NPI

Nepal Polytechnic Institute

Bharatpur-11, Bhojard

Academic Year 2020-2023

Faculties: Isc.Ag Animal Science

Name of Assignment: Equine and their disease's

Full Name: Ajay Kumar Shah

Roll No.: 04

Subject: Equine, Rabbit And pet animals Date of Submission: 24/07/2023

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Student Sign: Teacher Sign:
 Equine Health
Equine health refers to the overall well-being and condition of horses,
which includes physical, mental, and emotional aspects. It encompasses
various aspects of horse care and management to ensure the horse remains
healthy and performs optimally.

Key components of equine health include:

1. Nutrition: Providing a balanced and appropriate diet that meets the horse's
specific needs based on age, weight, activity level, and any existing health
conditions.
2. Exercise and Fitness: Regular exercise and proper conditioning are crucial
for maintaining a horse's physical fitness and preventing obesity and related
health issues.
3. Regular Veterinary Care: Scheduled check-ups and vaccinations by a
qualified veterinarian are essential for early detection and prevention of
diseases or health concerns.
4. Dental Care: Regular dental examinations and appropriate dental work, such
as floating (rasping), are necessary to ensure proper chewing and digestion.
5. Parasite Control: Implementing a strategic deworming program to control
internal and external parasites that can affect a horse's health.
6. Hoof Care: Regular hoof trimming or shoeing to maintain proper hoof health
and prevent lameness.

7. Mental and Emotional Well-being: Providing a safe and enriching

environment to minimize stress and promote a horse's mental and emotional
health.
8. Preventive Measures: Implementing measures to prevent injuries and
accidents, such as using appropriate tack and equipment and maintaining safe
facilities.
9. Hydration and Water Quality: Ensuring access to clean, fresh water at
all times to prevent dehydration and associated health issues.

10.Environmental Management: Properly managing the horse's living

environment to reduce exposure to potential hazards and provide adequate
shelter.
 11.Managing Illness and Injury: Promptly addressing any signs of illness or
injury and providing appropriate treatment and care.
Maintaining equine health is essential not only for the horse's well-being
but also for their performance and longevity in various activities, including
riding, racing, show jumping, and more. Responsible horse owners and
caregivers pay close attention to these aspects of equine health to ensure
their horses lead happy, healthy lives.

Disease in equine
a) Strangles (Streptococcus equi):
Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium
Streptococcus equi. It primarily affects the upper respiratory tract and lymph nodes of
the head and neck, leading to symptoms like fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph
nodes, and difficulty swallowing.
• Etiology of Strangles in Horses: Strangles in horses is caused by the
bacterium Streptococcus equi, specifically the subspecies equi.
• Transmission of Strangles: Strangles is typically transmitted from horse to
horse through direct contact with nasal or throat discharges from infected
horses. It can also spread indirectly through contaminated equipment, feed,
water, or human handlers who have come into contact with infected horses.
• Clinical Signs of Strangles: The clinical signs of strangles can vary in severity
but often include:
• Etiology of Strangles in Horses: Strangles in horses is caused by the
bacterium Streptococcus equi, specifically the subspecies equi. It is a highly
contagious infection primarily affecting the upper respiratory tract and lymph
nodes.
• Transmission of Strangles: Strangles is typically transmitted from horse to
horse through direct contact with nasal or throat discharges from infected
horses. It can also spread indirectly through contaminated equipment, feed,
water, or human handlers who have come into contact with infected horses.
• Clinical Signs of Strangles: The clinical signs of strangles can vary in severity
but often include:
➢ Fever: An elevated body temperature is one of the early signs of the disease.
➢ Nasal Discharge: A thick, mucopurulent nasal discharge may be present.
➢ Swollen Lymph Nodes: The lymph nodes in the head and neck region become
swollen and painful, leading to difficulty swallowing and extended head and
neck posture.
➢ Depression and Loss of Appetite: Infected horses may appear lethargic and
have a reduced interest in food.
➢ Coughing: Some horses may develop a dry, harsh cough.
➢ Abscess Formation: In some cases, abscesses may form, and they can rupture
and discharge pus.
• Diagnosis of Strangles: Diagnosing strangles is based on clinical signs,
history of exposure to other infected horses, and confirmed by laboratory tests.
The veterinarian may collect samples from nasal swabs or abscess material for
bacterial culture and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing to identify the
presence of Streptococcus equi.
• Treatment of Strangles: Treatment for strangles usually involves supportive
care and isolation to prevent further spread. Specific treatment may include:
➢ Isolation: Infected horses should be isolated from healthy horses to prevent
transmission.
➢ Warm Compresses: Warm compresses can be applied to mature abscesses to
promote their natural drainage.
➢ Antibiotics: In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed by a veterinarian to
treat secondary bacterial infections or in severe cases of strangles.
➢ Pain Management: Pain medications may be administered to relieve
discomfort associated with swollen lymph nodes and abscesses.
➢ Fluid Therapy: In severe cases, fluid therapy may be required to maintain
hydration.
• Prevention of Strangles: Preventing strangles is crucial due to its highly
contagious nature. Preventive measures include:
1. Vaccination: Vaccination is available to provide some level of protection
against strangles. Consult with your veterinarian to establish a suitable
vaccination schedule.
2. Isolation: New horses should be quarantined and tested for strangles before
being introduced to the herd.
3. Biosecurity Measures: Implementing strict biosecurity protocols can help
prevent the introduction and spread of strangles in a barn or facility.
4. Hygiene: Regularly disinfecting shared equipment and facilities can reduce the
risk of transmission.
 5. Monitoring: Regularly monitor horses for any signs of illness and seek
veterinary attention if any abnormalities are observed.
It's important to work closely with your veterinarian and follow their guidance to
manage and prevent strangles effectively in a horse population.

