Dental Anatomy and Dental Histology

Dental anatomy and Dental histology
Enamel –subtopic-Chemical properties
Q1.The percentage of inorganic matter in fully develop enamel is:
a.66%
b.76%
c.86%
d.96%
Ans d.96%
#Explanation of correct answer-The enamel consists mainly of inorganic material (96%) and
only a small amount of organic substance and water (4%).
#Easy#clinical#Dental Histology#INICET#NEETPG
#Highyield-The organic material consists of some unique proteins, found exclusively in the
enamel and lipids. The proteins found in the enamel are of two main groups—the amelogenins
and the nonamelogenins. The inorganic material of the enamel is hydroxyapatite. Its chemical
formula is Ca10 (PO4 )6 (OH4 )2 . The crystals of hydroxyapatite are hexagonal in cross-
section.
#Explanation of other options-
a.66%- The enamel consists mainly of inorganic material (96%) and only a small amount of
organic substance and water (4%).
b.76%- The enamel consists mainly of inorganic material (96%) and only a small amount of
c.86%- The enamel consists mainly of inorganic material (96%) and only a small amount of
#Extraedge-
The minor constituents together account for 2.3%, of which Na (0.67) and carbon (0.64) and
magnesium (0.35) are the principal constituents. The concentration of carbonate is 3.2% which is
important as carbonate-rich crystals are preferentially attacked by acids in caries.
#Mantra-
#Reference-orbans,15thed,pgno.157
Structure of enamel
Q1.The average width of enamel rod?
A.10mm
b.2.5mm
c.2mm
d.0.5mm
Ans b.2.5mm
#Explanation of correct option- In humans, enamel varies in thickness over the surface of the
tooth, often thickest at the cusp, up to 2.5 mm, and thinnest at its border with the cementum at
the cementoenamel junction (CEJ).
#Highyield-Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest
percentage of minerals (at 96%), with water and organic material composing the rest.The
primary mineral is hydroxyapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Enamel is formed
on the tooth while the tooth develops within the jaw bone before it erupts into the mouth.
A.10mm-The average thickness of enamel rod is about 2.5mm
c.2mm- The average thickness of enamel rod is about 2.5mm
d.0.5mm- The average thickness of enamel rod is about 2.5mm
#Extraedge-
Development
Enamel formation is part of the overall process of tooth development. Under a microscope,
different cellular aggregations are identifiable within the tissues of a developing tooth, including
structures known as the enamel organ, dental lamina, and dental papilla.The generally
recognized stages of tooth development are the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and crown, or
calcification, stage. Enamel formation is first seen in the crown stage.
#Mantra-
#Reference-Orbans,15thed,pgno.154
Q2.The key hole pattern appearance in the cross section is a feature of
A.Aprismatic enamel
b.Prismatic enamel
c.Intertubular dentin
d.Intratubular dentin
Ans b.Prismatic enamel
#Explanation of correct answer- Recently, using 3D images obtained from confocal laser
scanning microscope were reconstructed and the path of a single and groups of rods were
studied. It was found that the rods did not maintain their same outline throughout, arcade outlines
were seen near DE junction and keyhole-shaped outlines were seen at the enamel surface
#Highyield-The enamel rods normally have a clear crystalline appearance, permitting light to
pass through them. In cross-section under the light microscope, they occasionally appear
hexagonal. Sometimes they appear round or oval. In cross-sections of human enamel, many rods
resemble fish scales.
A.Aprismatic enamel- The outside of the enamel, which dentists refer to as the skin of the teeth,
is also called aprismatic enamel. This layer is only a few micrometers thick, Hewlett says, and it
has an amorphous form, “like a solidified liquid crystal.” Underneath that layer is where things
start to get funky
c.Intertubular dentin- The outside of the enamel, which dentists refer to as the skin of the teeth, is
also called aprismatic enamel. This layer is only a few micrometers thick, Hewlett says, and it
has an amorphous form, “like a solidified liquid crystal.” Underneath that layer is where things
start to get funky
d.Intratubular dentin- The rest of the tissue around the dentinal tubules is called intertubular
dentin (ITD). In a tooth, it is shown that the relative area occupied by PTD and ITD as well as
the numerical density of dentinal tubules vary significantly from the dentin-enamel junction
(DEJ) to mineralization front (MF)
#Extraedge-
Ultrastructure
Since many features of enamel rods are below the limit of resolution of the light microscope,
many questions concerning their morphology can only be answered by electron microscopy.
Although many areas of human enamel seem to contain rods surrounded by rod sheaths and
separated by interrod substance , a more common pattern is a keyhole or paddle-shaped prism in
human enamel When cut longitudinally sections pass through the “heads” or “bodies” of one row
of rods and the “tails” of an adjacent row. This produces an appearance of rods separated by
interrod substance. These rods measure about 5 µm in breadth and 9 µm in length. Rods of this
shape can be packed tightly together , and enamel with this structure explains many bizarre
patterns seen with the electron microscope. The “bodies” of the rods are nearer occlusal and
incisal surfaces, whereas the “tails” point cervically
#Mantra-
Q3.The class of low molecular weight calcium binding protein seen predominantly in developing
enamel?
a.Enamelin
b.Amelogenin
c.Tuftelin
d.Ameloplakin
Ans b.Amelogenin
#Explanation of correct answer- one unique proteins, found exclusively in the enamel and
lipids. The proteins found in the enamel are of two main groups—the amelogenins and the
nonamelogenins.
#Highyield- Amelogenins are a heterogeneous group of low molecular weight proteins,

accounting for about 90% of the enamel proteins. They are hydrophobic and are rich in proline,
histidine, glutamine, and leucine.
a.Enamelin-enamelin is non amelogenin protein
c.Tuftelin- Tuftelin is non amelogenin protein
d.Ameloplakin-Amelpplakin is non amelogenin protein
#Extraedge-
Inorganic material
The inorganic material of the enamel is hydroxyapatite. Its chemical formula is Ca10 (PO4 )6
(OH4 )2 . The crystals of hydroxyapatite are hexagonal in cross-section. The shape of a single
crystal was observed by high-resolution SEM to be a rod with an equilateral hexagon base. The
crystals are arranged to form enamel rods or enamel prisms. The hydroxyapatite crystal has a
central core or C axis of hydroxyl ion around which calcium and phosphorus ions are arranged in
the form of triangles During the formation, magnesium can replace calcium and carbonate can
replace hydroxyl ion. Both these substitutions destabilize the lattice due to poorer fit of these
ions in the lattice structure.
#Mantra-
Q4.Dark bonds that are present in enamel rods at intervals of 4um are:
a.Neonatal bands
b.Cross striations
c.Striae of retzius
d.Hunter schregar bands
Ans b.Cross striations
#Explanation of correct answer- The cross-striations seen in light microscope is suggested to

be due to a diurnal rhythm in the enamel formation and that in these areas rods show varicosities
and variation in composition.
#Highyield-The striations are more pronounced in enamel that is insufficiently calcified. The
rods are segmented because the enamel matrix is formed in a rhythmic manner. In humans, these
segments seem to be a uniform length of about 4 µm.

a.Neonatal bands- The neonatal line is a particular band of incremental growth lines seen
in histologic sections of both enamel and dentin of primary teeth. It belongs to a series of a
growth lines in tooth enamel known as the Striae of Retzius denoting the prolonged rest period of
enamel formation that occurs at the time of birth
c.Striae of retzius- The striae of Retzius are incremental growth lines or bands seen in tooth
enamel. They represent the incremental pattern of enamel, the successive apposition of different
layers of enamel during crown formation.
d.Hunter schregar bands- Hunter-Schreger bands, commonly abbreviated as HSB, are features
of the enamel of the teeth in mammals, mostly placentals.[1] In HSB, enamel prisms are arranged
in layers of varying thickness at about right angles to each other. HSB strengthen the enamel and
prevent cracks from propagating through the tooth.
#Extraedge-
Direction of rods Generally, the rods are oriented at right angles to the dentin surface. In the
cervical and central parts of the crown of a deciduous tooth, they are approximately horizontal
Near the incisal edge or tip of the cusps, they change gradually to an increasingly oblique
direction until they are almost vertical in the region of the edge or tip of the cusps. The
arrangement of the rods in permanent teeth is similar in the occlusal two-thirds of the crown. In
the cervical region, however, the rods deviate from the horizontal in an apical direction.
#Mantra-
#Reference –Orbans,15thed,pgno.174
Hypomineralized structure of enamel
Q1.Neonatal lines is also known as:
a.Retzius lines
b.Lines of cross striations
c.Incremental lines
d.Lines of enamel tufts
Ans c.Incremental lines
#Explanation of correct option- The neonatal line is an accentuated incremental line, denoting
the prolonged rest period of enamel formation that occurs at the time of birth. As the enamel of
deciduous teeth is formed before and after birth, the neonatal lines are seen as a demarcation
between the enamel formed before birth (the prenatal enamel) and the enamel formed after birth
(the postnatal enamel)
#Highyield-The neonatal line is due to the abrupt change in the environment and nutrition of the
newborn infant. The prenatal enamel usually is better developed than the postnatal enamel. This
is explained by the fact that the fetus develops in a well-protected environment with an adequate
supply of all the essential materials, even at the expense of the mother. Because of the
undisturbed and even development of the enamel prior to birth, perikymata, which are groove-
like structures on the surface of tooth; are absent in the occlusal parts of the deciduous teeth
formed prenatally, but they are present in the postnatal cervical parts.
a.Retzius lines- In this surface layer, no prism outlines are visible, and all of the apatite crystals
are parallel to one another and perpendicular to the striae of Retzius.
b.Lines of cross striations-- The cross-striations seen in light microscope is suggested to be due
to a diurnal rhythm in the enamel formation and that in these areas rods show varicosities and
variation in composition.
d.Lines of enamel tufts-Enamel tufts arise at the DE junction and reach into the enamel to about
one-fifth to one-third of its thickness. They were so termed because they resemble tufts of grass
when viewed in ground sections.
#Extraedge-
Surface structures
A relatively structureless layer of enamel, approximately 30-µm thick, called prismless enamel,
has been described in 70% of permanent teeth and all deciduous teeth. This structureless enamel
is found least often over the cusp tips and most commonly toward the cervical areas of the
enamel surface. In this surface layer, no prism outlines are visible, and all of the apatite crystals
are parallel to one another and perpendicular to the striae of Retzius. It is also somewhat more
heavily mineralized than the bulk of enamel beneath it. Other microscopic details that have been
observed on outer enamel surfaces of newly erupted teeth are perikymata, rod ends, and cracks
(lamellae).
#Mantra-
#Reference-soben peter,5thed,pgno.181
Q2.Among the following the structure that is most calcified is:
A.Enamel lamellae
B.Enamel rod
c.Enamel spindle
d.Enamel tuft
Ans B.Enamel rod
#Explanation of correct option-The enamel is composed of enamel rods or prisms, rod sheaths,
and in some regions a cementing interprismatic substance. The enamel prisms are cylindrical, in
longitudinal section, therefore the term rods is more apt
#Highyield-From the DE junction, the rods run somewhat tortuous courses outward to the
surface of the tooth. The length of most rods is greater than the thickness of the enamel because
of the oblique direction and the wavy course of the rods. The rods located in the cusps, the
thickest part of the enamel, are longer than those at the cervical areas of the teeth.
A.Enamel lamellae- Enamel lamellae are leaf like structures that extend from the outer surface of
enamel towards the dentin. These are hypocalcified structures and arc formed in planes of
tension.
c.Enamel spindle- '(The enamel spindles are the odontoblastic processes crossing the
dentinoenamel junction and extending to the enamel. These are spindle shaped structures
extending from dentinoenamel junction to enamel to a distance of approximately 10 microns.
d.Enamel tuft- Enamel tufts are ribbon like structures extending from dentinoenamel junction
into enamel to a distance of one third to one fifth of enamel thickness.
#Extraedge-
Ultrastructure Since many features of enamel rods are below the limit of resolution of the light
microscope, many questions concerning their morphology can only be answered by electron
microscopy. Although many areas of human enamel seem to contain rods surrounded by rod
sheaths and separated by interrod substance , a more common pattern is a keyhole or paddle-
shaped prism in human enamel . When cut longitudinally , sections pass through the “heads” or
“bodies” of one row of rods and the “tails” of an adjacent row. This produces an appearance of
rods separated by interrod substance. These rods measure about 5 µm in breadth and 9 µm in
length. Rods of this shape can be packed tightly together , and enamel with this structure
explains many bizarre patterns seen with the electron microscope. The “bodies” of the rods are
nearer occlusal and incisal surfaces, whereas the “tails” point cervically.
#Mantra-
#Reference-soben peter,5thed,pgno.161
Q3.On microscopic examination the enamel rod have:
A.Key hole in appearance
b.Paddle appearance
c.Lanullate in appearance
d.None of the above
Ans A.Key hole in appearance
#Explanation of correct option-#Explanation of correct answer- Recently, using 3D images

obtained from confocal laser scanning microscope were reconstructed and the path of a single
and groups of rods were studied. It was found that the rods did not maintain their same outline
throughout, arcade outlines were seen near DE junction and keyhole-shaped outlines were seen
at the enamel surface
#Highyield-The enamel rods normally have a clear crystalline appearance, permitting light to
pass through them. In cross-section under the light microscope, they occasionally appear
hexagonal. Sometimes they appear round or oval. In cross-sections of human enamel, many rods
resemble fish scales.
b.Paddle appearance-On microscopic examination enamel rods have key hole in appearence
c.Lanullate in appearance- On microscopic examination enamel rods have key hole in

appearence
d.None of the above- On microscopic examination enamel rods have key hole in appearence
#Extraedge-
Ultrastructure
Since many features of enamel rods are below the limit of resolution of the light microscope,
many questions concerning their morphology can only be answered by electron microscopy.
Although many areas of human enamel seem to contain rods surrounded by rod sheaths and
separated by interrod substance , a more common pattern is a keyhole or paddle-shaped prism in
human enamel When cut longitudinally sections pass through the “heads” or “bodies” of one row
of rods and the “tails” of an adjacent row. This produces an appearance of rods separated by
interrod substance. These rods measure about 5 µm in breadth and 9 µm in length. Rods of this
shape can be packed tightly together , and enamel with this structure explains many bizarre
patterns seen with the electron microscope. The “bodies” of the rods are nearer occlusal and
incisal surfaces, whereas the “tails” point cervically
#Mantra-
Surface structure of enamel
Q1.Synthesis of enamel matrix protein occurs in
A.Outer enamel epithelium
b.Ameloblast
C.Stratum intermedium
d.Stratum granulosum
Ans b.Ameloblast
#Explanation of correct answer-On the basis of ultrastructure and composition, two processes
are involved in the development of enamel: organic matrix formation and mineralization.
#Highyield-The ameloblasts begin their secretory activity when a small amount of dentin has
been laid down. The ameloblasts lose the projections that had penetrated the basal lamina
separating them from the predentin , and islands of enamel matrix are deposited along the
predentin . As enamel deposition proceeds, a thin, continuous layer of enamel is formed along
the dentin .
A.Outer enamel epithelium- In the early stages of development of the enamel organ, the outer
enamel epithelium consists of a single layer of cuboid cells, separated from the surrounding
connective tissue of the dental sac by a delicate basement membrane .
C.Stratum intermedium- The cells of the stratum intermedium are situated between the stellate
reticulum and the inner enamel epithelium. They are flat to cuboid in shape and are arranged in
one to three layers.
 d.Stratum granulosum- The stratum granulosum, sometimes known as the granular layer, is one
of the layers in the epidermis, or outer part of the skin. There are five layers in the epidermis
altogether, and the stratum granulosum is the one in the middle.
#Extraedge-
Development of tomes’ processes
The surfaces of the ameloblasts facing the developing enamel are not smooth. There is an
interdigitation of the cells and the enamel rods that they produce . This interdigitation is partly a
result of the fact that the long axes of the ameloblasts are not parallel to the long axes of the
rods . The projections of the ameloblasts into the enamel matrix have been named Tomes’
processes. It was once believed that these processes were transformed into enamel matrix, but
more recent electron microscopic studies have demonstrated that matrix synthesis and secretion
by ameloblasts are very similar to the same processes occurring in other protein-secreting cells.
#Mantra-
Q2.Dentino-enamel junction is:
a.Non-scalloped
b.Straight
c.Scalloped and convexities are directed towards dentin

d.Scalloped and convexities are directed towards enamel
Ans c.Scalloped and convexities are directed towards dentin
#Explanation of correct answer- DEJ is scalloped with the convexity facing the dentin. This
scalloped shape increases the adherence between enamel and dentin and also helps to prevent
shearing of enamel during function.
#Highyield-The dentinoenamel junction provides the connection between material systems of

dissimilar compositions and mechanical properties. The characteristics of the region proximal to
this junction contributes to the effectiveness of the mechanical performance of this interface.
This chapter discusses the current understanding of this junction region with respect to its
structure, composition, and mechanical behavior.
a.Non-scalloped-Dentinoenamel junction is Scalloped and convexities are directed towards

dentin
b.Straight- Dentinoenamel junction is Scalloped and convexities are directed towards dentin
d.Scalloped and convexities are directed towards enamel- Dentinoenamel junction is Scalloped
and convexities are directed towards dentin.
#Extraedge-
INCREMENTAL LINES OF DENTIN
• Incremental lines run perpendicular to the dentinal tubules
• Lines of von Ebner represent the rhythmic deposition
• Contour lines of Owen are accentuated incremental lines

Life cycle of ameloblast
Q1.Formation of dentin by odontoblast begins in:
a.Morphogenic stage
b.Organizing stage
c.Desmolytic stage
d.Formative stage
Ans b.Organizing stage
#Explanation of correct answer- In the organizing stage of development, the inner enamel
epithelium interacts with the adjacent connective tissue cells, which differentiate into
odontoblasts.
#Highyield-This stage is characterized by a change in the appearance of the cells of the inner
enamel epithelium. They become longer, and the nucleus-free zones at the distal ends of the cells
(end of cell closer to dentin) become almost as long as the proximal parts containing the nuclei
In preparation for this development, migration of the centrioles and Golgi regions from the
proximal ends of the cells into their distal ends, takes place. This change is referred to as reversal
of polarity.
a.Morphogenic stage- During this morphogenic stage, the cells are short and columnar, with
large oval nuclei that almost fill the cell body.
c.Desmolytic stage- The reduced enamel epithelium proliferates and seems to induce atrophy of
the connective tissue separating it from the oral epithelium, so that fusion of the two epithelia
can occur.
d.Formative stage- The ameloblasts enter their formative stage after the first layer of dentin has
been formed. The presence of dentin seems to be necessary for the beginning of enamel matrix
formation just as it was necessary for the epithelial cells to come into close contact with the
connective tissue of the pulp during differentiation of the odontoblasts and the beginning of
dentin formation.
#Extraedge-
Desmolytic stage The reduced enamel epithelium proliferates and seems to induce atrophy of the
connective tissue separating it from the oral epithelium, so that fusion of the two epithelia can
occur. It is probable that the epithelial cells elaborate enzymes that are able to destroy connective
tissue fibers by desmolysis. Premature degeneration of the reduced enamel epithelium may
prevent the eruption of a tooth.
#Mantra-
Q2.In the life cycle of ameloblast there are tomes processes.The cells described are in the
following stage?
A.Morphogenic
b.Maturative
c.Organising stage
d.Secretory stage
Ans d.Secretory stage
#Explanation of correct answer- Ameloblat begins the formation of the enamel matrix in this
stage after a layer of dentin is laid.
Cell morphology- the ameloblast cells remain in the same size but the number of cell organelles
and secretory granules increases.
Secondary junctional complexes known as terminal bars are seen in the distal end of ameloblast
these result in the compartmentalization of ameloblast into two areas.
1. body
2. tomes process (distal extension)
#Highyield-Two primary junctional complexes formed surround the ameloblast cells on both
sides ( toward stratum intermedium and towards dentin).
Junctional complexes contain actin filament on both sides, the actin filaments control the
movement of substance across the ameloblast cells.
#Explanation of other options
A.Morphogenic- During this morphogenic stage, the cells are short and columnar, with large
oval nuclei that almost fill the cell body.
b.Maturative- Enamel maturation (full mineralization) occurs after most of the thickness of the
enamel matrix has been formed in the occlusal or incisal area. In the cervical parts of the crown,
enamel matrix formation is still progressing at this time.
c.Organising stage- This stage is characterized by a change in the appearance of the cells of the
inner enamel epithelium. They become longer, and the nucleus-free zones at the distal ends of
the cells (end of cell closer to dentin) become almost as long as the proximal parts containing the
nuclei
#Extraedge-
Protective stage When the enamel has completely developed and has fully calcified, the
ameloblasts cease to be arranged in a well-defined layer and can no longer be differentiated from
the cells of the stratum intermedium and outer enamel epithelium . These cell layers then form a
stratified epithelial covering of the enamel, the so-called reduced enamel epithelium. The
function of the reduced enamel epithelium is that of protecting the mature enamel by separating
it from the connective tissue until the tooth erupts. If connective tissue comes in contact with the
enamel, anomalies may develop. Under such conditions, the enamel may be either resorbed or
covered by a layer of cementum.
#Mantra-
Physical Properties of dentin
Q1.The type of dentin that is formed prior to root completion:
a.Intertubular dentin
b.Peritubular dentin
c.Circumpulpal dentin
d.Secondary dentin
Ans c.Circumpulpal dentin
#Explanation of correct answer- It forms the remaining primary dentin or bulk of the tooth.
#Highyield- The collagen fibrils in circumpulpal dentin are much smaller in diameter (0.05 µm)
and are more closely packed together compared to the mantle dentin. The collagen fibrils in
circumpulpal dentin are much smaller in diameter (0.05 µm) and are more closely packed
together compared to the mantle dentin
a.Intertubular dentin- The main body of dentin is composed of intertubular dentin. It is located
between the dentinal tubules or, more specifically, between the zones of peritubular dentin.
b.Peritubular dentin- The dentin that immediately surrounds the dentinal tubules is termed
peritubular dentin. This dentin forms the walls of the tubules in all but the dentin near the pulp.
d.Secondary dentin- Secondary dentin is a narrow band of dentin bordering the pulp and
representing that dentin formed after root completion. This dentin contains fewer tubules than
primary dentin.
#Extraedge-
Tertiary dentin Tertiary dentin is reparative, response, or reactive dentin. This is localized
formation of dentin on the pulp–dentin border, formed in reaction to trauma such as caries or
restorative procedures.
#Mantra-
Q2.Cells that form the secondary dentin?
a.Cementoblast
b.Fibroblast
c.Odontoblast
d.Osteoblast
Ans c.Odontoblast
#Explanation of correct answer- Secondary dentin is a narrow band of dentin bordering the
pulp and representing that dentin formed after root completion. This dentin contains fewer
tubules than primary dentin. There is usually a bend in the tubules where primary and secondary
dentin interface.Cells that form the secondary dentin are odontoblast.
#Highyield- . Secondary dentin is not formed uniformly and appears in greater amounts on the
roof and floor of the coronal pulp chamber, where it protects the pulp from exposure in older
teeth. The secondary dentin formed is not in response to any external stimuli, and it appears very
much like primary dentin. Due to the regular arrangement of dentinal tubules, it is known as
regular secondary dentin.
a.Cementoblast- A cementoblast is a biological cell that forms from the follicular cells around
the root of a tooth, and whose biological function is cementogenesis, which is the formation of
cementum (hard tissue that covers the tooth root).
b.Fibroblast- A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular

matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a
critical role in wound healing.
d.Osteoblast- Osteoblasts are specialized, terminally differentiated products of mesenchymal

stem cells.They synthesize dense, crosslinked collagen and specialized proteins in much smaller
quantities, including osteocalcin and osteopontin, which compose the organic matrix of bone.
#Extraedge-
Formation of dentin
Whenever dentin forms, it forms in two phases—a distinct organic matrix known as predentin
which calcifies subsequently but only after another layer of predentin is laid down. Hence, a
layer of predentin always exists adjacent to the odontoblast. Many factors are involved in
differentiation of odontoblast, secretion of organic matrix, and in subsequent mineralization.
Like other mineralized tissues, dentin formation is not a continuous process, the periods of rest
are denoted by incremental lines—the incremental lines of Von Ebner which are 4–8 mm apart,
run at right angles to the dentinal tubules. The accentuated incremental lines are known as
contour lines of Owen, while those formed during the period of birth are referred to as neonatal
lines. The mineralization of dentin occurs in relation to collagen fibers as linear deposits (linear
mineralization) or by fusion of globules (globular mineralization). Incomplete fusion of globules
leads to the formation of interglobular dentin. The interglobular dentin is found near DEJ, and is
visible in ground sections as dark spaces under transmitted light. Similarly, the Tomes’ granular
layer is visible near cementodentinal junction as minute dark spaces, and it is related to looping
and coalescing of terminal portions of dentinal tubules in that region.
#Mantra-
Chemical Properties of dentin
1.Physically and chemically dentin is closely related to:
a.Bone
b.Acellular cementum
c.Enamel
d.None of the above
Ans a.Bone
#Explanation of correct answer- A thick dentin layer forms the bulk of dental mineralized
dental tissues. Dentin is capped by a crown made of highly mineralized and protective enamel,
and in the root, it is covered by cementum, a structure implicated in the attachment of the teeth to
the bony socket.
#Highyield-Teeth contain in their central parts dental pulps, which are usually non-mineralized.
This soft connective tissue also contains nerves and a vascular network connected with the
surrounding tissues, the periodontal ligament and the bony socket,
b.Acellular cementum- The acellular layer of cementum is living tissue that does not incorporate
cells into its structure and usually predominates on the coronal half of the root; cellular
cementum occurs more frequently on the apical half.
c.Enamel- an opaque or semitransparent glassy substance applied to metallic or other hard

surfaces for ornament or as a protective coating.
#Extraedge-
Amelogenesis, or enamel formation, occurs after the first establishment of dentin, via cells
known as ameloblasts. Human enamel forms at a rate of around 4 μm per day, beginning at the
future location of cusps, around the third or fourth month of pregnancy.As in all human
processes, the creation of enamel is complex, but can generally be divided into two stages.The
first stage, called the secretory stage, involves proteins and an organic matrix forming a partially
mineralized enamel. The second stage, called the maturation stage, completes enamel
mineralization.
#Mantra-
2.The principal type of collagen fibres found in dentin?
a.Type I Collagen fibers
b.Type II collagen fibers
c.Both a and b
d.None of the above
Ans a. Type I Collagen fibers
#Explanation of the correct answer- The organic substance consists of collagenous fibrils
embedded in the ground substance of mucopolysaccharides (proteoglycans and
glycosaminoglycans [GAGs]). Type I collagen is the principal type of collagen found in the
dentin.
#Highyield-The important constituents of the ground substance are the proteoglycans:

chondroitin sulfates, decorin, and biglycan; glycoproteins: dentin sialoprotein (DSP),
osteonectin, osteopontin; phosphoproteins: dentin phosphoprotein (DPP), gamma
carboxyglutamate–containing proteins (Gla proteins) and phospholipids.
b.Type II collagen fibers-The principal type of collagen is type I found in the dentin
c.Both a and b- The principal type of collagen is type I found in the dentin
#Extraedge-
Structure
The dentinal matrix of collagen fibers is arranged in a network. As dentin calcifies, the
hydroxyapatite crystals mask the individual collagen fibers. Collagen fibers are only visible at
the electron microscopic level. The bodies of the odontoblasts are arranged in a layer on the
pulpal surface of the dentin, and only their cytoplasmic processes are included in the tubules in
the mineralized matrix. Each cell gives rise to one process, which traverses the predentin and
calcified dentin within one tubule and terminates in a branching network at the junction with
enamel or cementum. Tubules are found throughout normal dentin and are therefore
characteristic of it.
#Mantra-
Types of dentin
1.Sclerotic dentin has following features?
a.Caries susceptible
b.Insensitive
c.Hypersensitive
d.Resistant to caries
Ans d.Resistant to caries
#Explanation of correct option-Areas of dentin where the tubules have been filled by
mineralization, producing a denser, radiopaque dentin; it is often produced in response to caries,
attrition, and abrasion.
#Highyield-Tertiary dentin (including reparative dentin or sclerotic dentin) forms as a reaction

to stimulation, including caries, wear and fractures.Tertiary dentin is therefore a mechanism for a
tooth to ‘heal’, with new material formation protecting the pulp chamber and ultimately therefore
protects the tooth and individual against abscesses and infection.
a.Caries susceptible-sclerotic dentin is not caries susceptible it is resistant to caries
b.Insensitive-Sclerotic dentin is resistant to caries
c.Hypersensitive- Sclerotic dentin is resistant to caries
#Extraedge-
Secondary dentin Secondary dentin is a narrow band of dentin bordering the pulp and
primary dentin. There is usually a bend in the tubules where primary and secondary dentin
interface . Many believe that secondary dentin is formed more slowly than primary dentin and
that it looks similar to primary dentin but contains fewer tubules. Secondary dentin is not formed
uniformly and appears in greater amounts on the roof and floor of the coronal pulp chamber,
where it protects the pulp from exposure in older teeth. The secondary dentin formed is not in
response to any external stimuli, and it appears very much like primary dentin. Due to the regular
arrangement of dentinal tubules, it is known as regular secondary dentin.
#Mantra-
2.Interglobular dentin results due to;
a.Failure of coalescence of calcospherities
b.Fracture of dentin
c.Artifact in light microscopy
d.Disturbance in dentinal tubule
Ans a.Failure of coalescence of calcospherities
#Explanation of correct answer- Sometimes mineralization of dentin begins in small globular

areas that fail to coalesce into a homogeneous mass. This results in zones of hypomineralization
between the globules. These zones are known as globular dentin or interglobular spaces.
#Highyield-This dentin forms in the crowns of teeth in the circumpulpal dentin just below the
mantle dentin, and it follows the incremental pattern. The dentinal tubules pass uninterruptedly
through interglobular dentin, thus demonstrating defect of mineralization and not of matrix
formation .
b.Fracture of dentin- Interglobular dentin results due to failure of coalescence of calcospherities
c.Artifact in light microscopy- Interglobular dentin results due to failure of coalescence of

calcospherities
d.Disturbance in dentinal tubule- Interglobular dentin results due to failure of coalescence of

calcospherities
#Extraedge-
Granular layer When dry ground sections of the root dentin are visualized in transmitted light, a
zone adjacent to the cementum appears granular . This is known as (Tomes’) granular layer
(refer to Atlas of Oral Histology for photomicrographs of ground sections of Tomes’ granular
layer and its schematic diagram). This zone increases slightly in amount from the
cementoenamel junction to the root apex and is believed to be caused by a coalescing and
looping of the terminal portions of the dentinal tubules. Such a process is considered possible as
a result of the odontoblasts turning on themselves during early dentin formation. These areas
remain unmineralized, like interglobular dentin.
#Mantra-
3.Main bulk of dentin is formed by
a.Peritubular dentin
b.Mantle dentin
c.Intertubular dentin
d.Predentin
Ans c.Intertubular dentin
#Explanation of correct option- The main body of dentin is composed of intertubular dentin. It
is located between the dentinal tubules or, more specifically, between the zones of peritubular
dentin. Although it is highly mineralized, this matrix, like bone and cementum, is retained after
decalcification, whereas peritubular dentin is not.
#Highyield-About one-half of its volume is organic matrix, specifically collagen fibers, which
are randomly oriented around the dentinal tubules . The fibrils range from 0.2 to 0.5 µm in
diameter and exhibit cross-banding at 64 µm (640 Å) intervals, which is typical for collagen
(Fig. 5.4A). Hydroxyapatite crystals, which average 0.1 µm in length, are formed along the
fibers with their long axes oriented parallel to the collagen fibers.
a.Peritubular dentin- The dentin that immediately surrounds the dentinal tubules is termed
peritubular dentin.
b.Mantle dentin- Mantle dentin is the name of the first-formed dentin in the crown underlying the
dentinoenamel junction
d.Predentin- The predentin is located always adjacent to the pulp tissue and is 2–6 µm wide,
depending on the extent of activity of the odontoblast.
#Extraedge-
Circumpulpal dentin It forms the remaining primary dentin or bulk of the tooth. The collagen
fibrils in circumpulpal dentin are much smaller in diameter (0.05 µm) and are more closely
packed together compared to the mantle dentin. The circumpulpal dentin may contain slightly
more mineral than mantle dentin.
#Mantra-
4.Korffs fibers are seen in:
a.Mantle dentin
b.Secondary dentin
c.Predentin
d.Osteodentin
Ans a.Mantle dentin
#Explanation of correct answer- Mantle dentin is the name of the first-formed dentin in the
crown underlying the dentinoenamel junction.
#Highyield-This zone below the DE junction is soft and thus provides cushioning effect to the
tooth. It is thus the outer or most peripheral part of the primary dentin and is about 20 µm thick.
The fibrils formed in this zone are perpendicular to the dentinoenamel junction, and the organic
matrix is composed of larger collagen fibrils than are present in the rest of the primary dentin
(circumpulpal dentin). The larger diameter collagen fibers (0.1–0.2 µm in diameter) are
argyrophilic (silver stained) and are known as von Korff’s fibers.
b.Secondary dentin- Secondary dentin is a narrow band of dentin bordering the pulp and
primary dentin.
c.Predentin- The predentin is located always adjacent to the pulp tissue and is 2–6 µm wide,
depending on the extent of activity of the odontoblast. It is not mineralized
d.Osteodentin- Mantle dentin is the name of the first-formed dentin in the crown underlying the
dentinoenamel junction.
#Extraedge-
It forms the remaining primary dentin or bulk of the tooth. The collagen fibrils in circumpulpal
dentin are much smaller in diameter (0.05 µm) and are more closely packed together compared
to the mantle dentin. The circumpulpal dentin may contain slightly more mineral than mantle
dentin.
#Mantra-
Difference between mantle and predentin
5.The type of Tertiary dentin which contain secondary inclusion is found in:
a.Sclerotic dentin
b.Mantle dentin
c.Predentin
d.Osteodentin
Ans d.Osteodentin
#Explanation of correct option- Osteodentin is formed after injury to the pulp or displacement
of odontoblasts. If a tooth fractures, the pulp chamber will fill with this material in order to seal it
off.
#Highyield-The rate of osteodentin deposition depends on the intensity and duration of the
stimulus; the more severe the stimulus/injury, the more rapid the rate of osteodentin deposition.
The type of stimulus has an effect on the architecture and structure of the osteodentin. If the
stimulus is a carious lesion, there is extensive destruction of dentin and damage to the pulp, due
to the differentiation of bacterial metabolites and toxins. Thus, osteodentin is deposited rapidly,
with a sparse and irregular tubular pattern and some cellular inclusions.
a.Sclerotic dentin- Areas of dentin where the tubules have been filled by mineralization,
producing a denser, radiopaque dentin; it is often produced in response to caries, attrition, and
abrasion.
b.Mantle dentin- Mantle dentin is the name of the first-formed dentin in the crown underlying the
dentinoenamel junction
c.Predentin- The predentin is located always adjacent to the pulp tissue and is 2–6 µm wide,
depending on the extent of activity of the odontoblast. It is not mineralized
#Extraedge-
Sometimes mineralization of dentin begins in small globular areas that fail to coalesce into a
homogeneous mass. This results in zones of hypomineralization between the globules. These
zones are known as globular dentin or interglobular spaces.
#Mantra-
Dentinogenesis
Q1.Dentinogenesis by osteoblast first begin at:
a.Pulpal end
b.Cusp tip
c.Tooth bud stage
d.Cervical area
Ans b.Cusp tip
#Explanation of correct option-Dentinogenesis begins at the cusp tips after the odontoblasts
have differentiated and begin collagen production. In odontoblast differentiation, fibronectin,
decorin, laminin, and chondroitin sulfate may be involved.
#Highyield-Dentinogenesis factors like TGF, IGF, and BMP, which are present in the inner
enamel epithelium, are released and these are taken up by the preodontoblast. These factors help
in the organization of odontoblast cytoskeleton assembly, which is important for relocation of
organelles that occurs prior to morphological changes.
a.Pulpal end- Dentinogenesis begins at the cusp tips after the odontoblasts have differentiated
and begin collagen production. In odontoblast differentiation, fibronectin, decorin, laminin, and
chondroitin sulfate may be involved.
c.Tooth bud stage- Dentinogenesis begins at the cusp tips after the odontoblasts have
differentiated and begin collagen production. In odontoblast differentiation, fibronectin, decorin,
laminin, and chondroitin sulfate may be involved.
d.Cervical area- Dentinogenesis begins at the cusp tips after the odontoblasts have differentiated
and begin collagen production. In odontoblast differentiation, fibronectin, decorin, laminin, and
chondroitin sulfate may be involved.
#Extraedge-
Factors controlling odontoblast secretion and mineralization are not known. One of the key
proteins involved in mineralization and secreted by the odontoblast is the DPP. It is highly
anionic and binds to calcium, transports it to the mineralization front and controls the growth of
apatite crystals. Osteonectin secreted by the odontoblasts inhibits the growth of apatite crystals
but promotes its binding to collagen. Osteopontin, a phosphoprotein, also promotes
mineralization.
#Mantra-
Q2.Zone of dentin most recently formed and uncalcified is known as:
A. Mantle dentin
B. Circumpulpal dentin
C. Predentin
D. Secondary dentin
Ansc. Predentin
#Explanation of correct answer- The predentin is located always adjacent to the pulp tissue
and is 2–6 µm wide, depending on the extent of activity of the odontoblast. It is not
mineralized.
#Highyield-The predentin appears to be pale staining than the mineralized dentin owing to
differences in composition of the matrix. As the collagen fibers undergo mineralization at the
predentin– dentin junction, the predentin becomes dentin and a new layer of predentin forms
circumpulpally..
A.Mantle dentin- Mantle dentin is the name of the first-formed dentin in the crown underlying
the dentinoenamel junction
B.Circumpulpal dentin- It forms the remaining primary dentin or bulk of the tooth. The
collagen fibrils in circumpulpal dentin are much smaller in diameter (0.05 µm) and are
more closely packed together compared to the mantle dentin.
D.Secondary dentin- Secondary dentin is a narrow band of dentin bordering the pulp and
representing that dentin formed after root completion. This dentin contains fewer tubules
than primary dentin.
#Extraedge-
Primary dentin
Dentin which is formed before root completion is known as primary dentin. The primary dentin
are of two types—mantle dentin and the circumpulpal dentin. Mantle dentin is the name of the
first-formed dentin in the crown underlying the dentinoenamel junction. This zone below the DE
junction is soft and thus provides cushioning effect to the tooth. It is thus the outer or most
peripheral part of the primary dentin and is about 20 µm thick. The fibrils formed in this zone are
perpendicular to the dentinoenamel junction, and the organic matrix is composed of larger
collagen fibrils than are present in the rest of the primary dentin (circumpulpal dentin).
#Mantra-
Q3.The dentin receptors are unique because:
A.They elicit pain to hot and cold
B.They elicit pain to touch and pressure
c.They elicit pain to chemicals
d.Elicit pain only as response
Ans d.Elicit pain only as response
#Explanation of correct answer-Dentin is the calcified connective tissue which forms the
bulk of the tooth, providing it with its basic shape and rigidity. It is tougher than bone, and has
a higher hydroxyapatite content, which constitutes about 70% of its dry weight.. The dentin
receptors are unique because Elicit pain only as response.
#Highyield-They have the typical stellate shape and extensive processes that contact and are
joined by intercellular junctions to the processes of other fibroblasts. Under the light
microscope, the fibroblast nuclei stain deeply with basic dyes, and their cytoplasm is lighter
stained and appears homogeneous. Electron micrographs reveal abundant roughsurfaced
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and other organelles in the fibroblast cytoplasm.
A.They elicit pain to hot and cold- The dentin receptors are unique because Elicit pain only
as response
B.They elicit pain to touch and pressure- The dentin receptors are unique because Elicit pain
only as response
c.They elicit pain to chemicals- The dentin receptors are unique because Elicit pain only as
response
#Extraedge-
Clinical considerations The cells of the exposed dentin should not be insulted by bacterial
toxins, strong drugs, undue operative trauma, unnecessary thermal changes, or irritating
restorative materials. One should bear in mind that when 1 mm2 of dentin is exposed, about
30,000 living cells are damaged. It is advisable to seal the exposed dentin surface with a
nonirritating, insulating substance.
#Mantra-
Q4.Dead tracts in ground section appears as:
a.Dentinal tubules
b.Coarse fibrils bundles arranged at right angle to the dentinal surface
c.Black in transmitted light and white in reflected light
d.White in transmitted light and dark in reflected light
Ans c.Black in transmitted light and white in reflected light

#Explanation of correct answer- Dead tracts appears as Appear dark under transmitted light
& white under reflected light.
#Highyield-Formed due to degeneration of odontoblast processes in the tubules Presence of

reparative dentin at the pupal end of dead tracts.
a.Dentinal tubules- Dead tracts in ground section appears as Black in transmitted light and
white in reflected light
b.Coarse fibrils bundles arranged at right angle to the dentinal surface- Dead tracts in ground
section appears as Black in transmitted light and white in reflected light
d.White in transmitted light and dark in reflected light- Dead tracts in ground section appears
as Black in transmitted light and white in reflected light
#Extraedge-
Interglobular dentin Sometimes mineralization of dentin begins in small globular areas that
fail to coalesce into a homogeneous mass. This results in zones of hypomineralization
between the globules. These zones are known as globular dentin or interglobular spaces.
#Mantra-
Q5.Dentigenesis factors like TGF,IGF and BMP are present in
a.Inner enamel epithelium
b.Outer enamel epithelium
c.Stellate reticulum
d.Stratum intermedium
Ans a.Inner enamel epithelium
#Explanation of correct option- Dentinogenesis factors like TGF, IGF, and BMP, which
are present in the inner enamel epithelium, are released and these are taken up by the
preodontoblast.
#Highyield- These factors help in the organization of odontoblast cytoskeleton assembly,
which is important for relocation of organelles that occurs prior to morphological changes.
As the odontoblasts differentiate, they change from an ovoid to a columnar shape, and their
nuclei become basally oriented at this early stage of development.
b.Outer enamel epithelium- Dentigenesis factors like TGF,IGF and BMP are present in
inner enamel epithelium
c.Stellate reticulum- Dentigenesis factors like TGF,IGF and BMP are present in inner
enamel epithelium
d.Stratum intermedium- Dentigenesis factors like TGF,IGF and BMP are present in
inner enamel epithelium
#Extraedge-
Mineralization The mineralization sequence in dentin appears to be as follows. The earliest

crystal deposition is in the form of very fine plates of hydroxyapatite on the surfaces of the
collagen fibrils and in the ground substance (Fig. 5.17A). Subsequently, crystals are laid
down within the fibrils themselves. The crystals associated with the collagen fibrils are
arranged in an orderly fashion, with their long axes paralleling the fibril long axes, and in
rows conforming to the 64 nm (640 Å) striation pattern.
#Mantra-
Cells of pulp
Q1.Cells of dental pulp which are responsible for the deposition of reparative dentin are:
a.Osteoblast
b.Odontoblast
c.Ameloblast
d.Osteocytes
Ans b.Odontoblast
#Explanation of correct option- Odontoblasts, the second most prominent cell in the pulp,
reside adjacent to the predentin with cell bodies in the pulp and cell processes in the dentinal
tubules.
#Highyield-The number of odontoblasts corresponds to the number of dentinal tubules. They

are approximately 5–7 µm in diameter and 25–40 µm in length. They have a constant
location adjacent to the predentin, in what is termed the “odontogenic zone of the pulp”
a.Osteoblast-Bone forming cells are osteoblast
c.Ameloblast-Enamel forming cells are ameloblast
d.Osteocytes-Responsible for the maintenance of bony matrix.
#Extraedge-
Defense cells
In addition to fibroblasts, odontoblasts, and the cells that are a part of the neural and vascular
systems of the pulp, there are cells important to the defense of the pulp. These are histiocytes
or macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and plasma cells. In addition, there are the blood
vascular elements such as the neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and
monocytes. These latter cells emigrate from the pulpal blood vessels and develop
characteristics in response to inflammation.
#Mantra-
Q2.Odontoblasts are derived from?
a.Undifferentiated mesenchyme
b.Histiocytes
c.Macrophages
d.Lymphocytes
Ans a.Undifferentiated mesenchyme

