porte tcoents eo aty Ovens 3Course Plan Credit Hours : 3.0 + 1, Mid-term Exam 220 cat Final-term os rks: 50 (1) Assignment tQahrk Quiz’s: 1 es Course Outline: » The Philosophy of Protective Main Faults aa i 3 and Machines » Short-circuits cae ets Protection Function: pid Applications > Network compol eto using different types of relays (over-current, distance, different » Protection << dination aden using Power System Software PROTECTIONCourse Books ee » Textbook Y » Power System ~~ Oren Horowitz a Reference Bool » The Art And ing Relay by Ri ey Mason Syste © Electrical Po! ion ae Chri Sppoulos ° Pr ying ns or Lewis Blackburn » Practical hgh ower Systems 2 lie Hewitson, and Mark Brown M PROTECTIONc Course Objectives Gc. & Course Learning ae a * CLO-1: Define tl ction philosophy asi for ionaly& i electrical power according to the ni international standards Y CLO-2;4Exp! Ee See relays and their cha’ Se a CLO-8: Identify, e®) and cal Weitings for different relays to design the protection coordination schemes (C6). Program Learning Obj + PLO:1 (Engineer dge) > CLO-2 + PLO:3 (Designi evelopment) > CLO-3 » PLO:8 Crofessior lism and Ethics) > CLO-1fe Today’s Discussion S 4p & * The Philosophy of KS laying — se am se ~~The Philosophy of Protective Relaying & Wy z ‘The purpose of an ele power system is to gen ind supply electrical energy to ers. ‘The system sho} designed to deliver 1 gy both reliably and economically. seh outacs Suilvin severe disruption to TI bcityeh is demanding ever- securit ply. As the requirements of reliabil d economy are largely opposed, power system design is inevit a compromise. Many items of signet very expensive, and so the complete power system repre very large capital investment. To maximize t] yn on this outlay, the system must be utilized as much as possible within the applicable constraints of security and reliability oe eF system should always operate in a safe manner SYSTEM PROTECTIONThe Philosophy of Protective Relaying, ¢) © J A- No matter how well designed is, faults will always occur ona power system, and these faults may tepresent a risk to life and/or propert The figure sk@usthe onset. Of an ove! oa Pie. ) OS The ee power ofa fault carrying a high current is very a or It can burn through copper cor Weld together core laminations transformer or machine ij short time — some tens or hut of milliseconds. Even away ios i are itself, heavy fault currents can cause damage to plant if,they éontinue for more than a few seconds (such as overvoltage and high loading).The Philosophy of Pretective Relaying ‘The provision of adequaté protection to detect and disconnect elements of the power system in the event of fatilt is\tHerefore an integral part of power System design. Only by doing this)can the objectives of the-power system be met, and the investment is protected.‘By YY wd are as The Philosophy of Protective Relaying + There are three aspects 6f'a power system. These follows: x Normal operation R Prevention of el failure. » Mitigation of fects of electrical failure. + Th sop yes 6 Biflures of equipment, no It involves the minimum ae for supplying the existing load and a certain amount of ated future load. Some of the considerations are: oe Choice between hydro, st ther sources of power. Location of generating on Sg ‘Transmission of por load. Study of the lo: al Metering rristies and planning for its future growth.The Philosophy of Protective Relaying & 88 would cause intoleralpg ages. * There must be a provisions to mit age to equipment and interruptions to the servicawhenpfailures occur. There are two poss y "ant fot » Electrical equipment fai 1. To incorpo ign aimed at ting failures, 2. To include provisio itigating t of failure when it occurs. » Modern power-system design e1 dye varying degrees of both options, as dictated oy oe ec s of any particular situation. » Notable advances con’ {pve made toward greater reliability. But also, eS r reliance is being placed on electric power. the tolerance (high requirement) of the possible harm to the service is also decrease ° : corre a ugh the probability of failure is decreased, SYSTEM PROTECTION» The type of electrical short circuit, or “fa it is usually called, abnormal operati conditions peculiar to cel ments of the system that al: gute attention. . Some of the | atures of sai and operagy imed at preventing i ‘ion. Coordination of insulation strengt! arresters. Oe capabilities of lightning » Use of overhead ground wires » Design for mechanical s likelihood of failure caus Ww tower-footing resistance. reduce exposure, and to minimize the y animals, birds, insects, dirt, sleet, ete. Proper operation and'maintenance practices.The Philosophy of Protective Relaying Some of the features of desig and operation for mitigati a> = of Hoe oft aa oe! > Features that = immediate effects of lectrical failure. ao Design to limit tl ‘tude of short-cireuit cur By eel 1s “in ‘generating ca] By usit Design gi towwithstand me Desi ti ‘Time-delay undervoltage devices on J akers to prevent dropping loads during momentary voltege dive. Ground-fault neutralizers (Peters » Features for promptly ghee ‘ing the faulty element. » Protective relaying. cee eter) i fo owing to short-circuit rap eaeThe Philosophy of Figipaiive Relaying N us » Features that operate ghout the period from ‘eption of the fault until ee moval, to maintain RE stability. Automatic