Ini Nov 2023 Recall PHD Final 30 Q

INI NOV 2023 PHD
1. Swine flu, which was in news recently, is what type of infection in the society?
A. Endemic
B. Pandemic
C. Epidemic
D. Seasonal variation
#Explanation of correct answer- Pandemic, outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a
wide geographical area and that is of high prevalence, generally affecting a significant
proportion of the world’s population, usually over the course of several months.
#Easy#clinical#Public health dentistry#INICET#NEETPG
#Highyield-Infectious diseases such as influenza can spread rapidly—sometimes in a matter of
days—among humans living in different areas of the world. The spread of a disease
is facilitated by several factors, including an increased degree of infectiousness of the disease-
causing agent, human-to-human transmission of the disease, and modern means of
transportation, such as air travel.
#Explanation of other options-
A. Endemic- The group is committed to preserving the endemic folkways of their nation.The recession hit
especially hard in countries where high unemployment is endemic.
C. Epidemic- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)(link is external and opens
in a new window) describes an epidemic as an unexpected increase in the number of disease
cases in a specific geographical area. Yellow fever, smallpox, measles, and polio are prime
examples of epidemics. An epidemic disease doesn't necessarily have to be contagious.
D. Seasonal variation- Seasonal fluctuations in a time series can be contrasted with cyclical patterns. The latter occur
when the data exhibits rises and falls that are not of a fixed period.
#Extraedge-
What causes a pandemic?
Pandemics can be caused by several factors. For example, in some cases, a new strain or subtype of virus that
first emerged in animals jumps to humans and then becomes readily transmissible between humans. In other
instances, an existing disease-causing agent mutates, increasing its infectiousness.
#Reference-Rogers, Kara. "pandemic". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Nov. 2023,
https://www.britannica.com/science/pandemic. Accessed 3 December 2023.
2. A disease occurs in very less frequency in a population in a specific period. The cases are
very less and not related to each other by time and place. This kind of disease distribution is
A. Holoendemic
B. Mesoendemic
C. Sporadic
D. Lower endemic
#Explanation of correct answer- occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered
or isolated:"sporadic fighting broke out"
 #Highyield-Sporadic flowers occur throughout the year, but peak flowering occurs during
the summer months. Primary sporadic cases identified during the descriptive
investigation were eligible for analysis.

A. Holoendemic- A disease is holoendemic when essentially every individual in a population is infected.
B. Mesoendemic- In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic in a specific population or populated place when
that infection is constantly present, or maintained at a baseline level, without extra infections being brought into the group as
a result of travel or similar means.
D. Lower endemic - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says an endemic
is “the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a
population within a geographic area.” To put it another way, an endemic disease is
consistently present, but it spreads at predictable rates that can be managed by
communities.
#Extraedge-
What is the difference between sporadic and endemic?
 Sporadic refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly. Endemic refers to
the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a
population within a geographic area. Hyperendemic refers to persistent, high levels of
disease occurrence
#Reference-K park,26thed,pgno.111
3. DALY is
A. Years of healthy life lost minus years lost due to disability
B. Years of healthy life lost plus Years lost due to disability
C. Life expectancy at birth minus life lived without disability
D. None
#Explanation of correct answer- DALY is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as a number
of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. Originally developed by Harvard University for the
World Bank in 1990, the WHO subsequently adopted the method in the year 2000.
#Highyield- The DALY is becoming increasingly common in the field of public health and health impact
assessment. The Global Burden of Disease project combines the impact of premature mortality with that
of disability. It captures the population impact of important fatal and nonfatal disabling conditions
through a single measure.
A. Years of healthy life lost minus years lost due to disability –DALY is Years of healthy life lost
plus Years lost due to disability
C. Life expectancy at birth minus life lived without disability - DALY is Years of healthy life lost
plus Years lost due to disability
#Extraedge-
The major measure used is disability-adjusted life years {DALYs) which combines (58) : - years of lost life
{YLL) - calculated from the number of deaths at each age multiplied by the expected remaining years of
life according to a global standard life expectancy years lost to disability {YLD) where the number of
incident cases due to injury and illness is multiplied by the average duration of the disease and a
weighting factor reflecting the severity of the disease on a scale from 0 {perfect health) to 1 (dead). It is
calculated by formula : DALY = YLL + YLD
#Mantra-
calculated by formula : DALY = YLL + YLD
4. Universal Immunization Program doesn't include
A. HPV vaccine
B. Measles
C. DPT
D. BCG
#Explanation of correct answer- "Expanded" in the WHO definition meant adding more disease
controlling antigens of vaccination schedules, extending coverage to all corners of a country and
spreading services to reach the less privileged sectors of the society.
#Highyield-The primary health care concept as enunciated in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration included
immunization as one of the strategies for reaching the goal of "Health For All" by the year 2000. While
the WHO's programme is called EPI, the UNICEF in 1985 renamed it as "Universal Child Immunization"
(UCI). There was absolutely no difference between these two.
B. Measles-Included in the universal immunization program.
C. DPT- Included in the universal immunization program.
D. BCG- Included in the universal immunization program.
#Extraedge-
Achievements of Universal immunization program
Significant achievements have been made in India. At the beginning of the programme in 1985-86,
vaccine coverage ranged between 29 per cent for BCG and 41 per cent for DPT. By the end of 2012,
coverage levels had gone up significantly to about 87 per cent for tetanus toxoid for pregnant women,
about 87 per cent for BCG, 72 per cent for DPT 3 doses, 74 per cent for measles, 70 per cent for OPV 3
doses and 70 per cent for HepB3 .
#Mantra-
#Reference-Kpark,26thed,pgno.411
5. IMAGE BASED QUESTION- Identify probe..
A. CPITN probe with black band from 3.5 mm to 5.5 mm and additional rings at 8.5 mm
and 11.5 mm
B. WHO probe with black band from 3.0 mm to 5.5 mm and additional rings at 8.5 mm and
11.5 mm
C. CPITN probe with black band from 3.5 mm to 5.0 mm and additional rings at 8.5 mm and
11.5 mm
D. WHO probe with black band from 3.5 mm to 5.5 mm and additional rings at 8.5 mm and
11.0 mm
#Explanation of correct option- The pocket depth is measured through color coding with a black mark
starting at 3.5 mm and ending at 5.5mm. The probe has a 'ball tip' of 0.5 mm diameter that allows easy
detection of subgingival calculus. This feature combined wif^i the light probe weight facilitates the
identification of the base of the pocket, thus decreasing the tendency for false reading by over
measurement.
#Highyield- A variant of this basic probe has two additional lines at 8.5 mm and 11.5 mm from the
working tip. The additional lines may be of use when performing a detailed assessment and recording of
deep pockets for the purpose of preparing a treatment plan for complex periodontal therapy
#Explanation of other options
B.WHO probe with black band from 3.0 mm to 5.5 mm and additional rings at 8.5 mm and
11.5 mm-The image depict the
C.CPITN probe with black band from 3.5 mm to 5.0 mm and additional rings at 8.5 mm and 11.5
mm
D.WHO probe with black band from 3.5 mm to 5.5 mm and additional rings at 8.5 mm and 11.0
mm
#Extraedge-
Probing procedure A tooth is probed to determine pocket depth and to detect subgingival calculus and
bleeding response. The probing force can be^ divided into a 'working component' ~ to' determine pocket
depth and a 'sensing component' - to detect subgingival calculus.
#Reference-Soben peter,5thed,pgno.334
6. A disease with incidence much higher than prevalence in a community means