#Explanation of correct answer- Odontoblasts, the second most prominent cell in the pulp,
reside adjacent to the predentin with cell bodies in the pulp and cell processes in the dentinal
tubules.Odontoblast are derived from undifferentiated mesenchyme.
#Highyield-The number of odontoblasts corresponds to the number of dentinal tubules. They

are approximately 5–7 µm in diameter and 25–40 µm in length. They have a constant
location adjacent to the predentin, in what is termed the “odontogenic zone of the pulp”
b.Histiocytes-phagocytic cell present in macrophages
c.Macrophages- Macrophages ) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune
system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and
foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their
surface.
d.Lymphocytes- Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. They help your body’s immune
system fight cancer and foreign viruses and bacteria.
#Extraedge-
Defense cells In addition to fibroblasts, odontoblasts, and the cells that are a part of the
neural and vascular systems of the pulp, there are cells important to the defense of the pulp.
These are histiocytes or macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and plasma cells. In
addition, there are the blood vascular elements such as the neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils,
basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. These latter cells emigrate from the pulpal blood
vessels and develop characteristics in response to inflammation.
#Mantra-
Q3.The plexus of Rashkov is present in which of the following zones in dental pulp
A.Cell free zone
b.Cell rich zone
c.Odontoblastic zone
d.Pulp core
Ans A.Cell free zone

#Explanation of correct option- Cell free zone: Beneath the odontoblast layer is cell free
zone of Weil which is devoid of cells, but has fibers and nerves.
#Highyield-The plexus of Raschkow monitors painful sensations. By virtue of their peptide

content, they also play important functions in inflammatory events and subsequent tissue
repair. There are two types of nerve fibers that mediate the sensation of pain: A-Fibres
conduct rapid and sharp pain sensations and belong to the myelinated group, whereas C-
Fibres are involved in dull aching pain and are thinner and unmyelinated. The A-Fibres,
mainly of the A-delta type, are preferentially located in the periphery of the pulp, where they
are in close association with the odontoblasts and extend fibers to many but not all dentinal
tubules.
b.Cell rich zone- Cell rich zone: This zone is seen beneath the cell free zone and is rich in
cells. The cells present arc mainly fibroblasts and progenitor cells.
c.Odontoblastic zone- Odontoblastic zone: This is the most peripheral zone of pulp seen
adjacent to the predentin layer. Odontoblast cells tire columnar in the crown and flattened in
the root
d.Pulp core- The central portion of pulp is called pulp core that contains cells, large blood
vessels and nerves etc, distributed in the ground substance
#Extraedge-
Odontoblastic zone: This is the most peripheral zone of pulp seen adjacent to the predentin
layer. Odontoblast cells tire columnar in the crown and flattened in the root. They have
process at their apical portion extending into the dentinal tubules. Cells in the coronal pulp
shows a pseudostratified arrangement due to cell crowding
#Mantra-
Q4.The fibroblast associated with capillaries are:
a.Plasma cell
b.Histiocytes
c.Lymphocytes
d.Pericytes
Ans d.Pericytes
#Explanation of correct answer- fibroblast associated with capillaries are pericytes
#Highyield-Under the light microscope, the fibroblast nuclei stain deeply with basic dyes,
and their cytoplasm is lighter stained and appears homogeneous. Electron micrographs reveal
abundant roughsurfaced endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and other organelles in the
fibroblast cytoplasm . This indicates that these cells are active in pulpal collagen production.
There is some difference in appearance of these cells depending on the age of the pulp organ.
a.Plasma cell- Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white
blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B cells and secrete large quantities of
proteins called antibodies
b.Histiocytes- Histiocytes are derived from the bone marrow by multiplication from a stem
cell. The derived cells migrate from the bone marrow to the blood as monocytes.
c.Lymphocytes- Lymphocytes are a type of immune cell.
#Extraedge-
In the embryonic and immature pulp, the cellular elements predominate, while in the mature
pulp, the fibrous components predominate. The fibroblasts of the pulp, in addition to forming
the pulp matrix, also have the capability of ingesting and degrading this same matrix. These
cells thus have a dual function with pathways for both synthesis and degradation in the same
cell.
#Mantra-
Development of pulp
Q1.The development of dental pulp begins:
a.6th week of IU
b.8th week of IU
c.10th week of IU
d.18th week of IU
Ans b.8th week of IU
#Explanation of correct answer- The tooth pulp is initially called the dental papilla. This
tissue is designated as “pulp” only after dentin forms around it. The dental papilla controls
early tooth formation. In the earliest stages of tooth development, it is the area of the
proliferating future papilla that causes the oral epithelium to invaginate and form the enamel
organs.
#Highyield-The dental papilla may play a role in determining whether the forming enamel
organ is to be an incisor or a molar. Recent information indicates that the epithelium may
have that information. At the location of the future incisor, the development of the dental
pulp begins at about the 8th week of embryonic life in the human. Soon thereafter the more
posterior tooth organs begin differentiating. The cell density of the dental papilla is great
because of proliferation of the cells within it
a.6th week of IU-The development of dental pulp begins at 8th week of IU
c.10th week of IU- The development of dental pulp begins at 8th week of IU
d.18th week of IU- The development of dental pulp begins at 8th week of IU
#Extraedge-
Clinical considerations
Pathologic considerations Pulpal inflammation or pulpitis is a response of the traumatized

pulp, with trauma being a result of a bacterial infection as in dental caries or physical trauma
to the tooth structure. Pulpal inflammation in milder forms could result in focal reversible
pulpitis and may progress if left unchecked to acute and chronic forms of pulpitis. Well-
vascularized pulpal tissues may at times in carious molar teeth of young adults and children
with open apex exhibit a form of hyperplasia, seen clinically from an exposed pulp chamber
as a protruding red mass of granulation tissue called pulp polyp or chronic hyperplastic
pulpitis.
#Mantra-
Q2.The dental pulp is derived from:
a.Dental papilla
b.Dental sac
c.Odontoblast
d.Stellate reticulum
Ans a.Dental papilla
#Explanation of correct option- The tooth pulp is initially called the dental papilla. This
tissue is designated as “pulp” only after dentin forms around it. The dental papilla controls early
tooth formation.
#Highyield-In the earliest stages of tooth development, it is the area of the proliferating future
papilla that causes the oral epithelium to invaginate and form the enamel organs. The enamel
organs then enlarge to enclose the dental papillae in their central portions . The dental papilla
may play a role in determining whether the forming enamel organ is to be an incisor or a molar.
Recent information indicates that the epithelium may have that information.
b.Dental sac-Dental follicle also known as dental sac is made up of mesenchymal cells
c.Odontoblast-These are tall columnar cells located at the periphery of dental pulp
d.Stellate reticulum-it lies between the stratum intermedium and outer enamel
epithelium
#Extraedge-
Clinical considerations
Pathologic considerations Pulpal inflammation or pulpitis is a response of the traumatized pulp,

with trauma being a result of a bacterial infection as in dental caries or physical trauma to the
tooth structure. Pulpal inflammation in milder forms could result in focal reversible pulpitis and
may progress if left unchecked to acute and chronic forms of pulpitis. Well-vascularized pulpal
tissues may at times in carious molar teeth of young adults and children with open apex exhibit a
form of hyperplasia, seen clinically from an exposed pulp chamber as a protruding red mass of
granulation tissue called pulp polyp or chronic hyperplastic pulpitis.
#Mantra-
Age changes
Q1.Diffuse calcification is seen most commonly in which of the following oral tissues:
a.Enamel
b.Pulp
c.Dentin
d.PDL
Ans b.Pulp
#Explanation of correct option- Diffuse calcifications appear as irregular calcific deposits
in the pulp tissue, usually following collagenous fiber bundles or blood vessels .Sometimes
they develop into larger masses but usually persist as fine calcified spicules.
#Highyield-The pulp organ may appear quite normal in its coronal portion without signs of
inflammation or other pathologic changes but may exhibit these calcifications in the roots.
Diffuse calcifications are usually found in the root canal and less often in the coronal area,
whereas denticles are seen more frequently in the coronal pulp. Diffuse calcification
surrounds blood vessels.
a.Enamel-Diffuse calcification are found in pulp
c.Dentin- Diffuse calcification are found in pulp
d.PDL- Diffuse calcification are found in pulp
#Extraedge-
Age changes in pulp
Decrease in pulp volume due to secondary dentin formation
Decrease in odontoblasts and fibroblasts
Fibrosis
Reduced blood flow
Pulp calcifications—pulp stones and diffuse calcifications
Q2.Regressive changes in the pulp?
A.Increased fibrotic component
b.Decreased cellular component
c.Calcifiaction in blood vessels near apical foramen
d.All of the above

Ans d.All of the above
#Explanation of correct option- Age changes in pulp include
Fibrosis
Reduced blood flow
Pulp calcifications—pulp stones and diffuse calcifications
#Highyield-The volume of pulp decreases with age, which may be attributed to continuous
deposition of secondary dentin throughout the life. Young pulp differs from those seen in
elderly individuals. The regressive changes begin immediately after the tooth erupts into the
oral cavity. The changes may be seen in both cellular and extracellular components of the
pulp. The number, nature, properties, and capabilities of the cells change.
A.Increased fibrotic component-One of the age changes associated with pulp
b.Decreased cellular component- One of the age changes associated with pulp
c.Calcifiaction in blood vessels near apical foramen- One of the age changes associated
with pulp
#Extraedge-
Vascular changes Vascular changes occur in the aging pulp organ as they do in any organ.
Blood flow decreases with age. This is due to decrease in the number of blood vessels and
due to formation of atherosclerotic plaques within pulpal vessels. In other cases, the outer
diameter of vessel walls becomes greater as collagen fibers increase in the medial and
adventitial layers. Also calcifications are found that surround vessels.Calcification in the
walls of blood vessels is found most often in the region near the apical foramen.
#Mantra-
Pulp stones
Q1.True pulp stones are stones are formed by
a.Osteoclast
b.Odontoblast
c.Fibroblast
d.Fibroclast
Ansb b.Odontoblast
#Explanation of correct option- A theory has been advanced that the development of the
true denticle is caused by the inclusion of remnants of the epithelial root sheath within the
pulp. These epithelial remnants induce the cells of the pulp to differentiate into odontoblasts,
which then form the dentin masses called true pulp stones.
#Highyield-Pulp stones are classified, according to their structure as true denticles or false
denticles. True denticles are similar in structure to dentin in that they have dental tubules and
contain the processes of the odontoblasts that formed them and that exist on their
surface .True denticles are comparatively rare and are usually located close to the apical
foramen.
a.Osteoclast-These cells responsible for the dissolution and absorption of bone
c.Fibroblast-contributes to the formation of connective tissue
d.Fibroclast-Responsible for the destruction of connective tissue
#Extraedge-
False denticles do not exhibit dentinal tubules but appear instead as concentric layers of
calcified tissue . In some cases, these calcification sites appear within a bundle of collagen
fibers. Other times they appear in a location in the pulp free of collagen accumulations. Some
false pulp stones undoubtedly arise around vessels. In the center of these concentric layers of
calcified tissue there may be remnants of necrotic and calcified cells . Calcification of
thrombi in blood vessels, called phleboliths may also serve as nidi for false denticles. All
denticles begin as small nodules but increase in size by incremental growth on their surface.
#Mantra-
Q2.False pulp stones are formed by
a.Formed by mineralization of degenerating pulp cells
b.Formed by osteoclast
c.Formed by odontoclast
d.Formed by fibroblast
Ans a.Formed by mineralization of degenerating pulp cells
#Explanation of correct answer- False denticles do not exhibit dentinal tubules but appear
instead as concentric layers of calcified tissue. In some cases, these calcification sites appear
within a bundle of collagen fibers. Other times they appear in a location in the pulp free of
collagen accumulations . Some false pulp stones undoubtedly arise around vessels. In the
center of these concentric layers of calcified tissue there may be remnants of necrotic and
calcified cells.
#Highyield-Calcification of thrombi in blood vessels, called phleboliths may also serve as
nidi for false denticles. All denticles begin as small nodules but increase in size by
incremental growth on their surface. The surrounding pulp tissue may appear quite normal.
Pulp stones may eventually fill substantial parts of the pulp chamber.
b.Formed by osteoclast-False pulp stones are formed mineralization of degenerating

pulp cells
c.Formed by odontoclast- False pulp stones are formed mineralization of degenerating

pulp cells
d.Formed by fibroblast- False pulp stones are formed mineralization of degenerating

pulp cells
#Extraedge-
Age changes in pulp
Pulp
Fibrosis Reduced blood flow Pulp calcifications—pulp stones and diffuse calcification
#Mantra-
Cementum
Physical properties
1. Which of the following is least mineralized ?

A. Cementoid
B. Cellular cementum
C. Incremental line
D. Acellular cementum
Answer:A
#Explanation of correct answer-Cementoid:A thin unmineralized layer present on the surface
of developing cementum. Also known as precementum and uncalcified cementum.
#Highyield- Under normal conditions growth of cementum is a rhythmic process, and as a new
layer of cementoid is formed, the old one calcifies. A thin layer of cementoid can usually be
observed on the cemental surface . This cementoid tissue is lined by cementoblasts.
B. Cellular cementum- The cellular cementum is also known as secondary cementum as this is
formed later than the AEFC.
C. Incremental line- The incremental lines in cementum are called the lines of Salter. These lines
are far apart in cellular cementum, and closely placed in acellular cementum.
D. Acellular cementum- Acellular afibrillar cementum The AAC is a mineralized ground
substance containing no cells and is devoid of extrinsic and intrinsic collagen fibers. This type of
cementum is seen chiefly as coronal cementum, with a thickness of 1– 15 µm
#Extraedge-
Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum This cementum contains cells but has no extrinsic fibers. The
fibers present are intrinsic fibers that are secreted by the cementoblasts. It is formed on the root
surface and in cases of repair.
#Mantra-
2. Which of the following is true of cellular cementum ?

A. Seen at the coronal portion of the tooth
B. Forms after the eruption of the tooth
C. Forms during root formation
D. Formation is a slow process
Answer:B
#Explanation of correct answer-Cellular cementum
• Formed after acellular cementum
• Most of it is formed after reaches occlusal plane tooth reaches occlusal surface
• Covers the apical third of root half of the root
• Contain cementocytes
• May be completely or partially calcified
#Highyield-The cellular cementum is also known as secondary cementum as this is formed later
than the AEFC. The cellular cementum found in the apical third is mainly of two types—the
CMFC that forms the bulk of secondary cementum and occupies the apical interradicular
regions, and the CIFC that is present in the middle and apical third.
A. Seen at the coronal portion of the tooth-not a true statement about cellular cementum
C. Forms during root formation- not a true statement about cellular cementum
D. Formation is a slow process- not a true statement about cellular cementum
#Extraedge-
Acellular mixed fiber cementum This type of cementum is formed in some areas, which
integrates both extrinsic and intrinsic fibers in cementum. At present, not much is known about
its specific location or functions.
#Mantra-
Chemical properties
1 .Cementum is
a.Avascular
b.Vascular
c.Has blood supply initially only
d.None of the above
Ans a.Avascular
#Explanation of correct option- Unlike bone, however, human cementum is avascular and
noninnervated.
#Highyield-The hardness of fully mineralized cementum is less than that of dentin.
Cementum is light yellow in color and can be distinguished from enamel by its lack of luster
and its darker hue. Cementum is somewhat lighter in color than dentin.

b.Vascular-Cementum is avascular
c.Has blood supply initially only-Cementum is avascular
#Extraedge-
Chemical composition On a dry weight basis, cementum from fully formed permanent teeth
contains about 45%–50% inorganic substances and 50%–55% organic material and water.
The inorganic portion consists mainly of calcium and phosphate in the form of
hydroxyapatite. Numerous trace elements are found in cementum in varying amounts. It is of
interest that cementum has the highest fluoride content of all the mineralized tissues.
#Mantra-
2.The organic portion of cementum consist of:
a.Type I
b.Type II
C.Type I and type II

d.None of the above
Ans a.Type I
#Explanation of correct answer-The organic portion of cementum consists primarily of

type I collagen and protein polysaccharides (proteoglycans).
#Highyield-Amino acid analyses of collagen obtained from the cementum of human teeth
indicates close similarities to the collagens of dentin and alveolar bone. The noncollagenous
proteins play important roles in matrix deposition, initiation, and control of mineralization
and matrix remodeling.
b.Type II- The organic portion of cementum consists primarily of type I collagen and protein
polysaccharides (proteoglycans).
C.Type I and type II- The organic portion of cementum consists primarily of type I collagen
and protein polysaccharides (proteoglycans).
#Extraedge-
Cementogenesis
The internal and external enamel epithelia proliferate downward as a double-layered sheet of
flat epithelial cells called the root sheath of Hertwig. This root sheath induces the cells of the
dental papilla to differentiate into odontoblasts. These cells secrete the organic matrix of
first-formed root predentin consisting of ground substance and collagen fibrils. As the
odontoblasts retreat inward, they do not leave behind the odontoblastic process in these first
few layers of dentin. Hence, this layer is structureless and is called Hyaline layer.
#Mantra-
Classification of cementum
1. Cellular cementum is?

A. Seen at the coronal portion of the tooth
B. Forms after the eruption of the tooth
C. Forms during root formation
D. Formation is a slow process
Answer:B
#Explanation of correct answer-Cellular cementum
• Formed after acellular cementum
• Most of it is formed after reaches occlusal plane tooth reaches occlusal surface
• Covers the apical third of root half of the root
• Contain cementocytes
• May be completely or partially calcified
#Highyield-The cellular cementum is also known as secondary cementum as this is formed later
than the AEFC. The cellular cementum found in the apical third is mainly of two types—the
CMFC that forms the bulk of secondary cementum and occupies the apical interradicular
regions, and the CIFC that is present in the middle and apical third
A. Seen at the coronal portion of the tooth-not a true statement about cellular cementum
C. Forms during root formation- not a true statement about cellular cementum
D. Formation is a slow process- not a true statement about cellular cementum
#Extraedge-
Acellular mixed fiber cementum This type of cementum is formed in some areas, which
integrates both extrinsic and intrinsic fibers in cementum. At present, not much is known about
its specific location or functions.
#Mantra-
Cementogenesis
1.At the CEJ cementum overlaps enamel about______?

A. 65 to 70%
B. 60 to 65%
C. 55 to 60%
D. 70 to 75%
Answer:B
#Explanation of correct option-
#Highyield- The relation between cementum and enamel at the cervical region of teeth is
variable. In approximately 30% of all teeth, cementum meets the cervical end of enamel in a
relatively sharp line . In about 10% of the teeth, enamel and cementum do not meet.
Presumably, this occurs when enamel epithelium in the cervical portion of the root is delayed
in its separation from dentin. In such cases, there is no CE junction.
A.65 to 70%-At CEJ Cementum overlaps enamel about 60 to 65%

C. 55 to 60%- At CEJ Cementum overlaps enamel about 60 to 65%
D. 70 to 75%- At CEJ Cementum overlaps enamel about 60 to 65%
#Extraedge-
Cementodentinal junction The dentin surface upon which cementum is deposited is relatively
smooth in permanent teeth. The cementodentinal junction in deciduous teeth, however, is
sometimes scalloped. The attachment of cementum to dentin in either case is quite firm, although
the nature of this attachment is not fully understood.
#Mantra-
Incremental lines of cementum
1.Incremental lines in cementum are called?
a.Sharpeys fibers
b.Striae of retzius
c. lines of Salter.
d.None of the above
Ans c. lines of Salter.
#Explanation of correct option- The incremental lines in cementum are called the lines of
Salter. These lines are far apart in cellular cementum, and closely placed in acellular cementum.
#Highyield- Incremental lines called lines of Salter are seen in cementum as during the process
of cementogenesis, there are periods of rest and periods of activity. The periods of rests are
associated with these lines . These lines stain intensely with hematoxylin and are highly
mineralized.
a.Sharpeys fibers- Incremental lines in cementum are called lines of salter.
b.Striae of retzius- Incremental lines in cementum are called lines of salter.
#Extraedge-
Acellular intrinsic fiber cementum
AIFC is generally seen in close apposition to CIFC. Both play a role in the adaptive function of
cementum, in maintenance of tooth position in the apical area of the tooth. AIFC is formed when
CIFC formation slows down in areas away from the advancing root edge
#Mantra-
2.Incremental lines in cementum closely placed in
a.Cellular cementum
b Acellular cementum
c.Both
d.None
Ans b Acellular cementum
#Explanation of correct option- Incremental lines called lines of Salter are seen in acellular
cementum as during the process of cementogenesis, there are periods of rest and periods of
activity. The periods of rests are associated with these lines . These lines stain intensely with
hematoxylin and are highly mineralized.
#Highyield-Incremental lines can be seen best in decalcified specimens prepared for light
microscopic observation. They are difficult to identify at the ultrastructural level. The
incremental lines seen in ground sections (100 µm) are not seen in semi-thin sections (1–2 µm).
a.Cellular cementum-- Incremental lines called lines of Salter are seen in acellular cementum as
during the process of cementogenesis
c.Both- Incremental lines called lines of Salter are seen in acellular cementum as during the
process of cementogenesis
#Extraedge-
Cellular cementum
After the formation of acellular cementum, a less mineralized cementum is formed called cellular
cementum. The cementoblasts secrete the collagen fibers and ground substance that form the
intrinsic fibers of cellular cementum. These fibers are parallel to the root surface and do not
extend into the periodontal ligament. Some cementoblasts get entrapped and are called
cementocytes.
#Mantra-
Functions
1.Main functions of cementum is
a. provide a medium for attachment of periodontal ligament fibers
b. helps to maintain the width of periodontal ligament.
C.Both
d.None
Ans C.Both
#Explanation of correct answer- Though different functions have been attributed to the
different types of cementum, it should be understood that the cementum functions as a single
unit.Main function of cementum include provide a medium for attachment of periodontal
ligament fibers and helps to maintain the width of periodontal ligament.
#Highyield-The primary function of cementum is to furnish a medium for the attachment of
collagen fibers that bind the tooth to alveolar bone. Since collagen fibers of the periodontal
ligament cannot be incorporated into dentin, a connective tissue attachment to the tooth is
impossible without cementum.
a. provide a medium for attachment of periodontal ligament fibers-One of the function of

cementum
b. helps to maintain the width of periodontal ligament.- One of the function of cementum
#Extraedge-
Repair
Cementum serves as the major reparative tissue for root surfaces. Damage to roots such as
fractures and resorptions can be repaired by the deposition of new cementum. Cementum formed
during repair resembles cellular cementum because it forms faster, but it has a wider cementoid
zone and the apatite crystals are smaller. If the repair takes place slowly, it cannot be
differentiated from primary cementum.
Repair-Anatomic and clinical consideration
1. Trauma or excessive occlusal forces causes_____?

