Today's Discussion “ey + IEC 60909 Short circuit Analysis <\es an . ‘i Short Circuit Current Calculation “ey or] » All electrical installations must be eet sein circuits ionywhi . every time there is an electrical conngcti merally when there is a change in conductor cross-s! + The short-circuit current valueymust be calculated at every stage of installation for different my et worl (0) igurations. * This is done to ee charac} ics of the equipment that must withstand or set e fault ent. + In order to choose fs Soooosiehgevitching devices (cireuit- breakers or a . set. the tection functions, four short-circuit values _ wn: NY The root meamsqua: wa}ue of the maximum short-circuit current (ommetriegh iree-phase short-circuit) + The breaking capacity of the cireuit-breakers and fuses; » The ‘empegene stress that the equipment must withstand. irae ene Ses uoNV On eR CONgots an . ‘i Short Circuit Current Calculation “ey 7 ‘The peak value of the maximum short-cir Sit cara ic of the first peak of the transient period) » The making capacity of the circuit-breakets and ies; + The electrodynamic withstand ofry wie The minimum phase-to-phaselshort-circyit-eurrent This must be known in orderjoxhoose t] ping curve of the circuit- breakers or fuses or set thé threshold overcurrent protection devices, especially me), + The cables are leg hen thApurce has a relatively high internal impedance (9g. apbrator + Protection sien “ee pliaes overcurrent protective devices: operating. This is egsdhttetly the case in low voltage network: + The network eae of protection selectivity. The value of the phase-to-earth short-circuit current: It mainly depends on thevearthing system and determines the setting of earth fault irae ene Ses uoNV On eR CONShort Circuit Current Calculation “ey a 3 ?p = mee IEC 60365-1 TEC 60865-1 + Switch-on capability «Protection measures TEC 60265-1 touch voltages in L\-nstall DIvoeoimaT ' cesenieps Peak short-circuit current (Maximal instantaneous value) 4 & a Feit at stching inst fy) ay Further aspects + Touch and sep voltages DIN VDE 0141 + Imerference DIN VDE 0228 «+ Surge arresiers TEC 60099-4 + Overvoltages IEC 60071-1 EC 60071-2 «+ Neutral point earthing DIN VDE 0141 Inslation e0-ordination IEC 60071-1 TEC 60071-2 + Surge aresters TEC 600994ett es Short Circuit Current Calculation ‘Cr JZ Attention shall be put on four parameters of nent cir rent: + ‘The total time duration of the sho ia of the operating time of the protection nore) id the to’ eaking time of the switchgear. value of the short-circuit cur occurs after the initiation of the s proportional to the ins circuit current is necedé conductors and con: The peak short-circuit aan is fhomaximal instantaneous The r.m.s.-valuy ‘it current is decaying in this example due to the deca: io: cataGpent, Currents through conductors will heat the co himic losses. The r.m.s. value of the short- circuit currentYcombi h the total time duration, is a measure for the thermal eftects Short-circuit. ‘The short-circuit bréaking current is the r.m.s.-value of the short- cireuit current at switching instant, i.e., at time of operating the cireuit- breaker. WI ening the contacts of the circuit-breaker, the arc inside the breakextrill heat up the installation, which depends obviously on the bri ime as well. irae eneShort Circuit Current Calculation Regan Noe feat cant voEO cima ano age malay omy eT) Fan ‘poner fond (095806) ey auaa evar no — ity a om town) ania Fenda Moretis oi ey ‘ntoncpesed ea) (Cprmitcwa toi 9 aan 3 Applicaton gudeforcacuance ten SFocmettorcernrtn, rr ‘Shon caerts Clon to asst) orem = = agents Stance Canon ot NDEs (0356-06) Pat Deion and alton etods Enmple reece Garen0— YDEOIO? —_Shiciniecunert cation fiouy oot) eT) ee pte Dr. M. RazaShort Circuit Current Calculation “ey Table 1.1 Continued TEC (year) EN(year) DIN; VDE (year) 60909-2 - oo 4 ical equipment (1992) E 0102 for short-circuit current calculations @ ce in accordance with IEC 909 (1998) 60909-3 vor dh 0" eo ‘current calculation in wy QD an trope jee Part 3: Currents during two separate simultancous single-phase line-to-carth short-cireuits and partial short-circuit currents flowing through