provides
high frequency power component momentarily.
In this paper, a new control strategy is proposed for HESS
for RAPS system consisting of PV, battery, SC and load.
The proposed method is based on decoupling of low and
high frequency power components and utilizes error current of
battery to control the SC. This paper is organized as follows. In
Section II system configuration and its modelling is discussed.
The proposed control strategy is designed and explained in
Section III. Simulation results are reported in Section IV.
 Finally, conclusions are summarized in Section V. is directly converted to electricity through photovoltaic effect.
PV cell exhibits a nonlinear P-V and I-V characteristics which
II. S YSTEM C ONFIGURATION vary with cell temperature (T ) and solar irradiance (S). The
equivalent circuit of PV module is shown in Fig. 2. It consists
Lpv of a photo current source, a parallel resistor representing a
ipv leakage current, a diode and a series resistor describing an
C R vo internal resistance to the current flow.
vpv
SW1 The nonlinear voltage-current characteristic equation of PV
module is given as [14],
 q(Vpv /NS +Ipv Rs /NP ) 
Ipv = NP Iph − NP Irs e AkT −1
SW2 SW4 NP Vpv /NS + Ipv Rs (1)
Lbat Lsc −
Rsh
ibat isc
where Ipv is terminal current (A), Vpv is terminal voltage (V),
vbat SW3 SW5 vsc NP is number of cells in parallel, NS is number of cells in
series and other parameters can be obtained from specifications
given in [15].
Fig. 1. Typical configuration of PV based DC grid
B. Modeling of Battery
A standalone PV system consisting of PV panel, battery
i
and SC arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. The PV panel is
connected to DC grid using a boost converter. Here, the boost
converter is used to extract the maximum power from PV panel E
Vbatt
using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm.
HESS is connected to DC grid using bi-directional DC/DC
converter. HESS is used to maintain the constant DC grid
voltage (vo ) due to mismatch between generation and demand. it
E = E0 – K Q/(Q – it) + Aexp(-B. it)
When the demand is more than generation, vo drops from its
reference value, consequently HESS will discharge to provide Fig. 3. A nonlinear battery model
the surplus demand. Similarly, when the demand is less than
generation, vo increases from its reference value, consequently The battery is modelled using a simple controlled voltage
HESS will charge to absorb the surplus power. Buck-boost source in series with a constant resistance, as shown in Fig.
converter is used as a bi-directional converter to facilitate the 3. The battery is modeled as a nonlinear voltage source using
bi-directional power flow between DC grid and HESS. In this the following equations [16]
paper, the total load of RAPS is represented as DC load with
Q 
resistance R. In Fig. 1 vpv , vbat and vsc are PV panel, battery E = Eo − K  + A e−B idt , (2)
and SC voltages respectively, ipv , ibat and isc are PV panel, Q − idt
battery and SC current respectively, Lpv , Lbat and Lsc are PV Vbatt = E − Ri, (3)
panel, battery and SC filter inductance respectively, vo is DC
grid voltage, C is filter capacitance and R is load resistance. where i and Vbatt are terminal current and voltage of battery,
SW1 , SW2 , SW3 , SW4 and SW5 are control switches. and other parameters can be obtained from specifications given
in [16].
A. Modeling of PV Module
C. Modeling of Supercapacitor
NP NS The SC resembles a regular capacitor with the exception
Rs Ipv
NP
 that it offers very high capacitance in a small package. Energy
S storage is by means of static charge rather than of an electro-
NS NS
Rsh Vpv
chemical process that is inherent to the battery. The SC can
NP
NP Iph be recharged and discharged virtually an unlimited number of
times. Unlike the electrochemical battery, there is very little
wear and tear induced by cycling and age does not affect the
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of PV module SC much. In normal use SC deteriorates to about 80 percent
after 10 years. A SC has a higher power density than a battery,
The photovoltaic (PV) cell is basically a p-n junction but it has a significantly lower energy density than a battery.
fabricated in a thin wafer of semiconductor. The solar energy The three branch model of supercapacitor is shown in Fig. 4

