Problems 247

Problems
Section 7.1 Figure P7.3
30  a 90 
7.1 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.1 has been open
for a long time. At t = 0 the switch is closed. 
PSPICE
b t0 i
MULTISIM  
a) Determine io(0) and io( q ). 60 V 0.32 H v1
 70  v2
b) Determine io(t) for t Ú 0. 

c) How many milliseconds after the switch has been
closed will io equal 100 mA? 7.4 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.4 has been in posi-
PSPICE tion 1 for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves
Figure P7.1 MULTISIM
instantaneously to position 2. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0+.
16  12 
Figure P7.4
io
 t=0 13  1 12  36 mH
20 V 80 mH
 t=0
4 8 2 

90 V 30  6 vo
 8
7.2 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.2 has been closed 
PSPICE for a long time. At t = 0 it is opened.
MULTISIM
a) Write the expression for io(t) for t Ú 0.
7.5 For the circuit of Fig. P7.4, what percentage of the
b) Write the expression for vo(t) for t Ú 0+. initial energy stored in the inductor is eventually
dissipated in the 6 Æ resistor?
Figure P7.2
t=0 7.6 The two switches in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.6 are
20  50  3 synchronized. The switches have been closed for a

long time before opening at t = 0.
io a) How many microseconds after the switches are

50 V 75  0.02 H vo 60  15  open is the energy dissipated in the 4 kÆ resis-

 tor 10% of the initial energy stored in the 6 H
inductor?
b) At the time calculated in (a), what percentage of
7.3 In the circuit shown in Fig. P7.3, the switch makes the total energy stored in the inductor has been
contact with position b just before breaking contact dissipated?
with position a. As already mentioned, this is
known as a make-before-break switch and is Figure P7.6
designed so that the switch does not interrupt the t0 t0
current in an inductive circuit. The interval of time 6H
between “making” and “breaking” is assumed to be
negligible. The switch has been in the a position for
a long time. At t = 0 the switch is thrown from posi- 105 mA 1 k 4 k 20 k 80 k
tion a to position b.
a) Determine the initial current in the inductor.
b) Determine the time constant of the circuit 7.7 In the circuit in Fig. P7.7, the switch has been closed
for t 7 0. for a long time before opening at t = 0.
c) Find i, v1, and v2 for t Ú 0. a) Find the value of L so that vo(t) equals 0.5 vo(0+)
d) What percentage of the initial energy stored in when t = 1 ms.
the inductor is dissipated in the 90 Æ resistor b) Find the percentage of the stored energy that
1 ms after the switch is thrown from position a to has been dissipated in the 10 Æ resistor when
position b? t = 1 ms.
248 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Figure P7.7 7.11 In the circuit in Fig. P7.10, let Ig represent the dc
9 k current source, s represent the fraction of initial
energy stored in the inductor that is dissipated in
t0 
to seconds, and L represent the inductance.
30 mA 1 k 10  vo L a) Show that

L ln [1>(1 - s)]
R = .
2to
7.8 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.8 has been closed
PSPICE for a long time before opening at t = 0. b) Test the expression derived in (a) by using it to
MULTISIM find the value of R in Problem 7.10.
a) Find i1(0-) and i2(0-).
b) Find i1(0+) and i2(0+). 7.12 In the circuit in Fig. P7.12, the voltage and current
c) Find i1(t) for t Ú 0. expressions are
d) Find i2(t) for t Ú 0+. v = 160e-10t V, t Ú 0+;
e) Explain why i2(0-) Z i2(0+).
i = 6.4e-10t A, t Ú 0.
Figure P7.8 Find
2 k 12 k a) R.
t0
b) t (in milliseconds).
i1
 c) L.
80 V i2 4 k 640 mH
 d) the initial energy stored in the inductor.
e) the time (in milliseconds) it takes to dissipate
60% of the initial stored energy.
7.9 The switch shown in Fig. P7.9 has been open for a
long time before closing at t = 0. Figure P7.12
a) Find io(0-), iL(0-), and vL(0-). i
b) Find io(0+), iL(0+), and vL(0+). 
c) Find io( q ), iL( q ), and vL( q ). L v R
d) Write the expression for iL(t) for t Ú 0. 
e) Write the expression for io(t) for t Ú 0+.
f) Write the expression for vL(t) for t Ú 0+. 7.13 a) Use component values from Appendix H to cre-
ate a first-order RL circuit (see Fig. 7.4) with a
Figure P7.9 time constant of 1 ms. Use a single inductor and
50  200  a network of resistors, if necessary. Draw your
circuit.
io 
b) Suppose the inductor you chose in part (a) has
 iL
25 V 50 mH vL an initial current of 10 mA. Write an expression

i=0 for the current through the inductor for t Ú 0.

c) Using your result from part (b), calculate the
time at which half of the initial energy stored in
7.10 The switch in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.10 has been the inductor has been dissipated by the resistor.
in position 1 for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
moves instantaneously to position 2. Find the value 7.14 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.14 has been
of R so that 10% of the initial energy stored in the PSPICE closed for a long time before opening at t = 0. Find
10 mH inductor is dissipated in R in 10 ms.
MULTISIM
vo(t) for t Ú 0+.