earth 60909-4 -—e Appendix 1 Examples for the calculation (2000) VDE 0102 of short-circuit currents (1992-09) Dr. M. Raza"e, Short Circuit Definitions a to ange No Short circuit current (j,): The current tht\flows at More circuit point for the duration of the short ci AC short circuit current (i_): im frequency co Qe ont of the short circuit current Initial AC short circuit cur @, Or ue of the AC component of current at ti tI set “ Ronen circuit. Maximum asymmetri€al voren ee (I): The highest possible instantang@ys dus value current following the occurrence a peak value. of the short ci ene is quot Continuou: circuit ent (UJ: RMS value of the AC short circuit currel shor the ly state. Asymmetrical breakipg current (I,): Symmetrical break current (I,): RMS value of the AC short circuit. current foxgete a circuit breaker at the instant of the first contact irae enefootw ‘ Short Circuit Definitions According to Shinde 7 Initial voltage (E”) [sub-transient volta: ARMS ve va Vine effective voltage of a pugemen magi t of initiation of a short circuit. Nominal operating voltage UOnyPated ae line Voltage. Initial AC short circuit pow 3k”): ‘of the initial AC short circuit current (I,,”) with jominal ‘m voltage and the factor ue x) Minimum breaking delay (t,):, shortest possible time delay from the initiation of ort cir 0 the first opening of the contact of a circuit brgakdr pole. esse ‘sum of the minimum possible response Uinle t the cles d the inherent delay of the circuit breaker. Positive sequence Se (Z,): Positive sequence impedance of a three phase system seen from the short circuit point. . °.. . . Negative seGiuetice impedance (Z,): Negative sequence impedance of a thr system seen from the short circuit point. irae eneVe Factors Effecting the Short Circuit Cumeny “ey 7 + Zero sequence impedance (Z,): Zero sequeiice no Tra three phase system seen from the short os + Short circuit in electrical systems bring about Q~ ges in the operating levels. The transitioi the newcondition is associated with electromagnetic and el Eeielwanian processes, on which depend the magniti d tim Ation of the short circuit current. » The transient proce: Xsare infh ‘d also by the instant at which the short circuit oceuys, the ayail le short circuit current sources, the initial loadi ‘Onditions, location of the short circuit, its duration, the stfuture oNhesystem, and the characteristics of equipment inyalved. * Short circuit cane ces are principally the synchronous generator, asynchronéus generators and motors, motor converters operating in inverter mode. irae ene Ses uoNV On eR CONMethod of Calculation Short-circuit current calculation accordin E Soe) og a out based on the method of ‘equivalen: e short- circuit location’, ®)Method of Calculation ‘The method is based on the presuppositions as‘ below: | v 6% sequence Symmetrical short-circuits are represtefis} by thi component; Capacitances and parallel admitpgnces of notsrotating load of the positive- (and negative-) or mponel neglected. Capacitances and parallel admifiances,of fhe zero-sequence component shalll be neglected, exce| stems with isolated neutral or wit resonance earthing (sactop ‘vith Be’apyen coil) ae they have an influence on fault ¢ in po Impedance of th ( the shéybxircuit location is neglected. The type of yor¥-circuit. gpiyRe system topology remain unchanged shorpeireuit. during the duation o ‘The tap-changers of QW Yansformers are assumed to be in main-position (middle position). All internal voltages of system feeders, generators and motors are short- circuited and an equivalent voltage source with value cUn/\3 is introduced e a he short circuit location. The voltage factor ¢ shall be cordance with Table. irae ene Ses uoNV On eR CONMethod of Calculation Nominal system voltage Uj, @ a. Minimal vy s-c.cturént ——_s.-c. current oO a LV: 100 V up to 1000 0S d eS (IEC 60038, meg Voltage tolergne % 1.05 0.95 Voltage tolera HE 1.10 0.95 MV: >1 kV up to 35 a, fusive) 1.10 1.00 (IEC 60038, Table III) HV: >35 kV (IEC 60038, Table IV) 1.10 1.00fe . 