SCEECS 2014
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Uluslararasi Kibris Universitesi. Downloaded on August 11,2023 at 15:46:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 are given to the PWM generator to generate switching pulses
corresponding to battery switches (SW2 , SW3 ).
Due to the slow dynamics of the battery, Ibat may not track
the Ibat ref instantly. Therefore, the uncompensated battery
p p
power is given as
Pbat uncomp = (IHF C ref + Ibat err ) ∗ Vbat . (7)
This uncompensated battery power is to be compensated by
1 1
SC. Therefore, the reference current of SC is given as
Pbat uncomp
Isc ref =
Vsc
Vbat
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of supercapacitor
= (IHF C ref + Ibat err )
. ∗
(8)
Vsc
Isc ref is compared with the acutal SC current (Isc ), and the
The C1 is the main capacitance responsible for energy error is given to the PI controller. The PI controller generates
storage and charge handling. The R1 accounts for self dis- the duty ratios (D4 , D5 ). These duty ratios are given to the
charge effect and ESR is added to include the losses during PWM generator to generate switching pulses corresponding
charging and discharging. The Rp and Cp are responsible for to SC switches (SW4 , SW5 ).
the fast dynamic behavior of SCs. Procedure to determine the
parameters is discussed in [17]. IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
The proposed control strategy is compared with conven-
III. N EW C ONTROL S TRATEGY FOR C ONTROLLING ESS tional control strategy [8] for the following cases: i) step
change in PV generation and ii) step change in load demand.
Vref Itot_ref Ibat_ref SW2
The objective is to maintain the DC grid voltage at Vref = 48
V. The nominal parameters of the DC grid are given in Table
SW3 I. The initial state of charge (SOC) of the battery is set at
Vo Ibat Ibat_err
50%. The PI controller gains of the outer voltage loop, inner
IHFC_ref current loop of battery and inner current loop of SC are Kp v
= 1.477, Ki v = 3077, Kp bat = 0.003, Ki bat = 0.05, Kp sc
Vbat Isc_ref SW4 = 0.4 and Ki sc = 14393.
Vsc SW5 TABLE I
Isc N OMINAL PARAMETERS OF DC GRID

Fig. 5. Block diagram of battery-supercapacitor controller.

Subsystem Specifications
PV array VOC = 37.5 V, ISC = 33.2 A, PM P P = 960 W,
Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of the proposed control @ STC VM P P = 31.1 V, IM P P = 30.88 A.
Battery Lead acid - 24 V, 14 Ah.
strategy. The objective of this algorithm is to reduce the stress SC 29 F, 32 V.
on battery and hence increase the life time of battery. In this DC-DC Lpv = 0.351 mH, Lbat = 0.3 mH, Lsc = 0.355 mH,
algorithm the DC grid voltage (Vo ) is compared with reference converters C = 390 μ F, Vo = 48 V, R = 4.8 Ω, fsw = 20 kHz.
voltage (Vref ), and the error is given to the propotional-
integral (PI) controller. The PI controller generates the total A. Case 1: Step Decrease in PV Generation
current required (Itot ref ) from energy storage system. Itot ref In this study, initially the PV panel is operated in maximum
is seperated into low frequency component (ILF C ref ) and power point tracking (MPPT) [18] mode with S = 520 W/m2
high frequency component (IHF C ref ) as given, and T = 25o C. Figs. 6(a)-(b) show the PV power (Ppv ) and
ILF C ref = lowpassfilter(Itot ref ), (4) output voltage (Vo ) of the DC grid. At t = 1 s, the irradiance
is suddenly decreased to 260 W/m2 . At this irradiance, the
IHF C ref = Itot ref − ILF C ref . (5) PV panel supplies 250 W, but the load demand (Po ) is 480
W. Therefore, Vo is decreased to 34 V from 48 V when the
The low frequency component gives the reference current to PV system is acting alone, i.e. without ESS as shown in Fig.
battery as given 6(b). To maintain the Vo at Vref the surplus demand of 230
Ibat = ILF C . (6) W (480 - 250) is to be supplied (discharging) by ESS. Figs.
ref ref
6(c)-(d) show the SC and battery currents.
Ibat ref is compared with the acutal battery current (Ibat ), In conventional method, SC supplies high frequency com-
and the error (Ibatt err ) is given to the PI controller. The PI ponent (IHF C ) of surplus demand momentarily, to maintain
controller generates the duty ratios (D2 , D3 ). These duty ratios Vo at 48 V as shown in Fig. 6(c). Due to slow dynamics of

SCEECS 2014
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Uluslararasi Kibris Universitesi. Downloaded on August 11,2023 at 15:46:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 PV system without ESS 900

PV Power (W)

PV Power (W)
500 Conventional Method
Proposed Method 700
PV system without ESS
300 Conventional Method
500
Proposed Method
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(a) 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(a)
60
48
50

Output Voltage (V)

Output Voltage (V)

60
44 56
40 55
40
50
52
1 1.1 1.2
36 1 1.1 1.2

32 48
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(b) 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(b)
10
2
Isc (A)

5 0

Isc (A)
-2
0 -4
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(c) 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(c)
15

10 0
Ibat (A)

Ibat (A)
-5
5
-10
0
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5 -15
(d) 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(d)
50 50.08
% SOC

% SOC

49.9 50
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(e) 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(e)

Fig. 6. Simulation results for step decrease in PV generation. a) power b) Fig. 7. Simulation results for step increase in PV power. a) power b) output
output voltage c) SC current d) battery current and e) SOC of battery. voltage c) SC current d) battery current and e) SOC of battery.