A. Disease is very fatal or easily curable
B. Non fatal or non curable
C. Incidence and prevalence are independent of each other
D. It can't be predicted
#Explanation of correct option- Incidence rate is defined as "the number of NEW cases occurring in a
defined population during a specified period of time"
#Easy#clinical#Public health dentistry#INICET#NEET PG
#Highyield- Incidence measures the rate at which new cases are occurring in a population. It is not
influenced by the duration of the disease. The use of incidence is generally restricted to acute conditions
B. Non fatal or non curable - A disease with incidence much higher than prevalence in a
community means disease is very fatal or easily curable
c. Incidence and prevalence are independent of each other- A disease with incidence much
higher than prevalence in a community means disease is very fatal or easily curable
D. It can't be predicted- A disease with incidence much higher than prevalence in a community
means disease is very fatal or easily curable
#Extraedge-
USES OF INCIDENCE RATE The incidence rate, as a health status indicator, is useful for taking action (a) to
control disease, and (b) for research into aetiology and pathogenesis, distribution of diseases, and
efficacy of preventive and therapeutic measures . For instance, if the incidence rate is increasing, it might
indicate failure or ineffectiveness of the current control programmes. Rising incidence rates might
suggest the need for a new disease control or preventive programme, or that reporting practices had
improved. A change or fluctuation in the incidence of disease may also mean a change in the aetiology of
disease, e.g., change in the agent, host and environmental characteristics.
#Mantra-
7. Probability of an event occurring to Probability of an event not occurring
A. Odds
B. Odds ratio
C. Risk ratio
D. Relative risk
#Explanation of correct option- From a case control study, we can derive what is known as Odds Ratio
(OR) which is a measure of the strength of the association between risk factor and outcome. Odds ratio
is closely related to relative risk.
#Easy#Clinical#Public health dentistry#INICET#NEET PG
#Highyield- The derivation of odds ratio is based on three assumptions: (a) the disease being
investigated must be relatively rare; (b) the cases must be representative of those with the disease, and
(c) the controls must be representative of those without the disease.
C. Risk ratio –Odds ratio is a measure of the strength of the association between risk factor and
outcome. Odds ratio is closely related to relative risk.
D. Relative risk- Odds ratio is a measure of the strength of the association between risk factor and
outcome. Odds ratio is closely related to relative risk.
#Extraedge-
The derivation of odds ratio is based on three assumptions: (a) the disease being investigated must be
relatively rare; (b) the cases must be representative of those with the disease, and (c) the controls must
be representative of those without the disease.
#Mantra-
8. Odds ratio calculation
A. 2.25
B. 6.625
C. 0.16
D. None of the above
#Explanation of correct option- From a case control study, we can derive what is known as Odds Ratio
#Highyield- The derivation of odds ratio is based on three assumptions: (a) the disease being
investigated must be relatively rare; (b) the cases must be representative of those with the disease, and
(c) the controls must be representative of those without the disease.
b.6.625-On calculation odds ratio was 2.25
c.0.16- On calculation odds ratio was 2.25
#Extraedge-
The derivation of odds ratio is based on three assumptions: (a) the disease being investigated must be
relatively rare; (b) the cases must be representative of those with the disease, and (c) the controls must
be representative of those without the disease.
#Mantra-
9. Risk difference calculation
A. 0.13
B. 0.2
C. 3
D. 32
#Explanation of correct answer- "Relative Risk" (RR) or "risk ratio", which is defined as the ratio
between the incidence of disease among exposed persons and incidence among non-exposed.
#Highyield-The second analytical step is estimation of disease risk associated with exposure.
Relative risk= Incidence among exposed
Incidence among non exposed
A. 0.13-On calculation it was found to be 0.2
C. 3- On calculation it was found to be 0.2
D. 32- On calculation it was found to be 0.2
#Extraedge-
Odds Ratio (Cross-product ratio) From a case control study, we can derive what is known as Odds Ratio
#Mantra-
10. Data in statistical methods is