ee » Stability charact s of a piMeene oe. 5 asynne of > Automal Nogray Efficient human observation and re a features. Qe + Frequent surveys as system cl 8 or additions are made, to be sure that the foregoing features: ire still adequate. Thus, protective relaying of several features of system design concerned with mini mage to equipment and interruptions to service when elec i equipments sould be considered concurrently with the other features SYSTEM PROTECTIONWhat is Relaying? ce & + Relaying is the branch ofelectric power engineerin ned with the principles of desigAtgeat operation of enuiget@n® Ged “relays” xr “protective rel: Sat data oh action as qui possible in order to a wer system to its normal stat oN + The ahapd of regis n essefitial sirens of protective relaying systems — ee se <. ie order of a few milliseconds power system mee d initiates corrective are often required. + Consequently, human inte) n in the protection system operation is not possible” cots must be automatic, quick, and should cause a, amount of disruption to the power system, SYSTEM PROTECTIONThe Function Of on Relaying ‘The function of ate j > SF ehGplaying i is to cause the nee removal from service of any ao of a power syste! suffers a short circuit, or * i Gane in any abnormal er that might cause ise interfere with the i 0 e operation of the ers Qa. I transformer, bus, transmission, disconnected from the rest o' that each generator, ee can be completely Se These circuit breakers ve sufficient capacity so that they can carry momenta: aximum short-circuit current that can en interrupt this curre! PVN B ato yea NCOThe Function Of Protective Relaying Fusing is employed wheté protective relays and ci gme are oe not economically ju Te. A secondary fu f protective relayingus to provide indication of the location and type of “ Such ly ai editiny fepair but also, by compa ith bag mg Joi utomatic oscillograph. records; They provide means for anal; he effectiveness of the fault- prevention and mitigation fi including the protective relaying itself. PROTECTION# The Function Of Protective Relaying & The protective equipmenp-definitions that follow are weg aed ini relation to power system protectio + Protection Syston complete arrangement Wfprotection —_ equipment andther devices required to achieve & specified function ion principle (TEC 60255420). i Se protection devices (relays, fuses, ete” devices such a8 Current Transformers (CTs), Ci cme ae ctors. Protection Scheme: a colle f protection equipment providing a defined functio: cluding all equipment required to make the scheme work @ ys, CTs, CBs, batteries, ete.) To fulfil the require’ ‘otection with the optimum speed for different configuratioi ‘ating conditions and construction features of power systems, ‘ited ssary to develop many types of relay that respond to various functions of the power system quantities. For example, simple obsefvation of the fault current magnitude may be sufficient in e eases but measurement of power or impedance may SYSTEM PROTECTIONThe Function Of Protective Relaying 6) aoe .) To limit the extent of, wer . system that is di d when a e”| fault occurs, prot is arranged in zones. * own in this INCH NCONThe Function Of Protective Relaying & ic Rafizure A. Cireuit break included ‘\in both zones. —— = ww For practical phy: eA rrccomi g not always achieved. reasons, this idea x * mmodatio: rent transformers ing in som available only on one t in e eg breakers, as shown in Feeder Protection gure B (2) CTson both sides of circuit breaker = * | Tn thi mple, the section between the _@&<—— cul ansformers and the circuit -\A fault at F would cause the busbar rotection to operate and open the circuit Breaker but the fault may continue to be fed through the feeder. If the feeder protection is of the type that responds only to faults within its own zone, it would not operate, since the fault is outside its zone. AX pusbar r A is not completely protected 4 protection st faults. oe SYSTEM PROTECTIONThe Function Of Protective Relaying tripped. + This problem is dealt with By inter-tripping or so! extension, to ensure remote end of th * The point of co! ion of the protection wi correspon loop. e power system ie location of the ape proteetidn results in the boundary i lowing figure shows a typical arrangement of overlap es. Alternatively, the zone may wey unrestricted; the start wil Bry defined but the extent(or ’) will depend on measurement of the system quantities andwi Se —a_pitels aT Nake UCON LE tH atteoe. gy oe 2 7 Fundamental Principles Of Protective ReFundamental Principles Of Protective Rel ‘The first observation ‘circuit breakers are nig the a connections to a lement. This pro’ es it possible to disconnect < ity element. er Occasionally, a\br between two adage i plemencs may be omitted, my Gig Res ea denen ae disconnected for a aie? ‘The secon Sek that Ss t this time knowing how it is accomplished, a separate zo tection is established around each system element. zone will cause the tri (i.e., opening) of all circuit breakers those breakers. The significance of poet failure occurring within a given t that, for failures within the region where two ones overlap, more breakers will be tripped than the mistimum necessary to disconnect the faulty element. SYSTEM PROTECTIONFundamental Firing Of Protective Rel: we > JZ Ld ‘n zones > But, if there were no 