B. Case 2: Step Increase in PV Power

battery, Ibat reaches steady state after few seconds of sudden
decrease in Ppv as shown in Fig. 6(d). During this period, Vo
is not maintained at 48 V as shown in Fig. 6(b).
In the proposed method, SC supplies high frequency com-
ponent (IHF C ) of surplus demand along with the error compo-
nent (Ibat err ) of battery current. Therefore, SC supplies IHF C
momentarily, but supplies Ibat err component until it reaches
zero as shown in Figs. 6(c) and (d). Ibat takes longer time
to reach steady state when compared to conventional method,
because of the minimized output voltage error.
To compare the performance of these two methods the
output voltages are zoomed in Fig. 6(b). It shows that con-
ventional method is not able to maintain Vo at 48 V during
transient, when compared to proposed method. Fig. 6(c) shows
that SC supplies surplus demand momentarily in conventional
method, whereas in proposed method it supplies until Ibat
reaches steady state. Fig. 6(d) shows that Ibat takes longer time
to reach steady state when compared to conventional method.
Fig. 6(e) shows that decrement in % SOC of battery is less
when compared to conventional method at the end of 5 s.
In this study, initially the PV panel is operated in maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) [18] mode with S = 520 W/m2
and T = 25o C. Figs. 7(a)-(b) show the PV power (Ppv ) and
output voltage (Vo ) of the DC grid. At t = 1 s, the irradiance
is suddenly increased to 780 W/m2 . At this irradiance, the PV
panel supplies 760 W, but the load demand (Po ) is 480 W.
Therefore, Vo is increased to 59 V from 48 V when the PV
system is acting alone, i.e. without ESS as shown in Fig. 7(b).
To maintain the Vo at Vref the surplus supply of 280 W (760 -
480) is to be absorbed (charging) by ESS. Figs. 7(c)-(d) show
the SC and battery currents.
In conventional method, SC absorbs high frequency compo-
nent (IHF C ) of surplus supply momentarily as shown in Fig.
7(c). Due to slow dynamics of battery, Ibat reaches steady
state after few seconds of sudden increase in Ppv as shown in
Fig. 7(d). During this period, Vo is not maintained at 48 V as
shown in Fig. 7(b).
In the proposed method, SC absorbs high frequency compo-
nent (IHF C ) of surplus supply along with the error component
(Ibat err ) of battery current. Therefore, SC absorbs IHF C

SCEECS 2014
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Uluslararasi Kibris Universitesi. Downloaded on August 11,2023 at 15:46:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 PV system without ESS

Load Power (W)

Load Power (W)
450 Conventional Method
Proposed Method 800
PV system without ESS
350 Conventional Method
Proposed Method
400
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(a) (a)
60
48

Output Voltage (V)

60 50
Output Voltage (V)

56 44
55
40
50 40
52
1 1.1 1.2 1 1.1 1.2
36
48
32
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(b) (b)
20
2
Isc (A)

Isc (A)
10
-2

-4 0
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(c) (c)
30
0
20
Ibat (A)

Ibat (A)
-5
10

-10 0
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(d) (d)
50.06
50
% SOC

% SOC

50
49.85
1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5 1 2 3 4 Time (s) 5
(e) (e)

Fig. 8. Simulation results for step decrease in load demand. a) power b) Fig. 9. Simulation results for step increase in load demand. a) power b)
output voltage c) SC current d) battery current and e) SOC of battery. output voltage c) SC current d) battery current and e) SOC of battery.