A. Observations recorded
B. Group of sample
C. Representative of each sample in a group
D. Arithmetic unit like litre, kg
#Explanation of correct answer- Demographic data comprise details of population size, geographic
distribution, ethnic groups, socio-economic factors and their trends overtime. Such data are obtained
from census / surveys, experiments, hospital records and other public service reports and are important
determinants for oral health care programs
#Highyield- Depending on the nature ofthe variable, data is classified into two broad categories, 1)
Qualitative data: When the data is collected on the basis of attributes or qualities like sex, malocclusions,
cavity etc., it is called qualitative data. 2) Quantitative data: When the data is collected through
measurement using calipers, like arch length, arch width, fluoride concentration in water supply etc., it is
called quantitative data
B. Group of sample-Data in statistical method is observation recorded
C. Representative of each sample in a group - Data in statistical method is observation recorded
D. Arithmetic unit like litre, kg- Data in statistical method is observation recorded
#Extraedge-
Data can be collected through (a) Primary Source: Here the data is obtained by the investigator himself.
This is first hand information, (b) Secondary Source: The data already recorded is utilized to serve the
purpose of the objective of the study, e.g. the records ofthe OPDof dental clinics
11. Standard deviation explained by

A. Most commonly occurring observation
B. Measure of dispersion around mean
C. Measure of central tendency
D. Measure of average
#Explanation of correct answer- The standard deviation is the most important and widely used
measure of studying dispersion. It is also known as root mean square deviation because it is the square
root of the mean of the squared deviations from arithmetic mean
#Highyield- Greater the standard deviation, greater will be the magnitude of dispersion from the mean.
A small standard deviation means a higher degree of uniformity of the observations
A. Most commonly occurring observation-Standard deviation is measure of dispersion around
the mean
C. Measure of central tendency- Standard deviation is measure of dispersion around the mean
D. Measure of average - Standard deviation is measure of dispersion around the mean
#Extraedge-
Steps
1. Calculate the mean ofthe series, X
2. Take the deviations of the items from the mean,X-Xi .
3. Square these deviations and add them up,£(X-Xi)2
4. Divide the result by the total number of observations, n (or n-1 if sample size is less than 30)
5. Then obtain the square root. This gives the standard deviation.
#Mantra-
#Reference-Soben Peter,5thed,pgno.382
12. Most common measure of variation when measuring prevalence of Malocclusion in a

community
A. Standard error of mean
B. Variance
C. Range
D. Standard Deviation
#Explanation of correct answer- The standard deviation is the most important and widely used
measure of studying dispersion. It is also known as root mean square deviation because it is the square
root of the mean of the squared deviations from arithmetic mean
#Highyield- Greater the standard deviation, greater will be the magnitude of dispersion from the mean.
A small standard deviation means a higher degree of uniformity of the observations
A. Standard error of mean- The standard error of mean gives the standard deviation of the means of
several samples from the same population
B. Variance- Variance is a measure of dispersion that is the expected value of the squared
deviation from the mean of a random variable.
C. Range- It is the simplest method, defined as the difference between the value of the largest item and
the value of the smallest item
#Extraedge-
Steps
1. Calculate the mean ofthe series, X
2. Take the deviations of the items from the mean,X-Xi .
3. Square these deviations and add them up,£(X-Xi)2
4. Divide the result by the total number of observations, n (or n-1 if sample size is less than 30)
5. Then obtain the square root. This gives the standard deviation.
#Mantra-
#Reference-Soben Peter,5thed,pgno.382
13. Outliers not affected by

A. Range
B. Interquartile range
C. Mean
D. Standard deviation
#Explanation of correct answer- In descriptive statistics, the interquartile range (IQR) is a
measure of statistical dispersion, which is the spread of the data
#Highyield-The IQR is an example of a trimmed estimator, defined as the 25% trimmed range,
which enhances the accuracy of dataset statistics by dropping lower contribution, outlying
points.It is also used as a robust measure of scale[5] It can be clearly visualized by the box on
a box plot.
A. Range- It is the simplest method, defined as the difference between the value of the largest item and
the value of the smallest item
C. Mean- It is obtained by adding the individual observations and then divided by the total number of
observations
D. Standard deviation- It is also known as root mean square deviation because it is the square root of
the mean of the squared deviations from arithmetic mean.
#Extraedge-
Use
Unlike total range, the interquartile range has a breakdown point of 25%[6] and is thus often
preferred to the total range.
The IQR is used to build box plots, simple graphical representations of a probability distribution.
The IQR is used in businesses as a marker for their income rates.
For a symmetric distribution (where the median equals the midhinge, the average of the first and
third quartiles), half the IQR equals the median absolute deviation (MAD).
The median is the corresponding measure of central tendency.
The IQR can be used to identify outliers . The IQR also may indicate the skewness of the dataset.
The quartile deviation or semi-interquartile range is defined as half the IQR
#Mantra-
#Reference-soben peter,5thedpgno.382
14. Ratio of SD to Mean?
A. Coefficient of skewness
B. Range
C. Std error
D. Coefficient of variation
#Explanation of correct answer-The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio of the
standard deviation to the mean
It shows the extent of variability in relation to the mean of the population. The coefficient of
variation should be computed only for data measured on scales that have a meaningful zero (ratio
scale) and hence allow relative comparison of two measurements (i.e., division of one
measurement by the other). The coefficient of variation may not have any meaning for data on
an interval scale

#Highyield-For example, most temperature scales (e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit etc.) are interval
scales with arbitrary zeros, so the computed coefficient of variation would be different depending
on the scale used. On the other hand, Kelvin temperature has a meaningful zero, the complete
absence of thermal energy, and thus is a ratio scale. In plain language, it is meaningful to say that
20 Kelvin is twice as hot as 10 Kelvin, but only in this scale with a true absolute zero. While a
standard deviation (SD) can be measured in Kelvin, Celsius, or Fahrenheit, the value computed
is only applicable to that scale. Only the Kelvin scale can be used to compute a valid coefficient
of variability.
A. Coefficient of skewness-Ratio of SD to mean is coefficient of variation
B. Range- Ratio of SD to mean is coefficient of variation
C. Std error- Ratio of SD to mean is coefficient of variation
#Extraedge-
Advantages
The coefficient of variation is useful because the standard deviation of data must always be
understood in the context of the mean of the data. In contrast, the actual value of the CV is
independent of the unit in which the measurement has been taken, so it is a dimensionless
number. For comparison between data sets with different units or widely different means, one
should use the coefficient of variation instead of the standard deviation.
Disadvantages
 When the mean value is close to zero, the coefficient of variation will approach infinity and
is therefore sensitive to small changes in the mean. This is often the case if the values do not
originate from a ratio scale.
 Unlike the standard deviation, it cannot be used directly to construct confidence intervals for
the mean.
 CVs are not an ideal index of the certainty of measurement when the number of replicates
varies across samples because CV is invariant to the number of replicates while the certainty
of the mean improves with increasing replicates. In this case, standard error in percent is
suggested to be superior.
 #Mantra-
15. Mean 49, SD 8 Calculate CoV

