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Power Electronics
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Dr. Muhammad Raza

Senior Assistant Professor mraza.bukc@bahria.edu.pk
Course Objectives

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The aim of this course is to familiarize the students with a variety of
practical and emerging power electronic converters made feasible by

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the new generation of power semiconductor devices.

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This course will cover an expanded discussion of all the possible type
and sub-classification of different power converters e.g. Rectifiers,

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Choppers, Inverters, Voltage Controllers, and Inverters.

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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 2

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)

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▪ CLO-1: Understand the characteristics and performance
parameters of power electronic devices and converter. (C2) [PLO-1]

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▪ CLO-2: Analyze power electronic converter topologies,

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configurations, and operation. (C4) [PLO-2]

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▪ CLO-3: Apply knowledge and analysis techniques to design and

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critically assess key aspects of power converters such as rectifiers,
DC-DC converters, and AC-DC inverters. (C3) [PLO-3]

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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 3

Course Contents

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• Introduction to power electronics.

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• Uncontrolled and controlled rectifier: Diodes and Thyristor
• DC-DC Converters: Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Cuk

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• DC-AC Converters: Single Phase and Three Phase Inverter, Voltage

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Source Converter
• PWM Modulation Techniques and Inverter Control

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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 4

Course Material

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• Textbook
◦ Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and

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Applications”.

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• Reference Books
◦ Robert W. Erickson, and Dragan Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power

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Electronics”.

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◦ John G. Kassakian, Martin F. Schlecht, George C. Verghese, “Principles of

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power electronics”.
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 5

What is Power Electronics

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• Power electronics combines power, electronics, and control.

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• Control dealswith the steady-state and dynamic characteristics of
closed-loop systems.

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• Power deals with the static and rotating power equipment for the

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generation, transmission, and distribution of electric energy.

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• Electronics deal with the solid-state devices and circuits for signal

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processing to meet the desired control objectives.
Power electronics may be defined as the application of solid-state
electronics for the control and conversion of electric power.
Or
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The art of converting electrical energy from one form to another in an

efficient, clean, compact, and robust manner for the energy utilization
to meet the desired needs.
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 6

Application of Power Electronics

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• Air-conditioning • Generator Exciters

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• Aircraft power supplies • High Voltage DC

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• Battery Charger • Induction Heating
• Blenders • Locomotives

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• Blowers • Grinders

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• Computer • Paper Mills
• Conveyors • Nuclear Reactor Control Rod
• Dimmers • Movie Projectors
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• Electrical Vehicles • Oven Control
• Elevators • Motor Controls
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• Fans • Magnetic Recordings

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• Garage door openers • Light Flashers

Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 7

Power Processing

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• DC-DC Conversion: Change and control voltage magnitude
• AC-DC rectification: Possibly control dc voltage, ac current
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• DC-AC inversion: Produce sinusoid of controllable magnitude and

frequency
• AC-AC Cyclo-conversion: Change and control voltage magnitude and
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frequency
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 8

Power Processing

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• The field of power electronics is concerned with the processing of
electrical power using electronic devices.

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• A switching converter contains power input and control input ports, and
a power output port.

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• The raw input power is processed as specified by the control input,

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yielding the conditioned output power.

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• In a DC-DC converter, the DC input voltage is converted to a DC output

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voltage having a larger or smaller magnitude, possibly with opposite
polarity or with isolation of the input and output ground references.
• In an AC-DC rectifier, an ac input voltage is rectified, producing a DC
output voltage. The DC output voltage and/or ac input current waveform
may be controlled.
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• The inverse process, DC-AC inversion, involves transforming a DC input
voltage into an AC output voltage of controllable magnitude and
frequency.
• AC-AC cyclo-conversion involves converting an AC input voltage to a
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given AC output voltage of controllable magnitude and frequency.

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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 9

Control is invariably required

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• It is nearly always desired to produce a well-regulated output
voltage, in the presence of variations in the input voltage and load

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current.

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High efficiency is essential

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• High efficiency is essential not the
desire to save money on one's

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electric bills, nor to conserve energy

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• Rather high efficiency converters
are necessary because construction

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of low-efficiency converters,

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producing substantial output
power, is impractical.

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• High efficiency leads to low power
loss within converter
• Small size and reliable operation is
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then feasible
• Efficiency is a good measure of
converter performance
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 11

A high-efficiency converter

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• A goal of current converter technology is to construct converters of
small size and weight, which process substantial power at high

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efficiency
• In a converter that has an efficiency of 50%, power Ploss is

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dissipated by the converter elements, and this is equal to the output
power, Pout.

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• This power is converted into heat, which must be removed from the
converter.