momentarily, but absorbs Ibat err component until it reaches
zero as shown in Figs. 7(c) and (d).
To compare the performance of the two methods these
output voltages are zoomed in Fig. 7(b). It shows that con-
ventional method is not able to maintain Vo at 48 V during
transient, when compared to proposed method. Fig. 7(c) shows
that SC absorbs surplus supply momentarily in conventional
method, whereas in proposed method it absorbs until Ibat
reaches steady state. Fig. 7(d) shows that Ibat takes longer time
to reach steady state when compared to conventional method.
Fig. 7(e) shows that increment in % SOC of battery is less
when compared to conventional method at the end of 5 s.
C. Case 3: Step Decrease in Load Demand
In this study, initially the PV panel is operated in MPPT
[18] mode at constant S = 520 W/m2 , T = 25o C and R =
4.8 Ω. At t = 1 s, the load demand is suddenly decreased by
increasing R to 7.2 Ω. Figs. 8(a)-(b) show the load demand
(Po ) and output voltage (Vo ) of the DC grid. At this instant,
the PV panel supplies 480 W, but the load demand (Po ) is
320 W. Therefore, Vo is increased to 59 V from 48 V when
the PV system is acting alone, i.e. without ESS as shown in
Fig. 8(b). To maintain the Vo at 48 V the surplus supply of
160 W (480 - 320) is to be absorbed (charging) by ESS. Figs.
8(c)-(d) show the SC and battery currents.
In conventional method, SC absorbs high frequency compo-
nent (IHF C ) of surplus supply momentarily as shown in Fig.
8(c). Due to slow dynamics of battery, Ibat reaches steady
state after few seconds of sudden decrease in Po as shown in
Fig. 8(d). During this period, Vo is not maintained at 48 V as
shown in Fig. 8(b).
In the proposed method, SC absorbs high frequency compo-
nent (IHF C ) of surplus supply along with the error component
(Ibat err ) of battery current. Therefore, SC absorbs IHF C
momentarily, but absorbs Ibat err component until it reaches
zero as shown in Figs. 8(c) and (d).
To compare the performance of these two methods the
output voltages are zoomed in Fig. 8(b). It shows that con-
ventional method is not able to maintain Vo at 48 V during
transient, when compared to proposed method. Fig. 8(c) shows
that SC absorbs surplus supply momentarily in conventional
method, whereas in proposed method it absorbs until Ibat
reaches steady state. Fig. 8(d) shows that Ibat takes longer time
to reach steady state when compared to conventional method.