Figure P7.10 Figure P7.14

t=0
5
1 2

t0
 2.5 vo vo
5A 100  R 60 V  20 mH
10 mH


 Problems 249

7.15 The switch in Fig. P7.15 has been closed for a long Figure P7.19
time before opening at t = 0. Find
a) iL(t), t Ú 0. 30  a b
io
b) vL(t), t Ú 0+. t0
c) i¢(t), t Ú 0+. 12 A 150 
8 mH
8 2 mH

Figure P7.15
t0 20 i
40  6 7.20 The 240 V, 2 Æ source in the circuit in Fig. P7.20 is
  inadvertently short-circuited at its terminals a, b. At
iL  PSPICE
i
 MULTISIM the time the fault occurs, the circuit has been in
120 V 60  vL 100  60 
 250 mH operation for a long time.

a) What is the initial value of the current iab in the
short-circuit connection between terminals a, b?
7.16 What percentage of the initial energy stored in the
b) What is the final value of the current iab?
inductor in the circuit in Fig. P7.15 is dissipated by
the 60 Æ resistor? c) How many microseconds after the short circuit
has occurred is the current in the short equal
7.17 The two switches shown in the circuit in Fig. P7.17 to 114 A?
PSPICE operate simultaneously. Prior to t = 0 each switch Figure P7.20
MULTISIM
has been in its indicated position for a long time. At
t = 0 the two switches move instantaneously to 2 a
their new positions. Find
a) vo(t), t Ú 0+.
10  15 
b) io(t), t Ú 0.

240 V

Figure P7.17
2 mH 6 mH

t0
b
1.25 H

Section 7.2
 7.5 k
t0
7.21 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.21 has been in the
2A 10  10 H vo io 6H left position for a long time. At t = 0 it moves to the
right position and stays there.

a) Find the initial voltage drop across the capacitor.
7.18 For the circuit seen in Fig. P7.17, find b) Find the initial energy stored by the capacitor.
a) the total energy dissipated in the 7.5 kÆ resistor. c) Find the time constant of this circuit for t 7 0.
b) the energy trapped in the ideal inductors. d) Write the expression for the capacitor voltage
v(t) for t Ú 0..
7.19 In the circuit shown in Fig. P7.19, the switch has
PSPICE been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves Figure P7.21
MULTISIM
instantaneously from a to b. 10 k 10 k
a) Find io(t) for t Ú 0.
b) What is the total energy delivered to the 8 Æ  t=0
resistor? 10 mA 20 k v 400 nF 50 k 75 k
c) How many time constants does it take to deliver 
95% of the energy found in (b)?
250 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

7.22 The switch shown in Fig. P7.22 has been open for a 7.26 In the circuit shown in Fig. P7.26, both switches
long time before closing at t = 0. Write the expres- operate together; that is, they either open or close at
sion for the capacitor voltage, v(t), for t Ú 0. the same time. The switches are closed a long time
before opening at t = 0.
Figure P7.22 a) How many microjoules of energy have been
10 k
dissipated in the 12 kÆ resistor 12 ms after the
switches open?
 b) How long does it take to dissipate 75% of the
20 mA 20 k 60 k 40 nF v initially stored energy?
t=0

Figure P7.26
t0 t0
1.8 k
7.23 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.23 has been in the
left position for a long time. At t = 0 it moves to the 
10
right position and stays there.  120 V mF 12 k 68 k
3
a) Write the expression for the capacitor voltage,
v(t), for t Ú 0.
b) Write the expression for the current through the
40 k Æ resistor, i(t), for t Ú 0 + . 7.27 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.27 is closed at
PSPICE t = 0 after being open for a long time.
MULTISIM
Figure P7.23 a) Find i1(0-) and i2(0-).
b) Find i1(0+) and i2(0+).
5 k 40 k
i c) Explain why i1(0-) = i1(0+).
 t=0 d) Explain why i2(0-) Z i2(0+).

120 V 10 k v 160 nF 25 k 10 k e) Find i1(t) for t Ú 0.

 f) Find i2(t) for t Ú 0 + .

Figure P7.27
100 mA 2 mF
7.24 What percentage of the initial energy stored in the
capacitor in Fig. P7.23 is dissipated by the 40 k Æ
resistor?
20  5 2
7.25 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.25 has been in
i2 i1
position a for a long time and v2 = 0 V. At t = 0, 
1V 3
the switch is thrown to position b. Calculate 
t0
a) i, v1, and v2 for t Ú 0+,
b) the energy stored in the 30 mF capacitor at
t = 0, and 7.28 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.28 has been in
c) the energy trapped in the circuit and the total
PSPICE position 1 for a long time before moving to posi-
energy dissipated in the 2.5 kÆ resistor if the
MULTISIM
tion 2 at t = 0. Find io(t) for t Ú 0+.
switch remains in position b indefinitely.
Figure P7.28