A. 1
B. 0.16
C. 16.32
#Explanation of correct answer-The coefficient of variation (CV) is defined as the ratio of the
standard deviation to the mean
=Standard deviation= 16.32
Mean
It shows the extent of variability in relation to the mean of the population. The coefficient of
variation should be computed only for data measured on scales that have a meaningful zero (ratio
scale) and hence allow relative comparison of two measurements (i.e., division of one
measurement by the other). The coefficient of variation may not have any meaning for data on
an interval scale

#Highyield-For example, most temperature scales (e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit etc.) are interval
scales with arbitrary zeros, so the computed coefficient of variation would be different depending
on the scale used. On the other hand, Kelvin temperature has a meaningful zero, the complete
absence of thermal energy, and thus is a ratio scale. In plain language, it is meaningful to say that
20 Kelvin is twice as hot as 10 Kelvin, but only in this scale with a true absolute zero. While a
standard deviation (SD) can be measured in Kelvin, Celsius, or Fahrenheit, the value computed
is only applicable to that scale. Only the Kelvin scale can be used to compute a valid coefficient
of variability.
A. 1-On calculation COV was found to be 16.32
B. 0.16- On calculation COV was found to be 16.32
#Extraedge-
Advantages
The coefficient of variation is useful because the standard deviation of data must always be
understood in the context of the mean of the data. In contrast, the actual value of the CV is
independent of the unit in which the measurement has been taken, so it is a dimensionless
number. For comparison between data sets with different units or widely different means, one
should use the coefficient of variation instead of the standard deviation.
Disadvantages
 When the mean value is close to zero, the coefficient of variation will approach infinity and
is therefore sensitive to small changes in the mean. This is often the case if the values do not
originate from a ratio scale.
 Unlike the standard deviation, it cannot be used directly to construct confidence intervals for
the mean.
 CVs are not an ideal index of the certainty of measurement when the number of replicates
varies across samples because CV is invariant to the number of replicates while the certainty
of the mean improves with increasing replicates. In this case, standard error in percent is
suggested to be superior.
#Mantra-
16. When is data set not according to Bells distribution

A. When range is 5 times SD
B. When range is more than interquartile range
C. When there are no outliers
D. When mean is much lesser than median
#Explanation of correct option-
When data is collected from a very large number of people and a frequency distribution is made with
narrow class intervals, the resulting curve is smooth and symmetrical and it is called a normal curve
#Highyield-In a normal curve, 1. The area between one standard devi^ion on either side of the mean
will include approximately 68% of the values 2. The area between two standard deviations on either side
of the mean will include approximately 95% of the values 3. The area between three standard deviations
on either side of the mean will include approximately 99.7% of the values
#Explanation of other options
A. When range is 5 times SD- When is data set not according to Bells distribution When mean
is much lesser than median
B. When range is more than interquartile range- When is data set not according to Bells
distribution When mean is much lesser than median
C. When there are no outliers- When is data set not according to Bells distribution When mean
is much lesser than median
#Extraedge-
Standard normal curve There might be many normal curves but there is only one standard normal curve.
1. The standard normal curve is bell shaped.
2. The curve is perfectly symmetrical based on an infinitely large number of observations. The maximum
number of observations is at the mean and the number of observations gradually decrease on either
side with few observations at the extreme points.
3. The total area of the curve is one, its mean is zero and standard deviation one.
4. All the three measures of central tendency, the mean, median and mode coincide
#Mantra-
#Reference-soben peter,5thed,pgno.394
17. In a study done to assess the efficacy of a hypoglycemic drug In diabetes patients, level of
blood glucose level (Hba1c levels) measured before and after therapy. Statistical test to be
applied in this study is?
A. Chi square
B. Unpaired t test
C. Paired t test
D. Pearson correlation coefficient
#Explanation of correct answer-It is applied to paired data of independent observations from one
sample only when each individual gives a pair of observation
#Highyield-Steps: 1. As per the null hypothesis, assume that there is no real difference between the
means of two samples. 2. Find the difference in each set of paired observations before and after (Xr X2 =
X) 3. Calculate the mean of the differences (X) 4. Work out the standard error of mean, SE = SD/Vn 5.
Determine't'value r = X Standard error of difference 6. Find the degrees of freedom (n -1) 7. Refer Y table
and find the probability of't' corresponding to n-1 degree of freedom. 8. If the probability is more than
0.05, the difference observed has no significance, because it can be due to chance
A. Chi square- Paired t-test is applied to paired data of independent observations from one sample
only when each individual gives a pair of observation
B. Unpaired t test- Paired t-test is applied to paired data of independent observations from one
sample only when each individual gives a pair of observation
D. Pearson correlation coefficient- Paired t-test is applied to paired data of independent observations
from one sample only when each individual gives a pair of observation
#Extraedge-
Unpaired Y test This test is applied to unpaired data of independent observations made on individuals of
two different or , separate groups or samples drawn from two populations, to test if the difference
between the means is real or it can be attributed to sampling variability.
18. Which is nonparametric equivalent of Paired t test