SCEECS 2014
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Uluslararasi Kibris Universitesi. Downloaded on August 11,2023 at 15:46:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig. 8(e) shows that increment in % SOC of battery is less
when compared to conventional method at the end of 5 s.
D. Case 4: Step Increase in Load Demand
In this study, initially the PV panel is operated in MPPT
[18] mode at constant S = 520 W/m2 , T = 25o C and R =
4.8 Ω. At t = 1 s, the load demand is suddenly increased by
decreasing R to 2.4 Ω. Figs. 9(a)-(b) show the load demand
(Po ) and output voltage (Vo ) of the DC grid. At this instant,
the PV panel supplies 480 W, but the load demand (Po ) is 960
W. Therefore, Vo is decreased to 34 V from 48 V when the
PV system is acting alone, i.e. without ESS as shown in Fig.
9(b). To maintain the Vo at 48 V the surplus demand of 480
W (960- 480) is to be supplied (discharging) by ESS. Figs.
9(c)-(d) show the SC and battery currents.
In conventional method, SC supplies high frequency com-
ponent (IHF C ) of surplus demand momentarily as shown in
Fig. 9(c). Due to slow dynamics of battery, Ibat reaches steady
state after few seconds of sudden increase in Po as shown in
Fig. 9(d). During this period, Vo is not maintained at 48 V as
shown in Fig. 9(b).
In the proposed method, SC supplies high frequency com-
ponent (IHF C ) of surplus demand along with the error com-
ponent (Ibat err ) of battery current. Therefore, SC supplies
IHF C momentarily, but supplies Ibat err component until it
reaches zero as shown in Figs. 9(c) and (d).
To compare the performance of these two methods the
output voltages are zoomed in Fig. 9(b). It shows that con-
ventional method is not able to maintain Vo at 48 V during
transient, when compared to proposed method. Fig. 9(c) shows
that SC supplies surplus demand momentarily in conventional
method, whereas in proposed method it supplies until Ibat
reaches steady state. Fig. 9(d) shows that Ibat takes longer time
to reach steady state when compared to conventional method.
Fig. 9(e) shows that decrement in % SOC of battery is less
when compared to conventional method at the end of 5 s.
V. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, a novel control strategy for controlling the
power sharing between battery and SC hybrid system has
been developed. The proposed method is based on decoupling
of low and high frequency power components of demand-
generation mismatch and utilizes error current of battery to
control the SC. The low frequency power component was
managed by battery storage system. The high frequency com-
ponent along with error current of battery was managed by SC.
The proposed method is compared with conventional method.
The simulation results shows that, the proposed method is
able to maintain the constant DC grid voltage during step
change in PV generation and load demand. Further, SOC is not
varying very much during charging or discharging of battery
when compared to conventional method. It indicates that the
charging and discharging stress are reduced.
SCEECS 2014
Authorized licensed use limited to: ULAKBIM UASL - Uluslararasi Kibris Universitesi. Downloaded on August 11,2023 at 15:46:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is supported by Renault Nissan Technology &
Business India Pvt. Ltd., under Research Support Program at
IIT Madras.
R EFERENCES
[1] A. M. Gee, F. V. P. Robinson, and R. W. Dunn, “Analysis of battery
lifetime extension in a small-scale wind-energy system using superca-
pacitors,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 24–33, Mar.
2013.
[2] A. M. Gee and R. W. Dunn, “Novel battery / supercapacitor hybrid
energy storage control strategy for battery life extension in isolated
wind energy conversion systems,” in Proc. 2010 45th International
Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), pp. 1–6.
[3] R. Karki and Billinton, “Reliability/cost implications of pv and wind
energy utilization in small isolated power systems,” IEEE Trans. Energy
Convers., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 368–373, Dec. 2001.
[4] N. Mendis, K. M. Muttaqi, and S. Perera, “Active power management
of a supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage system for standalone
operation of dfig based wind turbines,” in Proc. 2012 IEEE Industry
Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), pp. 1–8.
[5] T. Patrick and Moseley, “Energy storage in remote area power supply
(raps) systems,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 155, pp. 83–87, Dec.
2006.
[6] W. Kellogg, M. H. Nehrir, G. Venkataramanan, and V. Gerez, “Genera-
tion unit sizing and cost analysis for stand-alone wind, photovoltaic, and
hybrid wind/pv systems,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 13, no. 1,
pp. 70–75, Mar. 1998.
[7] S. Vazquez, S. M. Lukic, E. Galvan, L. G. Franquelo, and J. M. Carrasco,
“Energy storage systems for transport and grid applications,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3881–3895, Dec. 2010.
[8] R. Sathish kumar, K. Sathish Kumar, and M. K. Mishra, “Dynamic en-
ergy management of micro grids using battery super capacitor combined
storage,” in Proc. 2012 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON),
2012, pp. 1078–1083.
[9] M. Glavin, P. Chan, S. Armstrong, and W. Hurley, “A stand-alone pho-
tovoltaic supercapacitor battery hybrid energy storage system,” in Proc.
2008 13th IEEE Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, p.
16881695.
[10] W. Li and G. Joos, “A power electronic interface for a battery super-
capacitor hybrid energy storage system for wind applications,” in Proc.
2008 IEEEPower Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 1–4.
[11] Z. Guoju, T. Xisheng, and Q. Zhiping, “Research on battery superca-
pacitor hybrid storage and its application in microgrid,” in Proc. 2010
IEEE Power and Energy Engineering Conference, pp. 1–4.
[12] A. Lahyani, P. Venet, A. Guermazi, and A. Troudi, “Bat-
tery/supercapacitors combination in uninterruptible power supply (ups),”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1509–1522, Apr. 2013.
[13] L. Wei, G. Joos, and B. L., “Real-time simulation of a wind turbine
generator coupled with a battery supercapacitor energy storage system,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 1137–1145, Apr. 2010.
[14] H.-L. Tsai, C.-S. Tu, and Y.-J. Su, “Development of generalized photo-
voltaic model using matlab/simulink,” in Proc. 2008 the World Congress
on Engineering and Computer Science, pp. 846–851.
[15] F. M. Gonzalez-Longmatt, “Model of photovoltaic module in matlab,” in
Proc. 2005 2Do Congreso Iberoamericano De Estudiantes De Ingenieria
Electrica, Electronica Y Computacion (II CIBELEC), pp. 1 – 5.
[16] O. Tremblay, L.-A. Dessaint, and A.-I. Dekkiche, “A generic battery
model for the dynamic simulation of hybrid electric vehicles,” in IEEE
Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2007, Sept. 2007, pp.
284 –289.
[17] C. Farcas, D. Petreus, I. Ciocan, and N. Palaghita, “Modeling and
simulation of supercapacitors,” in 15th International Symposium for
Design and Technology of Electronics Packages, (SIITME), Sept. 2009,
pp. 195 –200.
[18] Y. T. Tan, D. Kirschen, and N. Jenkins, “A model of pv generation
suitable for stability analysis,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19,
no. 4, pp. 748 – 755, Dec. 2004.