Figure P7.25 5 io
4.7 k 1
2.5 k  
a b
t0
 
2
i 
t=0
v2
15 V io 2 mF
6 mA 5 k v1 60 mF 
30 mF 15 
 
 Problems 251

7.29 In the circuit in Fig. P7.29 the voltage and current 7.32 a) In Problem 7.31, how many microjoules of
expressions are energy are generated by the dependent current
source during the time the capacitor discharges
v = 72e-500t V, t Ú 0; to 0 V?
i = 9e-500t mA, t Ú 0+. b) Show that for t Ú 0 the total energy stored and
generated in the capacitive circuit equals the
Find total energy dissipated.
a) R.
7.33 After the circuit in Fig. P7.33 has been in operation
b) C. PSPICE for a long time, a screwdriver is inadvertently con-
c) t (in milliseconds). MULTISIM
nected across the terminals a, b. Assume the resist-
d) the initial energy stored in the capacitor. ance of the screwdriver is negligible.
e) how many microseconds it takes to dissipate a) Find the current in the screwdriver at t = 0+ and
68% of the initial energy stored in the capacitor. t = q.
b) Derive the expression for the current in the
Figure P7.29 screwdriver for t Ú 0+.
i
Figure P7.33

a
C v R

 200  50 mF
75 mA 80 
400 
7.30 a) Use component values from Appendix H to cre- 25 mF
ate a first-order RC circuit (see Fig. 7.11) with a
time constant of 50 ms. Use a single capacitor b
and a network of resistors, if necessary. Draw
your circuit. 7.34 At the time the switch is closed in the circuit in
b) Suppose the capacitor you chose in part (a) has an
PSPICE Fig. P7.34, the voltage across the parallel capacitors is
MULTISIM
initial voltage drop of 50 V.Write an expression for 50 V and the voltage on the 250 nF capacitor is 40 V.
the voltage drop across the capacitor for t Ú 0. a) What percentage of the initial energy stored in
c) Using you result from part (b), calculate the the three capacitors is dissipated in the 24 kÆ
time at which the voltage drop across the capac- resistor?
itor has reached 10 V. b) Repeat (a) for the 400 Æ and 16 kÆ resistors.
c) What percentage of the initial energy is trapped
7.31 The switch in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.31 has been in the capacitors?
in position x for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
moves instantaneously to position y. Figure P7.34
a) Find a so that the time constant for t 7 0 is
250 nF
40 ms. 400 
b) For the a found in (a), find v¢.  40 V  t  0
 24 k 16 k
Figure P7.31 200 nF 50 V 800 nF

20 k

x y av Section 7.3

 7.35 After the switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.35 has been
open for a long time, it is closed at t = 0. Calculate
t0
5 mA 3.6 k v 5 k (a) the initial value of i; (b) the final value of i;
0.8 mF (c) the time constant for t Ú 0; and (d) the numeri-

cal expression for i(t) when t Ú 0.
252 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Figure P7.35 7.40 a) Use component values from Appendix H to

20 k 200 mH 75 k create a first-order RL circuit (see Fig. 7.16)
with a time constant of 8 ms. Use a single induc-
i tor and a network of resistors, if necessary.
50 mA 5 k 50 k 
75 V Draw your circuit.
t=0 
b) Suppose the inductor you chose in part (a) has
no initial stored energy. At t = 0, a switch con-
7.36 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.36 has nects a voltage source with a value of 25 V in
PSPICE been in position a for a long time before moving to series with the inductor and equivalent resist-
MULTISIM
position b at t = 0. ance. Write an expression for the current
through the inductor for t Ú 0.
a) Find the numerical expressions for iL(t) and
vo(t) for t Ú 0. c) Using your result from part (b), calculate the
time at which the current through the inductor
b) Find the numerical values of vL(0+) and vo(0+). reaches 75% of its final value.
Figure P7.36
7.41 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.41 has
iL
12  5 mH b a been closed for a long time. The switch opens at
 vL   t = 0. For t Ú 0+:
t=0
 a) Find vo(t) as a function of Ig, R1, R2, and L.
32 V vo 8 6A
 b) Explain what happens to vo(t) as R2 gets larger
 and larger.
c) Find vSW as a function of Ig, R1, R2, and L.
7.37 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.37 has d) Explain what happens to vSW as R2 gets larger
PSPICE been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the and larger.
MULTISIM
switch moves instantaneously to position b.
a) Find the numerical expression for io(t) when Figure P7.41
t Ú 0. t0
b) Find the numerical expression for vo(t) for
t Ú 0+.
R2
Figure P7.37  vsw  
t=0
Ig R1 L vo(t)
b a 5

 io
60 
45 A 5 vo 20  10 mH
7.42 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.42 has been
 closed for a long time. A student abruptly opens the
240 V
  switch and reports to her instructor that when the
switch opened, an electric arc with noticeable per-
sistence was established across the switch, and at
7.38 Repeat Problem 7.37 assuming that the switch in the same time the voltmeter placed across the coil
the circuit in Fig. P7.37 has been in position b for a was damaged. On the basis of your analysis of the
long time and then moves to position a at t = 0 and circuit in Problem 7.41, can you explain to the stu-
stays there. dent why this happened?

7.39 The current and voltage at the terminals of the Figure P7.42
inductor in the circuit in Fig. 7.16 are
R t0
i(t) = (4 + 4e -40t) A, t Ú 0;
 d'Arsonval
v(t) = -80e -40t V, t Ú 0+. Vbb L
 voltmeter
a) Specify the numerical values of Vs, R, Io, and L.
b) How many milliseconds after the switch has
been closed does the energy stored in the induc- 7.43 a) Derive Eq. 7.47 by first converting the Thévenin
tor reach 9 J? equivalent in Fig. 7.16 to a Norton equivalent
 Problems 253

and then summing the currents away from the 7.47 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.47 has been in
upper node, using the inductor voltage v as the PSPICE position 1 for a long time. At t = 0 it moves instan-
MULTISIM
variable of interest. taneously to position 2. How many milliseconds
b) Use the separation of variables technique to find after the switch operates does vo equal 100 V?
the solution to Eq. 7.47. Verify that your solution
agrees with the solution given in Eq. 7.42. Figure P7.47
2
1
7.44 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.44 has been open 10 
PSPICE a long time before closing at t = 0. Find io(t) t0

MULTISIM
for t Ú 0.