A. Hypertrophy of cementum
B. Hyperplasia of cementum
C. Resorption of cementum
D. None of the above
Answer:C
#Explanation of correct option- Cementum resorption can occur after trauma or excessive
occlusal forces. In severe cases, cementum resorption may continue into the dentin. After
resorption has ceased, the damage usually is repaired, either by formation of acellular or cellular
cementum or by alternate formation of both.
#Highyield-. In most cases of repair, there is a tendency to reestablish the former outline of the
root surface. This is called anatomic repair. However, if only a thin layer of cementum is
deposited on the surface of a deep resorption, the root outline is not reconstructed, and a bay-like
recess remains. In such areas, sometimes the periodontal space is restored to its normal width by
formation of a bony projection so that a proper functional relationship will result
A. Hypertrophy of cementum- Trauma or excessive occlusal forces causes resorption of
cementum
B. Hyperplasia of cementum- Trauma or excessive occlusal forces causes resorption
of cementum
#Extraedge-
Functional repair
. The outline of the alveolar bone in these cases follows that of the root surface . In
contrast to anatomic repair, this change is called functional repair.
Periodontal Ligament
Cells and fibers
1.The most abundant principal fibers group in periodontal fibers?
a.Horizontal
b.Alveolar crest
c.Apical
d.Oblique
Ans d.Oblique
#Explanation of correct option- Oblique fibers are the most numerous and occupy nearly two-
thirds of the ligament.
#Highyield-These fibers are inserted into the alveolar bone at a position coronal to their
attachment to cementum, thereby resulting in their oblique orientation within the periodontal
space. These fibers resist vertical and intrusive forces.
a.Horizontal- These fibers run at right angles to the long axis of the tooth from cementum to
alveolar bone, and are roughly parallel to the occlusal plane of the arch.
b. Alveolar crest fibers extend obliquely from the cementum just beneath the junctional
epithelium to the alveolar crest
c.Apical- From the cementum at the root tip, fibers of the apical bundles radiate through the
periodontal space to become anchored into the fundus of the bony socket.
#Extraedge-
Interradicular group The principal fibers of this group are inserted into the cementum from the
crest of interradicular septum in multirooted teeth. These fibers resist tooth tipping, torquing, and
luxation. These fibers are lost if age-related gingival recession proceeds to the extent that the
furcation area is exposed. Total loss of these fibers occurs in chronic inflammatory periodontal
disease.
#Mantra-
2.Bone adjacent to PDL that contain a number of sharpeys fibers is known as:
a.Lamina dura
b.Bundle bone
c.Lamina Propria
d.Lamina densa
Ans b.Bundle bone
#Explanation of correct option- Collagen fibers are embedded into cementum on one side of
the periodontal space and into alveolar bone on the other. The embedded fibers are termed
Sharpey’s fibers.
#Highyield-. Sharpey’s fibers are more numerous but smaller at their attachment into cementum
than alveolar bone. The mineralized parts of Sharpey’s fibers in alveolar bone appear as
projecting stubs covered with mineral clusters.
a.Lamina dura- Bone adjacent to PDL that contain a number of sharpeys fibers is known as
bundle bone
c.Lamina Propria- Bone adjacent to PDL that contain a number of sharpeys fibers is known as
bundle bone
d.Lamina densa- Bone adjacent to PDL that contain a number of sharpeys fibers is known as
bundle bone
#Extraedge-
Intermediate plexus Earlier, it was believed that, the principal fibers frequently followed a wavy
course from cementum to bone and are joined in the mid region of the periodontal space, giving
rise to a zone of distinct appearance, the so-called intermediate plexus.
3.Periodontal ligament is made up of:
a.Type I collagen
b.Type I and type III Collagen
c.Type I and type II collagen
d.Type I and type IV
Ans b.Type I and type III Collagen

#Explanation of correct option- The main types of collagen in the periodontal ligament are
type I and type III. More than 70% of periodontal ligament collagens are of type I.
#Highyield-Type I collagen is uniformly distributed in the ligament. It contains two identical

α1(I) chains and a chemically different α2 chain. It is low in hydroxylysine and glycosylated
hydroxylysine. Type III collagen accounts for about 20% of collagen fibers. It consists of three
identical α1(III) chains.
a.Type I collagen-Main type of collagen in PDL are Type I and type III Collagen
c.Type I and type II collagen- Main type of collagen in PDL are Type I and type III Collagen
d.Type I and type IV- Main type of collagen in PDL are Type I and type III Collagen.
#Extraedge-
The collagen fibril diameters of the mammalian periodontal ligament are small with a mean
diameter of 45–55 nm. The small diameter of the fibrils could be due to high rate of collagen
turnover or the absence of mature collagen fibrils.
4.Group of fibers which resist the masticatory forces
a.Horizontal
b.Alveolar crest fibres
c.Oblique
d.Apical
Ans c.Oblique

d.Apical- From the cementum at the root tip, fibers of the apical bundles radiate through the
#Extraedge-
disease.
#Mantra-
5.Fibers of PDL embedded in the bone
a.Sharpeys fibers
b.Tomes fibers
c.Elastic fibers
d.Ray fibers
Ans a.Sharpeys fibers
#Explanation of correct option- Collagen fibers are embedded into cementum on one side of
the periodontal space and into alveolar bone on the other. The embedded fibers are termed
Sharpey’s fibers.
#Highyield-. Sharpey’s fibers are more numerous but smaller at their attachment into cementum
than alveolar bone. The mineralized parts of Sharpey’s fibers in alveolar bone appear as
projecting stubs covered with mineral clusters.
b.Tomes fibers- Fibers of PDL embedded in the bone known as sharpeys fibers
c.Elastic fibers- Fibers of PDL embedded in the bone known as sharpeys fibers
d.Ray fibers- Fibers of PDL embedded in the bone known as sharpeys fibers
#Extraedge-
Intermediate plexus Earlier, it was believed that, the principal fibers frequently followed a wavy
course from cementum to bone and are joined in the mid region of the periodontal space, giving
rise to a zone of distinct appearance, the so-called intermediate plexus.
Functions of PDL
Q1.Which of the following fibers resist tilting, intrusive, extrusive, and rotational forces?
a.Alveolar crest fibers

b.Horizontal group
c.Oblique group
d.Apical group
Ans a.Alveolar crest fibers
#Explanation of other options- Alveolar crest fibers extend obliquely from the cementum just
beneath the junctional epithelium to the alveolar crest
#Highyield-Fibers also run from the cementum over the alveolar crest and to the fibrous layer of
the periosteum covering the alveolar bone. These fibers resist tilting, intrusive, extrusive, and
rotational forces. Confusion often arises concerning anatomic differentiation of the periodontal
alveolar crest group from an immediately suprajacent gingival fiber group, the dentoperiosteal
fibers.
b.Horizontal group- These fibers run at right angles to the long axis of the tooth from cementum
to alveolar bone, and are roughly parallel to the occlusal plane of the arch. They are found
immediately apical to the alveolar crest fiber group.
c.Oblique group- Oblique fibers are the most numerous and occupy nearly two-thirds of the
ligament.
d.Apical group- From the cementum at the root tip, fibers of the apical bundles radiate through
the periodontal space to become anchored into the fundus of the bony socket
#Extraedge-
disease
#Mantra-
Q2.Masticatory forces resist by?
a.Dentogingival
b.Transeptal
c.Oblique
d.Horizontal
Ans c.Oblique
d.Apical- From the cementum at the root tip, fibers of the apical bundles radiate through the
#Extraedge-
disease.
#Mantra-
Q3.The main function of horizontal fibers of PD Ligament is
A.Prevent extrusion
b.Prevent rotation
c.Maintains the mesiodistal width
d.All of the above
Ans c.Maintains the mesiodistal width
#Explanation of correct option-These fibers run at right angles to the long axis of the tooth
from cementum to alveolar bone, and are roughly parallel to the occlusal plane of the arch.
#Highyield-They are found immediately apical to the alveolar crest fiber group. These bundles
pass from their cemental attachment directly across the periodontal ligament space to become
inserted in the alveolar process as Sharpey’s fibers.
A.Prevent extrusion- main function of horizontal fibers of PD Ligament is maintains the

mesiodistal width
b.Prevent rotation- main function of horizontal fibers of PD Ligament is maintains the

mesiodistal width
#Extraedge-
disease.
#Mantra-
Q4.Intermediate plexus is seen in
a.Cementum
b.PDL
C.Pulp
d.Dentin
Ans b.PDL
#Explanation of correct option- Earlier, it was believed that, the principal fibers frequently
followed a wavy course from cementum to bone and are joined in the mid region of the
periodontal space, giving rise to a zone of distinct appearance, the so-called intermediate plexus.
#Highyield-. The plexus was also considered to be an area of high metabolic activity in which
splicing and unsplicing of fibers might occur.
a.Cementum- Intermediate plexus is seen in cementum
C.Pulp- Intermediate plexus is seen in cementum
d.Dentin- Intermediate plexus is seen in cementum
#Extraedge-
A specific type of waviness has been reported in collagenous tissues including the periodontal
ligament, called crimping. These are best seen under polarizing microscope. The crimp is
gradually pulled out when the ligament is subjected to mechanical tension, until it disappears.
Q5.Main collagen fibers of PDL are
a.Type II Collagen fibers
b.Oxytalan fibers
c.Elastic fibers
d.Type I collagen fibers
Ans d.Type I collagen fibers
Ans b.Type I and type III Collagen
#Explanation of correct option- The main types of collagen in the periodontal ligament are
type I and type III. More than 70% of periodontal ligament collagens are of type I.
#Highyield-Type I collagen is uniformly distributed in the ligament. It contains two identical
α1(I) chains and a chemically different α2 chain. It is low in hydroxylysine and glycosylated
hydroxylysine. Type III collagen accounts for about 20% of collagen fibers. It consists of three
identical α1(III) chains.
a.Type I collagen-Main type of collagen in PDL are Type I and type III Collagen
c.Type I and type II collagen- Main type of collagen in PDL are Type I and type III Collagen
d.Type I and type IV- Main type of collagen in PDL are Type I and type III Collagen.
#Extraedge-
The collagen fibril diameters of the mammalian periodontal ligament are small with a mean
diameter of 45–55 nm. The small diameter of the fibrils could be due to high rate of collagen
turnover or the absence of mature collagen fibrils.
#Mantra-
Age and clinical consideration
1.Age changes in the PDL include which of the following:
a.Increased Fibroplasia
b.Increased vascularity
c.Increased thickness
d.Decrease in number of cementicles
Ans a.Increased Fibroplasia

#Explanation of correct option-With age, the cells decrease in number and the activity in the
ligament also decreases. Due to lack of functional stimulation the width of the ligament also
decreases
#Highyield-The cells of the periodontal ligament may show reduced chemotaxy and motility,
which may be due to reduced expression of C-fos ligand by the senescent cells. The reduced
proliferative capacity of cells may be related to decreased expression of osteocalcin by
periodontal ligament fibroblasts because it is responsible for failure to progress in cell cycle
particularly G1 to S phase. There is also an overall decrease in the production of the organic
matrix.
b.Increased vascularity- Age changes in the PDL include Increased Fibroplasia
c.Increased thickness- Age changes in the PDL include Increased Fibroplasia
d.Decrease in number of cementicles- Age changes in the PDL include Increased Fibroplasia
#Extraedge-
The cell number and the cell activity decreases with aging. One of the prominent age changes is
seen in the calcified tissues of the periodontium, bone (alveolar), and cementum is scalloping and
the periodontal ligament fibers are attached to the peaks of these scallops than over the entire
surface as seen in a younger periodontium. This remarkable change affects the supporting
structures of the teeth. With aging, the activity of the periodontal ligament tissue decreases
because of restricted diets and therefore normal functional stimulation of the tissue is diminished.
Any loss of gingival height related to gingival and periodontal disease promotes destructive
changes in the periodontal ligament.
#Mantra-
Age changes in Periodontal ligament
Decreased cells and their activity
Decreased collagen turnover
Decreased elastic fibers
Generally ligament width decrease due to decreased masticatory load
Alveolar bone
Chemical properties
Q1.What makes up 60% of inorganic component of Alveolar Bone?

A.) phosphoprotein
B.) collagen
C.) hydroxyapatite
D.) eleidin
Ans C hydroxyapatite
#Explanation of correct answer-
The bone net weight is 60% inorganic material, 25% organic material, and 5% water
The mineral component is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, with carbonate content and low
Ca/P ratio than the pure hydroxyapatite.
#Highyield-Small amount of calcium phosphate is also present. Bone crystals are in the form of
thin plates or leaf-like structures. They are packed closely with long axis nearly parallel to long
axis of collagen fibrils. The narrow gaps between the crystals contain associated water and
organic macromolecules.
A.) phosphoprotein- The mineral component of bone is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals,

with carbonate content and low Ca/P ratio than the pure hydroxyapatite.
B.) collagen- The mineral component of bone is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, with
carbonate content and low Ca/P ratio than the pure hydroxyapatite.
D.) eleidin - The mineral component of bone is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, with
carbonate content and low Ca/P ratio than the pure hydroxyapatite.
#Extraedge-
Noncollagenous proteins Noncollagenous proteins comprise the remaining 10% of the total
organic content of bone matrix. Most are endogenous proteins produced by bone cells, while
some like albumin are derived from other sources such as blood, and become incorporated into
bone matrix during osteosynthesis. Some of the important noncollagenous proteins are
osteocalcin (Gla proteins), osteopontin, bone sialoproteins (BSPs), and osteonectin. Osteonectin
forms 25% of noncollagenous proteins and is bound to collagen.
#Mantra-
Q2.The organic component of the alveolar bone is made up of 25%.
A.Oytalan
b.Hydroxyapetite
c.Collagen
d.Phosphoprotein
Ans c.Collagen
#Explanation of correct answer- The bone net weight is 60% inorganic material, 25% organic
material, and 5% water. The inorganic part of bone is made of bone minerals. -Collagen is the
major organic component in mineralized bone tissues. Type I collagen (>95%) is the principal
collagen in mineralized bone and, together with type V collagen (<5%), forms heterotypic fiber
bundles that provide the basic structural integrity of connective tissues
#Highyield-Collagen is the major organic component in mineralized bone tissues. Type I
collagen (>95%) is the principal collagen in mineralized bone and, together with type V collagen
(<5%), forms heterotypic fiber bundles that provide the basic structural integrity of connective
tissues. The elasticity of collagen imparts resiliency to the tissue and helps to resist fractures.
Alveolar bone contains type I, type V, type III, and type XII collagen. Type XII collagen present
in alveolar bone has been found to be expressed under condition of mechanical strain. Sharpey’s
fibers contain type III collagen with type I collagen. Types III and XII collagen fibers are
produced by fibroblasts during the formation of the periodontal ligament.
A.Oytalan--Collagen is the major organic component in mineralized bone tissues.
b.Hydroxyapetite--Collagen is the major organic component in mineralized bone tissues.
d.Phosphoprotein--Collagen is the major organic component in mineralized bone tissues.
#Extraedge-
Noncollagenous proteins Noncollagenous proteins comprise the remaining 10% of the total
organic content of bone matrix. Most are endogenous proteins produced by bone cells, while
some like albumin are derived from other sources such as blood, and become incorporated into
bone matrix during osteosynthesis. Some of the important noncollagenous proteins are
osteocalcin (Gla proteins), osteopontin, bone sialoproteins (BSPs), and osteonectin. Osteonectin
forms 25% of noncollagenous proteins and is bound to collagen. Bone matrix also contains
proteoglycans, of which biglycan and decorin are important
Classifcation
Q1.It is thicker in the mandible than maxilla, generally greater on the lingual than on the facial
surface.
a. Spongosa
b. Cortical plate
c. Bundle bone
d. Lamina cribriformisans
Ans b. Cortical plate
#Explanation of correct option-Compact bone (cortical bone) consists of tightly packed

osteons or haversian systems, forming a solid mass.
#Highyield-Histologically, bones are classified as mature bone and immature bone. Mature bone
is further classified as compact bone and cancellous bone.
a. Spongosa - Compact bone (cortical bone) consists of tightly packed osteons or haversian
systems, forming a solid mass.
c. Bundle bone - Compact bone (cortical bone) consists of tightly packed osteons or haversian
systems, forming a solid mass.
d. Lamina cribriformisans- Compact bone (cortical bone) consists of tightly packed osteons or
haversian systems, forming a solid mass.
#Extraedge-
Cancellous bone (spongy bone) has a honeycomb appearance, with large marrow cavities and
sheets of trabeculae of bone in the form of bars and plates.
#Mantra-
Cells of alveolar bone
1.These are bone cells, except:

a.Osteoclasts
b.Osteoblasts
c.Adipose cells
d.Osteocytes
Ans c.Adipose cells
#Explanation of correct option- Adipose cell, connective-tissue cell specialized to synthesize
and contain large globules of fat.
Bone cells are osteoclast,osteoblast and osteocytes.
#Highyield-Osteoblasts are mononucleated cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of
the macromolecular organic constituents of bone matrix. As the osteoblasts form the bone
matrix, they get entrapped within the matrix they secrete, and now they are called
osteocytesOsteoclast is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the mineralized
matrix of bone.
a.Osteoclasts- Osteoclast is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the
mineralized matrix of bone.
b.Osteoblasts- Osteoblasts are mononucleated cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of
the macromolecular organic constituents of bone matrix
d.Osteocytes-As the osteoblasts form the bone matrix, they get entrapped within the matrix they
secrete, and now they are called osteocytes
#Extraedge-
Regulation of osteoclast activity Many factors both local and systemic may act alone or in
conjunction with other factors to promote the formation of osteoclasts or its activity.
#Mantra-
2.These are mononucleated cell that synthesize collagenous and noncollagenous bonematrix
protein.
a.Osteoblast
b. osteoclast
c.osteocytes
d.Cementoclast
Ans a.Osteoblast
#Explanation of correct answer-Osteoblasts are mononucleated cells responsible for the
synthesis and secretion of the macromolecular organic constituents of bone matrix.
#Highyield-These cells are derived from osteoprogenitor cells of mesenchymal origin, which are
present in the bone marrow and other connective tissues. Periosteum also serves as an important
reservoir of osteoblasts, particularly during childhood growth, after skeletal fractures or in bone-
forming tumors.
b. osteoclast - Osteoclast is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the
mineralized matrix of bone.
c.osteocytes- As the osteoblasts form the bone matrix, they get entrapped within the matrix they
secrete, and now they are called osteocytes
d.Cementoclast-Cementum dissolving cells
#Extraedge-
Formation Osteoblasts are derived from undifferentiated pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs). The commitment of MSCs toward osteoprogenitor lineage requires the synthesis of
BMPs and members of wnt pathways. The osteoprogenitor cells express transcription factors
Cbfa-1/RUNX-2 and osterix, which are essential for osteoblast differentiation. Cbfa-1 triggers
the expression of BSP, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and type I collagen. Once a pool of osteoblast
progenitors expressing RUNX-2 is formed, there is a proliferation phase. In this phase, osteoblast
progenitors show alkaline phosphatase activity and are considered as preosteoblasts.
#Mantra-
Remodelling
Q1.First stage of bone remodeling?
a.Activation stage
b.Resorption stage
c.Reversal stage
d.All of the above
Answer- a.Activation stage
#Explanation of correct answer- The cells of the osteoblast lineage interact with hematopoietic
cells to initiate osteoclast formation. This stage of bone remodeling involves detection of an
initiating remodeling signal.
#Highyield-. This signal can be as a result of mechanical strain causing structural damage or a
hormonal effect on the bone. Daily activity also places mechanical strain on the skeleton and
osteocytes probably sense changes in these physical forces and translate them into biological
signals that initiate bone remodeling.
b.Resorption stage- . In this stage, osteoblasts respond to signals generated by osteocytes and
recruit osteoclast precursors to the remodeling site. In addition it expresses cytokines, M-CSF,
RANKL, and OPG, which is also modulated in response to PTH. OPG expression is reduced and
M-CSF and RANKL production increased to promote osteoclast formation and subsequent
activity.
c.Reversal stage- Resorption phase is followed by the reversal phase comprising the
differentiation of osteoblast precursors and discontinuation of bone resorption with osteoclast
apoptosis. Following osteoclast-mediated resorption, the Howship’s lacunae remain covered with
undigested demineralized collagen matrix.
#Extraedge-
Mediators of bone remodeling
Hormones Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced in the parathyroid glands in response to

hypocalcemia stimulating bone resorption. A stimulating role in bone formation has also been
established through the synthesis of IGF-1 and TGF-β. This dual effect of resorption and
formation is explained by the fact that the continuous supply of PTH stimulates bone resorption
through the synthesis of RANKL on the part of the osteoblastic cells, while at intermittent doses,
it would stimulate the formation of bone, associated with an increase of the growth factors and
with a decrease in the apoptosis of osteoblasts.
#Mantra-
Age changes and clinical consideration
Q1.With ageing there is
a.Alveolar bone loss
b.Bone formation
c.Marrow space decreases
d.All of the above
Ans a.Alveolar bone loss