4 Method of Calculation You 7 Depending on the task, the maximal or rae short; abt current “cl 0 has to be calculated. The maximal sho, design criteria for the rating of equipm‘ ‘it! short-circuit currents. For the calculatior of maxit short-circuit current, the items shall be ome, as belaw: + For the equivalent voltage at the Loeineut location the voltage factor cmax as ee fe shall Yepsed. * Short-circuit imped. ofsystem rs shall be minimal (ZQmin), so that the eeptributiop othe short-circuit current is maximal. o * The contributi mot CO be assessed and eventually be taken into on + Resistance of nse calculated for a temperature of 20°C. * Operation of power pants and system feeders shall be in such a way that the contribution to short-circuit currents will be maximal. + System topglogy leading to the maximal short-circuit currents shall be takenintyaccount. cy irae ene Ses uoNV On eR CON(i Initial symmetrical short-circuit current ne “ey . wee. > The initial symmetrical short-circuit o t a is tea for balanced short-circuits based on the gquiv. source at the short-circuit location and the short-citguit i ‘mpé seen from the short-circuit location, which has to be “ ‘with the system of symmetrical components. irae enePeak short-circuit current ip » Depending on the feeding source of the pois 42 considerations have to be taken to the, Agsore circuit current. * The peak short-circuit current, ich is a: 7 value, can be calculated for the different, te if short- Gapuite based on the initial short-circuit curre 8. Ka ip3 = K ® v2. 2N3 = c= 1m sogiCrinnng® & TS Or we YLae soleate a Calculation of factor k Ae JZ » Uniform (smallest) ratio R/X. The factoy x ) a ha based on the smallest ratio R/X of all ke * Only those branches need to be taken into accou! ee contribute to the short-circuit current in t] ower sygtem corresponding to the short-circuit location, respectt transformers to the moa ign The results are always on the safe-side, however tl + Ratio RX at short-ixduit lo . Based on the ratio R/X of the total system impedance at tras -circuit location, the factor K is calculated ie ecount of of a SGitety factor of 1.15 to allow for deviations fe Rs ratios R/X in the different branches. a =1.15%*« * The factor 1.15 $x should not exceed the value of 1.8 in LV-systems and shall exceed 2.0 in HV-systems. The safety factor 1.15 is neglected.whén R/X < 0.3 irae eneCalculation of factor k if + Equivalent frequency fe. The factor x = ace based on the ratio R/X: ie o@i*y io » Re and Xc are the scien tance and reactance at the short-cireuit het equivalegddrequency fe which is fe = 20 Hz (aomifal powdp system frequency 50 Hz) fe = 24 Seen al poke system frequency 60 Hz) » The caleulatiap ‘of the ads lent impedance at equivalent frequency fe is to be carfied out Sey to the calculation of impedance at. nominal power systemh frequency irae enefoe . . (ay Accuracy of k factor calculation A “ey 7 Results obtained by the method of unift (small: 8 tatho R/X are always on the safe side, if all brancl nbributi he short- circuit current are taken into accounts Errors can reach in rare cases Rye 100 cent. If only those branches are considered, whi ntribu to 80 per cent to the short-circuit current, and ay tthe ratte RE are ipa wll ean results can even be on the unsafe side. The mi Red/thereh 11 be applied only if the ratios R/X are in a small bandwidth, If R/X < 0.3. The metho raiGRIX eee arcu location (safety factor 1.15) will lead to’ ‘Its on t] ‘e and unsafe side. Applying the method to ratios 0.003 s R/X the error will be in the range +10 to -5 per cent. ‘The method of equivalent frequency has an accuracy of +5 per cent, if the ratio R/X @f each branch is in the range of 0.005 < R/X < 5.0. irae eneQ Decaying (aperiodic) component ide “ey 0.25 S ~ irae eneSymmetrical short-circuit breaking current I SOY : 19 ‘Minimum OD 09 06 s 0.258 irae ene® Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Hey 7 » where Ik’G is the initial symmetrical s| circuit gurrant of the generator, IrG is the rated current ener tmin is the minimal time delay of the protection, auxiliaries, that is, minimal time for switching the short-circvfit current off. + The factor p is valid for high, Keo sync jous generators, excited by rotating machi rectifi the excitation system