A. Wilxon Signed Rank test
B. Kruskal Wallis test
C. Friedman test
D. Cochran test
#Explanation of correct answer- The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric statistical
hypothesis test used either to test the location of a population based on a sample of data, or to
compare the locations of two populations using two matched samples
#Highyield-The one-sample version serves a purpose similar to that of the one-
sample Student's t-test For two matched samples, it is a paired difference test like the paired
Student's t-test (also known as the "t-test for matched pairs" or "t-test for dependent samples").
The Wilcoxon test can be a good alternative to the t-test when population means are not of
interest; for example, when one wishes to test whether a population's median is nonzero, or
whether there is a better than 50% chance that a sample from one population is greater than a
sample from another population.
B. Kruskal Wallis test-Wilxon signed rank test is equivalent to paired t test
C. Friedman test- Wilxon signed rank test is equivalent to paired t test
D. Cochran test- Wilxon signed rank test is equivalent to paired t test
#Extraedge-
Steps
There are two variants of the signed-rank test. From a theoretical point of view, the one-sample
test is more fundamental because the paired sample test is performed by converting the data to
the situation of the one-sample test. However, most practical applications of the signed-rank test
arise from paired data.
For a paired sample test, the data consists of samples . Each sample is a pair of
measurements. In the simplest case, the measurements are on an interval scale. Then they may be
converted to real numbers, and the paired sample test is converted to a one-sample test by
replacing each pair of numbers by its difference .[5] In general, it must be

possible to rank the differences between the pairs. This requires that the data be on an ordered
metric scale, a type of scale that carries more information than an ordinal scale but may have less
than an interval scale.
19. Application of group study to individual is
A. Ecological fallacy
B. Anatomistic fallacy
C. Both
D. None
#Explanation of correct answer- An ecological fallacy (also ecological inference fallacy

or population fallacy) is a formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data that occurs
when inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inferences about the group to
which those individuals belong.
#Highyield- From the conceptual standpoint of mereology, four common ecological fallacies are:
 Correlation/relation: confusion regarding relations belonging to parts versus relations belonging to wholes,
 Characteristics: confusion between characteristics of parts and characteristics of a whole,
 Extrapolation/extension: confusion from false inference of part-whole dynamics: assuming the behavior of
partially unknown and/or future wholes from information which is relatively partial,
 Confusion between qualities not bound to individual parts, for example "atmospheres", "moods" and "vibes",
versus properties, hæccities or identities of indivisible units.
From a statistical point of view, these ideas can be unified by specifying proper statistical models to make formal
inferences, using aggregate data to make unobserved relationships in individual level data.
B. Anatomistic fallacy-Application of group study to an individual is ecological fallacy

C. Both- Application of group study to an individual is ecological fallacy
#Extraedge-
When does an ecological fallacy occur?