2.Salmonellosis:
Etiology (Cause): Salmonellosis in horses is caused by various strains of bacteria
belonging to the Salmonella genus, with Salmonella enterica being the most common
species associated with the disease. There are multiple serotypes of Salmonella, and
some can be more pathogenic than others.
Transmission: Horses can contract Salmonellosis through the ingestion of
contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with fecal matter from
infected animals. The bacteria can survive in the environment for extended periods,
and outbreaks can occur in places with poor hygiene and overcrowded conditions.
Clinical Signs: Clinical signs of Salmonellosis in horses can vary but may include:
1. Fever
2. Depression
3. Loss of appetite
4. Colic
5. Diarrhea (which may be watery or contain mucus or blood)
6. Dehydration
7. Abortion in pregnant mares
8. Septicemia (bacterial infection in the bloodstream)
9. Endotoxemia (release of bacterial toxins into the bloodstream)

Diagnosis: The diagnosis of Salmonellosis in horses involves a combination of

clinical signs, laboratory tests, and bacterial culture. Veterinarian will typically
perform blood tests to assess the horse's white blood cell count and other parameters
indicative of infection. Fecal samples and rectal swabs are collected to identify the
presence of Salmonella and determine the specific serotype.
Treatment: Treating Salmonellosis in horses often requires intensive care and
hospitalization. Supportive treatment includes fluid therapy to combat dehydration,
electrolyte supplementation, and nutrition. Antibiotics may be administered in severe
cases to control bacterial proliferation, but they should only be used under the
guidance of a veterinarian, as inappropriate antibiotic use can worsen the condition.
Prevention: Preventing Salmonellosis in horses involves several measures:
 1. Quarantine: Isolate new horses to the herd and monitor them for signs of
illness for a few weeks to prevent the introduction and spread of the disease.
2. Biosecurity: Maintain good hygiene practices in stables, barns, and other areas
where horses are kept. Regularly clean and disinfect equipment and facilities.
3. Monitoring: Keep a close eye on the health of the horses and promptly report
any signs of illness to the veterinarian.
4. Isolation of Sick Horses: Separate and isolate horses showing clinical signs of
Salmonellosis to prevent transmission to others.
5. Proper Waste Disposal: Dispose of manure and waste materials appropriately
to minimize environmental contamination.
6. Vaccination: While there is no vaccine that provides complete protection
against all Salmonella strains, some vaccines may reduce the severity and
incidence of certain serotypes. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the
appropriate vaccination strategy for your horses.
It's essential to work closely with your veterinarian to establish an effective
prevention and management plan for Salmonellosis in horses. Early detection and
appropriate action can significantly improve the outcome for affected horses and help
prevent further spread within the equine population.
3. Tetanus:
Etiology (Cause): Tetanus in horses is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani.
This bacterium is commonly found in soil, manure, and other environmental sources.
It produces a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin, which affects the nervous
system, leading to muscle spasms and rigidity.
Transmission: Horses usually contract tetanus through wounds, particularly deep
puncture wounds, as the bacterium can enter the body through the damaged tissue.
The spores of Clostridium tetani are resistant and can survive in the environment for
extended periods. When the conditions are anaerobic (low oxygen), such as inside a
deep wound, the spores can germinate, and the bacteria can multiply, producing the
toxin that causes the disease.
Clinical Signs: The clinical signs of tetanus in horses typically appear within 1 to 3
weeks after infection. The severity of the disease can vary, but common signs
include:
1. Stiffness and muscle rigidity, especially in the head, neck, and limbs.
2. Sawhorse stance (propping the legs out in front and behind to maintain
balance).
 3. Third eyelid protrusion and elevated tail carriage.
4. Difficulty in eating and drinking due to stiff jaw muscles.
5. Sensitivity to noise and touch, leading to exaggerated responses or spasms.
6. Difficulty walking, with a stiff and stilted gait.
7. Sweating and elevated heart and respiratory rates.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of tetanus in horses is typically based on the clinical signs and
history of recent wounds or injuries. Laboratory tests are not commonly used for
diagnosis, as the disease's signs are usually characteristic enough to identify it.
Treatment: Treatment of tetanus in horses is challenging, and the prognosis is
guarded. It usually involves supportive care to manage the horse's symptoms and
prevent complications. Treatment may include:
1. Wound Management: Cleaning and treating any existing wounds to prevent
further bacterial growth.
2. Anti-Toxin Administration: Administration of tetanus antitoxin to neutralize
the unbound toxin and prevent further damage.
3. Muscle Relaxants: Medications to reduce muscle spasms and rigidity.