50 V 3H 1.5 H vo 40 

Figure P7.44 
40 mH 20  40 
io(t)  vf 
7.48 For the circuit in Fig. P7.47, find (in joules):
t=0
15  a) the total energy dissipated in the 40 Æ resistor;
50  0.1vf 10  10 A
b) the energy trapped in the inductors, and

140 V c) the initial energy stored in the inductors.


7.49 The make-before-break switch in the circuit of

7.45 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.45 has been PSPICE Fig. P7.49 has been in position a for a long time. At
MULTISIM t = 0, the switch moves instantaneously to posi-
PSPICE open a long time before closing at t = 0. Find vo(t)
MULTISIM
for t Ú 0+. tion b. Find
a) vo(t), t Ú 0+.
Figure P7.45 b) i1(t), t Ú 0.
10  5 t0 c) i2(t), t Ú 0.
 i
20 mA 15  vo 4 mH 8  9i 50 mA Figure P7.49
a b

t0

7.46 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.46 has been
PSPICE open a long time before closing at t = 0. Find vo(t)
25 mA 15  i1 60 mH i2 40 mH vo 120  50 mA
MULTISIM
for t Ú 0+.

Figure P7.46 

7.50 There is no energy stored in the inductors L1 and L2

 t=0
at the time the switch is opened in the circuit shown
vo 45 mH 2 k in Fig. P7.50.
 3 k 10 mA a) Derive the expressions for the currents i1(t) and
 i2(t) for t Ú 0.
15 mH 80 V

b) Use the expressions derived in (a) to find i1( q )
and i2( q ).
254 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Figure P7.50 Figure P7.53

10 k
t0
Ig Rg i1(t) L1 i2(t) L2 b t0
3 k

 120 V a 40 k 1.5 mA
7.51 Assume that the switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.51 
9 k 20 nF vC
has been in position a for a long time and that at

t = 0 it is moved to position b. Find (a) vC(0+);
(b) vC( q ); (c) t for t 7 0; (d) i(0+); (e) vC, t Ú 0;
and (f) i, t Ú 0+.
7.54 The switch in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.54 has been in
PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves
Figure P7.51 MULTISIM
instantaneously to position b. For t Ú 0+, find
40 k a b 2.5 k 50 k a) vo(t).
t=0 b) io(t).
 
120 V  150 k 200 V
 i vC 25 nF  Figure P7.54
 5 k a b 10 k
t=0 io(t)

7.52 a) The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.52 has been in  10 k vo(t) 40 nF  100 V
75 V 40 k 
position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switch  
moves instantaneously to position b and stays
there. Find the initial and final values of the
capacitor voltage, the time constant for t Ú 0, 7.55 The switch in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.55 has been
and the expression for the capacitor voltage for PSPICE in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
t Ú 0. MULTISIM
moves instantaneously to position b. Find vo(t) and
b) Now suppose the switch in the circuit in io(t) for t Ú 0+.
Fig. P7.52 has been in position b for a long time.
At t = 0, the switch moves instantaneously to Figure P7.55
position a and stays there. Find the initial and
final values of the capacitor voltage, the time
constant for t Ú 0, and the expression for the 30 k io(t)
capacitor voltage for t Ú 0.
10 mA 20 k 15 mA

Figure P7.52
vo(t)
50 k 16 nF
250  100  
b a t0
t=0
 b a

10 V vC 25 mF 400  15 mA

 7.56 The circuit in Fig. P7.56 has been in operation for a
PSPICE long time. At t = 0, the voltage source reverses
MULTISIM
polarity and the current source drops from 3 mA to
2 mA. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
7.53 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.53 has been in
position a for a long time. At t = 0 the switch is Figure P7.56
moved to position b. Calculate (a) the initial voltage
on the capacitor; (b) the final voltage on the capaci- 10 k 4 k
tor; (c) the time constant (in microseconds) for 

t 7 0; and (d) the length of time (in microseconds) 80 V  40 k 3 mA 24 k 0.05 mF vo
required for the capacitor voltage to reach zero
after the switch is moved to position b. 
 Problems 255

7.57 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.57 has been in 7.61 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.61 has
PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switch PSPICE been in the OFF position for a long time. At t = 0,
MULTISIM MULTISIM
moves instantaneously to position b. At the instant the switch moves instantaneously to the ON posi-
the switch makes contact with terminal b, switch 2 tion. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
opens. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
Figure P7.61
Figure P7.57
1 10 103iΔ
40 k a b 25 k 90 k
t0 t=0  
 OFF ON
 t0 iΔ
50 V 60 k vo 20 k 5 mA 2 
 6 mA 15 k  30 k 300 V
250 nF 
 25 nF vo


7.58 The current and voltage at the terminals of the

capacitor in the circuit in Fig. 7.21 are
i(t) = 3e-2500t mA,
v(t) = (40 - 24e-2500t) V,
7.62 Assume that the switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.61
PSPICE has been in the ON position for a long time before
t Ú 0+;
MULTISIM
switching instantaneously to the OFF position at
t = 0. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
t Ú 0.