An ecological fallacy occurs in research designs that use group-level or aggregate-level data to
establish whether there is a potential association between two variables. These studies are
called ecological studies, a type of observational study where at least one variable is measured at
the group level.
#Reference- Hsieh, John J.. "ecological fallacy". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Sep. 2017,
https://www.britannica.com/science/ecological-fallacy. Accessed 5 December 2023.
.20. According to WHO primary health care concept, Govt of India has provided PHC at hilly
areas at what proportion of population
A. 1 PHC per 50000 population
B. 1 PHC per 20000 population
C. 1 PHC per 30000 population
D. 1 PHC per 1 lakh population
#Explanation of correct answer- The National Health Plan (1983) proposed reorganization of primary
health centres on the basis of one PHC for every 30,000 rural population in the plains, and one PHC for
every 20,000 population in hilly, tribal and backward areas for more effective coverage.
#Highyield-Functions of the PHC The functions of the primary health center in India cover all the 8
"essential" elements of primary health care as outlined in the Alma-Ata Declaration. They are : 1.
Medical care 2. MCH including family planning 3. Safe water supply and basic sanitation 4. Prevention
and control of locally endemic diseases 5. Collection and reporting of vital statistics 6. Education about
health 7. National Health Programmes - as relevant 8. Referral services 9. Training of health guides,
health workers, local dais and health assistants 10. Basic laboratory services
A. 1 PHC per 50000 population- According to WHO primary health care concept, Govt of India
has provided PHC at hilly areas at what proportion of population one PHC for every 20,000
population
C. 1 PHC per 30000 population- According to WHO primary health care concept, Govt of India
population
D. 1 PHC per 1 lakh population- According to WHO primary health care concept, Govt of India
population
#Extraedge-
The objectives of IPHS for PHCs are : I. To provide comprehensive primary health care to the community
through the Primary Health Centres.
ii. To achieve and maintain an acceptable standard of quality of care. iii. To make the services more
responsive and sensitive to the needs of the community.
#Mantra-
21. World no tobacco day is celebrated on
A. May 31st
B. Nov 1st
C. Dec 1st
D. April 7th
#Explanation of correct answer- World No Tobacco Day (WNTD) is observed around the
world every year on 31 May. The annual observance informs the public on the dangers of using
tobacco, the business practices of tobacco companies, what the World Health
Organization (WHO) is doing to fight against the use of tobacco, and what people around the
world can do to claim their right to health and healthy living and to protect future generations
#Highyield-The Member States of the WHO created World No Tobacco Day in 1987 to draw
global attention to the tobacco epidemic and the preventable death and disease it causes. The day
is further intended to draw attention to the widespread prevalence of tobacco use and to
negative health effects, which currently lead to more than 8 million deaths each year worldwide,
including 1.2 million as the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. [2] The
day has been met with both enthusiasm and resistance around the globe from governments,
public health organizations, smokers, growers, and the tobacco industry.
B. Nov 1st –The World no tobacco day is celebrated on 31st may
C. Dec 1st- The World no tobacco day is celebrated on 31st may
D. April 7th- The World no tobacco day is celebrated on 31st may
#Extraedge-
WHO and World No tobacco day
WNTD is one of 11 official global public health campaigns marked by the WHO, along
with World Health Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Immunization Week, World
Tuberculosis Day, World Malaria Day, World Hepatitis Day, World Chagas Disease Day, World
Patient Safety Day, World Antimicrobial Awareness Week, and World AIDS Day
#Reference- "World No Tobacco Day 2021: Theme, History, Quotes, Origin". SA
News. 28 May 2020. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 31
May 2021.
22. Best way to take care of oral hygiene in critically ill patients to prevent ventillator
associated pneumonia?
A. Mechanical toothbrush
B. Powered toothbrush
C. Chlorhexidine mouth rinse/betadine
#Explanation of correct option- Ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) is a lung infection. It develops in
patients who are on artificial breathing machines (ventilators) in hospitals for more than 48 hours. Often,
these patients are very ill – they may have had a heart attack or stroke, a serious accident, or major surgery.
They may be unable to breathe on their own because they are unconscious or sedated while they receive
treatment.
#Highyield-Ventilators supply patients with oxygen through a tube placed in the mouth or nose, or through a
hole in the front of the neck. If germs enter through the tube and get into the patient’s lungs, this can lead to
VAP. VAP is a potentially very serious complication in patients who are already very ill. It can cause worsening
health and increases patients’ risk of dying.
A. Mechanical toothbrush- Best way to take care of oral hygiene in critically ill patients to
prevent ventillator associated pneumonia is by chlorhexidine mouth rinse
B. Powered toothbrush- Best way to take care of oral hygiene in critically ill patients to
prevent ventillator associated pneumonia is by chlorhexidine mouth rinse
#Extraedge-
Chlorhexidine mouthwash side effects
There are three side effects of using chlorhexidine to consider before using it:
 Staining. Chlorhexidine might cause staining of tooth surfaces, restorations, and the
tongue. Often, a thorough cleaning can remove any stains. But if you have a lot of
anterior white fillings, your dentist might not prescribe chlorhexidine.
 Alteration in taste. Come people experience an alteration in taste during treatment. In
rare instances, permanent taste alteration is experienced after the treatment has run its
course.
 Tartar formation. You may have an increase in tartar formation.
#Reference- Zhao T, Wu X, Zhang Q, Li C, Worthington HV, Hua F. Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent
ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 24;12(12):CD008367.
23. Space maintenance is under which level of prevention
A. Health promotion
B. Specific protection
C. Disability limitation
D. Rehabilitation
#Explanation of correct answer- It is the provision of conditions for normal mental and physical
functioning of the human being individually and in the group.
#Highyield-It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of sickness and curative and restorative
medicine in all its aspects
A. Health promotion- "It is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve
health".
C. Disability limitation-Disability limitation The objective of disability limitation is to prevent or halt the
transition of the disease process form impairment to handicap
D. Rehabilitation -It is the combined and coordinated use of medical, vocational, social and educational
measures for training and retraining individual to the highest possible level of functional ability.
#Extraedge-
PREVENTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Preventive orthodontics is that part of orthodontic practice which is concerned with the patient's and
parents' education, supervision of the growth and development of the dentition and the cranio-facial
structures, the diagnostic procedures undertaken to predict the appearance of malocclusion and the
treatment procedures instituted to prevent the onset of malocclusion. The following are some of the
procedures undertaken in preventive orthodontics, 1. Parent education 2. Caries control 3. Care of
deciduous dentition 4. Management of ankylosed tooth 5. Maintenance of quadrant wise tooth
shedding time table 6. Checkup for oral habits 7. Occlusal equilibriation 8. Extraction of supernumerary
teeth 9. Space maintenance
#Mantra-
#Reference-soben peter,5thed,pgno.165
24. Highest level of community participation in a community is when it is according to
A. Intervention According to Felt needs of community
B. Planning of Intervention by community
C. Contribution of resources for Intervention by community
D. Intervention according to ideas of community
#Explanation of correct option-Notwithstanding the overall responsibility of the Central and State
Governments, the involvement of individuals, families, and communities in promotion of their own