4. Pain Management: Providing pain relief to improve the horse's comfort.

5. Restricted Environment: Keeping the horse in a quiet, darkened, and padded

environment to minimize stimulation and prevent injury.
Prevention: Prevention of tetanus in horses is essential and involves the following
measures:
1. Vaccination: Regular vaccination with tetanus toxoid to boost the horse's
immunity against the tetanus bacterium. This vaccine is usually combined with
other vaccines like the one for tetanus and equine encephalomyelitis.
2. Wound Care: Prompt and thorough cleaning and treatment of wounds to
prevent bacterial contamination.
3. Vaccination of Pregnant Mares: Pregnant mares should be vaccinated to pass
on immunity to their foals through colostrum.
4. Good Hygiene: Maintaining a clean and safe environment to reduce the risk of
wounds and infection.
5. Avoiding Deep Wounds: Taking precautions to prevent deep puncture wounds
that provide an anaerobic environment for bacterial growth.
Remember that prevention is the most effective way to protect horses from tetanus,
and timely vaccination is crucial in maintaining their health and well-being.
4.Anthrax:
Etiology: Anthrax is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The
spores can survive in the soil for extended periods and can become active under
certain environmental conditions.
Transmission: Horses can become infected with anthrax by ingesting the spores
present in contaminated soil, water, or feed. In some cases, flies can also serve as
mechanical vectors, transmitting the spores between animals.
Clinical Signs: The clinical signs of anthrax in horses can vary, but they often
include:
1. Sudden death without prior signs (peracute form).
2. Fever.
3. Depression and weakness.
4. Swelling and edema in the throat area (submandibular edema).
5. Respiratory distress.
6. Colic.
7. Blood-tinged or dark, tarry feces.
8. Rapid deterioration and death.
Diagnosis: Due to the severity and potential public health implications of anthrax, it
is essential to involve a veterinarian immediately if anthrax is suspected. The
diagnosis is usually confirmed through a combination of clinical signs, history of
sudden death in the area, and laboratory tests. Blood smears, bacterial cultures, or
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests can be used to detect the presence of Bacillus
anthracis.
Treatment: Treatment of anthrax in horses is challenging, and the disease is often
fatal once clinical signs appear. If anthrax is suspected or diagnosed, affected animals
are typically isolated, and strict biosecurity measures are implemented to prevent
further spread. Antibiotics may be administered to animals that have been exposed
but do not show clinical signs yet, as early treatment can be more effective in
preventing the disease from progressing.
Prevention: Prevention is crucial in managing anthrax in horses. Key preventive
measures include:
1. Vaccination: There is an anthrax vaccine available for horses, and its use is
recommended in areas where anthrax is endemic or has been reported in the
past. Regular vaccination can help protect horses from contracting the disease.
 2. Biosecurity: Implementing biosecurity measures is essential to reduce the risk
of introducing anthrax spores onto the property. This includes controlling insect
populations that could mechanically transmit the spores, restricting access to
contaminated areas, and using caution when handling potentially infected
animals.
3. Proper Disposal: Promptly and properly disposing of any deceased animals
suspected of having anthrax is crucial to prevent environmental contamination
with spores.
4. Quarantine: Isolating new animals that enter the property and monitoring
them for signs of illness can help prevent the spread of anthrax and other
infectious diseases.
Remember, if anthrax is suspected or diagnosed in your area, it is vital to work
closely with a veterinarian and local health authorities to implement appropriate
control measures to protect both animal and human health.

