13.

Factors which affect transpiration:

 Light intensity – transpiration is greater in light than in darkness
 Atmospheric pressure – as temperature increases, the rate of transpiration also increases
 Humidity of the atmosphere – transpiration is low when the level of humidity is high

14. Translocation is the movement of dissolved substances through the vascular tissues of plants.

15. Dissolved substances are translocated from the site of synthesis in the leaves or the site of
absorption in the roots to other parts of the plant which need them.

16. Movement of water through the stem

 water enters the root from the soil via osmosis
 as water pressure in the cells of the cortex increases, water is forced to enter the xylem tissues
of the root
 continual movement of water into the root causes the water to rise up the xylem tissues into
the stem – root pressure
 water rise up the xylem vessels due to capillary action
 transpiration pull is the main force that draws water and minerals up the plant
 water from the xylem vessels will leave the vessels for the mesophyll cells

‘O’ Level Biology 74