health and welfare, is an essential ingredient of primary health care. Countries are now conscious of the
fact that universal coverage by primary health care cannot be achieved without the involvement of the
local community. There must be a continuing effort to secure meaningful involvement of the community
in the planning, implementation and maintenance of health services, besides maximum reliance on local
resources such as manpower, money and materials. In short, primary health care must be built on the
principle of community participation (or involvement).
#Highyield-One approach that has been tried successfully in India is the use of village health guides and
trained dais. They are selected by the local community and trained locally in the delivery of primary
health care to the community they belong, free of charge.
A. Intervention According to Felt needs of community - Highest level of community
participation in a community is when it is according to planning of intervention by community
C. Contribution of resources for Intervention by community - Highest level of community
participation in a community is when it is according to planning of intervention by community
D. Intervention according to ideas of community - Highest level of community participation in a
community is when it is according to planning of intervention by community
#Extraedge-
Intersectoral coordination There is an increasing realization of the fact that the components of primary
health care cannot be provided by the health sector alone. The Declaration of Alma-Ata states that
"primary health care involves in addition to the health sector, all related sectors and aspects of national
and community development, in particular agriculture, animal husbandry, food, industry, education,
housing, public works, communication and others sectors". To achieve such cooperation, countries may
have to review their administrative system, reallocate their resources and introduce suitable legislation
to ensure that coordination can take place.
#Reference-Kpark,26th,pgno.897
25. In population health, culture is described as
A. Learned and shared behavior that is dynamic
B. Set of rules regulated by religion that is dynamic
C. Beliefs and norms that is static and not conducive to health
D. Beliefs that are static and guide behavior
#Explanation of correct answer- Culture is the accumulation of learned behaviors, beliefs and skills of
mankind as a whole. It comprises everything which one generation can hand down to the next
#Highyield-The Oxford dictionary defines culture as," the training and refinement of mind, tastes and
manners, the condition of being thus trained and refined ".
B. Set of rules regulated by religion that is dynamic – In population health, culture is described
as learned and shared behavior that is dynamic
C. Beliefs and norms that is static and not conducive to health- In population health, culture is
described as learned and shared behavior that is dynamic
D. Beliefs that are static and guide behavior- In population health, culture is described as
learned and shared behavior that is dynamic
#Extraedge-
Culture has three parts. It is an experience which is " learned, shared and transmitted". The branches of
cultural anthropology are ; 1. ETHNOLOGY : The comparative study of cultures. 2. ARCHEOLOGY : The
study of past cultures and civilizations using their remains as the principal source of information. 3.
LINGUISTICS : The study of speech patterns of man i.e. the study of languages and dialects. 4. SOCIAL
ANTHROPOLOGY : A specific branch of cultural anthropology dealing with comparative study of kinship
and non kinship organization patterns in different societies.
26. The most scientifically proven cost effective public health measure to reduce occlusal
dental caries in children
A. Enameloplasty
B. Pit and fissure sealants
C. ART
D. Health education
 #Explanation of correct answer- Pit and fissure sealants technique can be used as part of primary
prevention, anteceding the development of dental caries, or as a secondary prevention measure
stoping the disease progress. It is a tool for caries prevention on an individual basis or as part of a
public health measure for at-risk populations .
#Highyeld-Pit and fissure sealants can be utilized as a primary prevention tool when the tooth or
the patient is at an increased risk of experiencing caries or as a secondary prevention method
interrupting the progression of incipient caries.
The indications for placing a pit and fissure sealant are as follow:
1. Pits and fissures of deciduous teeth in children when the tooth, or the patient, is at an
increased risk of experiencing caries .
2. Pits and fissures of permanent teeth in children and adolescents when the tooth, or the
patient, is at risk of experiencing caries
3. Pits and fissures of permanent teeth in adults when the tooth, or the patient, is at risk of
experiencing caries
4. Incipient carious lesions (non-cavitated) of pits and fissures in children, adolescents, and
adults .
5. Pit and fissures of primary and permanent teeth should be considered in children and
young people with medical, physical, or intellectual disabilities, mostly when systemic
health could be jeopardized by dental disease or the need for dental treatment
A. Enameloplasty- The most scientifically proven cost effective public health measure to
reduce occlusal dental caries in children is pit and fissure sealant
C. ART- The most scientifically proven cost effective public health measure to reduce occlusal
dental caries in children is pit and fissure sealant
D. Health education- The most scientifically proven cost effective public health measure to
reduce occlusal dental caries in children is pit and fissure sealant
#Extraedge-
Contraindications
Dental professionals should decide to place a pit and fissure sealant based on the patient's risk,
not the age or time lapsed since tooth eruption . If the patient does not exhibit any risk factors
or is at low risk of developing carious lesions, there is no need to perform this preventive
measure at that time. However, it is essential to highlight that all children should be regularly
monitored for any changes in cariogenic risk factors or clinical or radiographic changes.
#Mantra-
27. Due to increased life expectancy, chronic kidney disease, cancer, dementia and
degenerative disorders are on the rise. This highlights need for palliative care. Which of the
following is correct
1. Disease is main concern
2.Patient is Supreme
3.Intent is to cure
4. Goal is to improve quality of life
5. Death is neither to be hastened nor to be postponed
6. Don't just sit, do something
Select the correct answer given below code:
A. 1,2,4
B. 3,1,6
C. 2,5,6
D. 1.5.6
#Explanation of correct answer- A main goals of palliative care is to improve the health-related quality of
life (QOL) of patients with advanced illnesses.
#Highyield-Health related quality of life (QOL) is not the absence of disease or suffering but is largely a
response to a series of life events that influence quality and quantity of life. QOL can also be defined as a
subjective evaluation of life as good or satisfactory overall. Individuals may have a disease yet not be “ill” or
experience a reduction in perceived QOL. Similarly, there are individuals without disease who complains of
being “ill” and have poor QOL.
B. 3,1,6-The correct sequence is 124
C. 2,5,6- The correct sequence is 124
D. 1.5.6- The correct sequence is 124
#Extredge-
What does QOL mean to patient?
Even though innumerable QOL questionnaires has been developed in palliative care, there is not a single
questionnaire that fits all purposes and individuals. Patient perspectives when queried about QOL include the
following perspectives: Fulfillment of personal goals, good control of physical symptoms, emotional well-
being, the ability to lead a normal life and maintain a sense of self, sociability (role within the family and
society), existential and transcendent fulfillment, finding meaning in life, adaptability or resiliency, changing
values or recalibration of goals with the disease trajectory.
#Reference- Davis MP, Hui D. Quality of Life in Palliative Care. Expert Rev Qual Life Cancer Care. 2017;2(6):293-
302.
28. Match the following
A. Contemplation..knowing the III effects of tobacco smoking..thinking of quitting
B. Precontemplation...knowing the benefits of physical activity, now walking for 30 mins 5 times
a week
C. Maintenance...Mr Pankaj quit smoking one year back knowing the Ill effects, now not smoking
or chewing tobacco
D. Action ..obesity runs in my family and I can't do anything about it
Select the correct answer from given below code:
A. A and C are correctly matched