5. Brucellosis:
Etiology: Brucellosis in horses is caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus. This
bacterium primarily infects cattle and can be transmitted to horses through exposure
to infected cattle or contaminated environments.
Transmission: Horses can contract brucellosis through direct contact with infected
cattle or their reproductive fluids (placenta, aborted fetuses, vaginal discharge). The
bacteria can enter the horse's body through mucous membranes, open wounds, or
ingestion of contaminated feed or water.
Clinical Signs: In horses, brucellosis can present with various nonspecific clinical
signs, making it challenging to diagnose based on symptoms alone. Some common
signs include:
1. Fever: Horses may have a prolonged fever that doesn't respond well to typical
treatments.
2. Abortion: Infected pregnant mares may experience late-term abortion or give
birth to weak foals that do not survive.
3. Reproductive Issues: Apart from abortion, stallions may show reduced
fertility and problems with their reproductive health.
4. Weight Loss and Poor Condition: Horses may lose weight and have a general
decline in overall health.
5. Joint Infections: In some cases, brucellosis can lead to joint infections (septic
arthritis).
Diagnosis: Diagnosing brucellosis in horses can be challenging due to its nonspecific
clinical signs and the potential for misdiagnosis. Veterinary diagnostic tests are
required for confirmation, which may include:
1. Blood Tests: Serological tests like the Rose Bengal test and Complement
Fixation test can detect antibodies against Brucella.
2. Culture: Attempting to culture the bacterium from samples like blood or
aborted fetal tissues can be done in specialized laboratories.
3. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Molecular techniques can detect the
DNA of Brucella bacteria in clinical samples.
Treatment: There is no specific treatment for brucellosis in horses, and infected
animals are typically euthanized to prevent the spread of the disease to other animals
and humans. Additionally, treatment of infected animals can be challenging due to the
intracellular nature of the bacterium.
Prevention: Preventing brucellosis in horses involves implementing several
measures:
1. Biosecurity: Isolate infected horses from others to prevent transmission.
Practice good hygiene when handling reproductive fluids or tissues.
2. Vaccination: Currently, there is no commercially available vaccine for
brucellosis in horses. However, vaccination of cattle (the primary reservoir) can
help reduce the risk of transmission.
3. Testing: Regularly test horses that come into contact with cattle or show
clinical signs of brucellosis.
4. Control in Cattle: Preventing and controlling brucellosis in cattle can
indirectly reduce the risk of transmission to horses.
It is crucial for horse owners, veterinarians, and public health authorities to be
vigilant about brucellosis and take appropriate measures to prevent its spread. If there
is a suspected case of brucellosis in a horse, it is essential to involve a veterinarian
and notify the relevant animal health authorities for proper diagnosis and
management.
6.Rabies :
Etiology: Rabies is caused by the rabies virus, which belongs to the Lyssavirus
genus. The virus primarily affects the nervous system and is almost always fatal once
clinical signs appear.
Transmission of Rabies in Horses: The rabies virus is typically transmitted through
the saliva of infected animals. In the case of horses, the virus can be spread through
the bite of an infected animal, such as a rabid dog, raccoon, skunk, bat, or other
mammal. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected saliva or neural
tissue, such as from an open wound or mucous membranes.
Clinical Signs of Rabies in Horses: The incubation period for rabies in horses can
vary but is typically around 2 to 8 weeks. Once clinical signs appear, the disease
progresses rapidly. Common clinical signs of rabies in horses include:
1. Behavioral changes - nervousness, agitation, or aggressiveness.
2. Difficulty swallowing.
3. Muscle tremors and twitching.
4. Ataxia (incoordination).
5. Paralysis.
6. Hypersensitivity to touch or sound.
7. Drooping of the lower jaw.
8. Fever.
9. Abnormal vocalization (e.g., horse may whinny excessively).
10.Changes in attitude or demeanor.
As the disease progresses, horses may become recumbent and unable to rise, leading
to coma and death.
Diagnosis of Rabies in Horses: Diagnosing rabies in horses can be challenging,
especially during the early stages of the disease. Since rabies is a fatal zoonotic
disease (transmissible to humans), a definitive diagnosis often requires laboratory
testing of brain tissue postmortem. Suspicion of rabies in a horse should trigger
immediate isolation and reporting to local health and veterinary authorities.
Treatment of Rabies in Horses: There is no effective treatment for rabies once
clinical signs appear. Once a horse shows symptoms of rabies, it is too late to save the
animal, and euthanasia is typically recommended for both humane reasons and to