is not known the factor shi set to re + In the case of far-fr erato; -circuits, the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current 46 equal to the initial short-circuit current Ik” as th ac. Rey is not decaying. irae ene Ses uoNV On eR CONgt Steady-state short-circuit current Ik “ey 7 » The steady-state short-circuit current dk eee cast A far-to- generator short-circuits depends pay eee has saturation effects, power factor of ge zotyphtors, mag of system topology due to operation of srs etc, and ca therefore only be determined with a certain ina + The method as per IEC 60909,determipps lower and upper limits only when one synchronaudaiiachin: ig €eeding the short circuit. * The calculation is b; mn the tor-rated current assuming a factor \ which ‘eng on thi of initial symmetrical short- circuit current ed currel the generator and on the saturated sync ous reretam: maximal symmetr‘ ort-circuit breaking current * Maximal exeitati gerne machine leads to the Tigmax = Amax * 1:6 irae ene Ses uoNV On eR CONSteady-state short-circuit current Ik ‘The minimal symmetrical short-circuit brgaking cu EVs calculated for constant no-load excitapion ofthe tor with the factor Amin. Tk min ics * Bo IrG: Rated current oe Bre 1k’G: Initial syne 4 short Got os current of the generator Xdsat: Saturat O. wGSactance of the generator, equal to the reciprogal ofthe shortcirtuit ratio of the generator In the case of far-fro erator short-circuits, the symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib is equal to the initial short-circuit current Ik” as the a.c. component is not decaying. irae enefe . . bs} Steady-state short-circuit current Ik “ey A wee. (a) 28 26. 24: a2: 20. 13; 16: —> 412. 104 08. 06. 04: 02: irae ene (b) or 144 phase short circuit JigiMig > Qe: x Te Tos : = 24 6 Javax [18 22 S70 20 a 22. y 2.0| & 22 i 4 — ttt ft ay" 12-4 I i i 10 i in ool tf | = 1 1 Pt |_t | ie Sir I 0277 7 0 01g 3745678 12345678 Three-phase short circuit [hg lug > SUB aCOn NOTH UCONNi mat Influence of motors Al 7 » Asynchronous motors and synchronous métors hav. V2 taken into account in MV-systems and in auxiligry supply s of power plants and industrial networks for the leulai maximal short- circuit currents. * They contribute to the initial etricat Ae rt-circuit current, to the peak short-circuit curre’ ‘0 the s; ypypetrical short-circuit breaking current. + Synchronous motors Xxe/modellgdhvs generators and asynchronous generators are credteg as asy) ous motors. » Motors fed by Cie restire Seed to be considered in the case of three-phasé reine ly, if they are able to transfer energy for deceleratidn for = ‘ation of the short-circuit, as they contribute to the ii ‘symmetrical and to the peak short-circuit current. irae ene Ses uoNV On eR CONInfluence of motors “ey Wi en Be Ne EK Ce = 7 ‘rcuit ee cures Peak ipa = euVEER tone Oe ip = eM 2MCing short-cireuit ata eee - ‘active power per pole-pair <1 MW CaS 0Aoffor active power per pole-pair =1 MW rotors ms Aen ‘cables =13 = 0.42) Symmetrical gy 4 Team Elio fom ® Nang short-circuit freaking 4.10, q as per Figure 4.13 current Steady-state 7 1A fom = Fiiby —im ~Kine Pye® Soa Asynchronous motors in public supply on are co ax. when * the sum of the rated currents is greaterthan veg of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current i out motor: Influence of motors * the contribution to the initia! Coinetric wt-circuit current with motors is greater or equal to per conv: initial symmetrical short-cireuit current withOys tnotors OS irae eneMinimal short-circuit currents TEES ral In order to calculate the minimal pas current, tHe voltage 3 factor emin according to the Table uivi tage source at the short-circuit location has to be epnsider thermore, System topology, generator dis} h and short-circuit power of feeding networks have to etapa d in su way that the minimal short-circuit current is ay “ey Motors are to be neal & Resistances of oveyfiead lines cables shall be calculated with the maximal permigajbte-temperéftire at the end of the short-circuit, e.g., 80°C es ltage sig . irae enefoe ox 4 aa es Calculatio gs nite and System meeefe oO Soo! Oe 3 eal xy Tanke a time 4"