B. B and D are correctly matched
C. A and D are correctly matched
D. None
#Explanation of correct answer-
Contemplation
Clients acknowledge their problem in the contemplation stage but may not have the confidence to take a
step forward. Clues to recognizing clients in this stage include uncertainty, conflicted emotions or
ambivalence about changing
Maintenance
Clients enter the maintenance stage after adopting their new change for at least six months. Other
identifying factors are unwavering commitment to their change and conscious actions to avoid temptation.
They are prepared for potential pitfalls, with well-developed coping skills and support systems

#Highyield-During a smoking cessation study in 1983, researchers James Prochaska and Carlo
DiClemente identified and developed their Stages of Change as one of the three components in
their Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change, also known simply as TTM. TTM describes the process
of change, stages of change and methods of measuring change. 1
Five official stages are described in DiClemente and Prochaska's Stages of Change Model, including pre-
contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. An unofficial 6th stage, relapse, is
popularly included because occasional slips are inevitable in the change process. 1
B. B and D are correctly matched-Option A and C are correctly matched

C. A and D are correctly matched- Option A and C are correctly matched
#Extraedge-
Relapse
The unofficial 6th stage of change is relapse. Although termination or completion is the ultimate goal of
DiClemente and Prochaska's Stages of Change model, relapses are common in the process of making
lifelong changes. Clients in this stage have lapsed back to old behavior and are easily recognized by their
frustration, disappointment or feelings of failure
#Mantra-
#Reference-Soben peter,5th,pgno.168
29. Type of study design in which participants get subjected to only one type of treatment:
A. Balanced design
B. Cross over study
C. Block design
D. Parallel design
Ans. D
#Explanation of correct option- A parallel design, also called a parallel group study,
compares two or more treatments. Participants are randomly assigned to
either group, treatments are administered, and then the results are
compared. It is the “gold standard” for phase 3 clinical trials
#Easy# clinical#Public health dentistry#INICET#NEETPG
#Highyield- A parallel study is a type of clinical study where two groups of treatments, A and B, are given
so that one group receives only A while another group receives only B. Other names for this type of study
include "between patient" and "non-crossover". This is unlike a crossover study where at first one group
receives treatment A and later followed by treatment B while the other group receives treatment B
followed by treatment A. There are, however, certain characteristics that allow for differentiation between
these two types of trials. For example, a parallel study would be more appropriate if any concerns
about carryover effects were present. This type of study might also be more beneficial if the disease or
disorder being studied has a likely chance of progression during the time in which the study takes place.
A. Balanced design- a balanced design has an equal number of observations for all possible
level combinations.
B. Cross over study- While crossover studies can be observational studies, many important
crossover studies are controlled experiments, which are discussed in this article.
C. Block design- a block design is an incidence structure consisting of a set together
with a family of subsets known as blocks, chosen such that frequency of the
elements satisfies certain conditions making the collection of blocks
exhibit symmetry (balance).
#Extraedge- Comparison to Crossover Designs
A crossover design (a type of repeated measures design) is where groups receive all treatments in a
different order. For example, group A might receive treatment X then treatment Y, while group B receives
treatment Y then treatment X. By comparison, a parallel study has all groups receiving completely
separate treatments in parallel. For example, group A receives treatment X while group B receives
treatment Y.
One major advantage of a crossover design is that, for the same number of participants, the crossover has
a higher statistical power than the parallel study. This is because participants act as their own controls.
Parallel studies require a separate comparison group and therefore tend to be more expensive.
On the other hand, crossover designs may have carryover effects, where effects from one treatment
affect the second treatment. If this is a concern, a parallel design is a better alternative.
#Reference-Kpark,25thed,pg no.150
#Explanation of correct answer-

30. Measures the validity of new test against a validated test
A. Content validity
B. Construct validity
C. Criterion validity
D. Convergent validity
#Explanation of correct answer- Convergent validity refers to how closely a test is related to other tests that measure
the same (or similar) constructs. Here, a construct is a behavior, attitude, or concept, particularly one that is not directly observable.
#Highyield-Ideally, two tests measuring the same construct, such as stress, should have a moderate to high correlation. High
correlation is evidence of convergent validity, which, in turn, is an indication of construct validity.
A. Content validity- Convergent validity refers to how closely a test is related to other tests that measure the same
(or similar) constructs.
B. Construct validity- Convergent validity refers to how closely a test is related to other tests that measure the same
C. Criterion validity- Convergent validity refers to how closely a test is related to other tests that measure the same
#Extraedge-
Convergent vs. discriminant validity

Together, convergent and discriminant validity help you establish construct validity. In research, they are evaluated together
because both must be assessed in order to demonstrate construct validity. Neither alone is sufficient, but it’s important to remember
that they are not the same thing.
In short, while convergent validity focuses on similarities, discriminant validity focuses on differences.
 Convergent validity shows you whether two tests that should be highly related to each other are indeed related.
 Discriminant validity shows you whether two tests that should not be highly related to each other are, indeed, unrelated.
#Reference- Cheung, G.W., Cooper-Thomas, H.D., Lau, R.S. et al. Reporting reliability, convergent and
discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice
recommendations. Asia Pac J Manag (2023).

Ini Nov 2023 Recall PHD Final 30 Q

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#Explanation of other options-

calculated by formula : DALY = YLL + YLD

6. A disease with incidence much higher than prevalence in a community means

8. Odds ratio calculation

10. Data in statistical methods is

11. Standard deviation explained by

12. Most common measure of variation when measuring prevalence of Malocclusion in a

13. Outliers not affected by

The IQR is used in businesses as a marker for their income rates.

The median is the corresponding measure of central tendency.

The quartile deviation or semi-interquartile range is defined as half the IQR

#Easy#clinical#Public health dentistry#INICET#NEET PG

15. Mean 49, SD 8 Calculate CoV

=Standard deviation= 16.32

#Easy#clinical#Public health dentistry#INICET#NEET PG

16. When is data set not according to Bells distribution

18. Which is nonparametric equivalent of Paired t test

replacing each pair of numbers by its difference .[5] In general, it must be

#Explanation of correct answer- An ecological fallacy (also ecological inference fallacy

 Characteristics: confusion between characteristics of parts and characteristics of a whole,

#Explanation of other options-

B. Anatomistic fallacy-Application of group study to an individual is ecological fallacy

When does an ecological fallacy occur?

Chlorhexidine mouthwash side effects

A. A and C are correctly matched

#Easy#clinical#Public health dentistry#INICET#NEET PG

B. B and D are correctly matched-Option A and C are correctly matched

#Easy# clinical#Public health dentistry#INICET#NEETPG

#Explanation of other options-

#Explanation of correct answer-

Convergent vs. discriminant validity

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