a) Specify the numerical values of Is, Vo, R, C, 7.63 a) Derive Eq. 7.52 by first converting the Norton
and t. equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 7.21 to a Thévenin
b) How many microseconds after the switch has equivalent and then summing the voltages around
been closed does the energy stored in the capac- the closed loop, using the capacitor current i as the
itor reach 81% of its final value? relevant variable.
b) Use the separation of variables technique to find
7.59 a) Use component values from Appendix H to cre- the solution to Eq. 7.52. Verify that your solution
ate a first-order RC circuit (see Fig. 7.21) with a agrees with that of Eq. 7.53.
time constant of 250 ms. Use a single capacitor
and a network of resistors, if necessary. Draw 7.64 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.64 has been in
your circuit. position x for a long time. The initial charge on the
b) Suppose the capacitor you chose in part (a) has an 60 nF capacitor is zero. At t = 0, the switch moves
initial voltage drop of 100 V.At t = 0, a switch con- instantaneously to position y.
nects a current source with a value of 1 mA in par- a) Find vo(t) for t Ú 0+.
allel with the capacitor and equivalent resistance.
b) Find v1(t) for t Ú 0.
Write an expression for the voltage drop across
the capacitor for t Ú 0.
c) Using your result from part (b), calculate the Figure P7.64
time at which the voltage drop across the capici- x y 60 nF
tor reaches 50 V. 15 k 120 k
 v1  
7.60 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.60 opens at t=0 v0 60 k 
4 mA 30 k
PSPICE t = 0 after being closed for a long time. How many 30 nF  90 V
MULTISIM

milliseconds after the switch opens is the energy
stored in the capacitor 36% of its final value?

Figure P7.60
7.65 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P7.65 has been in
ib PSPICEposition a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves instan-
MULTISIM
taneously to position b. For t Ú 0+, find
a) vo(t).
120 mA 33 k 47 k 25ib 16 k 0.25 mF b) io(t).
t0
c) v1(t).
256 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

d) v2(t). Figure P7.68

e) the energy trapped in the capacitors as t : q . 250  t0
io  0.25 H
Figure P7.65  0.5 H
10 V vo 0.25 H
2.2 k 6.25 k  i2
a b
 i1
io
t0
  7.69 There is no energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P7.69
 v1 
40 V 0.2 mF 80 V PSPICE at the time the switch is closed.
   MULTISIM
 vo a) Find i(t) for t Ú 0.
0.8 mF v2
 b) Find v1(t) for t Ú 0+.

c) Find v2(t) for t Ú 0.
d) Do your answers make sense in terms of known
7.66 There is no energy stored in the capacitors C1 and C2 circuit behavior?
at the time the switch is closed in the circuit seen in
Fig. P7.66. Figure P7.69
a) Derive the expressions for v1(t) and v2(t) for  v1(t) 
t Ú 0. 4.5 k t=0 20 mH
b) Use the expressions derived in (a) to find v1( q ) i (t) 
and v2( q ).  15 mH
90 V 40 mH v2(t)

Figure P7.66

Rg t0
 7.70 Repeat Problem 7.69 if the dot on the 40 mH coil is
C1 v1(t) PSPICEat the bottom of the coil.
  MULTISIM
Vg 

C2 v2(t) 7.71 There is no energy stored in the circuit of Fig. P7.71
 at the time the switch is closed.
a) Find io(t) for t Ú 0.
Section 7.4 b) Find vo(t) for t Ú 0 + .
c) Find i1(t) for t Ú 0.
7.67 Repeat (a) and (b) in Example 7.10 if the mutual
inductance is reduced to zero. d) Find i2(t) for t Ú 0.
e) Do your answers make sense in terms of known
7.68 There is no energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P7.68 circuit behavior?
PSPICE at the time the switch is closed.
MULTISIM
a) Find io(t) for t Ú 0. Figure P7.71
b) Find vo(t) for t Ú 0+. 20 
t0 i2
c) Find i1(t) for t Ú 0. io  5H
d) Find i2(t) for t Ú 0. 
80 V vo 5H 10 H
 i1
e) Do your answers make sense in terms of known

circuit behavior?
 Problems 257

Section 7.5 c) i(6 ms).

7.72 The action of the two switches in the circuit seen in d) v(1- ms).
PSPICE Fig. P7.72 is as follows. For t 6 0, switch 1 is in posi- e) v(1+ ms).
MULTISIM
tion a and switch 2 is open. This state has existed for
a long time. At t = 0, switch 1 moves instanta- Figure P7.75
neously from position a to position b, while switch 2
a 40 
remains open. Ten milliseconds after switch 1 oper-
ates, switch 2 closes, remains closed for 10 ms and 
b c i
then opens. Find vo(t) 25 ms after switch 1 moves to 20 A 40  60  v 80 mH
position b. 120 

Figure P7.72

5 0  10 ms 7.76 The capacitor in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.76 has

a 1 2
PSPICE been charged to 300 V. At t = 0, switch 1 closes,
 MULTISIM
b t0 causing the capacitor to discharge into the resistive
15 A 10  vo 50 mH 20  network. Switch 2 closes 200 ms after switch 1
closes. Find the magnitude and direction of the cur-

rent in the second switch 300 ms after switch 1
closes.
7.73 For the circuit in Fig. P7.72, how many milliseconds
after switch 1 moves to position b is the energy Figure P7.76
stored in the inductor 4% of its initial value? 1

7.74 In the circuit in Fig. P7.74, switch A has been open t0
PSPICE and switch B has been closed for a long time. At 30 k 60 k
MULTISIM
t = 0, switch A closes. Twenty-five milliseconds after  2
10
switch A closes, switch B opens. Find iL(t) for t Ú 0. 300 V nF
3
 t  0  200 ms
Figure P7.74 120 k 40 k

t = 25 ms iL(t)

B
7.77 There is no energy stored in the capacitor in the cir-
200  A
75 mA 500  10 mH PSPICE cuit in Fig. P7.77 when switch 1 closes at t = 0.
t=0 MULTISIM
Switch 2 closes 2.5 milliseconds later. Find vo(t) for
t Ú 0.