#Explanation of correct option- With age there is a gradual decrease in bone formation
with a resultant significant decrease in the bone mass. This is either because of a decrease in
osteoblast proliferating precursors or decreased synthesis and secretion of essential bone
matrix proteins.
#Highyield-The extracellular matrix also plays an important role in bone metabolism and
there might be a dysfunction of the extracellular matrix with age. Fibronectin present in the
matrix plays an important role in osteoblastic activity and that fibronectin damaged by
oxygen-free radicals during the aging process might be responsible for reduced bone
formation.
b.Bone formation-With ageing bone loss occur
c.Marrow space decreases- With ageing marrow space increases
#Extraedge-
Change in dental arch shape Studies relating to changes in the dental arch with age have
shown that the area of dental arches increased between 3 and 15 years and that maximum
changes were noticed particularly between 5 and 7 years and 11 and 13 years probably
relating to the periods during which most of the permanent teeth erupt.
#Mantra-
Age changes in Alveolar bone
Decreased bone formation
Fatty marrow
Greater distance between alveolar crest and CEJ
Q2. Alveolar bone is for
A.Protection
B.Attachment
C.Support
D.All of these
Answer: D. All of these
#Explanation of correct answer-Alveolar bone forms and protects the sockets for the teeth.It
gives the attachment to the periodontal ligament fibers.It supports the tooth roots on the facial
and it helps absorb the forces placed upon the tooth.
#Highyield-Functions of alveolar bone are as follows: • Houses the roots of teeth. • Anchors the
roots of teeth to the alveoli, which is achieved by the insertion of Sharpey’s fibers into the
alveolar bone proper. • Helps to move the teeth for better occlusion. • Helps to absorb and
distribute occlusal forces generated during tooth contact. • Supplies vessels to the periodontal
ligament. • Houses and protects developing permanent teeth, while supporting primary teeth. •
Organizes eruption of primary and permanent teeth.
A.Protection –One of the function of alveolar bone
B.Attachment- One of the function of alveolar bone
C.Support- One of the function of alveolar bone
#Extraedge-
Development of alveolar process Near the end of the 2nd month of fetal life, the maxilla as well
as the mandible form a groove that is open toward the surface of the oral cavity.
Theories of tooth eruption
1.Which theory of tooth eruption states that the growth of root impinges upon a sling
of connective tissue called cushion-hammock ligament?
1.Bone growth theory
2.Root growth theory
3.Vascular pressure theory
4.Ligament traction theory
Ans2.Root growth theory

#Explanation of correct answer-The root growth theory states that the growth of root
impinges upon a sling of connective tissue called cushion-hammock ligament (which
straddles across the bony socket) to produce the necessary thrust for eruption.
#Highyield- This theory is challenged because cushion-hammock ligament is not inserted

into the bone to have a fixed base to produce the necessary force for eruption. Also, the
eruptive distances are greater than root length in many teeth, and rootless teeth can also erupt
1.Bone growth theory-Bone remodeling clearly is important to permit tooth movement; for
instance, in animals that exhibit a genetic deficiency of osteoclasts, tooth eruption is
prevented
3.Vascular pressure theory-It is known that teeth move in synchrony with the arterial pulse,
so local volume changes can produce limited tooth movement. Ground substance can swell
by up to 50% with the addition of water, and a differential pressure sufficient to cause tooth
movement between the tissues below and above an erupting tooth has been reported in the
dog.
4.Ligament traction theory-There is a good deal of evidence that the eruptive force resides
in the dental follicle–periodontal ligament complex. Experiments delineating the role of the
follicle, from which incidentally the periodontal ligament forms, have already been presented
in the section dealing with bony remodeling
#Extraedge-
Bone remodeling theory
Bone remodeling clearly is important to permit tooth movement; for instance, in animals that
exhibit a genetic deficiency of osteoclasts, tooth eruption is prevented. Whether the bony
remodeling that occurs around teeth is the cause or is the effect of tooth movement is not
known. If the tooth germ is removed experimentally and the dental follicle left intact, an
eruptive pathway forms in the overlying bone. Further, if a silicone replica is substituted for
the tooth germ, it also erupts. On the other hand, if the dental follicle is removed, no eruptive
pathway forms.
#Mantra-
Shedding
Q1.Shedding is a
a.Physiological
b.Pathological
c.Both
d.None
Ans a.Physiological
#Explanation of correct answer- The physiologic process resulting in the elimination of the
deciduous dentition is called shedding or exfoliation.
#Highyield-The jaws of an infant are small and the deciduous teeth are small. The jaws grow
as the child grows, but the teeth cannot increase in size after they have formed and erupted.
The muscles of mastication also increase in size and also their power of contraction, i.e., the
masticatory force increases as the child grows. The periodontal ligament of the deciduous
teeth cannot withstand the increase in the force of mastication. Hence, there is a need for
more number of larger and stronger teeth to withstand greater masticatory force of the adult.
So, the permanent teeth, which are more in number, larger and stronger than the deciduous
teeth erupt, replacing the deciduous teeth.
b.Pathological-Shedding is a pathological process

c.Both- Shedding is a pathological process
d.None- Shedding is a pathological process
#Extraedge-
Pattern of shedding
The shedding of deciduous teeth is the result of progressive resorption of the roots of teeth
and their supporting tissue, the periodontal ligament. Most attention has been paid to the
removal of the dental hard tissues, which is accomplished by easily identified multinuclear
cells in every way similar to osteoclasts . In general, the pressure generated by the growing
and erupting permanent tooth dictates the pattern of deciduous tooth resorption. At first, this
pressure is directed against the root surface of the deciduous tooth itself.
#Mantra-
Q2.Main cells involve in shedding is
a.Osteoblast
b.Osteoclast
c.Fibroblast
d.Fibroclast
Ans b.Osteoclast
#Explanation of correct answer- The cells responsible for the removal of dental hard tissue
are identical to osteoclasts, and are called odontoclasts.
#Highyield-They develop membrane specializations, like ruffled border, and clear zone after
they contact the resorbing surface. The odontoclasts fuse with each other to form a
multinucleated giant cell only after they get attached to the resorbing surface.
c.Fibroblast-Connective tissue forming cells are fibroblast
d.Fibroclast-Connective tissue resorbing cells are fibroclast
#Extraedge-
Functions of odontoclasts
Odontoclasts are able to resorb all the dental hard tissues, including, on occasions, enamel.
They resorb all dental tissues in the same way as osteoclasts resorb bone. When dentin is
being resorbed, the presence of the tubules provides a pathway for the easy extension of
odontoclast processes
#Mantra-
Q3.Trauma to deciduous tooth results in
a.Ankylosis
b.Bone facture
c.Exfoliation
d.None of the above
Ans a.Ankylosis
#Explanation of correct answer- Trauma to the deciduous teeth results in ankylosis.
#Highyield-Trauma to the deciduous teeth results in ankylosis. These ankylosed deciduous

teeth cannot continue to erupt like adjacent teeth, hence lie below occlusal plane and are
referred to as submerged teeth.
b.Bone facture-Trauma to the deciduous teeth results in ankylosis.
c.Exfoliation- Parts of the roots of the teeth not lying in the path of erupting successor teeth
escape resorption and get embedded in the bone, or if found close to surface get exfoliated.
#Extraedge-
Factors involved in shedding Shedding is a genetically programed event in development

influenced by local factors. The local factors are pressure exerted by the developing
successor teeth and increased masticatory force of the developing adult, which the deciduous
teeth cannot withstand.
Q4.Cells that involves in mechanism of resorption?
a.Odontoclast
b.Osteoclast
c.Fibroblast
d.Fibroclast
Ans a.Odontoclast
#Explanation of correct answer- The cells responsible for the removal of dental hard tissue
are identical to osteoclasts, and are called odontoclasts.
#Highyield-They develop membrane specializations, like ruffled border, and clear zone after
they contact the resorbing surface. The odontoclasts fuse with each other to form a
multinucleated giant cell only after they get attached to the resorbing surface.
c.Fibroblast-Connective tissue forming cells are fibroblast
d.Fibroclast-Connective tissue resorbing cells are fibroclast
#Extraedge-
Functions of odontoclasts
Odontoclasts are able to resorb all the dental hard tissues, including, on occasions, enamel.
They resorb all dental tissues in the same way as osteoclasts resorb bone. When dentin is
being resorbed, the presence of the tubules provides a pathway for the easy extension of
odontoclast processes
#Mantra-
Q5.Resorption of anterior teeth begins in the
a.Lingual
b.Buccal
c.Both
d.None
Ans a.Lingual
#Explanation of correct answer-The crestal region of the buccal and lingual bone wall,
comprised solely of bundle bone, has been shown to exhibit pronounced vertical resorption,
especially on the buccal side, in the first 8 weeks post-extraction.
#Highyield-Tooth resorption often begins on the external surface of the tooth and may
gradually move inwards. In addition to losing part of a tooth, you may also develop
inflammation of the gums and other symptoms characteristic of this condition.
b.Buccal- Resorption of anterior teeth begins in the Lingual
c.Both - Resorption of anterior teeth begins in the Lingual
d.None- Resorption of anterior teeth begins in the Lingual
#Extraedge-
Where are primary tooth roots resorbed?

 The primary tooth roots are usually resorbed from the apical end towards the crown of the
tooth but in some cases the resorption may commence on the lateral aspect of the root, depending
on the position of the erupting tooth relative to the primary tooth roots.
#Refrence-Orbans,15thed,pgno.989
Clinical consideration
1.The first permanent tooth to erupt in the oral cavity is

a) Mandibular central incisors
b) Mandibular first molar
c) Maxillary central incisor
d) Maxillary first molar
Ans b) Mandibular first molar
#Explanation of correct answer- Generally, there is a remarkable consistency in the

eruption schedule of the human dentition that reflects a programmed eruption process. An
example will be the term “6-year molars” used synonymously with the permanent first
molars.
#Highyield-Tooth eruption occurs earlier in females compared to males of the same age and
race. Teeth that emerge significantly outside of the normal ranges should be considered as
abnormal or indicative of a fault in eruptive movement. Clinically, the presence of both
deciduous and permanent teeth helps in assessment of the age of the child.
a) Mandibular central incisors-First teeth to erupt in the oral cavity is mandibular first molar
c) Maxillary central incisor- First teeth to erupt in the oral cavity is mandibular first
molar
d) Maxillary first molar- First teeth to erupt in the oral cavity is mandibular first molar
#Extraedge-
Delayed or retarded eruption is the most common aberration relating to tooth eruption. It
may be due to local or systemic factors. Systemic factors include nutritional, genetic, and
endocrine deficiencies. Local factors include such situations such as early loss of a
deciduous tooth with consequent drifting of adjacent teeth to block the eruptive pathway.
#Mantra-
2.Generally in majority of children, the sequence of eruption of permanent teeth In
mandible is
a) 1-6-2-3-5-4-7-8
b) 6-1-2-4-5-3-7-8
c) 6-1-2-3-4-5-7-8
d) 6-1-2-4-3-5-7-8
Ans c) 6-1-2-3-4-5-7-8
#Explanation of correct answer- The permanent dentition consisting of 32 teeth is completed
from 18 to 25 years of age if the third molar is included. Apparently there are four or more
centers of formation (developmental lobes) for each tooth.
#Highyield- The formation of each center proceeds until a coalescence of all of them takes
place.The sequence of eruption for permanent teeth in mandible is 6-1-2-3-4-5-7-8.
a) 1-6-2-3-5-4-7-8- The sequence of eruption for permanent teeth in mandible is 6-1-2-3-4-5-7-
8.b) 6-1-2-4-5-3-7-8- The sequence of eruption for permanent teeth in mandible is 6-1-2-3-4-5-8.
d) 6-1-2-4-3-5-7-8- The sequence of eruption for permanent teeth in mandible is 6-1-2-3-4-5-7-8.
#Extraedge-
Dental Age
Dental age is generally based on the formation or eruption of the teeth. The latter is usually based
on the time that the teeth emerge through the mucous membrane or gingiva, which is, in effect, a
single event for each tooth. However, the formation of teeth can be viewed as being continuous
throughout the juvenile years. When the last tooth has been completed, the skeleton is
approaching complete maturation. Later attrition and wear may be used to estimate chronological
age, but the estimation of adult age at best is only on the order of ±5 years.Estimation of juvenile
age is more precise than that of adult age
##Mantra-
3. The last primary tooth to be replaced by a permanent tooth is usually the
A. Maxillary canine
B. Maxillary 2nd molar
C. Mandibular 2nd molar
D. Mandibular canine
#easy#Dental histology#factual/clinical#neet pg#INICET
Ans. A: Maxillary canine
● Permanent maxillary canines are the last teeth to erupt into the oral cavity (after 3 rd
molars). They replace the deciduous canine and erupt into the oral cavity at the age of 11-
12 years.
#Highyield-
● Maxillary canines begin to calcify by 4 months of age. The enamel of the tooth is
completely formed by around 6 to 7 years of age and the permanent maxillary
canines erupt at around 11 to 12 years of age. The root is completely formed by 13 to
15 years of age. The maxillary canine teeth are slightly wider than the mandibular canine
teeth. The maxillary canines have one root, usually the longest root of any tooth in the
mouth.
#Mantra-
#Explanation for other options-
● Option B. maxillary 2nd molar-Permanent maxillary canines are the last teeth to erupt
into the oral cavity (after 3rd molars). They replace the deciduous canine
● Option C. Mandibular 2nd molar-Permanent maxillary canines are the last teeth to
erupt into the oral cavity (after 3rd molars). They replace the deciduous canine
● Option D. Mandibular canine-Permanent maxillary canines are the last teeth to erupt
into the oral cavity (after 3rd molars). They replace the deciduous canine
#Extraedge-
#Reference-Wheelers,9th edition, pg no.127
4. Calcification of the permanent first molar usually begins in the:
A. Third month of intrauterine life

B. In the sixth month of intrauterine life
C. At birth
D. In the third month of extrauterine life
#Easy#Clinical#Dental anatomy#INICET#NEET PG
Ans. C: At birth
● #Explanation of correct option-First evidence of calcification of permanent teeth has
the range of time from birth (first molars) to 8 years (Third molars). by 8 years
calcification of permanent teeth is completed except for third molars.
#Highyield-
● First evidence of calcification of permanent teeth has the range of time from birth
(first molars) to 8 years (Third molars). by 8 years calcification of permanent teeth
is completed except for third molars.
● Calcification of deciduous teeth begins about the 4th month of prenatal life (central
incisors) and by the 6th month all of the deciduous teeth will begin to develop.
#Mantra
#Explanation for incorrect options-
● Option A. Third month of intrauterine life-First evidence of calcification of

permanent teeth has the range of time from birth
● Option B. In the sixth month of intrauterine life-First evidence of calcification of
● Option D. In the third month of extra uterine life-First evidence of calcification of
#Extraedge-
#Reference-Wheelers,9thed. pg no.175
5. Krishna, a 6-year-old child, received tetracycline. The noticeable discoloration will be

seen in:
A. Premolars, incisors and 1st molars

B. Canine and 2nd molars
C. Canines, premolars and 2nd molars
D. Incisors and 1st molars
moderate#Dental Aantomy#clinical#NEET PG#INICET
Ans. C: Canines, premolars, and 2nd molars

● Tetracycline causes staining of teeth, which are in the process of calcification.
#Highyield-
● At 6 years of age, first molars and incisors are calcified completely so staining does not
occur in them. Canines, premolars, and 2nd molars are in the process of calcification, so
they are affected by tetracycline. Calcification of permanent teeth is completed by 8 years
with the exception of 3rd molars.
#Mantra-
#Explanation for Other options-
● Option A. Premolars, incisors, and 1st molars-At 6 years of age, the first molars and
incisors are calcified completely so staining does not occur in them. Canines, premolars,
and 2nd molars are in the process of calcification,
● Option B. Canines and 2nd molars-At 6 years of age, first molars and incisors are
calcified completely so staining does not occur in them. Canines, premolars, and 2nd
molars are in the process of calcification,
● Option D. Incisors and 1st molars-At 6 years of age, the first molars and incisors are
calcified completely so staining does not occur in them. Canines, premolars and 2nd
molars are in the process of calcification,
#Extraedge-
Reference-Wheelers,9th ed, pg no.148
Oral mucous membrane

Function
1. Masticatory mucosa is
a) Para keratinised
b) Otho keratinised
c) Non keratinised
d) Sub keratinised
Ans b) Otho keratinized
#Explanation of correct answer- The masticatory mucosa is Orthokeratinized and is made up
of the gingiva and the hard palate.
#Highyield-They have similarities in thickness and keratinization of epithelium; in thickness,
density, and firmness of lamina propria; and in being immovably attached. However, there are
differences in their submucosa.
a) Para keratinized-Masticatory mucosa is orthokeratinised
c) Non keratinized--Masticatory mucosa is orthokeratinised
d) Sub keratinized--Masticatory mucosa is orthokeratinised
#Extraedge-
Hard palate
The mucous membrane of the hard palate is tightly fixed to the underlying periosteum and
therefore immovable. Like the gingiva it is pink. The epithelium is uniform in form with a rather
well-keratinized surface. The cells of the stratum corneum exhibit stacking, and in the rat there
are complementary grooves and ridges between the apposing surfaces of the cells. The pedicles,
the increase in number and length of desmosomes, the density of the tonofilaments, and the
complementary grooves and ridges all appear to be adaptations of keratinizing epithelium to
resist forces and to bind the epithelium to the connective tissue.
#Mantra-
Classification
1.Basement membrane consist of:
a.Contain lamina lucida and lamina dura
b.Contain luratihyaline granules
c.Contain lamina lucida and lamina densa
d.Consist of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
Ans c.Contain lamina lucida and lamina densa
#Explanation of correct answer-The epithelium is separated from the lamina propria by the
basement membrane. Ultrastructurally this interface is called basal lamina and it consists of a
clear lamina lucida and a dense lamina densa.
#Highyield-The lamina densa consists of collagen fibrils of which type VII forms loops
(anchoring fibrils) through which pass types I and II. The lamina lucida is a glycoprotein layer
containing collagen fibrils type IV, and is immediately subjacent to the epithelium.
a.Contain lamina lucida and lamina dura-Basement membrane consist of clear lamina lucida and
a dense lamina densa
b.Contain luratihyaline granules- Basement membrane consist of clear lamina lucida and a dense
lamina densa
d.Consist of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes- Basement membrane consist of clear lamina
lucida and a dense lamina densa
#Extraedge-
Lamina propria
The lamina propria consists of a papillary layer that occupies the spaces between the epithelial
projections called epithelial ridges and a reticular layer below it. The papillary layer depends on
the length of the epithelial ridges, it can be even absent as in alveolar mucosa. Lamina propria
contains type I and II collagen fibers and elastic fibers in lining mucosa, which helps to restore
tissue form after stretching. Sensory nerve endings of various types are found in the papillae.
#Mantra-
Masticatory mucosa
1.The vermillion border require frequent moistening because:
a.It contain more number of sweat glands
b.It contains more no.of sebaceous gland
c.It contain less no. of sebaceous gland
d.It contains less no. of sweat glands
Ans c.It contain less no. of sebaceous glands
#Explanation of correct answer- The skin on the outer surface of the lip is covered by a
moderately thick, keratinized epithelium with a rather thick stratum corneum. The papillae of the
connective tissue are few and short.
#Highyield-The transitional zone between the skin of the lip and the mucous membrane of the
lip is the red zone, or the vermilion zone. The line that separates the skin from the vermilion zone
is termed the vermilion border. It is found only in humans. The vermilion border of the upper lip
is arched and it is referred to as cupid’s bow. The junction of upper lip vermilion border and
lower lip vermilion border is called commissure, and is at the corner of the mouth.
a.It contain more number of sweat glands-Vermillion border consist of less no. of sebaceous
gland
b.It contains more no.of sebaceous gland- Vermillion border consist of less no. of sebaceous
gland
d.It contains less no. of sweat glands- Vermillion border consist of less no. of sebaceous gland
#Extraedge-
The transitional region is characterized by a thicker but mildly keratinized epithelium and
numerous, densely arranged, long papillae of the lamina propria, reaching deep into the
epithelium and carrying large capillary loops close to the surface. Thus, blood is visible through
the thin parts of the translucent epithelium and gives the red color to the lips. The keratinization
decreases toward the lip, but the thickness of the epithelium increases. The inner aspect of the lip
is the thicker nonkeratinized labial mucosa
#Mantra-
Linning mucosa
1.Stippling:
a.Due to alternative elevations and depressions in epithelium
b.Function adaptation to mechanical impact
c.Disappeared in progressing gingivitis due to edema and this change is reversible
d.All of the above
#Explanation of correct answer- The gingiva is characterized by a surface that appears

stippled. Portions at the epithelium appear to be elevated, and between the elevations there are
shallow depressions, the net result of which is stippling.
#Highyield-The depressions correspond to the center of heavier epithelial ridges. There may be
protuberances of the epithelium as well as stippling. They probably are functional adaptations to
mechanical impacts. The disappearance of stippling is an indication of edema, an expression of
an involvement of the gingiva in a progressing gingivitis.
a.Due to alternative elevations and depressions in epithelium-one of the reason for stippling
b.Function adaptation to mechanical impact- one of the reason for stippling
c.Disappeared in progressing gingivitis due to edema and this change is reversible- one of the
reason for stippling
#Extraedge-
The gingival fibers of the periodontal ligament enter into the lamina propria, attaching the
gingiva firmly to the teeth . The gingiva is also immovably and firmly attached to the periosteum
of the alveolar bone. Because of this arrangement, it is often referred to as mucoperiosteum. Here
a dense connective tissue, consisting of coarse collagen bundles extends from the bone to the
lamina propria.
#Mantra-
2.Epithelium of oral mucus membrane
a.Keratinized
b.Non keratinized
c.Ortho,para and non keratinized
d.Only parakeratinized
Ans c.Ortho,para and non keratinized
#Explanation of correct answer- The epithelium of the oral mucous membrane is of the
stratified squamous variety. It may be keratinized (orthokeratinized or parakeratinized) or
nonkeratinized, depending on location. In humans, the epithelial tissues of the gingiva and the
hard palate (masticatory mucosa) are keratinized.
#Highyield-The cheek, faucial, and sublingual tissues are normally nonkeratinized . Both
keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelia consist of two groups of cells, namely the keratinocytes
and nonkeratinocytes.
a.Keratinized- Epithelium of oral mucus membrane is Ortho,para and non keratinized
b.Non keratinized- Epithelium of oral mucus membrane is Ortho,para and non keratinized
d.Only parakeratinized- Epithelium of oral mucus membrane is Ortho,para and non keratinized
#Extraedge-
Stratum basale
The basal layer is made up of a single layer of cuboidal cells. The basal layer is made up of cells
that synthesize DNA and undergo mitosis, thus providing new cells . New cells are generated in
the basal layer. However, some mitotic figures may be seen in spinous cells just beyond the basal
layer. These cells have become determined as they leave the basal layer. The basal cells and
parabasal spinous cells are referred to as the stratum germinativum, but only the basal cells can
divide
#Mantra-
Classification-salivary gland
1.Largest salivary gland is
(a) submaxillary
(b) parotid
(c) sublingual
(d) infraorbital
Answer: (b)Parotid
#Explanation of correct answer- The parotid is the largest major salivary gland. Its superficial
portion is located subcutaneously lying in front of the external ear and its deeper portion lies
behind the ramus of the mandible, filling the retromandibular fossae.
#Highyield-The parotid is 5.8 cm craniocaudally and 3.4 cm ventrodorsally. It weighs between