prevent further transmission of the virus.
Prevention of Rabies in Horses: Preventing rabies in horses is primarily focused on
vaccination and minimizing exposure to potential carriers of the virus. Key
prevention measures include:
1. Vaccination: Horses should be regularly vaccinated against rabies by a
licensed veterinarian. Vaccination is a crucial step in preventing the disease.
2. Control of Wildlife and Stray Animals: Limiting exposure to potentially
infected wildlife and stray animals can reduce the risk of transmission. Secure
trash containers and minimize attractants to keep wildlife away from barns and
stables.
 3. Isolation and Reporting: If a horse shows clinical signs suggestive of rabies,
it should be immediately isolated from other animals and reported to local
health and veterinary authorities for proper handling and testing.
4. Avoid Handling Potentially Infected Animals: Never handle wildlife,
especially bats and other nocturnal animals, without appropriate protective
gear.
Remember that rabies is a serious and potentially fatal disease for both horses and
humans. If you suspect a case of rabies in a horse, it is essential to seek immediate
veterinary attention and report it to the appropriate authorities.
7. Aspergillosis:
Aspergillosis is a fungal disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus spp., and it can
affect horses as well as other animals. The disease can manifest in different
forms, including respiratory, nasal, and disseminated (systemic) aspergillosis.
Here's an overview of the etiology, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of aspergillosis in horses:
Etiology: Aspergillosis is caused by various species of the fungus Aspergillus, with
Aspergillus fumigatus being the most common culprit in horses. The fungus is
widespread in the environment and is commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation,
and organic matter.
Transmission: Horses can become exposed to Aspergillus spores through inhalation,
which is the most common route of infection. Spores can be present in dusty
environments, especially in poorly ventilated stables or areas with moldy hay or feed.
In some cases, the fungus can enter the body through wounds or surgical sites,
leading to disseminated aspergillosis.
Clinical Signs: The clinical signs of aspergillosis can vary depending on the form of
the disease:
1. Respiratory Aspergillosis: Horses with respiratory aspergillosis may show
signs of chronic or recurrent respiratory disease, including coughing, nasal
discharge, difficulty breathing, and exercise intolerance.
2. Nasal Aspergillosis: Nasal aspergillosis can cause nasal discharge, sneezing,
facial swelling, and sometimes deformities of the nasal bones.
3. Disseminated Aspergillosis: This systemic form can be more severe and may
present with nonspecific signs such as fever, weight loss, lethargy, and
lameness. The fungus can spread to various organs, causing localized
infections and abscesses.
Diagnosis: Diagnosing aspergillosis in horses can be challenging, as the clinical
signs are not specific to this disease alone. Veterinary evaluation typically includes a
combination of the following:
1. Physical Examination: The vet will assess the horse's clinical signs and
perform a thorough physical examination.
2. Imaging: Radiographs or ultrasound may reveal characteristic changes in the
affected areas, such as lung lesions or nasal bone deformities.
3. Endoscopy: Endoscopy of the respiratory tract can help visualize
abnormalities and collect samples for further testing.
4. Cytology and Culture: Samples from the respiratory tract or other affected
areas may be collected for cytology and culture to identify the fungus.
Treatment: The treatment of aspergillosis in horses often involves a combination of
antifungal medication, supportive care, and management changes to reduce exposure
to fungal spores. Antifungal drugs such as itraconazole or voriconazole are
commonly used. Treatment duration may be prolonged, and the prognosis can vary
depending on the severity of the infection and the response to therapy.
Prevention: Preventing aspergillosis in horses involves several measures:
1. Good Ventilation: Provide well-ventilated stables and living areas to reduce
dust and spore accumulation.
2. Clean Environment: Regularly clean stables and remove moldy hay or
bedding.
3. Quality Feed: Use high-quality hay and feed to minimize fungal
contamination.
4. Quarantine: Isolate new horses to prevent the introduction of Aspergillus from
carrier animals.
5. Hygiene: Practice good hygiene, especially in wound care and surgical
procedures.
6. Monitoring: Regularly monitor the health of horses and seek veterinary
attention for any signs of respiratory or other health issues.
Remember that only a qualified veterinarian can diagnose and treat aspergillosis in
horses properly. If you suspect your horse may be affected, seek professional
veterinary advice promptly.
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And note of Dr. Rajesh Tharu