Figure P7.77
7.75 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.75 has
PSPICE
been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the 500  1 2
MULTISIM
switch is moved to position b, where it remains for 
1 ms. The switch is then moved to position c, where  t=0 t = 2.5 ms
it remains indefinitely. Find 20 V vo 8 mF 2 k 25 mA

a) i(0+). 
b) i(200 ms).
258 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

7.78 In the circuit in Fig. P7.78, switch 1 has been in posi- 7.82 The voltage waveform shown in Fig. P7.82(a) is
tion a and switch 2 has been closed for a long time.At PSPICE applied to the circuit of Fig. P7.82(b). The initial
t = 0, switch 1 moves instantaneously to position b. MULTISIM
current in the inductor is zero.
Two hundred microseconds later, switch 2 opens, a) Calculate vo(t).
remains open for 600 ms, and then recloses. Find vo
b) Make a sketch of vo(t) versus t.
1 ms after switch 1 makes contact with terminal b.
c) Find io at t = 5 ms.
Figure P7.78
0 + 0.2ms Figure P7.82
5 k a 1 5 k 2
vs (V)
 t=0
0 + 0.8 ms 20 
 b 80
10 V vo 25 nF 30 k  

10 k
 vs io 40 mH vo
 
7.79 For the circuit in Fig. P7.78, what percentage of the 0 2.5 t (ms)
PSPICE initial energy stored in the 25 nF capacitor is dissi- (a) (b)
MULTISIM
pated in the 30 kÆ resistor?

7.80 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.80 has been in 7.83 The voltage signal source in the circuit in Fig. P7.83(a)
PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves instan- PSPICE is generating the signal shown in Fig. P7.83(b).There is
MULTISIM
taneously to position b, where it remains for five sec- MULTISIM
no stored energy at t = 0.
onds before moving instantaneously to position c.
a) Derive the expressions for vo(t) that apply
Find vo for t Ú 0.
in the intervals t 6 0; 0 … t … 25 ms;
Figure P7.80 25 ms … t … 50 ms; and 50 ms … t 6 q.
b) Sketch vo and vs on the same coordinate axes.
b
t5s c) Repeat (a) and (b) with R reduced to 800 Æ.
t0
3.3 k
a c
 Figure P7.83
5 mA 1 k 100 k
vo 100 mF R = 4 k

+
vs  50 nF vo

7.81 The current source in the circuit in Fig. P7.81(a) −
PSPICE generates the current pulse shown in Fig. P7.81(b).
MULTISIM
There is no energy stored at t = 0. (a)
a) Derive the numerical expressions for vo(t) for vs (V)
the time intervals t 6 0, 0 … t … 25 ms, and
25 ms … t 6 q . 10

b) Calculate vo (25- ms) and vo (25+ ms).

c) Calculate io (25- ms) and io (25+ ms). 0 25 50 t (ms)
−10
Figure P7.81
is (mA) (b)
io
 50 7.84 The voltage waveform shown in Fig. P7.84(a) is
PSPICE applied to the circuit of Fig. P7.84(b). The initial
is 3 k vo 75 mH MULTISIM
voltage on the capacitor is zero.
 0 25 t (ms) a) Calculate vo(t).
b) Make a sketch of vo(t) versus t.
(a) (b)
 Problems 259

Figure P7.84 equals or exceeds 20 kV, how long does it take to

vs (V) rupture the capacitor?
10 nF
50
  Figure P7.87
vs 400 k vo
12  104 i
  80 k
 
0 1 t (ms)  t0 i
(a) (b) 20 V 2.5 mF 20 k


Section 7.6
7.85 The inductor current in the circuit in Fig. P7.85 is 7.88 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.88 has been
PSPICE 25 mA at the instant the switch is opened. The PSPICE closed for a long time. The maximum voltage rating
MULTISIM
inductor will malfunction whenever the magnitude MULTISIM
of the 1.6 mF capacitor is 14.4 kV. How long after
of the inductor current equals or exceeds 5 A. How the switch is opened does the voltage across the
long after the switch is opened does the inductor capacitor reach the maximum voltage rating?
malfunction?
Figure P7.88
Figure P7.85
1 k
2 k
 vf  t0
t0 4 i 2 k 1.6 mF i 4 k 5 mA
10 H 25 mA 2  103 vf 4 k

7.89 The circuit shown in Fig. P7.89 is used to close the

7.86 The gap in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.86 will arc over switch between a and b for a predetermined length
PSPICE whenever the voltage across the gap reaches 30 kV. of time. The electric relay holds its contact arms
MULTISIM
The initial current in the inductor is zero. The value down as long as the voltage across the relay coil
of b is adjusted so the Thévenin resistance with exceeds 5 V. When the coil voltage equals 5 V, the
respect to the terminals of the inductor is -4 kÆ. relay contacts return to their initial position by a
a) What is the value of b ? mechanical spring action. The switch between a and
b) How many microseconds after the switch has b is initially closed by momentarily pressing the
been closed will the gap arc over? push button. Assume that the capacitor is fully
charged when the push button is first pushed down.
Figure P7.86 The resistance of the relay coil is 25 kÆ, and the
inductance of the coil is negligible.
4 k
a) How long will the switch between a and b
t=0 is remain closed?