14 and 28 g. The main excretory duct, Stensen’s duct, crosses the masseter muscle and turns
medially at the anterior edge penetrating the buccinator muscle to open at a papilla at the buccal
mucosa opposite the maxillary second molar.
(a) submaxillary-The largest salivary gland is parotid gland
(c) sublingual- The largest salivary gland is parotid gland
(d) infraorbital- The largest salivary gland is parotid gland
#Extraedge-
Submandibular gland
The submandibular gland is the second largest salivary gland, also called the submaxillary
salivary gland. It weighs half the weight of parotid gland. The submandibular gland is on the
medial aspect of the body of the mandible in the submandibular triangle. It is placed posterior
and superficial to the mylohyoid muscle with an extension folded around the posterior border of
the mylohyoid to be above the muscle.
#Mantra-
2. The duct of Bartholin is linked with
(a) sublingual glands
(b) maxillary glands
(c) parotid glands

(d) infraorbital glands
Answer: (a) (a) sublingual glands
#Explanation of correct option-Sublingual gland is the smallest of the major salivary glands,
which is almond shaped. The sublingual gland lies between the floor of the mouth, below the
mucosa and above the mylohyoid muscle . It is composed of one main gland with several small
glands. The main duct, Bartholin’s duct opens with or near the submandibular duct.
#Highyield-The sublingual gland is also a mixed gland, but the mucous secretory units greatly
outnumber the serous units. The mucous cells are usually arranged in a tubular pattern; serous
demilunes may be present at the blind ends of the tubules. Pure serous acini are rare or absent.
(b) maxillary glands-The duct of bartholin is linked with sublingual gland
(c) parotid glands- The duct of bartholin is linked with sublingual gland
(d) infraorbital glands- The duct of bartholin is linked with sublingual gland
#Extraedge-
Minor salivary glands The minor salivary glands are located beneath the epithelium in almost all
parts of the oral cavity. These glands usually consist of several small groups of secretory units
opening via short ducts directly into the mouth. They lack a distinct capsule, instead mixing with
the connective tissue of the submucosa or muscle fibers of the tongue and cheek.
#Mantra-
Development of salivary gland
Q1.In human being salivary gland are derived from
a.Ectoderm
b.Endoderm
c.Mesoderm
d.All
Ans a .Ectoderm
#Explanation of correct option- In human beings, all the salivary glands arise from the
ectoderm of the oral cavity, and are comparable to other ectodermal derivatives such as
sebaceous and mammary gland.
#Highyield-During fetal life, each salivary gland is formed at a specific location in the oral
cavity through the growth of a bud of oral epithelium into the underlying mesenchyme. The
primordia of the parotid and submandibular glands of humans appear during the 6th week,
whereas the primordium of the sublingual gland appears after 7–8 weeks of fetal life. The minor
salivary glands begin their development during the 3rd month.
b.Endoderm- In human beings, all the salivary glands arise from the ectoderm of the oral cavity.
c.Mesoderm- In human beings, all the salivary glands arise from the ectoderm of the oral cavity,
d.All- In human beings, all the salivary glands arise from the ectoderm of the oral cavity,
#Extraedge-
Control of secretion The physiologic control of salivary gland secretion is mediated through the
activity of the ANS; particularly parasympathetic nervous system. The control of secretion is
also linked to changing taste and smell. Each of these is capable of modifying the amount and
consistency of the salivary secretion though gustatory stimulus is more important than
masticatory stimulus.
Ductal system
Q1.Salivary gland stone most commonly involves
a.Submandibular gland
b.Sublingual gland
c.Parotid gland
d.Lingual glands
Ans a.Submandibular gland
#Explanation of correct option-
Salivary stones, also called sialolithiasis, are hardened mineral deposits that form in the salivary
glands.
#Highyield-Of all salivary gland stones, 80 percent form in the submandibular salivary glands,
but they can form in any of the salivary glands, including:
 The parotid glands on the side of the face, near the ears
 The sublingual glands under the tongue (uncommon)
 The minor salivary glands in the inside of the cheek or lips, under the tongue and beneath
the palate (rare)
b.Sublingual gland-Salivary gland stone most commonly involve submandibular gland
c.Parotid gland- Salivary gland stone most commonly involve submandibular gland
d.Lingual glands- Salivary gland stone most commonly involve submandibular gland
#Extraedge-
What causes salivary stones?
The cause is not known, but several factors are associated with salivary stone formation:
 Dehydration, due to inadequate fluid intake, illness, or medications such as diuretics

(water pills) and anticholinergic drugs
 Trauma to the inside of the mouth
 Smoking
 Gum disease
#Refrence-Orbans,15thed,pgno.878
Composition ,Properties and functions of saliva
Q1.Optimum pH of saliva action is
a.6.8
b.8.6
c.7
d.9.5
Ans a.6.8
#Explanation of correct option- The pH of whole saliva varies from 6.4 to 7.4, the parotid saliva
varies over a greater range from pH of 6.0–7.8.
#Highyield-The time of the day also exerts an influence on the amount, source, and composition
of the saliva. For instance, during sleep, very little saliva is secreted by the major salivary gland
and minor salivary gland becomes much more significant.
b.8.6- The pH of whole saliva varies from 6.4 to 7.4
c.7- The pH of whole saliva varies from 6.4 to 7.4

d.9.5- The pH of whole saliva varies from 6.4 to 7.4
#Extraedge-
Functions of saliva The most important function of the salivary gland is the production and the
secretion of the saliva. Protection of the oral cavity environment is the major function of the
saliva, the other functions being assisting in digestion, speech, mastication, taste, and tissue
repair.
#Mantra-
Major and minor salivary gland

1.Largest salivary gland is
a.Submaxillary
b.Parotid
c.Sublingual
d.submandibular
Ans b.Parotid
#Explanation of correct option- The parotid is the largest major salivary gland. Its superficial
portion is located subcutaneously lying in front of the external ear and its deeper portion lies
behind the ramus of the mandible, filling the retromandibular fossae.
#Highyield-The parotid is 5.8 cm craniocaudally and 3.4 cm ventrodorsally. It weighs between

14 and 28 g. The main excretory duct, Stensen’s duct, crosses the masseter muscle and turns
medially at the anterior edge penetrating the buccinator muscle to open at a papilla at the buccal
mucosa opposite the maxillary second molar.
a.Submaxillary-The parotid gland is largest salivary gland
c.Sublingual- The parotid gland is largest salivary gland
d.submandibular- The parotid gland is largest salivary gland
#Extraedge-
Submandibular gland
The submandibular gland is the second largest salivary gland, also called the submaxillary
salivary gland. It weighs half the weight of parotid gland. The submandibular gland is on the
medial aspect of the body of the mandible in the submandibular triangle. It is placed posterior
and superficial to the mylohyoid muscle with an extension folded around the posterior border of
the mylohyoid to be above the muscle. The main excretory duct, Wharton’s duct, runs forward
above the mylohyoid muscle lying just below the mucosa of the floor of the mouth in its terminal
portion.
#Mantra-
2.The duct of bartholin is linked with
a.Sublingual glands
b.Maxillary gland
c.Parotid gland
d.Infraorbital gland
Ans a.Sublingual glands
#Explanation of correct answer- The main duct, Bartholin’s duct opens with or near the
submandibular duct. Several smaller ducts, duct of Rivinus, open independently along the
sublingual fold.
#Highyield-The sublingual gland is also a mixed gland, but the mucous secretory units greatly
outnumber the serous units. The mucous cells are usually arranged in a tubular pattern; serous
demilunes may be present at the blind ends of the tubules. Pure serous acini are rare or absent.
b.Maxillary gland-Bartholin duct is linked with sublingual gland
c.Parotid gland- Bartholin duct is linked with sublingual gland
d.Infraorbital gland- Bartholin duct is linked with sublingual gland
#Extraedge-
Minor salivary glands The minor salivary glands are located beneath the epithelium in almost all
parts of the oral cavity. These glands usually consist of several small groups of secretory units
opening via short ducts directly into the mouth. They lack a distinct capsule, instead mixing with
the connective tissue of the submucosa or muscle fibers of the tongue and cheek. There are 600–
1000 minor salivary glands lying in the oral cavity and the oropharynx.
#Mantra-
Temporomandibular joint
Anatomic and microscopic features
1.TMJ articular disc is made up of:
A. Elastic cartilage
B. Fibrocartilage
C. Bony processes
D. Fibrous ligament and hyaline cartilage only

#easy#moderate#Dental anatomy#clinical#neet pg#INICET
Ans. B: Fibrocartilage
#Explanation of correct answer- Articular disc (or) meniscus is composed of dense fibrous
connective tissue and is located between the condylar head and mandibular fossa. The disc is
biconcave in shape and divides
the joint cavity into upper and lower joint spaces. The central area of the disc is relatively
avascular, devoid of nerves, and has limited reparative ability. The disc is thick
anteroposteriorly and thin centrally.
#Highyield-● The interarticular disk consists of fibrous tissue shaped to accommodate the shape
of
the condyle and concavity of the mandibular fossa. Thicker anterior and posterior
bands and a thin central zone are evident. The superior and inferior heads of the
lateral pterygoid muscle both insert into the pterygoid fovea of the mandible with a
part of the superior head inserting into the disk and capsule. The disk divides the
articulating surfaces into upper and lower compartments that provide for smooth gliding
function. As the jaw opens and moves forward, the intermediate zone of the disk is
interposed between the anterior slope of the articular eminence and the condyle, and
the bilaminar region of the disk fills in the mandibular fossa.
#Mantra-
● Option A. Elastic cartilage-Elastic cartilage, sometimes referred to as yellow fibrocartilage, is
a type of cartilage that provides both strength and elasticity to certain parts of the body
● Option C. Bony processes-Articular disc (or) meniscus is composed of dense fibrous
connective tissue and is located between the condylar head and mandibular fossa.
● Option D. Fibrous ligament and hyaline cartilage only-Articular disc (or) meniscus is
composed of dense fibrous connective tissue and is located between the condylar head and
mandibular fossa.
#Extraedge-
● MANDIBULAR LIGAMENTS Accessory ligaments, including the stylomandibular and
sphenomandibular ligaments, are considered a part of the masticatory apparatus. These
ligaments do not have a direct relationship with mandibular articulation, although they may
stabilize the articular system during jaw movements. The sphenomandibular ligament arises
from the angular spine of the sphenoid bone and from the petrotympanic fissures and ends
broadly at the lingula of the mandible. In some instances, a continuation of ligament fibers is
evident through the petrotympanic fissure via the Huguier canal to the middle ear, where
they attach to the malleus. Otomandibular ligaments connect the middle ear and the TMJ.
Reference-Wheelers,9th ed, pg no262
2. The condyle of the mandible is composed of

a. cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
b. compact bone covered by athin layer of cancellous bone
c.Cancellous bone
d.None
Ans a. cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
#Explanation of correct answer-The condyle of the mandible is composed of cancellous bone

covered by a thin layer of compact bone . The trabeculae are grouped in such a way that they
radiate from the neck of the mandible and reach the cortex at right angles, thus giving maximal
strength to the condyle.

#Highyield-The large marrow spaces decrease in size with progressing age as a result of
noticeable thickening of the trabeculae. The red marrow in the condyle is of the myeloid or
cellular type. In older individuals, it is sometimes replaced by fatty marrow.
b. compact bone covered by athin layer of cancellous bone-. The condyle of the mandible is
composed of cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
c.Cancellous bone- The condyle of the mandible is composed of cancellous bone covered by a
thin layer of compact bone
#Extraedge-
Articular fibrous covering In synovial joints, the articular surfaces are covered with hyaline
cartilage. TM joint, unlike other synovial joints, the articular surfaces are covered with fibrous
tissue. This is because the mandible is formed from membranous ossification and there are no
cartilages present to cover the articular surface. The condyle and the articular eminence are
covered by a rather thick layer of fibroelastic tissue containing fibroblasts and a variable number
of chondrocytes.
#Mantra-
Blood supply and nerve supply of TMJ
Q1.The venous drainage of TMJ is mainly by:
a.Superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein
b.Mandibular vein
c.Both
d.None
Ans a.Superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein
#Explanation of correct answer- Venous drainage of the TMJ is provided by the superficial
temporal vein and maxillary vein. Both veins merge and form the retromandibular vein
that carries venous blood further to the internal and external jugular veins.
#Highyield-The innervation to the temporomandibular joint is by branches from the
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3), mostly through the auriculotemporal
branch, along with branches from the masseteric and deep temporal nerves.
b.Mandibular vein-The venous drainage of TMJ is mainly by Superficial temporal vein

and maxillary vein
c.Both- The venous drainage of TMJ is mainly by Superficial temporal vein and
maxillary vein
d.None- The venous drainage of TMJ is mainly by Superficial temporal vein and
maxillary vein
#Extraedge-
The arterial supply to the joint is through branches of the maxillary and superficial temporal
arteries. Large venules are consistently seen close to the anterior ligament of the disk, the
bilaminar zone, and the posterior capsule.
#Mantra-
Q2.The main supply of TMJ comes from
a.Anterior tympanic artery

b.Mandibular artery
c.Deep auricular artery
d.all
Ans c.Deep auricular artery
#Explanation of correct answer- The TMJ is supplied mainly by three arteries. The main
supply comes from the deep auricular artery (from the maxillary artery) and the superficial
temporal artery (a terminal branch of the external carotid artery).

#Highyield- In addition, the joint is supplied by the anterior tympanic artery (also a branch of the
maxillary artery).
The venous drainage of the TMJ is via the superficial temporal vein and the maxillary vein.
a.Anterior tympanic artery-The main supply of TMJ is Deep auricular artery
b.Mandibular artery- The main supply of TMJ is Deep auricular artery
#Extraedge-
Muscles acting on the temporomandibular joint
Medial pterygoid muscle

Musculus pterygoideus medialis
There are four main muscles of mastication including the temporalis, masseter, lateral
pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles. Mastication is also facilitated by
the infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles. Each movement in the TMJ activates a certain
group of muscles:
 Elevation: Temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid muscles;

 Depression: Lateral pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles;
 Protrusion: Lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles;
 Retraction: Posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of masseter, geniohyoid and digastric
muscles;
 Lateral deviation: Posterior fibers of temporalis, digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid
muscles (ipsilateral movement); lateral and medial pterygoid muscles (contralateral
movement).
#Mantra-
Q3.The innervations of TMJ is by branches from
a.Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
b.Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
c.Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
d.All
Ans a.Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
#Explanation of correct option-The innervation to the temporomandibular joint is by

branches from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3),

#Highyield-Mostly through the auriculotemporal branch, along with branches from
the masseteric and deep temporal nerves. The articular tissues and the dense part of the
articular disc have no nerve supply.
b.Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve- The innervation to the temporomandibular joint is

by branches from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3),
c.Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve- The innervation to the temporomandibular joint is

by branches from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3),
d.All- The innervation to the temporomandibular joint is by branches from the mandibular
division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3),
#Extraedge-
Muscles acting on the temporomandibular joint
Medial pterygoid muscle

Musculus pterygoideus medialis
There are four main muscles of mastication including the temporalis, masseter, lateral
pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles. Mastication is also facilitated by
the infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles. Each movement in the TMJ activates a certain
group of muscles:
 Elevation: Temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid muscles;

 Depression: Lateral pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles;
 Protrusion: Lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles;
 Retraction: Posterior fibers of temporalis, deep part of masseter, geniohyoid and digastric
muscles;
 Lateral deviation: Posterior fibers of temporalis, digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid
muscles (ipsilateral movement); lateral and medial pterygoid muscles (contralateral
movement).
#Mantra-
Q4. Ruffini’s corpuscles present in the capsule are
a.Proprioreceptor
b.Mechanoreceptor
c.Nocioreceptor
d.All of these
#Explanation of correct answer-Ruffini’s corpuscles present in the capsule are the

proprioceptors and sense the changes in the joint when the joint is static.

#Highyield-Proprioceptor fibers from the joint are carried by masseteric nerves and perhaps
other muscular branches of the mandibular nerve.
b.Mechanoreceptor- The Pacinian corpuscles, also present in the capsule, act as

mechanoreceptors to signal the rapidity and slowness of the joint movement.
c.Nocioreceptor- Ruffini’s corpuscles present in the capsule are the proprioceptors and sense
the changes in the joint when the joint is static.
#Extraedge-
The arterial supply to the joint is through branches of the maxillary and superficial temporal
arteries. Large venules are consistently seen close to the anterior ligament of the disk, the
bilaminar zone, and the posterior capsule.
#Mantra-
Q5. The Pacinian corpuscles, also present in the capsule, act as
a.Proprioreceptor
b.Mechanoreceptor
c.Nocioreceptor
d.All of these
Ans b.Mechanoreceptor
#Explanation of correct answer- The Pacinian corpuscles, also present in the capsule, act as

#Highyield- Proprioceptor fibers from the joint are carried by masseteric nerves and perhaps
other muscular branches of the mandibular nerve.
a.Proprioreceptor-- The Pacinian corpuscles, also present in the capsule, act as

c.Nocioreceptor- The Pacinian corpuscles, also present in the capsule, act as

#Extraedge-
#Mantra-
Functions-
1.The temporomandibular ligament is attached to:
A. Lateral aspect of TMJ
B. Posterior aspect of TMJ
C. Mandibular condyle
D. Coronoid process
#easy#Dental anatomy#clinical#neet pg#INICET
Ans. A: Lateral aspect of TMJ
● Temporo- mandibular ligament--This is the external (lateral) portion of the capsular
ligament, which is attached to the zygomatic process of temporal bone above and lateral
posterior margin of the neck of condyle below.
● Temporomandibular ligament acts as a suspensory ligament during moderate mouth

opening
movements called hinge movements, where the forward movement of the condyle is
very
slight.
● Sphenomandibular ligaments act as suspensory ligaments during wider opening

movements,
where the condyle moves forward rapidly.
#Highyield-
● The TMJ is enclosed in a capsule that is attached at the borders of the articulating
surfaces
of the mandibular fossa and eminence of the temporal bone and to the neck of the
mandible.
The anterolateral side of the capsule may be thickened to form a band referred to as
the temporomandibular ligament. It is not always so thickened, but when clearly
distinguishable as a ligament, it appears to originate on the zygomatic arch and to pass
backward to attach on the lateral and/or distal surfaces of the neck of the mandible
#Mantra-
● Option B. Posterior aspect of TMJ attached to the zygomatic process of temporal

bone
above and lateral posterior margin of the neck of condyle below.
● Option C. Mandibular condyle-attached to the zygomatic process of temporal bone

above
and lateral posterior margin of the neck of condyle below.
● Option D. Coronoid process attached to the zygomatic process of temporal bone

above and
lateral posterior margin of the neck of condyle below.
#Extraedge-
● MANDIBULAR LIGAMENTS Accessory ligaments, including the stylomandibular

and
sphenomandibular ligaments, are considered a part of the masticatory apparatus.
These
ligaments do not have a direct relationship with mandibular articulation, although they
may
stabilize the articular system during jaw movements. The sphenomandibular ligament
arises
from the angular spine of the sphenoid bone and from the petrotympanic fissures and
ends
broadly at the lingula of the mandible. In some instances, a continuation of ligament

fibers is
evident through the petrotympanic fissure via the Huguier canal to the middle ear,
where
they attach to the malleus. Otomandibular ligaments connect the middle ear and the
TMJ.
Reference-Wheelers,9thed, pg no.262
2.Forward movement of the mandible is done by:
A. Lateral pterygoid
B. Medial pterygoid
C. Temporalis - anterior fibers
D. Temporalis - posterior fibers
#Easy#Dental anatomy #clinical#neet pg#INICET
Ans. A: Lateral pterygoid
● Mandibular closing(elevators) -Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
Mandibular opening(depressors)--Lateral pterygoid, suprahyoid muscles (digastric,
mylohyoid, and geniohyoid).
● Retrusion --Posterior fibers of temporalis

