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Electrical Circuits
Sheet-5 (First Order Circuits)
Revision-00 as on 9 September 2020

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 Source free RC Circuit

 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, 𝑻 = 𝑹𝑪
𝒕
 Values of 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝟎 𝒆 𝑻
 The initial voltage 𝑽(𝟎) = 𝑽𝟎 across the capacitor
𝟏
 The initial energy stored in the capacitor, 𝑾𝒄 (𝟎) = 𝑪𝑽𝒄 𝟐 𝑱
𝟐
 In dc capacitor acts as an open circuit

Fig. Equivalent Figure: The voltage response of a source free RC

circuit circuit

 Time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay to 36.8% of its initial value or to
rise to 63.2% of its final value.
 The voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneous
 Concept of 𝟎 , 𝟎, & 𝟎

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 1. The switch in the circuit below has been closed for a long time and is opened at t = 0. Find the voltage across the
capacitor at t = 100 ms. ERL-17 [7.7V]

2. In fig., let Vc(0)=15V. Find Vc, Vx and ix for t>0. [Vc=V=15e-2.5t volt]

3. The switch in the circuit below has been closed for a long time and it is opened at t = 0. Calculate the initial energy
stored in the capacitor. GTCL-18

Solution:

For t<0 (or t = 0 ),

The switch is closed; the capacitor is an open circuit to dc;

Using voltage division, 𝑉 (0 ) = 20 × = 15𝑉

Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0 = t = 0 .

𝑉 (0) = 𝑉 (0 ) = 15𝑉

The initial energy stored in the capacitor is 𝑊 (0) = 𝐶𝑉 = × 10 × 10 × 15 = 1.125𝑗

4. Refer to the circuit in fig., Vc(0)=30V. Determine Vc, Vx and i0 for t>=0. DPDC-14

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 [Ans. 30e-0.25tV, 10e-0.25tV, -2.5e-0.25tA]

5. The switch in the circuit in fig. has been closed for a long time, and it is opened at t=0. Find v(t) for t>=0. Calculate
the initial energy stored in the capacitor. BCMCL-20, PGCB-15, BUET MSc-13

Solution:

For t<0 (or t = 0 ),

The switch is closed; the capacitor is an open circuit to dc;

Using voltage division, 𝑉 (0 ) = 20 × = 15𝑉

Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, the voltage across the capacitor at t = 0 = t = 0 .

𝑉 (0) = 𝑉 (0 ) = 15𝑉

For t>0 (or t = 0 ),

The switch is opened and we have the RC circuit shown in figure.

𝑅𝑒𝑞. = 1 + 9 = 10Ω

The time constant, 𝜏 = 𝑅 𝐶 = 10 × 20 × 10 = 0.2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Thus the voltage across the capacitor for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is

/ .
𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑉 (0)𝑒 = 15𝑒 = 15𝑒 𝑉

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6. If the switch in fig. opens at t=0, find v(t) for t>=0 and Wc(0). [Ans. 8e-2tV, 5.33j]

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 Source free RL Circuit

𝑳
 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, 𝑻 =
𝑹
𝒕
 Values of 𝒊(𝒕) = 𝒊𝟎 𝒆 𝑻

 The initial voltage 𝑰(𝟎) = 𝑰𝟎 across the capacitor

𝟏
 The initial energy stored in the inductor, 𝑾𝑳 (𝟎) = 𝑳𝑰𝟎 𝟐 𝑱
𝟐
 In dc inductor acts as an short circuit

Figure: Equivalent circuit

Figure: The current response of a source free RL circuit

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7. Assuming that i(0)=10A, Calculate i(t) and ix(t) in the circuit. [Ans. i(t)=i(0)e-t/pi=10e-(2/3)tA, t>0]

8. Find I and Vx in the circuit in fig. Let i(0)=%A. [5e-53tA, -15e-53tV.]

9. The switch in the circuit of fig. has been closed for a long time. At t=0, the switch is opened. Calculate i(t)>0.
Ans.

10. In the circuit shown in fig., find io, vo and I for all time, assuming that the switch was open for a long time.
Ans:

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 Sourced circuits

𝐭
𝐕(𝐭) = 𝐕(𝟎 ) + [𝐕(𝟎) − 𝐕(𝟎 )]𝐞 𝐓

𝐭
𝐢(𝐭) = 𝐢(𝟎 ) + [𝐢(𝟎) − 𝐢(𝟎 )]𝐞 𝐓

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11. The switch in fig. has been in position A for a long time. At t=0, the switch moves to B. Determine v(t) for t>0 and
calculate its value at t=1s and 4s. DWASA-14,
Ans. 20.902 v, 27.97 v

The switch in fig. has been in position A for a long time. At t=0, the switch moves to B. Determine the time required
for being V(t) = 25 V CPGCBL-18,

Solution:

For t<0 (or t = 0 ),

The switch is closed; the capacitor is an open circuit to dc;

Using voltage division, 𝑉 (0 ) = 24 × = 15𝑉

Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, the voltage across the capacitor at

t=0=t=0 .

𝑉 (0) = 𝑉 (0 ) = 15𝑉

For t>0 (or t = 0 ),

The switch is opened and we have the RC circuit shown in figure.

𝑅𝑒𝑞. = 4𝑘Ω

The time constant, 𝜏 = 𝑅 𝐶 = 4 × 0.5 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Since the capacitor acts like an open circuit to dc at steady state, 𝑉 (∞) = 30𝑉

Thus the voltage across the capacitor for 𝑡 ≥ 0 is

𝑉(𝑡) = V(∞) + [V(0) − V(∞)]e = 30 + (15 − 30)𝑒 = 30 − 15𝑒 V

>>>>>>>> CPGCBL-18

For being V(t) = 25 V,

𝑡
25 = 30 − 15𝑒−2

𝑒 =

−0.5𝑡 = ln = −1.0986

𝑡 = 2.197 𝑠𝑒𝑐

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12. Find v(t) for t>0 in the circuit in fig.. Assume the switch has been open for a long time and is closed at t=0. Calculate
v(t) at t=0.5.

13. In fig., the switch has been closed for a long time and is opened at t=0. Find I and v for all time.

14. The switch in fig. is closed at t=o. Find i(t) and v(t) for all time. Note that u(-t)=1 for t<0 and 0 for t>0. Also u(-t)=1-
u(t).

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