0; , >, a failure ina repion would not lie in eith e, and therefore no ‘would be The extent of Sire is relatively smalP apd the probability of failure in this region is lo: Nd ‘ripping of too many seni quits equent. Finally, it will be obse: that ay rrotetive zones overlap around a circuit breaker. This = Ores practice because, for failures anywhere except in number of circuit aS rlap region, the minimum be tripped. When it becomes ays boy rr economic or space- saving reasons to SYSTEM PROTECTIONTEES Fundamental Principles Of Protective Reqs + For a short circuit at {eldirouit breakers of zone, including breaker C, will be tripped; but, since the sho outside zone A, the relaying e nt of zone B must also tain breakers in zone A if th cessary to interrupt “yr of short circuit current from, A to the fault. ° This i: adv: a fault Bret the same breakers in zone A e trippe céssari her faults in zone B to the right of breaker C. Whether this essary tripping is objectionable will depend on thecal application.Back-up Relaying oS &) * Back-up relaying is engin only for protection aes Short of po circuits. ~» + Because oe are the more oad there are more (opportunities for failure in relaying. QO “\ nw . Bape sho ek uprélaying for other than short circuits is not economically justifiable, * Primary relaying may fail bec: if failure in any of the following: Current or voltage supply to t ys. D-C tripping-voltage sup Protective relays. » Tripping cireuit or breaker mechanism. Circuit breaker. It is hight able that back-up relaying be arranged so that ‘ight cause primary relaying to fail will not also of back-up relaying. TEM PROTECTIONfom © - Y + Consider, for example, ak@pack-up relaying for the liso ine section EF. The back-up relays for this li are normally 's A, B, I, and J. » Should breaker E fail to trip for a fault on thine section EF, breakers A are Sac ee and their associated Bp back-uptequipment, sically apart from the equipment that has faile ‘e not li bé simu sly affected as might be the case if breakers C and D wer ; Back-up Relaying arranged to tripBack-up Relaying + The back-up relays at lo protection if bus faul Nee at station K. Also, at A and F provide back-up protection for faut In other wordsythevone of protection of back-up Felaying extends in one directio the location of any back‘up)relay and at least overlaps ea } Wher tye a nt length, the back-up relays must overreach some li n 1 's more than others in order to provide back-up protection f longest line. A given set of back-up relays willprovide incidental back-up protection of sorts for fi inthe circuit whose breaker the back- up relays control. For example, the b' rave that trip breaker A may also act as back-up for faw! line section AC. However, this duplication of protection is o1 in incidental benefit and is not to be relied on to the exclusion of a conventional back-up arrangement when such is SOsetIS, to differentiate between the two, this type uplicate primary relaying. SYSTEM PROTECTIONBack-up Relaying Sm ‘A second function of bgekegb relaying is often to p nae protection when the arhoany- relaying eduipny of eervice for maintenance or 1gtay m is disconnected than a rimary relaying ly. ‘This is inevitable if back-up relayi SS. be made independent of those factors that might cause relaying to fail. It is perhaps eviden e ident that, a en back-up 1 ing functions, a larger However, it emphasizes the ance of the second requirement of back-up relaying, ae IY perate with sufficient time delay so that primary relaying Wren enough time to function if it is able to. In other words, short circuit occurs, both primary relaying and back-up relaying will normally start to operate, but primary relaying is et to trip the necessary breakers to remove the Seicnont from the system, and back-up relaying will ithout having had time to complete its function. SYSTEM PROTECTIONye j 7 Seay Back-up Relaying & When a given set of re! provides back-up protecti several adjacent system ele . the slowest primary Fela: those adjacent clas will determine the ne ime delay of the given wae ys. al is i ide by the principle of Cerin one tries to supply in those that supply the question, and to trip other breakers. This can usually be accom: however, the same tripping battery may be einployedarhynnon, to save money and because it is considered only * In extreme cases, it’ even be impossible to provide any back-up protection; in su ses, greater emphasis is placed on the need for better maintenancé. Cy SYSTEM PROTECTIONProtection Against Other Abnormal a din the Protective relaying for, other than short circuits is my category of primary AY ig. However, since ormal conditions requiri wrotection are different for each system element, no aay overlapping arrangement elayin, ~ as insl tection. Toston, act oat ndis indole fontly provided with whatever relaying is reqjutired, and this’relaying is arranged to trip the necessary circuit breakers which may in some cases be different from those tripped by the shortciveuit relaying. Back-up relaying is oe ed because experience has not shown it to be economicalh ey ble. Frequently, howeverSback-up relaying for short circuits will function when 0 normal conditions occur that produce abnormal currentSor voltages, and back-up protection of sorts is thereby incidentally provided. LQ SYSTEM PROTECTION> at Thank you fase time Ss Oy