40 V 12 k bis 80 mH Gap b) Write the numerical expression for i from the

time the relay contacts first open to the time the
capacitor is completely charged.
7.87 The capacitor in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.87 is c) How many milliseconds (after the circuit
PSPICE charged to 20 V at the time the switch is closed. If between a and b is interrupted) does it take the
MULTISIM
the capacitor ruptures when its terminal voltage capacitor to reach 85% of its final value?
260 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Figure P7.89 Figure P7.92

Push button vg (mV)
a
b 75

4
0 2 t (s)
i 4 k
−75
Electric
2 mF 25 k
relay 
80 V (a)

250 nF

Section 7.7 80 k 10 V
7.90 The energy stored in the capacitor in the circuit 
PSPICE shown in Fig. P7.90 is zero at the instant the switch t=0  
MULTISIM
is closed. The ideal operational amplifier reaches −10 V

vg vo
saturation in 15 ms. What is the numerical value of 
R in kilo-ohms?

Figure P7.90
(b)
500 nF
7.93 Repeat Problem 7.92 with a 4 MÆ resistor placed
R 10 V across the 250 nF feedback capacitor.
PSPICE
 MULTISIM

t0   7.94 There is no energy stored in the capacitors in the

 10 V PSPICE circuit shown in Fig. P7.94 at the instant the two
4V vo MULTISIM
switches close. Assume the op amp is ideal.
 5.1 k
a) Find vo as a function of va, vb, R, and C.

b) On the basis of the result obtained in (a),
describe the operation of the circuit.
7.91 At the instant the switch is closed in the circuit of c) How long will it take to saturate the amplifier
PSPICE Fig. P7.90, the capacitor is charged to 6 V, positive if va = 40 mV; vb = 15 mV; R = 50 kÆ;
MULTISIM
at the right-hand terminal. If the ideal opera- C = 10 nF; and VCC = 6 V?
tional amplifier saturates in 40 ms, what is the
value of R? Figure P7.94

R C
7.92 The voltage pulse shown in Fig. P7.92(a) is
PSPICE applied to the ideal integrating amplifier shown
MULTISIM  t0
in Fig. P7.92(b). Derive the numerical expres- va
 VCC
sions for vo(t) when vo(0) = 0 for the time

intervals
 
a) t 6 0. VCC
R t0
b) 0 … t … 2 s. vo
 C
c) 2 s … t … 4 s. vb
 
d) 4 s … t
 Problems 261

7.95 At the instant the switch of Fig. P7.95 is closed, the Sections 7.1–7.7
PSPICE voltage on the capacitor is 56 V. Assume an ideal
MULTISIM 7.97 The circuit shown in Fig. P7.97 is known as a
operational amplifier. How many milliseconds
PSPICE monostable multivibrator. The adjective monostable
after the switch is closed will the output voltage vo MULTISIM
is used to describe the fact that the circuit has one
equal zero?
stable state. That is, if left alone, the electronic
switch T2 will be ON, and T1 will be OFF. (The opera-
Figure P7.95
tion of the ideal transistor switch is described in
 56 V  detail in Problem 7.99.) T2 can be turned OFF by
momentarily closing the switch S. After S returns to
2.5 mF its open position, T2 will return to its ON state.
33 k 47 k 25 V a) Show that if T2 is ON, T1 is OFF and will stay OFF.

t0 b) Explain why T2 is turned OFF when S is momen-
  tarily closed.
 20 k 25 V

14 V  vo c) Show that T2 will stay OFF for RC ln 2 s.
45 V 80 k

 Figure P7.97

7.96 The voltage source in the circuit in Fig. P7.96(a) is

PSPICE generating the triangular waveform shown in RL R RL
MULTISIM C R1
Fig. P7.96(b). Assume the energy stored in the
capacitor is zero at t = 0 and the op amp is ideal.

a) Derive the numerical expressions for vo(t) for VCC
ib1 ib2 
the following time intervals: 0 … t … 1 ms;
1 ms … t … 3 ms; and 3 ms … t … 4 ms. S c1 c2 
b1 b2
b) Sketch the output waveform between 0 and 4 ms. T1 T2 vce2
 
c) If the triangular input voltage continues to repeat e1 vbe1 vbe2 e2 
 
itself for t 7 4 ms, what would you expect the
output voltage to be? Explain.
7.98 The parameter values in the circuit in Fig. P7.97
Figure P7.96 are VCC = 6 V; R1 = 5.0 kÆ; RL = 20 kÆ;
C = 250 pF; and R = 23,083 Æ.
800 pF
a) Sketch vce2 versus t, assuming that after S is
momentarily closed, it remains open until the
1 k 15 V circuit has reached its stable state. Assume S is

closed at t = 0. Make your sketch for the inter-
t0   val -5 … t … 10 ms.
 15 V
vg vo b) Repeat (a) for ib2 versus t.


 7.99 The circuit shown in Fig. P7.99 is known as an

PSPICE astable multivibrator and finds wide application in
(a) MULTISIM
pulse circuits. The purpose of this problem is to
relate the charging and discharging of the capaci-
vg (V) tors to the operation of the circuit. The key to ana-
2 lyzing the circuit is to understand the behavior of
the ideal transistor switches T1 and T2. The circuit is
designed so that the switches automatically alter-
0 1 2 3 4 t (ms) nate between ON and OFF. When T1 is OFF, T2 is ON
and vice versa. Thus in the analysis of this circuit, we
assume a switch is either ON or OFF. We also assume
2
that the ideal transistor switch can change its state
instantaneously. In other words, it can snap from
(b)
OFF to ON and vice versa. When a transistor switch is
262 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

ON, (1) the base current ib is greater than zero, 7.100 The component values in the circuit of Fig. P7.99
(2) the terminal voltage vbe is zero, and (3) the ter- are VCC = 9 V; RL = 3 kÆ; C1 = C2 = 2 nF; and
minal voltage vce is zero. Thus, when a transistor R1 = R2 = 18 kÆ.
switch is ON, it presents a short circuit between the a) How long is T2 in the OFF state during one cycle
terminals b,e and c,e. When a transistor switch is of operation?
OFF, (1) the terminal voltage vbe is negative, (2) the
b) How long is T2 in the ON state during one cycle
base current is zero, and (3) there is an open circuit
of operation?
between the terminals c,e. Thus when a transistor
switch is OFF, it presents an open circuit between c) Repeat (a) for T1.
the terminals b,e and c,e. Assume that T2 has been d) Repeat (b) for T1.
ON and has just snapped OFF, while T1 has been OFF e) At the first instant after T1 turns ON, what is the
and has just snapped ON. You may assume that at value of ib1?
this instance, C2 is charged to the supply voltage
f) At the instant just before T1 turns OFF, what is
VCC, and the charge on C1 is zero. Also assume
the value of ib1?
C1 = C2 and R1 = R2 = 10RL.
g) What is the value of vce2 at the instant just
a) Derive the expression for vbe2 during the inter-
before T2 turns ON?
val that T2 is OFF.
b) Derive the expression for vce2 during the inter- 7.101 Repeat Problem 7.100 with C1 = 3 nF and
val that T2 is OFF. C2 = 2.8 nF. All other component values are
c) Find the length of time T2 is OFF. unchanged.
d) Find the value of vce2 at the end of the interval
that T2 is OFF. 7.102 The astable multivibrator circuit in Fig. P7.99 is to
satisfy the following criteria: (1) One transistor
e) Derive the expression for ib1 during the interval
switch is to be ON for 48 ms and OFF for 36 ms for
that T2 is OFF.
each cycle; (2) RL = 2 kÆ; (3) VCC = 5 V;
f) Find the value of ib1 at the end of the interval (4) R1 = R2; and (5) 6RL … R1 … 50RL. What are
that T2 is OFF. the limiting values for the capacitors C1 and C2?
g) Sketch vce2 versus t during the interval that T2
is OFF. 7.103 The relay shown in Fig. P7.103 connects the 30 V
PRACTICAL dc generator to the dc bus as long as the relay cur-
h) Sketch ib1 versus t during the interval that T2 PERSPECTIVE
is OFF. rent is greater than 0.4 A. If the relay current
drops to 0.4 A or less, the spring-loaded relay
Figure P7.99 immediately connects the dc bus to the 30 V
standby battery. The resistance of the relay wind-
ing is 60 Æ. The inductance of the relay winding is
to be determined.
RL R2 R1 RL a) Assume the prime motor driving the 30 V dc
C2 C1
generator abruptly slows down, causing the
 generated voltage to drop suddenly to 21 V.
VCC What value of L will assure that the standby
i b1 i b2 
battery will be connected to the dc bus in
  0.5 seconds?
c1 b1 b2 c2
vce1 T1 T2 vce2
  b) Using the value of L determined in (a), state
e1 vbe1 vbe2 e2
  how long it will take the relay to operate if the
  generated voltage suddenly drops to zero.
 Problems 263

Figure P7.103 7.105 Use an expression similar to the one derived in

 Problem 7.104 to calculate the heart rate in beats
30 V per minute for R = 150 k Æ , C = 6 mF, if the capac-
 itor discharges when its voltage reaches 60% of the
source voltage Vs.

7.106 Show that the resistance required to achieve a heart

rate H, in beats per minute, is given by the equation
DC BUS
30 V  relay Compressed
dc springs -60
 coil DC loads R = ,
gen (R, L) Vmax
HC lna1 - b
Vs

where C is the capacitance, Vs. is the source volt-

7.104 Derive the expression for heart rate in beats per
minute given the values of R and C and assuming
that the capacitor discharges when its voltage
reaches 75% of the source voltage Vs. The expres-
sion, given in the Practical Perspective, is repeated
here for convenience:
60
H = [beats per minute].
-RC ln 0.25
age, and Vmax is the capacitor voltage at which
discharge occurs .
7.107 Use the expression derived in Problem 7.106 to
calculate the resistance required to achieve a
heart rate of 70 beats per minute using a capaci-
tance of 2.5 mF and assuming that the capacitor
discharges when its voltage reaches 68% of the
source voltage.