● Protrusion--Lateral and medial pterygoid
● Lateral movements--Combined action of elevators and retruders on the working side

and
protruders on the non-working side.
#Highyield-
● The lateral pterygoid muscle has two origins: one head originates on the outer surface
of the
lateral pterygoid plate, and an upper or superior head originates on the greater
sphenoid
wing The insertion is on the anterior surface of the neck of the condyle. In addition, an
insertion is evident of some fibers to the capsule of the joint and anterior aspect of the
articular disk. The superior head is active during various jaw-closing movements only,
whereas the inferior head is active during jaw-opening movements and protrusion
only. The lateral pterygoid is anatomically suited for protraction, depression, and
contralateral abduction. It may also be active during other movements for joint
stabilization. The superior head is active during such closing movements as chewing
and
clenching of the teeth and during swallowing
#Mantra-
#Explanation for other options
● Option B. Medial pterygoid-Medial pterygoid is a thick quadrilateral muscle that

connects the
mandible with the maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones
● Option C. Temporalis-anterior fibers-The temporalis muscle can be divided into two
functional parts; anterior and posterior. The anterior portion runs vertically and its
contraction results in elevation of the mandible (closing the mouth).
● Option D. Temporalis - posterior fibers-The temporalis muscle can be divided into

two functional
parts; anterior and posterior. The anterior portion runs vertically and its contraction
results in elevation
of the mandible (closing the mouth).
#Extraedge-
● Temporomandibular Articulation -The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an

example of
ginglymoarthrodial articulation, and its movements are a combination of gliding

movements
and a loose hinge movement. The osseous portions of the joint are the anterior portion
of the
mandibular (glenoid) fossa and articular eminence of the temporal bone, and the
condyloid
process of the mandible The functional surfaces of both the condyle and the eminence,
along
with the anterior aspects of the condyle, are the functional articular surfaces, not the
mandibular fossa. Interposed between the condyle and temporal bone is the articular
disk. It
consists of dense collagenous connective tissue that, in the central area, is relatively
avascular, hyalinized, and devoid of nerves.
#Reference-Wheelers,9thed, pg no259
Q3. The lateral pterygoid muscle

a) Is attached to the coronoid process and elevates the mandible.
b) Is attached to the condylar process and elevates the mandible.
c) Is attached to the coronoid process and protrudes the mandible.
d) Is attached to the condylar process and protrudes the mandible.
Ans d) Is attached to the condylar process and protrudes the mandible.
#Explanation of correct option-The lateral pterygoid muscle is attached to the pterygoid
fovea on the anterior aspect of the condylar neck of the mandible and its principal action is
protrusion of the mandible.
#Highyield-The insertion is on the anterior surface of the neck of the condyle. In addition, an
articular disk
a) Is attached to the coronoid process and elevates the mandible.- The lateral pterygoid muscle Is
attached to the condylar process and protrudes the mandible.
b) Is attached to the condylar process and elevates the mandible- The lateral pterygoid muscle Is
attached to the condylar process and protrudes the mandible.
c) Is attached to the coronoid process and protrudes the mandible- The lateral pterygoid muscle
Is attached to the condylar process and protrudes the mandible.
#Extraedge-
MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE
The medial pterygoid muscle arises from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and
from the palatine bone. It inserts on the medial surface of the angle of the mandible and on the
ramus up to the mandibular foramen. The principal functions of the medial pterygoid muscle are
elevation and lateral positioning of the mandible. It is active during protrusion. The innervation
is a branch of the mandibular division of the fifth nerve.
#Mantra-
#Reference-Wheelers,9thed,pgno.283
Q4.Which muscle is the most active during a right lateral excursion of the mandible?
a) Left lateral pterygoid muscle
b) Right lateral pterygoid muscle
c) Left medial pterygoid muscle
d) Right medial pterygoid muscle
Ans a) Left lateral pterygoid muscle
#Explanation of correct answer-The lateral pterygoid muscles protrude the mandible

whereas the medial pterygoids elevate it. Lateral excursion is the equivalent of a unilateral
protrusion on the opposite side from the deviation; thus the left muscle is most active during
as right excursion.
#Highyield-The insertion is on the anterior surface of the neck of the condyle. In addition, an
articular disk
b) Right lateral pterygoid muscle- Left lateral pterygoid muscle is the most active during a right
lateral excursion of the mandible
c) Left medial pterygoid muscle- Left lateral pterygoid muscle is the most active during a right
d) Right medial pterygoid muscle- Left lateral pterygoid muscle is the most active during a right
#Extraedge-
MEDIAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE
The medial pterygoid muscle arises from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and
from the palatine bone. It inserts on the medial surface of the angle of the mandible and on the
ramus up to the mandibular foramen. The principal functions of the medial pterygoid muscle are
elevation and lateral positioning of the mandible. It is active during protrusion. The innervation
is a branch of the mandibular division of the fifth nerve.
#Mantra-
1.Dislocation is treated by forcing the mandible
a) Upwards and backwards
b) Upwards and forwards
c) Downwards and forwards
d) Downward and backward
Ans d) Downward and backward
#Explanation of correct answer- Dislocation is treated by forcing the mandible Downward
and backward. Anterior dislocations are the most common type of mandibular dislocation,
usually secondary to atraumatic causes.
#Highyield-Temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation, or mandibular dislocation, can

present as bilateral or unilateral displacement of the mandibular condyle from the articular
surface of the temporal bone (the glenoid fossa). Anterior, posterior, superior, and lateral
mandibular dislocations can occur.
a) Upwards and backwards- Dislocation is treated by forcing the mandible Downward
and backward.
b) Upwards and forwards- Dislocation is treated by forcing the mandible Downward
and backward.
c) Downwards and forwards- Dislocation is treated by forcing the mandible
Downward and backward.
#Extraedge-
Pathophysiology
Mandible dislocation can occur anterior, posterior, superior, or lateral to the articular eminence.
Dislocations can also be classified as acute, chronic, or recurrent.
Anterior dislocations are the most common type of dislocation. The condyle of the mandible is
displaced anterior to the temporal bone articular eminence; this can occur by elevation of the
mandible by the temporalis and masseter muscles before relaxation occurs by the lateral
pterygoid. Anterior temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) dislocations often result
following atraumatic causes that result in over-opening of the mandible or interruption of normal
mouth opening. Anterior dislocation may increase the risk of recurrent dislocation.
#Mantra-
Dislocated mandible
2. When you examine a patient who has suffered an unfavourable fracture of the body of
the mandible, you would expect the
a) anterior fragment to be displaced downwards by the action of the digastric muscle
b) Posterior fragment to be displaced anteriorly by the action of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
c) anterior fragment to be displaced backwards by action of the temporalis muscle
d) Posterior fragment to be displaced medially by action of the medial pterygoid muscle.
Ans A
#Explanation of correct answer-The elevator muscles of the mandible would displace the
posterior fragment upwards and the suprahyoid muscles would displace the anterior fragment
downwards thus separating the bones at the fracture line.
#Highyield-Mandibular body fractures usually occur between the distal aspect of the canine and
a hypothetical line that corresponds to the region of anterior attachment of the masseter muscle.
They may be classified based on the anatomic location, the direction of the fracture line, position
of teeth relative to the fracture, and favorableness. Based on the fracture line direction and the
effect of muscle distraction on the fracture fragments, the body fractures can classify into two
types (favorable and unfavorable).
b) Posterior fragment to be displaced anteriorly by the action of the lateral pterygoid muscle.-
The elevator muscles of the mandible would displace the posterior fragment upwards and the
suprahyoid muscles would displace the anterior fragment downwards thus separating the bones
at the fracture line.
c) anterior fragment to be displaced backwards by action of the temporalis muscle- The elevator
muscles of the mandible would displace the posterior fragment upwards and the suprahyoid
muscles would displace the anterior fragment downwards thus separating the bones at the
fracture line.
d) Posterior fragment to be displaced medially by action of the medial pterygoid muscle.- The
elevator muscles of the mandible would displace the posterior fragment upwards and the
suprahyoid muscles would displace the anterior fragment downwards thus separating the bones
at the fracture line.
#Extraedge-
Evaluation
Evaluation of the body fracture is via radiographs using plain radiography (panoramic, lateral-
oblique, posteroanterior, occlusal, and periapical views) and CT scan. The lateral-oblique view
helps to diagnose posterior body fractures. Mandibular occlusal view and Caldwell
posteroanterior view demonstrate the presence of medial or lateral displacement of body
fractures. Among all the radiographs, the most informative is the panoramic radiograph. The
entire mandible is viewable in a single plane along with various advantages such as simplicity of
technique, cost-effectiveness, and low radiation exposure compared with CT or cone-beam
computed tomography (CBCT). However, it is challenging to take a panoramic radiograph in a
severely traumatized patient as it usually requires the patient to be upright position
#Mantra-
Maxillary sinus
Blood supply and nerve supply
1.Maxillary sinus is vascularized mainly by branches of
a.Maxillary artery
b.Mandibular artery
c.Both
d.None
#Explanation of correct answer- The maxillary sinus is vascularized mainly by the

branches of maxillary artery and innervated by the branches of the maxillary nerve .
#Highyield-There are 3 primary arterial suppliers to the maxillary sinus: the posterior
superior alveolar artery, infraorbital artery, and posterior lateral nasal.The posterior superior
and infraorbital are direct branches of the third (pterygopalatine) portion of the maxillary
artery, which in turn emanates from the external carotid artery.
b.Mandibular artery- Maxillary sinus is vascularized mainly by branches of Maxillary artery
c.Both- Maxillary sinus is vascularized mainly by branches of Maxillary artery
#Extraedge-
Posterior Superior Alveolar Artery
This artery branches from the maxillary artery just as it passes into the pterygopalatine fossa.
This branch descends on the maxillary tuberosity and gives off numerous branches that enter the
alveolar process to supply the lining of the antrum, posterior teeth, and other superficial branches
to supply the maxillary gingivae. This artery can be encountered while aspirating during an
infiltration of the maxillary second or third molar because it runs near the tuberosity.
#Mantra-
2.Maxillary sinus is innervated mainly by
a.Maxillary nerve
b.Mandibular nerve
c.Both
d.None
#Explanation of correct answer- The maxillary sinus is vascularized mainly by the branches
of maxillary artery and innervated by the branches of the maxillary nerve.
#Highyield-The maxillary nerve is the second of three branches of the trigeminal nerve. It
arises between the trigeminal's ophthalmic and mandibular divisions in a region called the
trigeminal ganglion, a cluster of nerves involved in relaying sensory information to the brain
as well as chewing motor function.
b.Mandibular nerve-Maxillary sinus is innervated by the branches of the maxillary nerve.
c.Both - Maxillary sinus is innervated by the branches of the maxillary nerve.
#Extraedge-
Anatomical Variations
As with many parts of the nervous system, there are sometimes variations seen in the structure of
the maxillary nerve, and this is of particular concern for surgeons and dentists. For instance, it
can be what is called “bifid,” meaning it is split into two parts
#Mantra-
Histologic feature.
1. The maxillary sinus is lined by ;
A. Tall columnar cells

B. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
C.Ciliated cells
D. None
Ans B. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
#Explanation of correct answer- The sinus is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium like all other respiratory passages.
#Easy#Dental Histology #clinical#neet pg#INICET
#Highyield-The epithelium shows four types of cells, namely the basal cells, the nonciliated
columnar cell, the ciliated columnar cell, and the goblet cells. The ciliated columnar cell shows
cilia that help to spread the mucus over the lining and to the nasal cavity. Ultrastructurally, the
cilia are composed of 9 + 1 pairs of microtubules, which are attached by basal bodies to the cell.
A. Tall columnar cells- The maxillary sinus is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
C.Ciliated cells- The maxillary sinus is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium
#Extraedge-
Globlet cells
The goblet cell is a flask-shaped cell producing mucus, and the mucus is released into
the sinus cavity by exocytosis. In the subepithelial connective tissue, mucous and serous
glands are present. Their secretions reach the surface through ducts. The secretions from
these glands are under the control of autonomic nervous system. The connective tissue is
firmly attached to the periosteum of the bone, and is referred to as mucoperiosteum.
#Mantra-
Functions
Q1.Which of the following is function of maxillary sinus
a.Humidification and warming of inspired air, so it protects internal structures like
eyeball and brain from cold air
b. Being an air cavity within bone, it reduces the weight of the skull
c. Increases faciocranial resistance to mechanical shock
d.All of the above
#Explanation of correct option-Functions of the maxillary sinus include • Humidification and

warming of inspired air, so it protects internal structures like eyeball and brain from cold air •
Being an air cavity within bone, it reduces the weight of the skull • Increases faciocranial
resistance to mechanical shock • Adds resonance to the voice • Produces bactericidal enzyme
lysozyme for defense against bacterial infections
#Highyield-Very little is known about the participation of the paranasal sinuses in the
functioning of either the nasal cavity or the respiratory system as a whole. This is partially
because of the relative inaccessibility of the sinuses to the systemic functional studies and
because of the great variation in size of sinuses and their relationship to and communication with
the nasal cavity.
a.Humidification and warming of inspired air, so it protects internal structures like

eyeball and brain from cold air –One of the function of maxillary sinus
b. Being an air cavity within bone, it reduces the weight of the skull - One of the function
of maxillary sinus
c. Increases faciocranial resistance to mechanical shock- One of the function of maxillary
sinus
#Extraedge-
Other functions
• Adds resonance to the voice • Produces bactericidal enzyme lysozyme for defense against
bacterial infections
#Mantra-
1. Which is the most common tooth that overfilling may force materials directly into
the maxillary sinus:
A. Maxillary second premolar
B. Maxillary first molar
C. Maxillary first premolar
D. Facial root maxillary first premolar
Ans B. Maxillary first molar
#Explanation of correct answer- The maxillary sinus can normally be seen above the level of
the molar teeth in the upper jaw.
#Highyield-The pyramid-shaped maxillary sinus (or antrum of Highmore) is the largest of

the paranasal sinuses, located in the maxilla. It drains into the middle meatus of the nose through
the semilunar hiatus. It is located to the side of the nasal cavity, and below the orbit.
A.Maxillary second premolar- The maxillary sinus lies directly above the molars
c.Maxillary first premolar- The maxillary sinus lies directly above the molars
d.. Facial root of maxillary first premolar - The maxillary sinus lies directly above the
molars
#Extraedge-
It is the largest air sinus in the body. It has a mean volume of about 10 ml.[4][verification needed] It is
situated within the body of the maxilla,but may extend into its zygomatic and alveolar
processes when large. It is pyramid-shaped, with the apex at the maxillary zygomatic process,
and the base represented by the lateral nasal wall.
It has three recesses: an alveolar recess pointed inferiorly, bounded by the alveolar process of the
maxilla; a zygomatic recess pointed laterally, bounded by the zygomatic bone; and an
infraorbital recess pointed superiorly, bounded by the inferior orbital surface of the maxilla. The
medial wall is composed primarily of cartilage.
#Mantra-
2.The maxillary sinus lies directly above which of the following teeth?
A. Incisors
B. Canine
C. Premolars
D. Molars
#Explanation of correct answer-The maxillary sinus can normally be seen above the level of
the molar teeth in the upper jaw.
#Highyield-The pyramid-shaped maxillary sinus (or antrum of Highmore) is the largest of

the paranasal sinuses, located in the maxilla. It drains into the middle meatus of the nose through
the semilunar hiatus. It is located to the side of the nasal cavity, and below the orbit.
A.Incisors- The maxillary sinus lies directly above the molars

B. Canine- The maxillary sinus lies directly above the molars
C. Premolars - The maxillary sinus lies directly above the molars
#Extraedge-
It is the largest air sinus in the body. It has a mean volume of about 10 ml.[4][verification needed] It is
situated within the body of the maxilla,but may extend into its zygomatic and alveolar
processes when large. It is pyramid-shaped, with the apex at the maxillary zygomatic process,
and the base represented by the lateral nasal wall.
It has three recesses: an alveolar recess pointed inferiorly, bounded by the alveolar process of the
maxilla; a zygomatic recess pointed laterally, bounded by the zygomatic bone; and an
infraorbital recess pointed superiorly, bounded by the inferior orbital surface of the maxilla. The
medial wall is composed primarily of cartilage.
#Mantra-
3.Oroantral fistula in common in

A. Maxillary first premolar
B. Mandibular molar
C. Maxillary first molar
D. Mandibular molar
Ans C. Maxillary first molar
#Explanation of correct answer- Since the upper first molar tooth is most often closest to
the floor of the maxillary sinus, surgical manipulation on this tooth is most likely to break
through the partitioning bony lamina, and thus to establish a communication called an
oroantral fistula (2.19% of all such fistulas are caused by first molars, 2.01% by second
molars)
#Highyield-If untreated, the lumen of such fistulas might epithelialize and permanently
connect the maxillary space with the oral cavity. Erosion of the thin bony partition between
sinus and roots of teeth, which is already eroded to some extent by a cyst, granuloma, or
abscess, may result in oroantral fistula.
A. Maxillary first premolar-The oroantral fistula is common in maxillary first molar

B. Mandibular molar- The oroantral fistula is common in maxillary first molar
D. Mandibular molar- The oroantral fistula is common in maxillary first molar
#Extraedge-
Developmental anomalies Agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia are very rare and usually they
occur in association with anomalies involving face or palate. Supernumerary sinuses also
occur. In pituitary gigantism, the sinuses are large and in congenital syphilis they are very
small.
4. The chronic infections of the mucoperiosteal layer of the sinus,
a.Superior alveolar nerve

b.Inferior alveolar nerve
c.Both
d.none
#Explanation of correct option- The chronic infections of the mucoperiosteal layer of

the sinus, on the other hand, might involve superior alveolar nerves if these nerves are
closely related to the sinus and cause pain, which mimics pain of dental origin.
#Highyield-In this instance, the diagnosis must be based on a careful inspection of all the
upper teeth as well as of the maxillary sinus for a proper diagnosis and treatment. It is
important to note that walls of the sinus are with the nerves coursing through them. The
neuralgia of the maxillary nerve (trigeminal neuralgia) could also have an etiologic origin
in the superior dental apparatus or the mucoperiosteal layer of the sinus or both
#Explanation of other ptions-

b.Inferior alveolar nerve- The chronic infections of the mucoperiosteal layer of the
sinus, on the other hand, might involve superior alveolar nerves
c.Both- The chronic infections of the mucoperiosteal layer of the sinus, on the other
hand, might involve superior alveolar nerves
#Extraedge-
Development The maxillary sinus is established at 32 mm CR stage. It is formed by
expansion of middle meatus into the nasal cavity. It increases in size from 1 mm (50 CR
stage) to about 15 mm (anteroposteriorly) just before birth. In the adult, its size increases
further and the average dimensions are 34 mm anteroposteriorly, 33 mm superoinferiorly,
and 23 mm mediolaterally.
5.In which of the following disease sinuses are large?
a.Pituitary gigantism
b.Congenital syphilis
c. Myxodema
d.All
#Explanation of correct answer- In pituitary gigantism, the sinuses are large and in
congenital syphilis they are very small.
#Easy#Dental Histology #clinical#neet pg#INICET
#Highyield-Agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia are very rare and usually they occur in
association with anomalies involving face or palate. Supernumerary sinuses also occur.
b.Congenital syphilis- In pituitary gigantism, the sinuses are large and in congenital syphilis
they are very small
c. Myxodema- In pituitary gigantism, the sinuses are large and in congenital syphilis they
are very small
#Extraedge-
Structure
Maxillary sinus varies in size and shape and this is linked to the development and eruption of
teeth. It is generally described as a foursided pyramid with its base toward nasal cavity medially
and apex pointing toward zygomatic bone laterally. Its four sides are related to the maxilla in the
following manner: anterior to the facial surface, posterior to the infratemporal surface, superior
to the orbital surface, and inferior to the alveolar process. The bony wall in the base of the sinus
is the thinnest. The sinus opening called the ostium is located near the base and it opens into the
middle meatus of the nose
Tooth numbering system
1. In FDI system 11 refers to

A. Permanent maxillary right central incisor
B. Primary upper right central incisor
C. Left permanent upper canine
D. Primary left upper second molar
Ans. A
#Explanation of correct answer- In FDI system 11 referes to permanent maxillary right
central incisor

#Highyield-A two-digit system proposed by Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) for
both the primary and permanent dentitions has been adopted by the World Health
Organization and accepted by other organizations such as the International Association for
Dental Research.
B.Primary upper right central incisor-In FDI 11 referes to permanent maxillary right
central incisor
C. Left permanent upper canine- In FDI 11 referes to permanent maxillary right central
incisor
D. Primary left upper second molar- In FDI 11 referes to permanent maxillary right
central incisor
#Extraedge-
For the primary teeth:
Upper Right 55 54 53 5251 61 62 63 64 65 Upper Left
Lower Right 85 84 83 82 81 7172 73 74 75 Lower Left
Numeral 5 indicates the maxillary right side, and 6 indicates the maxillary left side. The
second number of the two-digit number is the tooth number for each side. The number 8
indicates the mandibular right side, and the number 7 indicates the mandibular left side. The
second number of the two-digit system is the tooth number. Thus, for example the number
51 refers to the maxillary right central incisor.
#Mantra-
2. In FDI system, 61 indicates central incisor. So what does numeral 6 indicates
A. Maxillary right
B. Maxillary left
C. Mandibular left
D. Mandibular right
Ans. B
#Explanation of correct answer- For the primary teeth:
Upper Right 55 54 53 5251 61 62 63 64 65 Upper Left
Lower Right 85 84 83 82 81 7172 73 74 75 Lower Left
So,61 is Maxillary left central incisor and 6 –upper left
#Highyield- A two-digit system proposed by Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) for
both the primary and permanent dentitions has been adopted by the World Health
Organization and accepted by other organizations such as the International Association for
Dental Research.
A.Maxillary right- In FDI system, 61 indicates central incisor and 6 is maxillary left
C. Mandibular left- In FDI system, 61 indicates central incisor and 6 is maxillary left
D. Mandibular right- In FDI system, 61 indicates central incisor and 6 is maxillary
left
#Extraedge-
The Zsigmondy/Palmer notation for the permanent dentition is a four-quadrant symbolic
system in which, beginning with the central incisors, the teeth are numbered 1 through 8 (or
more) in each arch. For example, the right maxillary first molar is designated as 6 , and the
left mandibular central incisor as 1 .
#Mantra-
3.The number of line angles in a permanent maxillary central incisor is

A. Two
B. Four
C. Six
D. Eight
Ans. C
#Explanation of correct answer- The number of line angles in a permanent maxillary
central incisor is 6
#Highyield-The line angles of the anterior teeth are as follows: mesiolabial distolingual
distolabial labioincisal mesiolingual linguoincisal
A. Two- The number of line angles in a permanent maxillary central incisor is 6

B. Four- The number of line angles in a permanent maxillary central incisor is 6
D. Eight- The number of line angles in a permanent maxillary central incisor is 6
#Extraedge-
The line angles of the posterior teeth are as follows: mesiobuccal distolingual bucco-
occlusal distobuccal mesio-occlusal linguo-occlusal mesiolingual disto-occlusa
#Mantra-
Eruption sequence of primay teeth and permanent teeth
1.Mandibular First Premolar eruption occur at age
A. 9-11 yr
B. 10 -11yr
C. 10-12yr
D. 9-12 yr
#easy#Dental anatomy#clinical#NEET PG#INICET
Ans. C: 10-12yr
#Explanation of correct answer-