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• If the output power is substantial, then so is the loss power. This
leads to a large and expensive cooling system, it causes the
electronic elements within the converter to operate at high
temperature, and it reduces the system reliability.
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 12

Devices available to the circuit designer

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• Efficiency is a good measure of the success of a given converter
technology.

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• A converter that processes a large amount of power, with very high

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efficiency. Since very little power is lost, the converter elements can
be packaged with high density, leading to a converter of small size

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and weight, and of low temperature rise.

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Devices available to the circuit designer

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• The available circuit elements fall broadly into the classes of
resistive elements, capacitive elements, magnetic devices including

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inductors and transformers, semiconductor devices operated in the
linear mode, and semiconductor devices operated in the switched

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mode.

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• In conventional signal processing applications, where efficiency is

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not the primary concern, magnetic devices are usually avoided
wherever possible, because of their large size and the difficulty of

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incorporating them into integrated circuits.
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 14

Devices available to the circuit designer

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• Capacitors and magnetic devices are important elements of
switching converters, because ideally they do not consume power.

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• It is the resistive element, as well as the linear-mode semiconductor
device, that is avoided.

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• Switched-mode semiconductor devices are also employed. When a

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semiconductor device operates in the off state, its current is zero

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and hence its power dissipation is zero. When the semiconductor
device operates in the on (saturated) state, its voltage drop is small

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and hence its power dissipation is also small.
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 15

Power loss in an ideal switch

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• The power dissipated by the semiconductor device is low. So
capacitive and inductive elements, as well as switched-mode

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semiconductor devices, are available for synthesis of high-efficiency
converters.

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A simple dc-dc converter example

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• Input source: 100V

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• Output load: 50V, 10A, 500W
• How can this converter be realized?

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Dissipative realization

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• Resistive voltage divider: The DC-DC converter then consists simply
of a variable resistor, whose value is adjusted such that the required

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output voltage is obtained.

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Dissipative realization

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• Series pass regulator: transistor operates in active region

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• The variable resistor is replaced by a linear-mode power transistor,
whose base current is controlled by a feedback system such that the

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desired output voltage is obtained. The power dissipated by the
linear-mode transistor of is approximately the same as the 500 W

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lost by the variable resistor.

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• Series-pass linear regulators generally find modern application only

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at low power levels of a few watts.
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Use of a single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch

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• The SPDT switch is realized
using switched-mode
semiconductor devices, which
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are controlled such that the
SPDT switching function is
attained.
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 20

The switch changes the DC voltage level

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the DC component of a periodic
waveform is equal to its average
value.
• Again, the power dissipated by the
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switch is ideally zero

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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 21

Addition of low pass filter

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• Addition of (ideally lossless) L-C low-pass filter, for removal of
switching harmonics

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• Choose filter cutoff frequency f0 much smaller than switching

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frequency fs

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• This circuit is known as the “buck converter”

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Addition of control system for regulation of
output voltage

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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 23

 The boost converter

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• In general, any given input

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voltage can be converted into
any desired output voltage,

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using a converter containing
switching devices embedded

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within a network of reactive
elements.

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• A converter is called buck converter
because it reduces the DC voltage.
• Converters can be constructed that perform
other power processing functions.
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• In boost converter, the positions of the
inductor and SPDT switch are interchanged
• This converter is capable of producing
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output voltages that are greater in

magnitude than the input voltage.
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Dr. M. Raza POWER ELECTRONICS 24

A single-phase inverter

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Several applications of power electronics

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Power levels encountered in high-efficiency converters

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• less than 1 W in battery-operated portable equipment
• tens, hundreds, or thousands of watts in power supplies for

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computers or office equipment

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• kW to MW in variable-speed motor drives
• 1000 MW in rectifiers and inverters for utility dc transmission lines

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A computer power supply system

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• A lithium battery powers the system, and several de-de converters
change the battery voltage into the voltages required by the loads.

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• A buck converter produces the low-voltage de required by the

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microprocessor. A boost converter increases the battery voltage to
the level needed by the disk drive.

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A spacecraft power system

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• A power system of an earth-orbiting spacecraft. A solar array
produces the main power bus voltage Vbus.

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• DC-DC converters convert Vbus to the regulated voltages required

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by the spacecraft payloads. Battery charge/discharge controllers
interface the main power bus to batteries; these controllers may also

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contain de-de converters.

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A variable-speed ac motor drive system

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Elements of Power Electronics

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• One of the things that makes the power electronics field interesting
is its incorporation of concepts from a diverse set of fields, including:

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• Analog circuits

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• Electronic devices

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• Control systems
• Power systems

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• Magnetics
• Electric machines
• Numerical simulation
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 za
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Thank you for your time
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