First evidence of calcification 13/ 4–2 yr
Enamel completed 5–6 yr
Eruption 10–12 yr
Root completed 12–13 yr
#Highyield-
Mandibular first premolar
First evidence of calcification 13/ 4–2 yr
Eruption 10–12 yr
#Mantra-
A. 9-11 yr-The mandibular first premolar eruption occurs at 10-12 yr

B. 10 -11yr-The mandibular first premolar eruption occurs at 10-12 yr
D. 9-12 yr-The mandibular first premolar eruption occurs at 10-12 yr
#Extraedge-
Occlusal aspect
1. The middle buccal lobe makes up the major bulk of the tooth crown. 2. The buccal ridge is
prominent. 3. The mesiobuccal and distobuccal line angles are prominent, although rounded. 4.
The curvatures representing the contact areas, immediately lingual to the buccal line angles, are
relatively broad, with the distal area being the broader of the two. 5. The crown converges
sharply to the center of the lingual surface, starting from points approximating the mesial and
distal contact areas. This formation makes that part of the crown represented by buccal cusp
ridges, marginal ridges, and lingual lobe triangular in form, with the base of the triangle at the
buccal cusp ridges and the point of the triangle at the lingual cusp. 6. The marginal ridges are
well developed. 7. The lingual cusp is small. 8. The occlusal surface shows a heavy buccal
triangular ridge and a small lingual triangular ridge.
Reference
Wheelers,9th ed,pg no.164
Which of the following is the largest root:

A. The lingual root of a maxillary first molar
B. The lingual root of a maxillary second molar
C. The root of a mandibular canine
D. The root of a maxillary canine
#easy#Dental anatomy#clinical#neet pg#inicet
Ans. D: The root of a maxillary canine

Shortest root in mandibular arch-- Central incisor (12.5mm
Shortest root in maxillary arch or shortest root in oral cavity --Maxillary second molar (11 mm)
Largest labiolingual diameter or crown in anteriors --Maxillary canine
Largest mesiodistal diameter in primary dentition --Mandibular 2nd molar
Largest mesiodistal diameter of crown in anteriors --Maxillary central incisor
Largest mesiodistal diameter of crown in oral cavity --Mandibular 1't molar
Largest buccolingual diameter in primary dentition --Maxillary 2nd molar
#Highyield-The root of the maxillary canine appears slender from the labial aspect when
compared with the bulk of the crown; it is conical in form with a bluntly pointed apex. It is not
uncommon for this root to have a sharp curve in the vicinity of the apical third. This curvature
may be in a mesial or distal direction, but in most instances is the latter (see Figure 8-9, 1 and 6).
The labial surface of the root is smooth and convex at all points.
#Mantra-
#Explanation for other option-
A. The lingual root of a maxillary first molar-The root of a maxillary canine
B. The lingual root of a maxillary second molar-The root of a maxillary canine

C. The root of a mandibular canine-The root of a maxillary canine
#Extraedge-
Occasionally, a well-developed lingual ridge is seen that is confluent with the cusp tip; this
extends to a point near the cingulum. Shallow concavities are evident between this ridge and the
marginal ridges. When these concavities are present, they are called mesial and distal lingual
fossae
Reference
Wheelers,9th ed,pg no.131
3. Root completion of mandibular 2nd premolar occur at age
A. 12 -13 year
B. 13–14 yr
C. 9-11 yr
D. 10-11 yr
Ans. B: 13–14 yr
Mandibular Second Premolar
First evidence of calcification 21/4 -21/2 yr
Eruption 11–12 yr
#Highyield-Mandibular second premolar
Mandibular Second Premolar

First evidence of calcification 21/4 -21/2 yr
Eruption 11–12 yr
#Mantra-
A. 12 -13 year-Root completion of mandibular second premolar is at 13-14 yr

C. 9-11 yr-Root completion of mandibular second premolar is at 13-14 yr
D. 10-11 yr-Root completion of mandibular second premolar is at 13-14 yr
#Extraedge-
occlusal aspect-
The occlusal characteristics of the two-cusp type are as follows: 1. The outline of the crown is
rounded lingual to the buccal cusp ridges. 2. Some lingual convergence of mesial and distal sides
occurs, although no more than is found in some variations of the square type. 3. The
mesiolingual and distolingual line angles are rounded. 4. One well-developed lingual cusp is
directly opposite the buccal cusp in a lingual direction
Reference-Wheelers,9th ed,pg no.170
Age estimation methods-
1.The age of child having 12 permanent and 12 decidous teeth?
a.Four and half years
b.Eight and half years

c.Eleven years
d.Thirteen years
Ans b.Eight and half years
#Explanation of correct answer- The first transition dentition begins with the emergence
and eruption of the mandibular first permanent molars and ends with the loss of the last
primary tooth, which usually occurs at about age 11 to 12.

#Highyield-
The initial phase of the transition period lasts about 2 years, during which time the permanent
first molars erupt the primary incisors are shed, and the permanent incisors emerge and erupt
into position .
a.Four and half years- The age of child having 12 permanent and 12 decidous teeth is 8 and
half years
c.Eleven years- The age of child having 12 permanent and 12 decidous teeth is 8 and half
years
d.Thirteen years- The age of child having 12 permanent and 12 decidous teeth is 8 and half
years
#Extraedge-
Loss of primary teeth
The premature loss of primary teeth because of caries has an effect on the development of the
permanent dentition21 and not only may reflect an unfortunate lack of knowledge as to the
course of the disease but also establishes a negative attitude about preventing dental caries in
the adult dentition. Loss of primary teeth may lead to lack of space for the permanent
dentition.
#Reference-wheelers,9thed,pgno.44
2. The most common curvature of the palatal root of maxillary first molar is:
A. Facial
B. Lingual
C. Distal
D. Mesial
Ans. A: Facial
Palatal root is the longest and distobuccal root is the smallest of the three roots of maxillary first
molar.
#Highyield-All three of the roots may be seen from the buccal aspect. The axes of the roots are
inclined distally. The roots are not straight, although the buccal roots show an inclination to
curvature halfway between the point of bifurcation and the apices. The mesiobuccal root curves
distally, starting at the middle third. Its axis usually is at right angles to the cervical line. The
distal root is straighter, with its long axis at an acute angle distally with the cervical line.
#Mantra
#Explanation for incorrect options
B. Lingual-Curvature of palatal root is facial

C. Distal-Curvature of palatal root is facial
D. Mesial-Curvature of palatal root is facial
#Extraedge-
Reference-Wheelers,9thed,pg no.174
Embrasures
1.In Ideal occlusion Facial cusp of maxillary posterior teeth opposes
a.Grooves and embrasure
b.Grooves only
c.Marginal ridge and embrasure
d.Embrasure ony
Ans a.Grooves and embrasure
#Explanation of correct option- Grooves and embrasures

Class I occlusal relation (normal relation)
The permanent maxillary first molar is slightly posterior to the permanent mandibular first molar.
The mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar is directly in line with the mesiobuccal groove of
the mandibular first molar.
Class II occlusion relation

The buccal groove of the mandibular first molar is posterior to the mesiobuccal cusp of the
maxillary first molar.
Class III occlusion relation

The buccal groove of the mandibular first molar is more anterior than normal to the mesiobuccal
cusp of the maxillary first molar.
#Highyield-The mesiolingual line angles of the second and third molars are rounded and in
conjunction with the rounded distolingual line angles; the lingual embrasures between first,
second, and third molars present a regular and open form.
b.Grooves only- In Ideal occlusion Facial cusp of maxillary posterior teeth opposes grooves
and embrassure
c.Marginal ridge and embrasure- In Ideal occlusion Facial cusp of maxillary posterior teeth
opposes grooves and embrassure
d.Embrasure ony- In Ideal occlusion Facial cusp of maxillary posterior teeth opposes grooves
and embrasure
#Extraedge-
Mandibular molar
First and Second Molar The contact areas of the first and second molars are nearly centered
buccolingually, although they are not so broad as the contact just described. This variation is
brought about by the design of the first molar distally. The distal contact area of the first
molar is confined to the distal cusp, which does not present the broad surface for contact with
the second molar that was found mesially in contact with the second premolar. This form,
along with the rounded outline at the distobuccal line angle, opens up both embrasures wider
than those found immediately mesial
#Mantra-
2. The two major fossa of permanent maxillary first molar:
A. Central fossa and mesial fossa

B. Central and distal fossa
C. Mesial and distal triangular fossa
D. Distal fossa and distal triangular fossa
Ans. B: Central and distal fossa

Permanent MAXILLARY first molar contains:
i) 2 major fossa - central and distal fossa
ii) 2 minor fossa - distal and mesial triangular
iii) 5 developmental grooves
iv) 1 oblique ridge
v) 4 cusp ridges
Permanent MANDIBULAR pl molar contains:

i) 1 major fossa - central fossa
ii) 2 minor fossa - Mesial and distal triangular
iii) 4 developmental grooves
iv) 5 cusp ridges
#Highyield-The occlusal surface, or occlusal table as it is sometimes termed, of the maxillary
first molar is within the confines of the cusp ridges and marginal ridges. The morphological
features are now considered. There are two major fossae and two minor fossae. The major fossae
are the central fossa, which is roughly triangular and mesial to the oblique ridge, and the distal
fossa, which is roughly linear and distal to the oblique ridge. The two minor fossae are the mesial
triangular fossa, immediately distal to the mesial marginal ridge, and the distal triangular fossa,
immediately mesial to the distal marginal ridge.
#Mantra-
#Explanation for other option-
A. Central fossa and mesial fossa-The two major fossa of permanent maxillary first molar
are central fossa and distal fossa.
C. Mesial and distal triangular fossa-The two major fossa of permanent maxillary first molar
are central fossa and distal fossa
D. Distal fossa and distal triangular fossa-The two major fossa of permanent maxillary first
molar are central fossa and distal fossa
#Extraedge-
Reference-Wheelers,9thed,pg no.178
Pulp morphology
Q1.Size of pulp chamber
a.Decreases with age
b.Increases with age
c.Increased with some cases and decreases in some cases.
d.None of the above
Ans a.Decreases with age
#Explanation of correct answer-Size of pulp chamber decreases with age
The pulp horns are high, and the pulp chambers are large

#Highyield-A comparison of sections of primary and permanent teeth demonstrates the
shape and relative size of pulp chambers and canals , which is noted here: 1. Crown widths in
all directions are large in comparison with root trunks and cervices. 2. The enamel is
relatively thin and has a consistent depth. 3. The dentin thickness between the pulp chambers
and the enamel is limited, particularly in some areas (lower second primary molar). 4. The
pulp horns are high, and the pulp chambers are large . 5. Primary roots are narrow and long
when compared with crown width and length.
b.Increases with age-size of pulp chamber decreases with age.
c.Increased with some cases and decreases in some cases- size of pulp chamber decreases
with age.
#Extraedge-
Pulp chamber and its extensions For all operative procedures, the shape of the pulp chamber
and its extensions into the cusps, the pulpal horns, are important to remember. The wide pulp
chamber in the tooth of a young person will make a deep cavity preparation hazardous, and it
should be avoided, if possible. In some instances of developmental disturbances, the pulpal
horns project high into the cusps, and the exposure of a pulp can occur when it is least
anticipated. Sometimes, a radiograph will help to determine the size of a pulp chamber and
the extent of the pulpal horns.
#Mantra-
Stages of occlusion
1 The maxillary teeth which have single antagonist are:

a) Lateral incisors
b) Permanent canines
c) Permanent central incisors
d) Third molars
Ans d) Third molars
#Explanation of correct option- Mandibular central incisor and maxillary 3rd molar
Opposing teeth :
Each tooth in the dental arch occludes with two teeth in the opposing arch, except the mandibular
central incisor and maxillary third molar . These serves to:
● Equalize the forces of contact in occlusion, thereby distributing the work.

● It preserves the integrity of the dental arch in case of loosing a tooth, since the second
antagonist prevents the elongation and displacement of the opposing tooth.
#Highyield-The third molar supplements the second molar in function, and its fundamental
design is similar. The crown is smaller, and the roots are shorter as a rule, with the inclination
toward fusion with the resultant anchorage of one tapered root.
a) Lateral incisors-Third molars have single antagonist
b) Permanent canines- Third molars have single antagonist
c) Permanent central incisors- Third molars have single antagonist
#Extraedge-
Occlusal Aspect The occlusal aspect of a typical maxillary third molar presents a heart-shaped
outline . The lingual cusp is large and well developed, and little or no distolingual cusp is
evident, which gives a semicircular outline to the tooth from one contact area to the other. Three
functioning cusps are seen on this type of tooth: two buccal and one lingual.
#Mantra-
Q2.The type of occlusion usually seen in young, unworn permanent dentition is
A. Primary function occlusion

B. Canine guided occlusion
C. Centric occlusion
D. Group function occlusion
#easy#moderate#Public health dentistry#neet pg#inicet
Ans. B: Canine guided occlusion

Canine guided occlusion is usually seen in young individuals with unworn dentition. During
lateral mandibular movement, the opposing upper and lower canines of the working side contact
thereby causing disocclusion of all posterior teeth on the working and
Group function occlusion is common in middle age group and if the canines are weak. In
addition to canines, certain other posterior teeth contact on the working side during lateral
movement of mandible
#Highyield-Group function occlusion is common in middle age group and if the canines are
weak. In addition to canines, certain other posterior teeth contact on the working side during
lateral movement of mandible
 A. Primary function occlusion- Correct occlusion is essential for the primary function of teeth, as
a tight meshwork allows for efficient mastication.
C. Centric occlusion- Intercuspal position (ICP), also known as centric occlusion, describes the
position of "best fit" between the upper and lower teeth. It is the closest relationship of the
mandible to the maxilla as this is where all the teeth fully interlock simultaneously.
 D. Group function occlusion- The group function occlusion on working side distributes the
occlusal load and prevents teeth on non working side from being subjected to the destructive,
obliquely directed forces.
#Extraedge-
Similarities and differences between group function and canine-protected occlusion

McAdam[19] summarized some similarities and differences between canine-protected occlusion
and group function. Similarities Both must provide multiple posterior contact with intercuspal
position (centric occlusion) located either coincident with centric relation or within 1 mm of
protrusion in a straight sagittal direction. There must be the absence of posterior contact during
mediotrusion. There should be no posterior contact during anterior incision whenever anatomic
arrangement permits.
#Mantra-
Reference- Wheelers,9thed,pgno.315
3.In occlusion, the teeth have
A. Cusp-to-cusp contact
B. Edge-to-edge contact
C. Marginal contact
D. Surface-to-surface contact
#easy#moderate#Public health dentistry #clinical#neet pg#inicet
Ans. D: Surface-to-surface contact

In occlusion the teeth have:
i)Surface contact.
Eg.: Incisal portions of mandibular anteriors contacts with the lingual surfaces of maxillary
anteriors.
ii) Cusp-fossa contact
Eg.: Mesiolingual cusp of maxillary 1st molar occludes with the central fossa of mandibular 1st
molar.
iii) Cusp - Embrasure contact.
iv) Ridge - Sulcus contact
Eg.: Triangular ridge of the distolinqual cusp of the mandibular first molars fit into the lingual
groove sulcus of the maxillary first molar.
#Highyield- ii) Cusp-fossa contact
Eg.: Mesiolingual cusp of maxillary 1st molar occludes with the central fossa of mandibular 1st
molar.
iii) Cusp - Embrasure contact.
iv) Ridge - Sulcus contact
Eg.: Triangular ridge of the distolinqual cusp of the mandibular first molars fit into the lingual
groove sulcus of the maxillary first molar.
A. Cusp-to-cusp contact- Cusp-fossa contact

B. Edge-to-edge contact- Embrasure contact.
C. Marginal contact- Sulcus contact
#Extraedge-
In the centric relation position, the relationship between the maxillary incisors and mandibular
incisors becomes clear . The facio-incisal leading edge of the mandibular incisors engages the
lingual aspect of the maxillary incisors and canines. To maintain this relationship in a
reconstruction, it is necessary to hollow out approximately 0.5 mm of space on the gingival
aspect of the centric holding marks. This provides the freedom to close the mandible either into
centric relation or slightly anterior without varying the vertical dimension of the anterior teeth.
#Mantra-
Reference-Wheelers,9thed,pgno.315
4.An imaginary occlusal curve that contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of mandibular
buccal teeth is called the
A. Catenary curve
B. Curve of spee
C. Monson curve
D. Wilson curve
#easy#Public health dentistry#clinical#neet pg#inicet
Ans. D: Wilson curve
Curve of Spee - It refers to the antero-posterior curvature of the occlusal surfaces beginning at
the tip of lower cuspid and following the cusp tips of the bicuspids and molars continuing as an
arc through the condyle
Curve of Wilson - This is a curve that contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of the mandibular
buccal teeth. It results for inward inclination of the lower posterior teeth. As the teeth are aligned
parallel to the direction of medial pterygoid there is optimum resistance to masticatory forces.
#Highyield- It results for inward inclination of the lower posterior teeth. As the teeth are aligned
parallel to the direction of medial pterygoid there is optimum resistance to masticatory forces.
#Mantra-
 A. Catenary curve-The catenary curve, using the retro molar pad and the proposed or actual tips
of the mandibular central incisors, can be utilized as a visual restorative guide for the initial
placement and arrangement of artificial teeth, in conjunction with a removable or fixed (tooth or
implant supported) prosthesis.
 B. Curve of spee-Curve of Spee - It refers to the antero-posterior curvature of the occlusal
surfaces beginning at the tip of lower cuspid and following the cusp tips of the bicuspids and
molars continuing as an arc through the condyle
C. Monson curve-Monson curve is an occlusion curve in which each cusp and incisal edge touch
or conform to a segment of a sphere’s surface that is 8 inches in diameter and has its center in the
glabella region.

#Extraedge-
Curve of Spee - It refers to the antero-posterior curvature of the occlusal surfaces beginning at
the tip of lower cuspid and following the cusp tips of the bicuspids and molars continuing as an
arc through the condyle
Reference-Wheelers,9thed,pgno.315
5.Group function occlusion is common in
A. 10-14 year
B. 15-25 year
C. Above 30 years
D. Edentulous patients
#easy#moderate#Public health dentistry#clinical#neet pg#inicet
Ans. C: Above 30 years

Multiple contact relations between the maxillary and mandibular teeth in lateral movements on
the working side where by simultaneous contact of several teeth acts as a group to distribute
occlusal forces.
#Highyield- In group function the first contact is not between supporting cusp and
opposing fossa but instead at a lateral location followed by slide to centric occlusion, this will
result in some horizontal forces but these can be minimized by • Striking simultaneously as many
as working contacts as possible • Reducing the angle of incline • Reducing the friction by
removing irregularities and roughness • Slightly round off the facio-occlusal line angle.
#Mantra-
A. 10-14 year
B. 15-25 year
D. Edentulous patients
#Extraedge-
Similarities and differences between group function and canine-protected occlusion

McAdam[19] summarized some similarities and differences between canine-protected occlusion
and group function. Similarities Both must provide multiple posterior contact with intercuspal
position (centric occlusion) located either coincident with centric relation or within 1 mm of
protrusion in a straight sagittal direction. There must be the absence of posterior contact during
mediotrusion. There should be no posterior contact during anterior incision whenever anatomic
arrangement permits.

Dental Anatomy and Dental Histology

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Dental Anatomy and Dental Histology

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Dental anatomy and Dental histology

Enamel –subtopic-Chemical properties

Q1.The percentage of inorganic matter in fully develop enamel is:

#Explanation of other options-

Q1.The average width of enamel rod?

#Explanation of other options-

A.10mm-The average thickness of enamel rod is about 2.5mm

c.2mm- The average thickness of enamel rod is about 2.5mm

d.0.5mm- The average thickness of enamel rod is about 2.5mm

Q2.The key hole pattern appearance in the cross section is a feature of

Ans b.Prismatic enamel

#Explanation of other options-

#Highyield- Amelogenins are a heterogeneous group of low molecular weight proteins,

#Explanation of other options-

a.Enamelin-enamelin is non amelogenin protein

c.Tuftelin- Tuftelin is non amelogenin protein

d.Ameloplakin-Amelpplakin is non amelogenin protein

d.Hunter schregar bands

Ans b.Cross striations

#Explanation of correct answer- The cross-striations seen in light microscope is suggested to

#Explanation of other options-

Hypomineralized structure of enamel

Q1.Neonatal lines is also known as:

b.Lines of cross striations

d.Lines of enamel tufts

Ans c.Incremental lines

#Explanation of other options-

Q2.Among the following the structure that is most calcified is:

Ans B.Enamel rod

#Explanation of other options-

Q3.On microscopic examination the enamel rod have:

A.Key hole in appearance

d.None of the above

Ans A.Key hole in appearance

#Explanation of correct option-#Explanation of correct answer- Recently, using 3D images

#Explanation of other options-

c.Lanullate in appearance- On microscopic examination enamel rods have key hole in

Surface structure of enamel

Q1.Synthesis of enamel matrix protein occurs in

A.Outer enamel epithelium

#Explanation of other options-

Development of tomes’ processes

Q2.Dentino-enamel junction is:

c.Scalloped and convexities are directed towards dentin

Ans c.Scalloped and convexities are directed towards dentin

#Highyield-The dentinoenamel junction provides the connection between material systems of

#Explanation of other options-

a.Non-scalloped-Dentinoenamel junction is Scalloped and convexities are directed towards

INCREMENTAL LINES OF DENTIN

• Incremental lines run perpendicular to the dentinal tubules

• Lines of von Ebner represent the rhythmic deposition

• Contour lines of Owen are accentuated incremental lines

Life cycle of ameloblast

Q1.Formation of dentin by odontoblast begins in:

Ans b.Organizing stage

#Explanation of other options-

Ans d.Secretory stage

Physical Properties of dentin

Q1.The type of dentin that is formed prior to root completion:

#Explanation of other options-

Q2.Cells that form the secondary dentin?

#Explanation of other options-

b.Fibroblast- A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular