T H E D E S IG N O F

S IM PL E R O O F T R U SS E S -

IN WO O D AND STEEL .

WI TH AN I N TR O D U C TI O N TO TH E E LE M E N T S
'
OF GR A P H I C S T A TI CS .

M A LV E R D A . H O WE, C E . .
,

Prof essor of C iwl E ngi neering Rose P olytechnic Institute

'

Member of A men can S oci ety of ( J im? E ngi neers .

S E CO N D E D I TI O N ,
R E VI S E D AN D E N L A R GE D .

FI RST T H O U SA N D .

N E W Y O RK

J O H N W IL EY SO N S .

LO N DO N : C H A PM A N H A L L, LI M I T E D .

1 90 8.
 h
C opyrig t , 1 902 , ‘ 906 0

MA LVE R D A . H O WE.

Rosna r DRUMMO N D, PR INT E R, a YO RK.

'
 VE RY little , if thi ng n e w will b e found i n the fo ll o w
an y ,

i n g page s . T he O b j e ct i n writi n g th e m has b e e n to b ri n g

t o get he r i n a s m all c o m pass all the e sse nti als req ui re d i n

ro e rl
p p y d es ig n i n g o r d i n a ry ro o f t russe s i n wo o d an d st ee l
-
.

A t pre se n t thi s m atte r i s wi d e ly scatt ered i n the vari o us

'
c o m preh e n sive t re ati se s o n d esi gn i n g an d i n m an ufact u re rs

p o c k e t
-
b o o k s . T h e s t u d e n t w h o d es i re s to m a s t e r the e le

m e nt s o f de signi n g si m ple st ru ct ure s i s t hu s c o m pell e d to

p r o c u re a n d re fe r t o s e v e ra l m o r e o r l e ss e x pe n si v e b o o k s.

S t u d e nts i n m e ch an i cal a n d el e ct ri cal e n gi n ee ri n g as ,

a rul e , l e arn b ut little o f the m eth o ds o f designi n g e m

l
p y o e d b y st u d e n t s i n c i v il e n g i n e e ri n g F o r thi s re aso n
.

the writ e r has b ee n call e d u po n fo r se ve ral y e ars to gi v e a

sh o rt c o u rse i n ro o f t ru ss d e si gn to all st u d e nt s i n the J u n i o r

-

cl ass o f the R o se Po l y t e ch n i c I n stit ute an d i n o rd e r to d o ,

so he has b ee n c o m pe ll e d to c o ll ect the d at a he has gi ve n

i n thi s b o o k .

T he t ab l e s gi vi n g the pro perti e s o f stan d ard sh ape s are

b ase d upo n secti o n s ro ll e d b y the C am b ria S t eel C o m pan y .

S tan dard se cti o n s ro ll e d b y oth er m an u fact urers h ave

‘

p ra c ti c a ll y th e s a m e d i m e n si o n s .

M A LVE RD A . H O WE .

T E R RE H A UTE , IN D .
, Septemb er, 1 902 .
 C O NTENTS .

CH AP TE R I .

GE N E R A L PR IN C I PL E S A N D M E TH O DS .

ART .

1 .

2 The Fo rce Polygon

.

3 Forces
. n ot i n E q uilib ri um — F orce R equ ired to Prod uce E quilib ri um
as far as Mo tion of Tran slati on is Con cern ed
4 . Perfect E quilib rium .

5 The E q uili b ri um Poly gon

. .

6 A ppli cati on O f the E quili b ri um Poly go n i n Fi n d i n g R eacti on s

. .

7 Parallel Forces
.

8 . O n e R eaction Given , to F in d the Magni tude an d

The Di recti on of

D i re c ti on of the O ther .

9 A pplicati on of the E quilib rium Polygon in F in d in g Cen ters o f Grav i ty

m
.

1 0 A ppli cati on of the E quilibri um P olygon in Fi n di n g Mo en ts of

.

11 Grap hi cal Multi pli cation

. .

12 To Draw an E qui li b ri um Polygon through Three Given Poin ts

. .

CH A PTE R II .

B E AM S A N D m u sss s .

Vertical Loads on a H ori z on tal Beam , R ea ctions and Mom en ts of

the O utsi de Forces
Verti cal Lo ads on a S im ple R oo f truss— S tructure
-
cons i dered as a

Whole .

In clin ed Loads on a S im ple R oo f truss— S tructure

-
co ns i dered as a

W h ole .

In cli n ed Load s on a Si m ple R oof truss , O n e Re acti on Gi ve n

-
in
D irecti on — S tructure co n si d ered as a Whole .

R elati on b etw een the Values of R, i n Arts 1 5 . an d 16

In tern al E quilib ri um an d Stre sses
v
vi C O N TEN T8 .

19 .

20 More t. han Two Un kn own Forces Meeting at a

CH APTE R I II .

en s N Om '
or M A TE R IA LS .

Wood in Co m press o
i n— Colum ns or

M etal
fl

E n d Bearin g O f Wood . .

S teel
Longi tudinal Shear of Wood
U N

S pecial Case d
the Ben ing S tren gt of Metal Pins
of h
h
S eari n g A cross the Grain of B olts, R iv e ts, and Pins

Wood in Direct Ten sion

S teel an d Wrough t Iron in Dire c t Ten si on

V
C H A PTE R I .

R O O F TR U S S E S
-
AN D T H E IR DE S I GN .

Win d Load s
Pi tc h0 1 R oo f
Trans m ission of Loads R oo f trusse s
-

CH A PTE R V .

DE S I GN OF A W O O DE N R O O F - TR U S S .

47 . Data .

49 . R afters .

50 .

5 1 Loads
. at Truss
 CO N TEN TS .
vi i

u rr .

5 2 Stresses ID TI USS
.
'
Memb erS o - o s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

53 .

54 . Si zes of Tensi on Mem b ers of W ood

Bolts an d Metal Plates

N early all W ood
Steel Sti rrup .

an d Pin
Plate Stirrup an d Pi n
Steel A n gle B lock

S peci al
Plan k Mem b ers
Desi gn of Wall Beari ng
Rem ar ks con cern ing the Design of J oin t L.
Desi gn of J o int U.
N l
I] 1
L,
L. an d H ook Splice
L., Fi sh plate S plice of Wood
-

L Fish plate S pli ce o f Metal

-

Metal Spli ces for Tension Mem bers of Wood

Gen eral Re marks Con cern in g S pli ce
Desi gn O f J oin t Us .

The A ttac hm en t of Purli ns

CH APTE R IV .

DES I GN OF A S TE E L R O O F- TR U SS .

Data
Allowable S tresses for S quare I n c h
Siz es Of Com pressi on Mem bers
Ten si on Mem bers
Design of J oin t L o
UI o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
 C O N TEN TS .

TAB LE S .

Weights of Various S ub stan ces

R oo f Co e i gs
v r n — Weigh ts of

Ri vets —S tandard Spacin g and Siz es

—
R i e ts Areas to b e Ded uc ted for
v

R o un d -
headed Ri vets an d B01ta— Weights
Bolt H eads an d N uts— Weights
Dim ensi o ns an d .

Upset Screw E n ds for R oun d Ba rs— Dim ensions .

Rg
i h t an d Le f t N uts — Dim ensi ons an d Weights
Pro perties of S tan dard I Beam s
Pro perties of S tan dard C hannels
Pro pe rties of S tan dard A ngles with E qual Le gs
Pro perties of S tandard A n gles with Uneq ual Legs
Le ast R adi i O f Gyrati on for Two A n gles Bac k to B ac k .

Pro pe rties of T Bars

Co m m ercial Si zes an d R elati ve Co sts of Ti m be rs
A verage Safe Allowab le Wo rki n g Un i t S tresses for Wood .

Cast i ron
-
Wash ers— Weights of

A PPE N DI X .

AR T .

1 S . pacing o f Bolts an d N otches in Wood

2 . Pla te Washers an d Metal H oo ks fo r Trusses o f Wood
3 . A Graph i cal Solution o f the Kn ee b race Pro b lem -

4 . Trusses wh ich m ay h ave I n cli n ed R ea ctio ns

5 . Tests of J o in ts i n Wooden Trusses
6 . E x am ples
De tails E m ploy ed in Practi ce
of

7 . Ab stracts from Gen eral S pecifi catio ns for S teel R oo fs an d B uildi n gs

 GRAPHIC S .

CH A PTE R I .

GEN E R A L P RIN C I PLE S A N D M ET H O DS .

1 Equi li b ri um —
Forces actin g upon a rigid body are
.

i n equilib rium when t h e body h as n either motion O f tran s

lation n or rotation .

For forces whic h lie in the same plan e the above con di
tion s may be stated as follows
( )
a T here will be n o motio n O f tra n slatio n whe n the
a lgebraic sums of the compo n e n ts O f the forces resolved

parallel to an y two coordin ate axes are zero For con v e .

n ien ce the axes are u su ally take n vertical an d horizo n tal ,

then the vertical compon en ts equal zero an d the horizon tal

c om pon en ts e q u al zero .

( )
b T here w ill be n o motio n of rotatio n whe n the
a lgebraic sum of the momen ts o f the forces about an y
cen ter of momen ts is zero :

2 . The Force P olygon .

-
Let A B , B C , CD, an d DA ,

Fig 1 be an y n umber of forces in equilibrium If these

.
, .

forces are laid off to a common scale in su ccession par ,

allel to the direction s in Fig 1 a closed figure will be formed

.
,

as shown in Fig m This mu st be true if the algebraic

. .

sums of the vertical an d horizon tal compon en ts respe ct

"

i vely equal zero an d there is n o motion of tran slatio n .

Such a figu re is called a force polygon .

 GRAPH ICS .

Con versely , if an y n u mbe r of forc es are laid Ofi as ex

plain e d ab o ve an d a close d figure is formed the ,

FI G . 1. FI G . Ia.

in equ ilibrium as far as motion of tran slation is con cern ed .

Motion o f rotation may exist however whe n the above , ,

c on ditio n obtain s .

3. F orc es N ot i n E q ui li b ri um — I n case a n u mber of

forces n o t i n equ ilibrium are , ,

kn own in direction an d magn i

tu de the prin ciple O f the forc e
,

polygon (A r t 2 ) makes it pos .

sible to at o n ce determin e the

magn itu de a n d directio n O f the
force n ecessa ry to produ ce equ i
librium .

Le t AB , BC , DE be
forces
equ ilib rium Fig 2 n ot in , . .

Accordin g to A rt 2 lay them .

,

O ff o n some con ve n i e n t scale ,

as S hown i n Fig 2 a N ow in . .

FI G 2aF G 6 I 2
. . .

order that the sum O f the verti

.

c al compo n e n ts S hall equ al zero a force mu st be in trodu ced

 GEN ERA L PRIN CIPLES A N D M E TH O DS .

havin g a vertical compon en t equ al to the vertical distan ce

between E an d A an d in order that the horizon tal com
,
'

p o n en ts may eq u al zero the ho r izo n tal compo n e n t O f

this force must equal the hori zon tal distan ce between E
an d A These con dition s are satisfied by the force E A .

I f this force acts in the direction shown by the arrow head -

i n Fig 2a it will keep the give n forces in equ ilibrium (A rt

.
, .

I f it acts in the opposite direction its effect will be the ,

s ame as the give n forces an d he n ce when so actin g it is

,

c alled the resu ltan t .

Fig 2 b Shows the force polygon for the above forces

.

d rawn in a differen t order The magn itu de an d direction .

o f R i s the same as fou n d i n Fig 2 a . .

4 P .er fe ct E q u i li bx
ri u m — L e t the f orces A B. B C ,

D E Fig 2 act u pon a rigid body

, .
,
E vide n tly the force R .
,
i

foun d above (A rt will preven t motio n either vertically

.
,

o r horizon tally wherever it may be applied to the body

, .

T his fu lfills con dition ( a ) ( A rt I For perfect equilibrium .

c on ditio n ( ) (
b A r t I ) m u st also . be satisfied H e n ce .

there mu st be foun d a poin t throu gh which R may act S O

that the algebraic sum O f the mome n ts O f the forces give n

a n d R may be zero
,
This poin t is foun d by mean s O f the
.

e qu ilibriu m polygo n .

5 T .h e E q ui l i b r i u m P o lyg on — D raw the force polygo . n

( A rt 2
.
) A B C D E Fig 3 a , a n d f rom a n
.
y co n,
ve n ie n t poi n t
P draw the lin es 5 5 5 If 5 an d S be measured
2, 5
.
1 ,

with the scale of the force polygon they represe n t the mag ,

n i tu de s an d directio n s o f two forces which wou ld keep A B

i n equ ilibriu m as far as tran slatio n is con cern ed fo r they ,

form a closed figure with A B ( A rt Likewise S an d 5 , .

,

wou ld keep B C in e qu ilibrium etc N ow in Fig 3 draw , . .

 GRA PH ICS .

5, parallel to S in Fig 3a 5 parallel to S in Fig 30 etc

I \
.
, 2 ,
.
, .
,

a s shown I f forces be assu med to act alon g these lin es

.

havin g the magn itudes shown in Fig 3a respectively the .

, ,

poin ts I 2 3 an d 4 will be wi thout m oti on sin ce the forc es

, , , ,

FI G 3. .

FI G .
3a .

meetin g at each poin t are in equi librium again st tran slation

by co nstruction an d sin ce they meet in a poin t there c an
, , ,

be n o rotation .

In Fig 3a 5 an d 5 form a c losed figure with R ; there

.
, 1 5

fore i f in Fig 3 S an d 5 be prolo n ged u n til they i n tersec t

, .
, I 5

i n the poin t r this poi n t will be free o f all m otio n u n der the
,

actio n O f the forces S S an d R .

Sin ce the poi n ts I 2 3 4 an d r i n Fig 3 ha v e n either

, , , , .

motion O f tran slatio n n o r rotat ion i f the forces A B B C C D , , , ,

an d DE an d the force R be appl i e d to a rig i d body i n the

relative position s shown in Fig 3 this body will hav e n o .

,
 GENERA L P RIN CIPLES A N D M E TH O DS .
5

motion der their action The forces 5 an d 5 keep the

un .
1 5

system A B C D i n e q u ilibrium an d c an be replaced by R .

The lin es 5 5 etc in Fig 3 a are for con ven ien ce

2,
.
, .

called stri ngs an d the polygon S S S etc in Fig 3 i s

, ,, ,,
.
, .

c alled the equi li bri um polygon .

The poin t P in Fi g 3 a is called the pole . .

6 . Appli cati on of the Eq ui li b ri um Poly gon i n Fi ndi ng

Rea ti onsc— . Le t a rigid body be supported at K an d

K ’
, Fig .
4 , an d acted u pon by the forces A B B C CD , , , an d

FI G 4 . .

- J _

FI G 4 a
. .

DE . Then
if equ ilibriu m exists it is clear that two forces
, , ,

on e at each su pport mu st k e e p the forces A B B C etc in

, , , .
,

equilibrium These two forces are called reacti on s For

. .

con ven ien ce design ate the on e u pon the lef t as R an d the
on e u po n the right as R The m agn itudes of R an d R .
I
, 2

can be foun d in the followin g man n e r : Con struct the force

6 GRAPHICS .

po lygon draw the stri n gs S S etc as sh own in Fig

an d ,,
. .

4 a ,an d the n c o n st ru ct t h e equ i libriu m p o lygo n (Art 5) .

as sh own in Fig 4 Un less some spe cial con dition is in tro

. .

d uced the rea ction s R an d R wi ll b e parallel to E A Fig , ,

.

4 a ,a n d t h eir su m e q u al the ma g n itu de of E A or the te

sultan t O f the forces A B B C C D DE Draw throu gh K , , , .

an d K lin e s parallel to R an d if n ecessa ry prolon g the

’
, , ,

lin e 5 un til it cu ts O K Fig 4 an d 5 un til it cu ts 5K

, , .
, ,
’
.

C onn ect 0 an d 5 an d in Fig 4 a dra w the strin g 5 paralle

,
l .
, ,

to 0 5 Fig 4 un til it cu ts E A in L
, .
, N ow S in ce 5 S an d .
, o,

A L form a close d figu re in Fig 4 a the poin t 0 in Fig 4 .

, .

will b e in equ ilibrium un der the action of t hese three

forces For a like reason the poin t 5 will be in equi
.

librium un der the action of the three forces 5 5 an d 0 5,

EL There fore the reaction R

. A L an d R LE an d , 2 ,

the body M will be in equilibrium un der the action O f the

forces A B B C C D DE R an d R , , , , , ,
.

It may n ot be perfectly clear that n o rotation can take

place from the above demon stration though there can be ,

n o tra n slation sin ce R R E A the force n ecessa ry to

, , ,

preven t tran slation un der the action O f the forces A B B C , ,

CD ,
an d DE .

prove that rotation can n ot take place let the forces

TO
A B B C etc be replaced by their resultan t R actin g down
, ,
.
, ,

ward as shown in Fig 4

,
. .

If n o rotation takes place ( A rt I ) .

,

R ( bK ’
) or R,

From the S imilar trian gles o d5 , Fig 4, an d P A L , Fi g 4 a , .

dszaK or R ,aK
’
12R , :H
’
 GENERA L PRIN CIPLES A N D M E TH O DS .

From the similar trian gles cd 5 Fig , .

4 , an d PA E , Fig .
4 a,

d5 : bK or R ( bK
’
:: R : H
’
) H (d5) .

R bK ’
or R,
fig: R,

or the value of R by the above con struction fulfills t he con

,

dition that n o rotation takes place .

7 P a
.rall el F orces — In case the forces. A B B C etc , , .
,

had been parall el the force polygon would become a straight

lin e an d the lin e A B CD E woul d coin cide wi th E A .

A ll of the con struction s an d con clu sio n s give n above apply

to such an arran gemen t O f forces See Figs 9 an d 9a . . .

8 . The Di recti on of One R eacti on Gi ven , to Fi nd the

M agni tude and Di recti on of the 0ther . the direction
— Let
of R, be assumed as vertical then , t h e horizon tal compo

s
u

FI G 5 . FI G 5a . .

e t if an y of all the forces actin g mu st be applied at K

n n , , .

The force polygon (A rt 2 ) becomes A B CDE X as shown .

,

in Fig 5a . A ssume an y pole P an d draw the strin gs S

.
, ,,

S etc
,, In Fig 5 con struct the equ ilibrium polygon (A rt
. .
, .

5) a s sh ow n s tar ti n,g wi th S p assi n g thr ou gh K,,

the o n ly ,

po i n t on R whi ch
,
i s k n own Draw the closin. g lin e S an d i n
’
o ,
8 GRA PH IC S .

Fig 50 , the string P L parallel to S of Fig 5 Then E L i s ’

,
’
. .
’

the magn itude O f the vert i cal reaction R an d L A the m ag 3,

’

n i tude an d direction O f the reaction R , .

To S how that there will be n o rotation un der the action

of the above forces draw A E E C A C an d DE in Fig 6 , , , , .
,

a parallel to S S P Y an d A E respectively ,

in Fig 5a Then the poin t E is in eq u ilib

. .

riu m un der the action of S 5 an d R S in ce 5, ,

these forces form a closed figure in Fig 5a . .

In Fig 6 draw A B C B an d B E parallel to .

, , ,

R R an d A E O f Fig 5a Then poin t B is

,, . .

in equ ilibriu m un der the action O f R R

FI G 6 an d R an d BE is parallel to E D
. . Bu t R , .

5 an d R an d R 5 an d R must form closed figures in

1, , 5,

Fig 6 as they meet in a poin t in Fig 5a respectively

.
, . .

There fore B E prolon ged co in cides with DE an d there ,

c an be n o rotation S in ce R R an d R meet in a ,

poin t .

9 . Appli cati on of the Equi li b ri um Poly gon i n Fi ndi ng

Centers of be an u n symmetrical
Gravi ty .
— Le t a bc . k
body hav in g the dimen sion n ormal to the paper equ al un ity .

Divide the area i n to rectan gles or trian gles whose cen ters
of gravity are readily determin ed Compu te the area O f .

each small figu re an d assume that this area mu ltiplied by

,

the weight O f a un it m ass is con cen trated at the cen ter O f

gravity O f its respective area These weights may n ow be .

con sidered as parallel forces P P an d P actin g as Shown 2

i n Fig 7 The resu ltan t O f these forces m u st pass throu gh

. .

the cen ter O f gravity of the en tire mass an d hen ce lies i n ,

the lin es R an d R formed by con structin gtwo equ ilibrium

’
IO GRAPH IC S .

polygon Fig 9a an d select some poin t P as a pole so that

.
, ,

the perpen dic ular distan ce H from the load lin e is 1 0 00 ,

1 0 000 or some similar qu a n tity

, Co n stru ct the equ ilibrium .

polygon Fig 9 as explain ed i n previou s articles

. .

Su ppose the mome n t O f A B B C an d C D abou t M as , ,

’

a cen ter of mome n ts is desired The momen t equals .

A B (a ) B C (a )
,
C D (a ) ,
Ill Prolo n g the lin es S ,
, ,

FI G .
9 .

FI G 9a
. .

S, , an d 5, un til they cut a li n e through M parallel ’

BC etc , .

From the trian gles M a r Fig , .

9 , an d A BP , Fig . a
9 ,
a M z al zzA B zH or A B ( a ,) H (
a M ) .

From th e trian gles ab z , Fig .

9 , an d B CF , Fig . a
9 ,

or B C ( a, ) H ( a b) .
 GEN ERA L PRIN CIPLES A N D M E TH O DS .
1 1

From the trian gles bc3 , Fig .

9, an d C DP , Fig . a
9 ,

bc z a "
C D zH or C D ( a, ) H ( bc) .

Or

A B ( a ,) M ,”
=H
(
a M + a b be)
From this it is seen that the mome n t o f an y force equ als
the ordin ate measured on a lin e passin g through the cen ter
of momen ts an d parallel to the given force which is cut
, ,

off bet wee n the two sides O f the equ ilibrium polygo n which

are parallel to the two strin gs drawn from the pole P ( pro
lon ged if n ecessary un til they cu t this lin e ) to the ex
trem i ti es O f the load i n Fig 9a ; mu ltiplied by the pole .

di sta n ce H For a combin ation O f load s the ord in a te to

.

be mu ltiplied by H is the algebrai c sum of the ordin ates

for each load ; the loads actin g down ward havin g ordi
n ates of o n e k in d an d those actin g u pward O f the opposite
,

kin d .

To illu strate let the momen t o f R A B B C an d C D

, ,, , ,

abou t g be required In Fig 9a the stri n gs S an d S are

. .
, ,

drawn from the extremities O f R hen ce in Fig 9 the or .

di mate gg multiplied by H is the mome n t O f R abou t g as

’

a cen ter O f momen ts .

The strin gs S an d S are the extreme strin gs for A B

, , ,

B C C D an d hen ce the ordin ate g 4 mu ltiplied by H is the

’
, ,

momen t o f these forces N ow S in ce the reaction acts u p .

ward an d the forces A B B C an d CD act down ward the , , ,

ordin ate g4 mu ltiplie d by H is the momen t O f the com

bin ation .

The above property of the equ ilibrium polygon is very

con ven ien t in fin din g the momen ts O f un equ al loads spaced
at un equal in tervals as is the case where a loc omotive stan ds
,

upo n a girder bridge .

 2 GRA PH ICS .

11 . Graphi cal Multi pli cati on .

—
Let the sum of the

produc ts a b a b etc be requ ired The m ethod of the

, ,, , ,,
.
, .

pre vio us artic le can b e readily applied in the solution of

this problem Le t b b etc be taken as loa d s an d a a
.

,
. .
, ,, ,,

etc as the lever arms O f these loa d s abo ut an y con ven ien t
.
,
—

poin t as shown i n Fig I O Then H ( ab ) a b H ( bc) . .

, ,,

FI G . 10 . FI G . 1 0a .

b e tc .
, an d fin ally H ( a e) 2 ( ab ) or the algebraic
, sum O f

the prod ucts a b a b etc , ,, , ,,

.

In case 2 ( ba ) is desired the ordin ates a b bc etc can be

2
, , , .
,

take n as loads replacin g b b e tc i n Fig 1 0 For c on .

, . .

v en ie n c e take a pole dista n ce H equal to that used be fore ’

a n d draw the polygo n S S the n ( ce ) H

’ 2
e tc .
,

12 . To Draw an E qui li b ri um Poly gon th rough Three

Gi ven Poi nts .

—
Give n
the forces A B B C C D an d DE it is , , , ,

requ ired to pass an equ il ibrium polygon throu gh the poin ts

X Y an d Z
, ,
Co n s tr uc t the force polygon Fig 1 1 a an d
. .
,

through X an d Y draw lin es p ara llel to E A Th en start .

,

i n g with 5 passi n g through Y con struc t the eq uilibrium

5, ,

polygon Fig 1 1 drawin g the c losin g lin e S

. In Fig 1 1 a
,
o
. .

there result the two reaction s R an d R when a lin e is , ,

d rawn throu gh P parallel to S of Fig 1 I S in ce the values o

. .
 G EN ERA L PRIN CIPLES A N D M E TH O DS .
3

of R an d R remain con stan t for the given loads the pole

, , ,

from which the strin gs in Fig I 1 a are drawn mu st lie upon .

a lin e drawn from L parallel to a lin e conn ectin g X an d

Y i n Fig 1 I That is S
. is the position of the closin g lin e
.
, ,

for all polygon s passin g throu gh X an d Y an d the pole c an ,

be taken an ywhere upon the lin e P L i n Fig 1 1 a In order ’

. .

that the polygon may also pass through Z take the loads
upon the right O f Z an d fi n d their resu lta n t E B an d throu gh ,

Z draw a lin e parallel to E B A ssume Z an d Y to be .

FI G . 11 . FI G . 1 1a .

poin ts throu gh which it is desired to pass an equ ilibrium

polygon Procee di n g as i n the first case the pole mu st lie
.
,

som ewhere u pon the lin e L P Fig 1 1 a drawn parallel to ’ ’

.
,

The n if a polygo n with its pole i n LP pas ses

’
a Y Fi g I I
, . .

through X an d Y an d on e with its pole in L P passes

,
’ ’

through Z the polygon with a pole at the in tersection O f

,

these lin es in P will pass through the three poin ts X Y

’
, ,

an d Z .
 RO O F TRUSSES -
.

CH A PTE R II .

BEAMS AND T R U S S ES .

13 . Verti cal Loads on a H ori zontal Beam : Reacti ons

an d M oments of the Outsi de For es c

— Let the beam X Y
support th e loads AB BC
, , et c Fig
.
, . 1 2 , an d let the en ds O f

FI G . 1 2.

FI G
. 1 2a .

the beam rest u pon su pports X an d Y R equi red the reacti on s .

R and R n eglectin g the weight o f the beam

,
In order .

that the beam remain s in place free from all motion the
outside forces A B B C etc with R an d R mu st fu lfill
, , .
, , ,

the con dition s of A rt 1 Proceedin g accordin g to A rt 6

. . .
,

the force polygon A B CDE F is con structed an y poin t P ,

taken as a pole an d the strin gs S ,

5 drawn Fig 1 2 a , 5 , . .

Then in Fig 1 2 the equ ilibrium polygon is con structed

, .
, ,

14
 BEA M S A N D TRUS S ES .
1 5

the closin g line 5 drawn an d parallel to this lin e LP i s

, , , ,

drawn i n Fig 1 2a cuttin g the lin e A F in to two parts ; LA

.
,

bein g the valu e O f R an d LP the value O f R ,

.

The momen t abou t an y poin t in the vertical passin g

throu gh an y poin t x is readily fo un d by A rt 1 0 : .

M , R ,x — A B (x —a
, ) B C (x a
, ) ( mu) H
the momen t Of the ou tsi de forces .

14 . Verti cal Loads on a S i mple R oof truss : S tructure

-

Consi dered Whole this case the method O f pro

as a .
—Ih

cedure is precisely that give n in A rt 10 The reactio n s . .

R, an d R will O f course be e qual if the loads are e qual an d

,

FI G . 1 3.

FI G . 1 3a.

sym metrically placed about the cen ter of the t russ This
'

bein g kn own the pole P may be taken on a horizon tal lin e

,

drawn through L Fig 1 3a an d then the closin g lin e S o i n

, .
,

Fig 1 3 will be horizon tal The closin g lin e may be made

. .

horizon tal in an y case by takin g the pole P hori z on tally

opposite L which divides the load lin e in to the two reac
,

tion s .

I t is eviden t from what precedes that the particu lar

shape of the tru ss or its in side bracin g has n o in flu en ce
1 6 R O O F TRUS S ES .

u pon the valu es o f R R an d the ordin ates to theeq uilib

riu m polygon H owever the in tern al brac in g mu st have
.
,

sufficie n t stre n gth to resist the action O f the ou tside force s

a n d keep each poin t O f the t russ in equ ilibrium .

15 . I ncli ned Loads on a S i mple Roof truss : S tructure

-

Consi dered as a Whole

case shown i n Fig 1 4 is that .
— The .

u sually assumed for the action O f win d u pon a roof truss

—
,

FI G . 1 4.

FI G . 1 44 .

the truss bein g supported at X an d Y The directions O f .

R an d R will be parallel to A D o f Fig 1 4 a

, ,
The deter . .

min ation o f the values o f R an d R is easily accomplished , ,

b y A rt 1 0 as shown in Figs 1 4 an d 1 4 a
.
,
. .

16 . Incli ned Loads on a Si mple R oof truss ,

-
One
R eacti on Gi ven i n Di recti on : S tructure Con si dered as a

Whole S uppose the roof tr uss to be supported upon

.
- -

rollers at Y Then the reaction R is vertical i f the rollers

. .

are on a horizon tal plan e The on ly poin t in R which is .

,

kn own is the poin t o f support X throu gh which it mu st

pass Drawin g the equ ilibriu m polygon through this poin t
.
,

5 cu ts the direction O f R i n Y an d X Y is the closin g lin e

’ ’
, , ,

Fi g 1 5 A t Y which is by con stru ction in equ ilibriu m

’
. .
, ,
x8 RO O F TRUSS ES
-
.

A rt . 1 6 . This fact
makes it un n ecessary to go through the
con struction s O f A rt 1 6 when those o f A rt I 5 are at h an d
. . .

The con struction s n ecessary to determin e R an d R O f , ,

A rt 1 6 are S hown by the dotted lin es in Fig 1 5a

. . .

18 I nternal E quili b ri um and S tresses

.
— A s previou sly
stated (A rt although the structure as a whole may b e
.

in equ ilibrium it is n ecessa ry that the in tern al framework

,

shall have suffi cie n t stre n gth to resist the stresses cau sed

FI G 1 6c .

FI G 1 6. .

FI G . 1 6a . FI G . 1 66. FI G . 1 6d .

by the outside forces For example in Fig 1 6 at the poin t .

, .
,

X R acts u pward an d the poin t is kept in equ ilibrium by

, ,

the forces tran smitted by the pieces A a an d La parts O f ,

the frame Suppose for the momen t that these pieces be

.

replaced by the stresses they tran smit as in Fig 1 6a The , . .

an gular directio n s O f these forces are kn own b u t their mag ,

n itu de s an d character are as yet u n kn own N ow S in ce X .

,

is in equilibrium u n der the actio n o f the forces R A a an d ,

La these forces mu st form a closed fi gu re (A rt

,
Lay .

O ff R or LA as shown in Fig l 6b an d the n through A

, ,
.
,

draw a lin e A o parallel to A d Fig 1 6 or 1 6a an d throu gh , .

,
 BEA M S A N D TRUSS ES . I 9

L a lin e parallel to La Fig 1 6 or 1 6 b ; the n L a an d A a are

, .

the magn itu des o f the two stresses desired S in ce in form .

in g the closed figu re Fig 1 6b the forces are laid O ff i n their

.

true direction s on e after the other the direction s wi ll be as

, ,

sho wn by the arrow heads If these arrow heads be tran s

-
.
-

ferred to Fig 1 6a it is see n that A a acts toward X an d

.
, ,

co n sequen tly the piece A a i n the frame Fig 1 6 is in com .

pression an d in like man n er the piece La is in ten sion

, .

Passin g to poin t U Fig 1 6 an d treatin g it in a similar .

,

mann er it appears that there are four forces actin g to pro

,

du ce equ ilibrium two O f which are kn own n amely the

, , ,

o u tside force A B an d the in side stress i n A a .

Fig 1 6c shows the closed polygon for fin din g the m ag

.

n i tu de s an d directio n s o f the stresses i n a b an d B b .

S in ce Fig 1 6 b con tain s some O f the lin es foun d in Fig

. .

1 6c the two figu res c an be combin ed as shown i n Fig

,
1 6d . .

In fin din g the actu al direction s o f the stresse s the forces ,

a ctin g arou n d an y give n poin t mu st be co n sidered in depen d

e n tly in their o wn closed polygon A lthou gh Fig 1 6d co n . .

tain s all the lin es n ecessary for the determin ation O f the

stresses aroun d X an d the poin t U yet the stress diagram

for on e poin t is in depen den t O f that for the other fo r Figs
‘
, .

1 6 b an d 1 6 c c an be dra wn to e n tirely diff ere n t scales i f the

d iagrams are n o t combin ed .

The remain in g poin ts o f the truss c an be treated i n the

man n er outlin ed above an d the stress i n each member
foun d . Separate stress diagrams may be con structed for
e a ch poin t or a combin ation diagram emp loyed S in ce
,
.
,

in case o f the in side stresses the forces meet in a poin t an d ,

there c an be n o revolu tio n there remain b ut two co n di ,

tion s o f equ ilibrium n amely the sum of the vertical c o m

, ,
20 RO O F TRUS S ES .

po n en ts of all the forces m u st equ al zero a n d the sa m e ,

co ndition fo r the ho rizon tal compo n en ts This bein g the .

ca se if there are mo re tha n two unknowns amo n g the force s

,

ac tin g a t an y poin t bein g con sidered the problem can n ot , .

be solved by the above method .

19 Insi de Forces Treated as Outsi de Forces

.
— Su ppose
the truss shown i n Fig 1 7 is c ut in to two parts alon g the lin e
.

aa the n the le ft portion remain s i n eq uilibrium as lo n g a s

,

the pieces Dd dg an d gL tra n smit to the frame the stresse s

, ,

FI G . 1 7. FI G . 1 7a .

whic h actually existed be fore the c u t was made Th is .

con dition may be represen ted by Fig 1 7a The stre sses . .

Dd dg an d gL may n o w be con sidered as ou tside forc e s

, , ,

a n d with the other o u tside forces they keep the stru ctu re

as a whole i n equil ibrium con sequ e n tly the in te rn al ar ,

ran gemen t o f the frame will have n o in fluen ce u pon the :

magn itu de s O f these forces E quilibriu m would still exist .

i f the frame were o f the Shape S hown i n Fi g 1 7b an d 1 7b

’
.

Fig 1 7c Shows the stres s diagrams fo r the two case s

.

shown an d also for the origin al arran gemen t o f the piece s

,

as shown in F ig 1 7 . .

20 . M ore than Two Unk nown Forces M eeti ng at a

Poi nt .
— Tak in g
each poin t in t urn comme n cin g wi th X the , ,

s t ess d iagrams are readily formed un til poin t U o f Fig 1 7

r
.

i s reached H ere three u n kn own s are fo un d ,an d hen ce the

.
 BEA M S A N D TR USS ES .
2I

problem becomes in determin ate by the u su al method If .

n ow the method o f A rt 1 9 is adopted the bracin g cha n ged

.
, ,

FI G . 1 76.

FI G . FI G . 1 7c.

an d the stresses i n Dd gd an d Lg foun d the problem can

, , ,

be solved by workin g back from these s tresses to the poin t

U as S hown in Fig 1 76 . .
 CH A PT E R II I .

S T R EN GT H O F M A TERIA LS .

21 . Wood i n Compressi on : Columns Wh e n or S truts —

a piece of wood over fif teen di a m eters in le n gth is su bject to

c ompression the total load or stress requ ired to produ c e

,

failure depen ds upon the kin d of wood an d the ratio of th e

least dimen sion to its len gth I f the strut is circular in .

c ross section
-
then its least dimen sion is the diameter of
,

this section ; i f recta n gu lar in section then the least dim en ,

sio n is the smaller side of the recta n gular section The .

above stateme n ts apply to the u su al forms o f timber whic h

a re u n i form i n cross sectio n fro m e n d to e n d

-
.

A piece o f oak 6 X 8 x 1 20 lo n g requ ires abou t

” ” ”

twice the load to produce failure that a similar piece 3 00 ”

lon g requ ires .

A piece o f oak 3 X 8 X 1 2 0 requ ires b u t abou t

”

o n e third the load that a piece 6 requ ires ” ” ”

x 8 x 1 20
for failure .

The actu al u ltimate stre n gths o f the variou s woods

u sed in stru ctures have bee n dete rmin ed expe rime n tally

a n d n u merou s formu las devised to represe n t these resu lts .

O n e o f the later formu las based u po n the fo rmula of A L , . .

J oh n son C
,
E U. S D e partme n t of A gric ultu re
.
, . . D ivisio n ,

of Forestry is ,

70 0 + 1 5c
P — F X 2’
7 0 0 + 1 50 + c
 S TREN G TH O F M A TERIALS . 23

where P the ultimate stren gth in poun ds per squ are

in ch of the cross section of a strut or column ;
-

F the u ltim ate stren gt h per sq u are in ch of wo od

in sh ort pieces ;

I len gth of column in in ches

d least dimen sion in in ches

table of the values of P is gi ven on page 2 4

A .

The factor of safety to be u sed wit h this table depen ds

u pon t h e class of structure in which the woo d is employed .

The followin g statemen ts are made in Bulletin N 0 1 2 .

,

U S Departmen t of A griculture Div ision of Forestry

. .
,

the stren gt h of timber van es very greatly with

S in ce
the moisture con ten ts ( see Bul letin 8 of the Forestry Divi
sion ) the econ omical design in g of su ch structu res will n eces
,

sitate their bein g separated in to groups accordin g to the

max imum moisture con ten ts in u se .

M O I S TU R E C LA S S IFI C A TI O N .

Class A( moistu re c o n te n ts 1 8 per ce n t ) S,tr uctu re s .

—

freely exposed to th e weather suc h as railway trestles uh

, ,

covered bridges etc , .

“
Class B ( moisture c on ten ts 1 5 per cen t ) S truc tures
—
, .

'

un der roo f b u t without side sh elter freely exposed to ou t ,

side air b ut protected from rain su ch as roof trusses of

, ,
-

ope n shops an d sheds covered bridges over stream s etc

, , .

Class C ( moistu re con ten ts 1 2 per cen t ) S tructures

—
, .

in bu ildin gs un heated b u t more or less protected from out

,

side air such as roof trusses or barn s e n closed shops an d

,
-
,

sheds etc , .

Class D ( moisture con ten ts 1 0 per ce n t ) — S truc tures

, .

in b u ild in gs at all times protected from the outside air ,

24 RO O F TRUS S ES
-
.

ULT IMATE STRE N GTH O F CO LUMN S . VAL UE S O F P .

T
UL I M A TE ST R EN G T H IN P U S
O ND PE R S Q UA ER IN C H .

h
N o rt e rn o r

So ut h
e rn , Lo ng Sh t l f Y
or -
ea e]

l f Ge o rg iit P i ne , R e d

gmfizzy
ea or
Do ug l as . O re Pi n e , 1
C Wh Wh a e
,

d fi i i if
fé
'‘ 0 Pwe
m
'

a nd .

P P C di H e m ock l ,

Ir o r i ne . i ne , ana an
C d
,

( O n ta ri o ) R e d y press, C e a r,
Pi n e C lf
a i o rn i a R e q
lf
.

woo d C a i o rn i a
.

p
.

S ru c e .

F = 6ooo F z
sooo F = 4 soo F = 4 ooo F = 3 soo
26 RO O F TRUSS ES
-
.

STR E N GTH O F S TE E L CO LUMN S O R STR UTS

FO B Vm ovs VAL UE S or

RA DI U S
f or
IN W H IC H L

GYR A T IO N IN
LE N GTH

In c n s.
I II FE ET AND 7

P - ultimate stre ngt h in lb s per

. sq uare i n ch .

FO B SO F T STEE L .

Pi n and S q uare Beari ng .

( 1 2 L)
’

’
24 ,000r ’
18 ,000r

To o b ta in safe un it stress
For quies ce n t lo ads as i n b uildin gs di vi de b y 4
, , .

For m ov i n g loads as i n b ri dges d i vi de b y 5

, , .

nurtu r e sr n ltn c ru I N
'
r o un ns n it uun u A rIt sr ns n c rn I n
' '
P U DS
O N rnn
S Q UA Iu: IN c u . S Q UA Itn I N C H .

Sq uare . Sq uare .
 S TREN G TH O F M A TERIA LS . 27

S TRE N GT H O F S TE E L CO LU MN S O R S TR U T S— Conti n ued .

U T A TE ST E T
L IM R NG H IN P U DS
O N ran U T ATE T E T
L IM S R NG H IN P U DS
O N PE N
S QUA E R IN C H . SQ UA E R INC H .

S q ua re . S q uare .

the values are given i n the man u factu rers pocket books ) ’
-

the man n er i n which the en ds are held etc , .

If a column has its en d section s so fixed that they re

main parallel the column is said to be squa re en ded I f
,
-
.

both en ds are held in place by pin s which are parallel the ,

column is said to be pi n en ded A column may have on e -

.

squ are en d an d on e pin en d .

The above table co n tain s the u lti m ate stren gth per
square i n ch o f S O F T S T E E L colu mn s or stru ts
-
.

To obtain the sa fe un it stress for M E D I U M S T E E L

‘

For qu iescen t loads as in bu ildin gs divide by

, ,

For movin g loads as in bridges divide by

, ,
28 RO O F TRUS SES
-
.

E X A M P LE —
“
m
load will cripple a squ are en ded col
at -

'
um n o f so ft stee l made o f o n e sta n dard 6 an gle ”
x 6 X
if the len gth o f the strut is 1 0 fee t ?

From an y of the pocket books or the table at en d o f bo ok

-

L 10
the valu e of r is in ches then an d
,
7 1 1 8

from the ta ble o n page 2 7 P 3 4 8 00 po u n ds p e r sq u are

in ch The area o f the an gle is
.
5 sq u are in ches he n ce ,

the cripplin g load is X 3 4 8 00 2 00 1 0 0 po un ds The .

sa fe load in a roo f tru ss is 2 0 0 1 0 0 -

4 5 00 2 5 p o un ds .

If medium steel had bee n u sed the sa fe load b ecomes ,

2 00 1 00 55 6 0 0 po u n ds .

23 End B eari ng of Wood

.
— W hen a stress is tran s
.

m i tted to the en ds o f the fibers there m u st be a sufficien t

n umber to carry the load withou t too mu ch compre ssion

or be n din g over To illu strate let a load P be tran smitted

.
,

through a metal plate to the en d o f a wooden column then ,

the area b x d mu st be su ch that n o crushin g takes place .

In Fig 1 8 h the load is tran smitted to the wooden strut

.

by mean s of a castin g an d roun d pin The area of the .

fibers takin g the en tire load P is b x d .

The followin g table gives the sa fe en d b earin g values for -

variou s woods :

Lb s per Sq I n
. . .

White Pin e N ort ern orh W hi te O ak So uth e rn The v alues i n

h
S ort leae l
-
Lon g leaf Pi n e th i s tab le h av e a
-

lo w Pi n e , R ed or Geo rgia factor of safety

Pin e , N o rway Y ellow Pin e , of 5
Pin e , S pru ce , Do uglas,
Cy press, O regon an d
Cedar Y ello w Fi r
 S TREN G TH O F M A TERIA LS .
2
9

E X A M P LE — Fig 1 8 let b In1 2 in ches d 4 i n ches , ,

an d suppose the wood to be white oak ; what is the safe load

P? P 4 X 1 2 X 1 4 00 6 7 2 0 0 po u n ds .

F IG . 18 . FI G . 1 86 .

24 . f
B eari ng o S teel —
that has been said con cern in g
A ll .

the en d bearin g of wood applies to steel when ever ri vets or

pin s are harder than the steel through which they pass In .

roof trusses the rivets an d pin s are seldom harder than the
-

an gles or plates they con n ect The bearin g valu e u sed .

in design in g shou ld be that fo r the so fter material .

For so ft or soft medium stee l the safe beari n g value may

-

be taken as 2 0 0 0 0 poun ds per squ are in ch .

TA B LE O F S AFE B E AR I N G VALU E S .

B N A N IN G V A UE
L FO R D I IrIrIm n N T TNc a sn s o r P LA T N I N I N C II IIS AT
i
D amete r A re a m PO U DS
N p a n S Q UA N N I N C H .
of R i ve t . . h
S q I nc es
3 0 RO O F TRUSS ES .

TA B LE O F S AFE BE A R IN G VALUE S — C onti n ued .

B EA R IN G VA L UII F O R D I r r n Iu I N T T H IC N N S S S S S o r P TE
LA IN IN c S AT
DIamete r A rea In P O UN DS P E R S Q UA R II IN CH .

of R i ve t . S q I ns
. .

. 1 1 05

1 96 4

306 8 78 1 3
4 418 93 7 5 1 03 1 3 1 1 2 50

. 60 1 3 1 09 3 8 1 2 03 1 1 3 1 25 1 42 1 9 1 53 1 3 1 64 06

7854 1 2 5 00 1 3750 1 5 000 1 6 2 50 1 7 5 00 1 8 7 50 20000

25 . a load P
B eari ng A cross the Fi b ers of Wood .
— If ,

Fig 1 9 be tran smitted through a wooden corbel to a col

.
,

um n the area b X d bearin g directly u pon the su pport

, , ,

must be sufficien t to resist crushin g This is a poin t very .

often overlook ed in con struction In Fig 1 9a the sa me . .

FI G . 19 . FI G . 1 94 .

TA BLE O F S AFE BE A RIN G VA LU E S .

H emlock
 S TREN G TH O F M A TERIA LS .
3 1

c on dition s obtain . The washer

mu st be of such a size that
the area bea rin g upon the wood shall properly distribu te
the stress tran smitted by the rod A tab le of safe bearin g .

values is given on page 30 .

26 . B eari ng A cross the Fi b ers of S teel . See A rt . 24 .

27 . Longi tudi nal S hear of W

Fig 2 0 let the ood . — In .

piece A pu sh again st the n otch in B then the ten den cy is ,

to pu sh the portion above ba alon g the plan e ba or to shear ,

len gthwise a surface b i n len gth an d t in width .

A similar con ditio n exists i n Fig 20 a The splice m a y . .

fail by the shea rin g alon g the gra in the two surfaces abc
an d A table o f sa fe lon git u din al sheari n g valu es i s
given on page 3 2 .

FI G . 20 .

FIG . 20a .

28 . Longi tudi nal S hear For all structure s

of S teel .
-

c on sidered in this book the lon gitu din al shear of steel i s

fully provided for by the practical rules govern in g the spac
in g of rivets etc, See Table I I I
. .
3 2 RO O F TRUS SES
-
.

TABLE O F S AFE LO N GIT U DIN A L S H E AR IN G V A LUE S .

Po un ds pe r Sq .

In .

Whi te Pi n e , N orthern So uthern Lon g Whi te O ak

or S ho rt leaf Y el
-
leaf or Ge orgia
low Pin e , Can ad i an Y ellow Pi n e ,
Wh ite Pin e , Can a R ed Fi r, Chest
dian R ed Pin e , n ut
S ruce , E astern Fir,
em loc k , Cali forn i a
R edwood

Transverse S trength Wood

W hen a beam sup
of .
—

at the en ds is loade d with con cen trated loads as ,

shown in Fig 2 1 the max .

,

imum momen t is readily

foun d by mean s of the equi
librium polygon Le t this .

momen t be called M then ,

fb r rectan gu lar beams

M l d ’
,

FI G . 21 .

where M the maximum momen t in in ch poun ds ; -

b the breadth of the beam in in ches ;

d the depth of the beam in in ches ;
R the allowable or safe stress per square in ch in
the extreme fiber .

If M is given i n foot po un ds the n the secon d member

-
,

O f the above equ ation become s fi Rbd ’

For a un ifom ly distribu ted load

M 5101
”
 30 . Transverse S trength of S teel B eams — In the . case
of steel beams

the maximum momen t in in ch poun ds ; -

the momen t of in ertia (gi ven in the m an ufac

turers pocket book s)
’
-

the distan ce of the outermost fiber from the

n eu tral axis ;

the safe stress in poun ds per squ are in ch in

the outermost fiber ;

is given in the man ufacturers pocket books ’

-

for each shape rolled for the con dition s

u su ally obtain in g in practice .

The safe valu e o f R for soft steel may be taken as 1 6 0 0 s

poun ds .

E X A M PLE — . Supposethe oak beam in A rticle 2 9 is re

placed by a steel chan n el What mu st be its size an d
.

weight ?

M 1 5 0 00 R5 1 6 0 0 05 5

From an y of the man ufacturers pocket books a 3 i n ch ’

-
,
-

chan n el weighin g 4 pou n ds per lin ear foot has 5

The mome n t du e to the weight of the chan n el is i wl
”

x 4 x 10 X 10 5 0 ft 1b s or 6 00 i n lbs ; he n ce
. the
-
to tal. .
-
.

momen t is 1 560 0 in ch poun ds an d the re quired value of

-

1 5 6 00
which is less than This bein g the
1 6 0 00
case a 3 in ch chan n el weighin g 4 poun ds per foot will
,
-
be
safe (See Tables at en d of book )
.
.
 S TREN G TH O F M A TERIA LS .
35

3 1 . S peci al Case of the B endi ng S trength of M etal Pi ns .

W here pin s are u sed to conn ect several pieces as , in Fig .

FI G . 22 .

2 2, the momen ts of the outside forces can be determin ed

in the usu al way .

This momen t M
where d the diameter of the pin i n in ches ;
R the safe stress in the outer fiber in poun ds per
squ are in ch .

The table o n page 3 6 gives the sa fe valu es of M for vari

o u s sizes of bolts or pin s For wrou ght iron u se R
. 1 50 00 ,

a n d fo r steel u se R 2 50 00 .

3 2 . S heari ng A cross the Grai n of B olts , R i vets, and

P i ns . — For wrou ght

iron bolts u se 7 50 0 pou n ds per squ are
—

in ch an d for steel 1 0 000 pou n ds

, The sa fe sheari n g values
.

o f rivets an d bolts are give n o n page 3 6 .

3 6 RO O F TRUS S ES .

MA X IMUM BE N DIN G MO ME N TS O N PI N S W ITH E X TRE ME

FI B E R ST R E S S E S ,
VA R Y I N G FR OM 15 000 To 25000 P O UN D S PER S QU A R E IN C H .

MOM E TS
N IN IN C H - P U DS
O N FO R F I BR E ST ESSESR OF

94 2 5 0 1 1 3 1 00 1 4 1 370 1 57 080

SA FE S H E A R I N G VALUE S O F R IVE T8 AN D B O LTS .

A re a i n S i gl
n e S he ar Do ub l e S he ar S i n gle S he a r D o u b le S h ea r
S q ua re I n c he s . at 7 50 0 l b s
. at 1 5 000 lb s . at 1 0000 lb s . at 20000 lb s .
 S TREN G TH O F M A TERIA LS .
37

33 . S heari ng A cross the Grai n of Wood .

S A FE TR AN SVE R S E S HE A RIN G VA LU E S .

Lb s pe r S q In
. . .

W hi te Pi n e H em lo c k Factor of sa ety f 4

Lb s pe r S q I n
. . .

Wh ite O ak,
N o rth South ern Lon g F ac tor f
o f sa e ty 4
em or S h o rt lea f
-
lea f o r Geo rgi a
Yellow Pi n e Y ello w Pi n e

34 . Wood i n Di rect Tensi on .

SAFE TE N S IO N VA L UE S .

Lb s pe r
.

S q uare I n c h .

Wh i te Pin e , Cali S pruce , E astern Fi r,

forn ia R edwood Ce dar

White O ak , S ou th ern Lon g

Wash in gton Fi r leaf o r Ge o rgia
o r Pi n e , Can a Pin e , Do uglas Fi r,
di an Wh i te Pin e O re go n Fi r , Y e l
an d R ed Pi n e low Fi r

35 . S teel Wand
rou ght Iron i n Di rect F 0 r Tensi on — .

wrou ght iron u se 1 2 00 0 poun ds per square in ch for steel ,

use 1 6 000 poun ds per squ are in ch .

 CH APTE R IV .

RO O F T R US S E S A N D T H E I R DES IGN
-
.

36 . Preli mi nary R emark s — Primarilythe fun ction of

.

a roof t russ is to su pport a coverin g over a large flo or spa ce

- -

whic h it is desirable to k eep free of obstruction s in the

S hape of pe rman e n t col umn s partition s etc ,Train sheds , .
-

power ho uses armories large mill buildin gs etc are ex

-

, , , .
,

amples of the class of b uildin gs in wh ich roof t russes are -

c ommon ly employed .

The t russes span from side wall to side wall an d are

placed at in tervals depe n din g to some exten t upon the
,

a rchi tect ural arran geme n t of open in gs i n the walls an d u po m

the magn i tude of the spa n The top members of the.

trusses are co nn ected by members called pu rlin s run n in g ,

u su ally at right a n gles to the plan es of the trusses The .

purl in s support pieces called rafters which run parallel to ,

the trusses an d these carry the roof coverin g an d an y

,

o ther loadin g su c h as sn ow an d the e ff ect of w in d

, .

The t russes purlin s an d rafters may be of wood steel

, , , ,

o r a combin ation of the two materials .

37 .R oof C overi ng
— T his may be. o f vario u s materials
o r t heir combin ation s su ch as wood slate tin copper clay
, , , , ,

tiles corrugated iron flat iron gravel an d tar etc

, , , , .

The weights gi ve n for roof coverin gs are u sually per

square wh ic h is 1 0 0 square feet
, .
 RO O F -
TRUSS ES A N D TH EIR DESIGN .
39

Tables I an d II give the weights of variou s roof

c overin gs .

3 8 . Wi nd Loads actual effect of the win d blowi ng

.
-
The
aga in s t in clin ed surfaces is n o t very well k n own The .

formulas i n common u se are given below :

Let 0 an gle of surface of roof with direction of win d ;
F force of win d i n poun ds per squ are foot ;
A pressure n ormal to roof F sin ,

B pressure perpen dicular to direction of the win d

F cot 0 sin 0m °° s

C press ure parallel to the direction of the win d

o
F SIII cos

°
A ngle 6
°
40 50 60
° °
70 80
°

Pi tch of Roof — The ratio of the rise to the span is

39 .

called the pitch Fig 2 3 The followin g table

, .
give s the

an gles of roofs as common ly constructed

4 ° RO O F TRUS S ES .

Pitch . A n gle 6
. Si n 0 . Cos 6 . T an 6 . Se c 6 .

4 0 . Transmi ssi on of Loads to R oof trusses -

.
— Fi g . 24

shows a common arran gemen t of trusses purlin s an d ra fters , , ,

so that all loads are fin ally con c e n trated at the apexes B C , ,

FI G . 24 .

D etc of the truss Then the total weight of C overin g

“

, .
, .
,

rafters an d p u rlin s i n clu ded by the dotted lin es m n u p pa

, , , ,

an d 0m will be con ce n trated at the vertex B The total win d .

load at the vertex B will be equ al to the n ormal pre ssure

of the win d u pon the area m n op .

4 1 S i z es of.T i m b er — A ltho u gh an y size

. of timber c an

be obtain ed on a special order yet it is more econ omical ,

so to design structures that on ly commercial sizes will be

requ ired .

C ommercial timber i s common ly cu t i n eve n i n ches in

cross section an d even feet in len gth
-
For example . ,

2
”
X 4 X 4 X 6 X 8
”
are commercial sizes ”
,

an d these can be obtain ed i n le n gths of

4 2 RO O F TRUS S ES .

as the use of several sizes in the same structure u sually

causes trouble or delay See Tables V an d VI
. .

45 R i.v et s
.
— T h e rivets i n steel s tru ct u res sho u ld b e
~

of un iform diameter i f possible The practical sizes for

.

differen t shapes are given in the man u facturers pocket ’

books See Tables I II IV an d V

.
, , .

4 6 Lo .ca l Condi ti on s — I n maki n g a des i gn local mar

kets should be con sidered If material can be purchased
.

from local dealers althou gh n o t of the sizes desired it

, ,

will ofte n happen that eve n whe n a greater amoun t of

the local material is used tha n requ ired by the design the ,

total cost will be less than i f special material less in quan

,

tity had been purchased elsewhere This is especially

, .

true for small structures o f wood .

 CH APTE R V

D ES IGN O F A W O O DEN R O O F- TR U S S .

47 . Data .

Win d load poun ds per square foot of vertical

4 0

projection of roof .

Sn ow load 20 poun ds per s q uare foot o f roof .

Coverin g slate 1 4 lon g 1 thick”

poun ds
,
”

per squ arefoot of roof .

Sh eathin g lon g leaf S outhern pin e

-
thick ,

poun ds per squ are foot of roof .

lon g leaf S outhern pin e 2 thick

-
,
”
.

lon g leaf S outhern pin e

-
.

lon g leaf S outhern pin e for all mcm

-
,

bers except verticals in

which will be of soft steel .

Distan ce 0 to c of trusses
. . 1 0 feet .

Pitch of roof 5 .

Form of t russ as sh own in Fig 2 5 . .

'
S pa n 60 R i se 20 ’

FI G . 25.
44 RO O F TRUS S ES .

4 8 . Allowable S tresses per S quare Inch .

S O U TH E R N LO N G LE A F
-
PIN E .

Ten sion wi th the grain

End bearin g
E n d bearin g again st pin s
Compression across the grain Art 2 5 .
,

Tra n sverse stress e xtreme fiber stress A rt 2 9

—
, .
,

S hearin g with the grain A rt 2 7 .

,

S hearin g across the grain A rt 3 3 .

,

C olumn s an d S truts Values given in A rt 2 1

. . .

STE E L .

Ten sion with the grain Art .

B earin g fo r rivets an d bolts A rt .

Tran sverse s tress extreme fiber stre ss

—
,
A rt .

S hearin g across the grain . A rt .

E xtre m e fiber stress i n ben din g ( pin s ) ,

A rt.

49 . R afters — Thelen gth o f each rafter c to c of purlin s . .

is 10sec 0
X 10 x 1 2 feet an d hen c e the area
,

mn op Fig 2 4
,
.
, is 1 2 x 1 0 1 2 0 squ are feet .

VE R T I C A L L O A D S .

The normal compon en t of this load is 4 0 1 0 X cos 0,

or 4 0 1 0 x 3 33 6 po un ds .
 DESIGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUSS -
. 45

The n ormal compon en t of the win d is ( Art 38 ) about .

4 0 X 2 8 lbs per squ are foo t an d the total 2 8 x 1 2 0

.
, ,

33 6 0 lbs .

The total n ormal load su ppo rted by the rafters ex ,

elu sive of their own weight 333 6 33 6 0 6 6 96 lbs , .

6 6 96 12 5 5 8 lbs per lin ear foot of spa n of the rafte rs. .

Sin ce the th ickn ess of t he rafters has been tak en as

eith er th e n umber of the rafters or th eir depth must b e as

sum ed .

A ssumin g th e depth as the load per li nea r foot W t h

each rafter can safely carry is ( Art 2 9) .

q R bd z
.

i
‘
1 2 X 1 2 7 5 X 1 200 X 2 X 8 X 8,

or II) 1 1 8 lbs .

558 5 t
1 18 h e n umb er o f 2 x 8 rafters re q u ired ” ”
.

To allow for th e wei ght o f th e rafters an d the compo

n en t of the vertical load wh ich acts al o n g the rafter six ,

rafters will be u sed I f a rafter is placed immediately over

.

each truss the spaci n g of the rafters will be 1 0 x 1 2

,

6 2 0 in ches c to c . .

The weight of th e rafters is [ 2 X 3 x x 3 6 0 4

5 0 . Purli nstotal load n ormal to the roof carried

— . The
by on e p urlin exclusive of its own weight is 66 96
, 3 6 0 X ,

3 2 6 99 6 lbs This is co n cen trated i n loads of 6 996

.

6 1 1 6 6 lbs spaced 2 0 apart as shown in Fig 2 6

.
,
”
, . .

The mome n t can be determin ed grap hically (Art .

or algebraically as follows : ,
46 RO O F TRUS S ES
-
.

Mom en t at cen ter 291

5 X 6 0 1 1 66 X 40 1 1 66

X 20 1 0 4 94 0 in c h
po un ds A ssume the purlin to b e 1 0
-
.
”

deep, then for ea ch in ch in thic k n ess the max imum momen t

FI G . 26 .

whi ch it can sa fely resi st is 1, R bd 1 2

3 X 1 2 00 X 1 X 10 X
10 20000 in ch poun ds
-
.

1 0 4 94 0
the required width of pur lin . To allow for
2 0 0 00

the weight of th c purlin an d an y force actin g alon g the

rafters th e n ext commercial s iz e will be u sed or 6
”
, X ,

The weight of the pu rli n is 5 X 1 0 X 5 1 8 8 lbs .

5 1 Lo
.ads a t Tru ss A pex es — E xcl u sive of the weight .

of th e truss th e vertical load at each apex U U U U ,

an d U Fig . 2 5, is

Sn ow , slate sheathin g
,
. A rt 4 9 , .
4 0 1 0 lbs .

A rt 4 9 .
, 3 6 0 lbs .

Art 50 .
,
1 8 8 lbs .

4 55 8 lbs .

The weight in poun ds of th e truss may be foun d from

the formula W i dL ( 1 L ) where d is the dista n ce ,

in feet 0 to c of trusses an d L th e span in feet

. . Substitut
,
.

ing for d an d L,

W f x 10 x 1
+ 1 1, X 60 ) 3 1 50 lbs .

The full ape x load is 1 1 60

6
-

5 5
2 lbs .
,
an d h en ce the
 DESIGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUSS
-
. 47

total vertical load at each apex U In clusive is 4 5 58

—U
,

5 5
2 5 3
0 8 lbs . I n case the top chords of the en d tru sses

are cross braced together to provide for win d pressure etc

-
, .
,

t his load would be in creased about 75 or 1 00 lbs .

For con ven ien ce an d sin ce the roof assufned will re

,

q u ire light tru sses the ,apex loads will be in creased to 6 00 0

lbs In an actual case it would be econ omy to place the

.

trusses about 1 5 feet 0 to c . .

The load at the supports is 3 2 9 111

3 0 0 0 lbs .

Wi nd The win d load for apexes U an d U is 3 36 0 lbs

—
I 2
.

( A rt . a n d at apexes L O a n d U the load ,

is S 3
519 1 6 8 0 lbs
’
r
- :
.

For the determin ation of stresses let the win d apex load b e
tak en as 3 4 00 lbs an d the half load as 1 700 lbs
.
, .

In passin g atten tion may be called to the fact that the

,

weight of the tru ss is less than 1 0 per cen t of the load it .

has to su pport ex clu sive of the win d ; hen ce a slight error

in assu min g the truss weight will n ot materially affect the
stresses in the several members o f the truss -
.

5 2 S.tr ess es i n Tru ss M em b er s — Follow . in g the pri n

ci ple s explain ed i n Chapter II the stress in each piece is

,

readily determin ed as in dicated on Plate I

, .

H avin g foun d the stresses du e to the vertical loads the ,

win d loads when the win d blows from the left an d when it
blows from the right these stresses mu st be combin ed in
,

the man n er which will produ ce the greatest stress in the

variou s members The win d is assumed to blow b u t from
.

on e direction at the same time ; that is the stress cau sed ,

by the win d from the right can n ot be combin ed with the

stress du e to the win d from the left .

In localities where heavy sn ows may be expected it is

best to determin e the stresses produ ced by sn ow coverin g
b ut on e half of the roof a s well as coverin g the en tire roof .
48 RO O F TRUS SES .

For con ven ien c e of referen ce the stresses are tabulated

h ere .

Lo l~ i

S TR E SS E S .

V i lL d
e rt c a oa s. W i nd Le ft
. W i nd h
R ig t . x
Ma i m u m S tresses
.

4 3 70 °
“

+ 5 1 00

sign ifi es co m pression .

53 . S i z es of Compressi on M emb ers of Wood .

Piece Lo U1 . S tress 3 5
4 00 .

This piece has the greatest stress of all the u pper ch ords .

S in ce the apex U is held i n position vertically by the truss

1

m embers an d horizon tally by the purlin s the u n supported

, ,

len gth of L U as a colu mn is 1 2 feet

0 I
.

To determin e the size a least dime n sion mu st be as

su med an d a trial calcu lation made This will be better .

e xplain ed by n u merical calc u lation s .

Let the least dimen sion be assumed as then

6
3 , an d from A rt . 21 ,
P 24 4 5 lbs per square
.
5° RO O F TRUSSES .

the piece L U past the poin t U o

For this reason an d
l 2
.
,

becau se splices are always un desirable the top chords of ,

roof trusses are made un iform in size for the maximum

-

len gths of commercial timber an d exceptin g in heav y , ,

trusses the size of the piece L U is retain ed throu ghout the

, O I

top chord even when on e splice is n ecessary

, .

To illu strate the method of procedure when the size i s

chan ged suppose U U is o f a differen t size from U U
, 2 3 ,

To keep on e dimen sion un iform the piece mu st be either

l
6 or 8 on o n e side Try the least d as then —
6
3 , an d
d
. .

I:
24 4 5
610 lbs . 2 0 700 610 34 squ are in ches
4

r e qu ired 34 4 i n
. dicates that a 4 X 1 0 piece is n ece s
”

sary ; b ut the other dimen sion was taken as therefore ,

i n order to retain this dimen sion a 6 X 6 piece mu st b e

” ”

u sed .

Sin ce Ul can also be 6 X 6 L U c an be 6 X , o l

”

an d the remain der o f the ra fter 6 X 6 in case a splice i s

” ”

n ecessa ry 6 X 8 will be u sed throu ghou t

”
. .

Piece UI L 2 . S tress 9 1 00 .

The un u s pported len gth of this piece is 12 feet . Try

P
least d then 610 an d 9 1 0 0 610 1 5 the
I
nu mber o f squ are in ches requ ired ; hen ce a piece 4 X 4 ”

1 6 squ are in ches c an be u sed For appearan ce an d .

stiffn ess a piece 4 X 6 will be u sed ” ”

.

Piec e U2L3 . S tress 1 2 70 0 .

The un u s pported len gth 10 X feet ,

I X 1 2
4 6 0 lbs .

d 4
 DES IGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUS S
-
.
5 1

1 2 700 4 6 0 28 mber of squ are in ches requ ired

nu ,

or a piece 4 X 8 m ust be u sed i f d 4

”

Try d then

1 2 70 0 6 50 requ ired The smallest

1 9 square in ches .

s iz e where d 6 is 6 X 6 3 6 squ are i n ches

” ” ”
.

In this case a 4 X 8 is more econ omical in material by

” ”

4 q s u are in ches of sectio n b u t the extra material u sed i n a ,

6 X 6 piece is more than balan ced by its greater stren gth

” ”

a n d sti fi n ess .

54 . S i zes of Tensi on M emb ers of Wood .

Pieces LO L1 an d Ll . S tress 3 1 3 00 .

From Art 34 the allowable stress per square in ch for

.

S ou thern lon g leaf pin e is 1 2 00 lbs -

.

3 1 30 0
= the n e t n u mber o f s qu are in ches

r equ ired In order to con n ect the variou s pieces at the

.

a pexes con siderable cuttin g mu st be don e for n otches

, ,

b olts ,
etc a n d .
where
,
the fibres are c u t O f
f their u sef u ln ess
to carry te n sile stresses is destroyed P ractice in dicates .

t hat i n care fu l desig n in g the n e t sectio n m u st be i n creased

by abo u t 3 or i n4
this
,
case the area req u ired is 2 3 1 6 =
39
q
s u are in ches there fore a piece
,
6 X 8 4 8 sq u are
,
i n ches ” ”

m u st be u sed .

Piece L s . S tress 2 3 700 .

In a similar ma n n er this member c an be proportio n ed ,

b ut n si ce splices i n te n sio n members are ve ry u n desir able ,

o wi n g to the large amo u n t o f material an d labor req u ired

in m a kin g them the best practice makes ,
the n umber a
5 2 RO O F TRUS SES .

min imu m con sisten t with the market len gths of timber ,

an d co n sequ e n tly i n all b u t ve ry large spa n s the bottom

, ,

chord is made un ifo rm i n size from en d to en d .

55 . S i z es of S teel Tensi on M emb ers .

Piece Ul L 1 . S tress 0 .

A lthough
there is n o stress i n U L yet in order that 1 1, ,

the bottom chord may be supported at L a roun d rod f ,,

”

in diameter will be u sed .

Piece U2L, S tress 5 0 0 0 .

The n u mber o f
squ are in ches required is (Art 3 50 0 0 .

1 600 0 = 0 3 1 squ are in ches

. A rou n d rod 3} in ch in diam
.
.

eter is required exclusive o f the material c ut away by the

,

threads at the en ds The area at the root o f the threads

.

"
o f a 3 rou n d rod is square in ches hen ce a roun d ro d ,

will be u sed ( Table V II

.
) .

Piece U3L 3 . S tress 1 6 1 00 .

square in ches A 1 1 rou n d rod .

»

has area of squ are in ches This rod upset ( Tab le .

VI I ) to 1 3 at the en ds will be u sed

”
.

If the rod is n o t u pset a diameter o f 1 8 mu st be u sed ,

havin g an area o f square in ches at the root of the

threads .

N ote that the above rods have commercial sizes .

5 6 D es
.i gn of J oi nt L —
W ith Q
C
B olt s — A commo n o
”

form o f join t at L is shown i n Fig 2 6 The top chord rest s

O
. .

in a n otch db i n the b o tto m chord an d u su ally altogethe r

'

, , ,

too much reli an ce is put in the stre n gth of th i s detail The .

n otch becomes u seless whe n the fibres fail alo n g db or whe n ,

 DES IGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUSS
-
.
53

the bottom chord shears alon g ab The distan ce ab is quite .

variable an d depen ds u pon the arran gemen t of rafters ,

gutters corn ice etc Let about 1 2 be assumed in this

, , .
”

case then it will safely resist a lon gitudin al shearin g force

,

of 1 2 X 6 X 1 50 1 0 8 0 0 lbs (A rt The area of the en d

. .

fibers due to the n otch db equ als 1 3 X 6 s

9 q u are i n ches ,

if This will safely resist 1 } X 6 X 1 6 0 0 1 4 4 00 1

A ll b o l ts Z6

FI G . 26 .

lbs ( Art
. . b ut the wood wou ld shear alon g a b
this force could be realized hen ce the valu e of the n otch i s
,

b ut 1 0 8 0 0 lbs lea v in g 3 4 50 0
.
, 2 1 50 0 lbs to .

be held in som e o the r man n er in this case by 3 bolts

,
”
.

To save c uttin g the bottom chord for washers an d also ,

to i ncrease the b earin g upon the s upports of the tru ss it is

customary to u se a corbel or bolster as shown in Fig 2 6
, , . .

Le t a s in gle if bolt be placed 6 from the en d of the bot

” ”
S4 RO O F TRUSSES .

tom ch ord This will preven t the startin g of a crack at b

.
,

a n d also assist in keepin g the corbel in place .

If it is assumed that the bolt holes are slightly larger

than the bolts the in stan t that an y motion takes place
,

alo n g be the bolts B will be subjected to ten sion If friction .

alon g be an d between the wood an d the metal plate washer

,
-

b e n eglected the te n sion in the bolts may be determin ed by

,

resolvin g 3 4 500 1 0 8 00 sec 0 2 1 500 in to two compon en ts ,

o n e n o rmal to the pla n e be a n d the other i n the directio n

,

o f the bolts Doin g this the ten sion i n the bolts is foun d
.

to be about 4 0 00 0 lbs S ee Fig 2 6 . . .

S in ce all frictio n has bee n n eglected the allowable ten ,

s ile stre n gth per squ are in ch o f the bolts may be take n

s omewhat larger tha n 1 6 0 0 0 lbs or say 2 0 0 00 lbs The n .

, , , .

the total area requ ired is g ggg g

El The area at
- .
”
.

the root of a thread of a 5 bolt is E] hen ce

"
the number of 3 bolts requ ired .

E ach bolt resists a te n sio n o f 1 9

12 8 0 0 0 lbs a n d 4 -
22
.
,

hen ce the area o f the washer bearin g across the fibers o f the
"
wood mu st be 3 3 3
5 9 0
D ( A rt
0
A s the stan dard .

c ast iro n washer has an area o f b u t 1 C l a sin gle steel

”
-

plate will be u sed fo r all the bolts The total area in clu din g .

5 1 holes
”
fo r bolts will be 1 19 D a n d as ”
,

the top chord is 6 wide the plate will be 6 X 2 0

”
1 2 0 CI
”
, .

The proper thickn ess o f this plate c an be dete rmin ed

a pproximately as follows :

The en d o f the plate may be C n sidered as an over o

h an gin g beam faste n ed by the n u ts or heads o n the bolts

a n d loaded with 3 5 0 lbs per s q u are in c h of s u rface bearin g
.

a gain st the wood .

 DES IGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUS S -
.
55

The distan ce from the en d of the plate to the

n uts is abou t an d the momen t at the n u ts is
35 0 X 6 X 3} X 3} X } 1 1 1 010 in ch po u n ds T h is m u st -
.

e qual 1; R bd = 3 R bt
1 3
} X 1
2
6 0 0 0a
X 6 X t or S
I H fiH} — ”
,
2 -

an d hen ce t abo t A plate w ill be

” ”
5 u i .

u sed (A rt .

The ten sion in the bolts mu st be properly tran sferred

to the corbel through adequate washers E ach bolt carries .

a ten sion of = 8 000 lbs .

The bolts in pairs tran sfer the ir stress partially again st

the en d fibers of the wood over an area of 4 X 6 24 D
”
,

which will be con sidered ade quate The washer o f the .

sin gle bolt bears across the grain an d shou ld h ave an avail

able area o f 3 3? 2 3 D
2 0
A cast iro n washer 5 in diam
”
.
-
”

eter an d beveled as shown i n Fig 2 6 will be u sed

, .
, .

The horizon tal compo n en t of the ten sion i n the bolts

havin g been tran sferred to the corbel must n ow be tran s ,

ferred to the bottom chord This is don e by two white

.

oak keys 2 3 X 8 lon g E ac h key will safely carry an

”
.

e n d fiber stress ( A rt of I f X 6 X 1 4 0 0 1 0 50 0 lbs

. .
,

a n d two keys 2 X 1 0 5 0 0 or 2 1 00 0 lbs ,

or the total horizon .
,

tal compon en t of the stress i n the bolts .

The safe lon gitu din al shear Of each key is (A rt .

6 X 8 X 2 00 9 6 0 0 an d fo r ,
both keys 2 X 96 0 0 1 9 2 0 0

lbs a little less than the stress to be tran sferred

.
, .

The be arin g of the keys again st the en d fibers o f the

c orbel an d the b o ttc n chord is sa fe as the safe val u e for
u r
‘
,

lon g leaf S outhern pin e is greater than for wh ite oak

-
.

The safe lon gitu din al shear in the en d of the bottom

chord is about 6 X 1 2 X 1 50 7 2 0 0 lbs exclu sive of the £5 .
”

b olt .The sa fe stren gth at the right en d of the corbel is

5 6 RO O F TRUSS ES
-
.

abou t the same Between the keys there is ample shear

.

i n g su rface withou t an y assistan ce from the bolts in both

the corbel an d the bottom chord The actu al holdin g .

power of the two bolts n ear the en ds of the corbel is an un

certain qu an tity b ut it will be safe to assume they will
,

rein force the action o f the keys suffi cien tly to resist a stress
of 2 1 0 0 0 lbs .

If the oak keys be replaced by metal key s 2 } X 2 } ,

1 1

o n e placed at the right en d o f the first key an d the other

at the left en d of the sec on d key The two bolts m en.

ti on ed above wi ll simply preve n t the keys from rollin g

o u t o f their seats an d the 2 1 00 0 lbs be provided for

, . .

In order to preve n t be n din g an d also to give a large

,

bearin g su rface for the vertical compon en t o f 3 4 50 0 lbs .

,

a white oak filler is placed as shown i n Fig 2 6 an d a small .

,

oak key employed to force it tightly in to place .

The n et area o f the bottom chord m ust be

D which in spection shows is exceeded at all section s
”

in Fig 2 6. .

The form o f j oin t j u st con sidered is ve ry com mon b ut ,

almost always lackin g in stren gth In addition to the .

n otch,
u su ally b u t o n e or two 3 bolts are u se d where
”

five 5 bolts are requ ired The writer has even seen trusses
”
.

where the bolts were omitted en tirely .

The j oin t as design ed wou ld probably fail be fore e i ther

the top or bottom chords gave ou t If tested u n der a ver
.

tical load the top chord wou ld act as a lever with its ful
,

c rum over the oak filler ; this wou ld throw an excessive

ten sion upon the lower pair o f bolts an d they wou ld fail ,

in the threads of the n u ts .

When ever lon gitu din al shear of wo od must be depen ded

5 8 RO O F TRUS S ES-
.

ah ead of the tooth mu st be at least Hg 1 0 8 D ; an d l - i ”

sin ce the chord is 6 thick the le n gth of this surface mu st

”
,

be at least 3 1 1 which is exc eeded in Fig 2 7 .

In like mann er the valu e of t h e sec on d tooth thick

is foun d to b e 1 2000 1b s an d hen ce the value of both teeth
.
,

0 =
is 1 6000 + 1 2 00 2 8000 lbs which n early e qu als the total
.
,

h oriz on tal compon en t of 3 4 500 lbs or 2 8 700 lb s . .

The horizon tal compon en t 2 8 700 lbs is tran sferred to .

the metal through the vertical plates at the en d of the top

chord an d these are held in place by two 5 bolts as S hown
,
”
.

S in ce less than two square in c h es of section are required

in the plates to resist by ten sio n it is eviden t that there is
,

ample provision for this .

To shear the plates a surface o f 1 X 6 1 0 5 D must .

”

fail The safe stren gth is

. X lbs or .
,

over three times 2 8 700 lbs (A rt . .

The n et area of the bottom chord is 3 0 D which ex ”

,

ceed s the amoun t requ ired .

The corbel is n ot absolu tely n ecessary i n this detail b ut ,

it simplifies con stru ction .

To keep the 5 3 plate

”
i n place two g bolts are employed
t ”
.

They also keep the tooth in its proper positio n .

The teeth shou ld u su ally be abou t twice their thick

'

n ess i n depth as the n the be n din g value of the metal abou t

,

equ als the en d bearin g again st the wood Thi s allows for .

a slight rou n din g of the corn ers in ben din g the plates .

Fig 2 8 shows an other form of j oin t u sin g on e

. plate .

The bolt n ear the heel of the plate resists an y slight liftin g
action of the toe of the top chord an d also assists somewhat
,

in preven t in g an y slippin g towards the left .

60 RO O F TR USS ES
-
.

57 . J
Desi gn of
oi n t L N early
o
—all V stre n gt h V
ood .
—The

of this j ciin t depe n ds u pon the resista n ce o f the sheari n g

su rfaces in the bottom chord an d the bearin g o f wood again st

wood The n otches when made as shown i n Fig 2 9 will
.
, .
,

safely resist the given stresses withou t an y assistan ce from

the bolts A sin gle bolt is passed throu gh both chords to
.

hold the parts together which might separate in han d

lin g durin g erection The horizon tal bolts in the bottom
.

chord are put in to preven t an y ten den cy of the open in g

o f seaso n cracks startin g at the n otches The vertical
, .

bolts serve a similarpu rpose as well as holdin g the c orb el

,

or bolster in place .

5 8 D e
. si gn of J o i nt L — S teel o
S tirru p — Fig 3 0 s h o ws . .

14 6 b olt

FI G 30 . .

on e type of stirrup j oin t with a no tch 2 deep The

, .

“
safe load in en d bearin g i s 1 9 2 00 lbs an d for shearin g .
,

ahead of the n otch 1 6 2 0 0 lb s The horizon tal compon en t

.
 DESIGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUS S
-
.
6i

of 34 50 0 less 1 6 2 0 0 is the horizon tal stress which mu st be

, ,

taken by the stirru p 2 8 700 1 6 2 0 0 1 1 500 lbs 1 1 500 . .

1 1 5 0 0

2 0 70 0
1 3 0 nu mber of squ are in ches of steel re
6 0 00
.

q u ired or , D mu st be area of the stirrup rod A 1 5 .

”

roun d rod will b e u sed which has an area at the root

'

of the threads of D ,
”

To pass over the top chord t he rod will be bent in the

arc of a circle about 6 in diameter an d rest in a cast iron ”
,
-

saddle as shown in Fig 30 The base of this saddle mu st

, . .

have an area of D The size of the base will

”
.

be 6 X ”

The horizon tal stre ss 1 1 50 0 tran sferred to the corbel

will be amply provided for by the two steel keys which
tran sfer it to the bottom chord .

59 D.esi gn o f J oi nt L — S teel S ti rr u p an d Pi n —
o
T h e

detail shown i n Fig 3 1 is quite similar to that shown in

.

Fig . 30 in the man n er of resistin g the stresses In the

,
.

presen t case the ten sion i n the steel rod is 1 6 000 lbs re .
,

quirin g a rod 1 square Loop eyes for a 23 pin are formed

”
.
”

o n each en d o f the rod as shown E ach loop has a stress .

o f 1 6 0 00 lbs an d i f o n e half the horizo n tal stress tra n s

.
,
-

m itted to the bottom chord is assumed to act 1 3 from the

”

o utside su rface o f the chord the mome n t o f this stress i s ,

= 2 0 0 0 in ch lbs req iri g a i ( A ”

u n 23 p n rt
3 .
,
.

The pin is sa fe again st shearin g as X 1 0 0 00 ,

443 0 0 i s m u ch greater tha n the stress to be ca rried .

The pin will n o t c ru sh the en d fibers of the bottom

chord as 28 X 6 X is greater than 2 8 700
1 6 2 0 0 the horizo n ta l compon e n t to be resisted
,
.
62 RO O F TRUS SES
-
.

The vertical compon en t of 3 20 00 lbs is resisted by .

the pin bearin g across the fibers of the bottom c hord an d ,

b y the u su al rules the area is en ti relv too small E x peri .

en ce shows however that when the fibers are con fin ed at

, ,

the en ds as in this case if the detail is safe in other

, ,

FI G 3 1 .
.

particulars failure will n o t t ake place by the crushin g of

,

the se fibers Failure u sually takes place by the splittin g

.

of t h e bottom chord throu gh the pi n hole -

.

The cast iron saddle is large as 3 2 00 0 lbs mu st be

-

,
.

distributed over the su rface o f the top chord so that the ,

load per s qu are in ch does n ot exceed 3 50 lbs .

This join t has the bad feature that n o adj us tme n t i s

readily made after it is assembled other than by drivin g
,

the saddle up un til it is tight The prob ability is that the

.

n otch carries the e n tire load u n til e n ou gh distortion has

taken place to brin g the stirrup in to action .

 DESIGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUSS -
. 63

60
. Desi gn Joi nt 1
of Plate S tirrup an d Pin — Fig 3 2 . .

The method pursued in proportion in g this type of join t

FI G 3 2
. .

is the same as that followed i n 59 In t his case.the

stirrup takes the e n tire compo n e n t o f 3 4 50 0 lbs the g bolt ”

-
.
,

merely keeps the mem bers in place .

N ote that the bearin g again st the pin is abou t 2 00 0 lbs .

per squ are in ch of the wood fibers It requires a 3 pin .

-

to redu ce this to 1 6 0 0 lbs .

6 1 D s gn
e i. of J oi nt L — S teel A n gle Bloc k
o
Fig 3 3 —
. .

This join t n eeds n o ex plan ation Its s tren g th depen ds upon

.

the two hooks an d the she arin g resistan ce in the bottom

chord The diagon al 5 bol t is i n tro duced to hold the block
.
”

in its seat an d to rein force the portion i n d irect compressio n

,
.

The top chord is kept in positio n by the top plate an d a ,

ro un d steel pi n drive n in to the en d an d passin g through

”
1 -

a hole in the block .

64 RO O F TRUSS ES .

62 . J
Desi gn of
oi t
n L C ast i ro n A gle B loc k
no
— — At the
-

right in Fig 33 is shown a ca st i ron an gle block made o f

, .
,
-

$1 or 1
”
metal”
I t is held i n place by two { fl i n ch bo lts
. T he .

top chord is held i n po sitio n by a ca st iron lug in the cen tre -

C ast Iron A n gle Bloc

FI G 3 3
. .

of the block u se d to stren gthen the portion of the block at

its ri ght en d .

In all an gle block join ts care mu st be take n to have

su fficie n t bearin g su rface o n top o f the bottom chord to

s afely carry the v ertical c ompo n e n t o f the stress i n the

top chord .

63 Desi gn of Joi nt L
.
— S pecial — It sometimes happe n s
o .

tha t tru s se s mu st be in troduced betwee n walls an d the

tru ss con cealed upon the out side In this case the bottom .

c hord rare ly exte n ds far beyo n d the poin t o f i n tersec

tio n of the ce n ter lin es o f the two chords The simplest .

detail for th i s con ditio n is a fl at plate stirr up an d a pin ,

as shown i n Fig 3 4 A s in A rt 6 0 a 3 pi n is required ”

-
. . .
,
 6 RO O F TRUSSES
-
.

if the en d b earin g of the woo d fibers i s about 1 6 00 lb s per .

squ are in ch Confi n ed fibers c an safely carry 2000 lb s

. .

p e r s q u are in ch .

Fig 3 5 shows an o ther type of join t whic h has some

.

advan tages over that shown in Fig 3 4 as it can be ad .

,

j u sted The bottom chord however mu st be h eavier

.
, ,

on acc oun t of the deep n otches requ ired .

64 Desi gn of J oi nt L — Plan k M embers — Fi gs 3 6 an d

.
o .

FI G 36
. .

ho w two types of join ts wh en the members of the trus s

37 S

are made up o f plan k Large bolts are u sed as they are

.

subjected to be n d i n g In case large bolts can n ot be readily

.

obtain ed th e n a larger n umber of small bol ts may be em

,

ployed .
 DESIGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUS S
-
.

65 . Desi gn of Wall B eari ng — In design in g join t L 0

above , nocon sideration of the reaction at the support has
b een c on sidered The . vertical an d h oriz on tal at

Lo sh o wn on Plate I The horizon tal compon en t is

are .

37 00 lbs b u t.abo,
u t 1 0 0 0 lbs o f this is due to the 1 700
.

lbs at L leav in g 2 700 lb s which i s the differen ce betwee n

.
o,
.
,

the hori zo n tal co m pon e n t of the stress in the top chord

a n d the stress in the bottom chord The corbel or bolster .

, ,

must be so fasten ed to the support that 3 700 lb s may be .

s afe ly resisted In most cases frict i o n is su ffic ie n t b ut as

.
,

an extra precau tio n it is best to n otc h the bolster as shown ,

i n the va riou s d esign s .

The total vert i cal load i s 2 3 50 0 lb s an d the bearin g .

,

area requ ired is 3 D A s the bolster is 6 thick

”
.
”

the bearin g should be 1 1 lon g for lon g leaf Southern pin e

”
-

an d 8 lon g for oak

”
Usually there is ample be ari n g o n
.

mason ry walls In frame buildin gs there may be a lack

.

o f bearin g su rface b ut i f the stress does n o t exceed 500 or

,
63 RO O F TRUS S ES - .

600 lbs per squ are inch

.
, no trouble will res ult for the

harder woo ds .

66 . Remark s Concerni ng the Desi gns for

Joi nt L — In 0

all of the above design s little or n o accoun t has been taken

o f the frictio n betwee n the variou s su rfaces This is j u sti .

fi ab le becau se after the t r uss has bee n in position a few

,

mon ths all n uts become loose owin g to the shrin k age of ,

the wood In twelve i n ches o f wood this o ften amoun ts

.

to mo re than on e half an in ch -
.

A ll bolts an d pi n s shou ld have a drivin g fit an d the

n u t s on bolts be screwed u p very tight W hen ever pos .

sible the n uts shou ld be tighte n ed at the en d of three

mon ths after erection an d again at the en d o f a year
, .

It will be n oticed that the full sizes o f the timbers have

been u sed in dimen sio n in g These will n o t obtain in .

"
market sizes which will be from g to A scan t in size A
,
”
.

good carpe n ter will take this in to accoun t i n framin g .

67 Desi gn of Joi nt U
.
— A s the rafter is co n tin u ous2
.

by this jo in t it wi ll be n ecessary to con sider on ly the ver

tical rod an d the in c lin ed brace .

S in ce the stress o f the rod is comparative ly small the ,

stan dard size of cast iro n washer c an be employed to tran s

-

fer it to the rafter Two forms o f an gle wa shers are shown

.

i n Figs 3 8 an d 4 0
. In Figs 3 9 a ben t plate washer is shown
. .

which an swers very well if let in to the wood or m ade suf

fi c ien tly heavy so that the stre ss i n the rod can n ot chan ge
the an gles o f the ben ds .

W here the in clin ed member is so n early at right an gles

with the top chord as in this case a squ are bearin g as , ,

shown in Fig 4 0 is all that is required if there is su ffi cie n t

.
,

bearin g area In this c ase there are 3 6 D which has a

.
”
,
 DESIGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUSS
-
. 69

safe bearin g val u e o f 3 6 X 3 50 1 2 600 lbs which is

.
, within
1 0 0 lbs of bein g su fficie n t
. .

FI G 3 8
. .

FI G .

Fig 3 8 S hows method of

a in creasin g the bearin g area
b y m ean s of a wrought plate , an d Fi g .
39 the same en d
7 ° RO O F TRUSSES .

reached with a cast iron block In all cases the strut should
-
.

be secured in place either by dowels pin s or other device , .

FI G 40
. .

68 . Desi gn of J oi nt U — The disposition of the rod

is eviden t from th e Figs .

4 2 , an d 43 .

Fig 4 1 shows the almost un iversal method employe d

.

by carpen ters in fram ing inclined braces on ly they seldom ,

 DES IGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUS S
-
.
7 1

take care that the cen ter lin es of all pieces meet in a poin t
a s they shou ld .

I f the t hru st 9 700 lbs be resolved in to two compon en t s

.

FI G .
43 .

respectively n ormal to the dotted en ds it is foun d that a

,

n otch 1 3 deep is requ ired to sa fely take care o f the com

”

po n e n t parallel to the ra fter

.
Th
. e compo n e n t n early n o r

m a l to the ra fter is sa fely carried by abou t 2 0 D

”
.
1 2 RO O F TRUSS ES .

Figs 4 2 an d 4 3 S how the application o f an gle block s

.
-

which really make mu c h better co n n ection s though some ,

what more expe n sive than the detail first described

, .

69 Desi gn of Jo t Lr
. i n — Fig 4 4 shows the ordin ary .

method o f con n ectin g the pieces at this join t The hori .

F IG .
44 .

compon en t of 9 1 0 0 lbs is taken by a n otch 1 1

z o n tal .

deep an d 4 lo n g The brace is fasten ed in place by a g

”
.
”

lag screw 8 lon g The stan dard cast iro n washer

-
”
.
in -

diameter gives su ffi cien t bearin g area again st the bottom

,

chord for the stress i n the vertical rod .

FI G .
45 .

Fig 4 5 .
sh ows a wooden an gle block let in to the bottom
-

chord I i ”
. The dotted ten o n o n the brace n eed n o t be
74 RO O F TRUSSES .

ch ord to mak e a solid con n ection of th e bolt

. The u se

m ak es the en d of the brace practically fixed so that the ,

stress ma y be assume d to be tran smitted alon g the axis or

cen ter lin e .

7 0
. D e si gn of J oi nt L an d B ook S pl
3
i c e —
A very com
m on m et hod o f securin g the two braces meetin g at L is 3

shown in Fig 4 8 though they are rarely dapped in to

.
,

the lower chord This method does fai rlv well exceptin g
.
,

FI G .
48 .

when the win d blows an d on e brace ha s a much larger

stres s than the other In this case the stresses are n o t
.

balan ced an d the struts are held in place by friction an d

,

the stiffn ess o f the top chord .

The washer for the I i rod u pset to mu st have an

”

area of 45 D which i
”
s greater
,
tha n the beari n g
area of the sta n dard cast iro n washer so a
-
plate 6 X , ,
”

will be u sed .
 DESIGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUSS -
.
75

I t is cu stomary to splice the bottom chord at this join t

when a splice is ecessary The n et area re qu ired is
n .

20 D The splice shown in Fig 4 8 is o n e com

”
. .

mo ul y u sed in O ld trusses an d depen ds en tirely u pon the

,

o n gitu din al shear of the wood a n d the en d bearin g of the

l
fibers .

The total en d bearin g requ ired is fi ac

fl fl fi 15 D which ”
,

is obtain ed by two n otches eac h 1 deep as shown The

,
”
.

total shearin g area required is 1 58 D Dedu ctin g

bolt holes the area u sed is
-
, X 1 2) 1 86 D The ”
.

three bolts u sed simply hold the pieces in place an d are

n ot in te n ded to carry an y stress .

Fig 4 9 shows a similar splice where metal keys are

.

u sed . The en d bearin g area of the wood is the same as

—

FI G .
49 .

before an d the available area o f the wood for lon gitudin al

,

shear is su ffi cien t as shown by the dimen sion s given The

, .

n et area of the side pieces is X 8) 3 2 D w hile b u t

”
,

20 D are actually required

”
.

D i n f J oi nt L and Fi sh pl ate S pli ce of Wood ,

7 1 es g o -
.
3

In this case the b races are held in position by d owels

an d a woo de n a n gle block The details of the vertical rod
-
.
7 6 RO O F TRUS S ES
-
.

n eed explan ation as they are the same as in Art 70

no , . .

The splice is made up of two fi sh plates of wood each 2 X -

”

8 X 4 6 lon g an d fou r 1 3 bolts The n et area of the fi sh

” ” ”
.

plates is X 8) X D while b ut 2 0 D are ”

,
”

required
“
.

E ac h bolt resists i n be n d in g 1 1
311 1
74 0 0 in c h

FI G .
502

poun ds which is less than the safe val ue or 8 2 80 in ch

, ,

poun ds (Art .

The total en d beari n g o f the wood fibers is 2 ( 4 X 2 X

1 5)1= 24 D an d that requ ired 39315 3
”
,
2 15 D 0 ”
.

The lon gitu din al shearin g area o f the wood an d the

tran sverse sheari n g area of the bolts are eviden tly i n excess
of t hat required .

The n u ts o n the bolts may be con siderably smaller than

the stan dard size as they merely keep the pieces in place
,
.

The cast i ron washer m ay be replaced by the small plate

-

washer to make sure that n o threads are in the wood

,
 DESIGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TR US S
-
. 77

otherwise washers are n o t n eeded The bolts should have .

a drivin g fit .

7 2 .D e si gn o f J o i nt L a nd F i
3
sh pl ate S pl i c e of M et
-
al .

— This detail d i ff eri n g slightly from those previou sly given

, ,

requ ires little addition al explan ation A white oak washer .

-

FI G .
51 .

has been in trodu ced so that a s m aller washer c an be u sed

for the vertical rod .

F IG .
52 .

A small cast iron an gle block replaces the wooden block

- -

o f the previou s article The splice is essen tially the same

.
,

with metal fi sh plates -

Con trary to the u sual practice
.
,
 8 RO O F TRUS S ES
-
.

plate washers have been u sed un der the n u ts This is to .

make certain that the fi sh plates bear again st the bolt

-

proper an d n o t again st threads If reces sed bridge pin

.
-

n uts are u sed the washers c a n be omitted

, .

Fig 5 2 shows an other metal fi sh plate splice where

.
-

fou r bolts have been replaced by on e pi n 2 l in diameter ”

.

FI G .
53 .

1 di am .

FI G .
54 .

The struts bear again st a cast iro n an gle block - -

“
pipe for the vertical rod which tran smits its stress
”
,

directly to the block Two pin s i n the cen tre of the block
.

k eep the bottom chord i n positio n laterally .

 DES IGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUS S
-
.
79

73 . M etal S pli ces : for Tensi on M emb ers of WoodFigs .

— .

5 3 a n d 5 4 S how two types o f metal splices which have th e

gr eat adva n tage over all the splices described above th a t

they can be adj u sted .

FI G .
55 .

FI G .
56 .

74 . General R emark s Concern i ng S pli ces

.
— There are

a large n um ber of splices i n common u se which have n ot

been co n sidered fo r the reason that most of them

, are
3° RO O F TRUSS ES
- .

faulty i n design an d u sually very weak In fact certain .

scar f S plices are almost

-
useless an d withou t doubt the
,

truss is on ly preven ted from failin g by the stiffn ess of its

supports .

D i f J i t U — Th desig f this joi t is

75 es.
gn o o n 3
e . n o n

—
clearly shown in Figs 5 5 58 N o fu rther explan atio n
. .

seem s necessary .

FI G .
57 .

7 6 . The A ttachment of details shown

Purli ns . — The

( Figs 59 3 )
.
— 6 are sel f expla
-
n atory In a ll cases the adja.

c e n t pu rlin s shou ld be tied together by straps as sho wn .

This precautio n may save seriou s damage du rin g er ectio n ,

i f at n o other time .
82 RO OF -
TR US S ES .

from the drawin g To provide

. for settlemen t or saggi n g
du e to shrin kage an d the seatin g o f the variou s pieces when

FI G . 61 .

FI G . 62 ,

the loadin g comes upon the n ew truss the top chord i s ,

made so mewhat lon ger than its com puted len gth From .

5
1 to”
i for
t each
”
1 0 i n le
’
n g th will be s u fficie n t i n most ca se s .

A tru ss so con stru cted is said to be ca m bered .

 DES IGN O F A W O O DEN RO O F TRUS S .
83

In com pu tin g the weights o f the steel rods they have

b een assumed to be o f un i form diameter from en d to en d ,

a n d in creased i n le n gt h a n amo un t s u fficie n t to provide

m etal for the upsets See Table V I I

. .

The len gths of sma ll bolts with heads shou ld be gi ve n

from un der the head to the en d o f the bolt an d the o n ly ,

fraction of an in ch u sed should be } a .

4 12d
- spi k es i n each an d

FI G . 63 .

FI G . 64 . FI G . 65 . FI G . 66 . FI G . 67 .

Plate I I shows an other arran gemen t o f the web brac

i n g which ha s some advan tages The compressio n mem .

bers are shorter a n d con sequ en tly c an be made lighter

, .

The bottom chord at the ce n tre has a mu ch smaller stress ,

permitt in g the u se of a cheap splice O n accoun t o f the .

i n crease o f metal the tru ss is n o t qu ite as eco n omical as

that shown o n Plate I For very heavy tru sses o f mod
.

e rate span the seco n d design with the dotted diago n al is

to be preferred .
 CH A PTE R VI .

D E S IGN O F A S T E E L R O O F T R U S S -
.

7 8 . Datathe loadin g an d arran gemen t of the

— . Let
variou s parts of the roo f be the same as i n Chapter V ,

an d S imply replace the woode n tru ss by a steel truss of the

shape shown on Plate II I S in ce there is b ut little dif

.

feren ce between the weights o f wooden an d steel tru sses of

the same stren gth the stresses may be tak e n as foun d in
,

Chapter V an d given on Plate I I I .

79 . All owab le S tresses per S quare Inch .

S O FT S TE E L .

Te n sion with the grain . . A rt 3 5 .

,

B earin g for rivets an d bolts A rt . 24 ,

Tran sverse stress extreme fiber stress

— . A rt 3 0 .
,

S hearin g across the grain A rt 3 2 .

,

E xtreme fiber stress in ben din g ( pin s) A rt 3 1 .

,

For compressio n u se table page

, 2 7, with a
safety o f 4 .

80 . S i zes of Compressi on M emb ers .

'

Piece Lo U1 . S tress 34 50 0 lbs .

The ordin ary shape o f the cross section of compressio n -

members in steel is shown o n Plate II I Two an gles are .

placed back to back an d separated by i or 3 to admit ”

gusset plates -
by mea n s of which all members are co n n ected
,

84
 DES IGN O F A S TEEL RO O F TRUSS 85

at theapexes Gen erally it is more econ omical to employ

.

un equ al leg an gles with the larger legs back to back .

Let the gu sset plates be assu med 8 thick the n from

-
”
,

Table X II I the least radii of gyrat i on o f an gles placed as

explain ed above can be taken .

Try two X 2 5 X I a n gles From Table X I I I the leas t

”
.

radius of gy ration ( r) is The u n su pported l en gth of

L 1 2
the piece L O
U ,
i n feet is 1 2 , an d he n ce 1 From
r

A rt . 22, =
P 30 3 2 4 lbs . for square en ded column s
-
when
L
lbs . the allowable stress per
r

square in ch , 3T
.
4 55 n u mber
34 o f sq
°°
u are i n ches
. re

quired The two an gles assumed have a total area of

.

s quare in ches hen ce an other trial mu st be made An

,
.

in spection of Table X I I I shows that is also the least

radiu s of gyration for a pair of X 2 5 X 5 an gles pl ac e d ” ”

" part as shown hen ce if a pair of " 2 " a gl s ”

3 a , ; 35 X 5 X § n e

"
less than 1 3 thick have suffi cien t area t he pair wi ll safely
9
,

ca rry the load .

Two X ml X 1 , an gles have an area of 2 X

1 ” ”

square in ches .

A n gles with 2 5 legs do n o t have as mu ch bearin g fo r

”

pu rlin s as those with lon ger legs an d sometimes are n o t as ,

econ omical In this case two 4 X 3 X 1 3 an gles havin g an

.
5
,
” ” ”

area of squ are in ches wil l safely carry 3 4 50 0 lbs .

,

makin g a better an d more econ omical combin at ion than

that tried above This combin ation will be u sed .
.

Thu s far it has bee n assu med that the two an gles act
as on e p iece E viden tly this can n ot be the case un less
.

they are firmly con n ected The least radi s of gyrat o u i n.

of a sin gle a n gle is abo u t a diago n al axis as show n i n

 86 RO O F TRUS S ES

Table X I I , a 4 X 3 X 1 1 a n gle its value is

an d for 5

If the u n supported le n gth o f a sin gle a n gle is I the n in ,

o rder that the S in gle a n gle s hall have the same stre n gth

l L
as the combin ation above m u st equa 1 or
7
,
- 27

l Practice
makes this len gth n o t more than
o r abou t 4 feet H en ce the an gles will be rigidly
.
. con

n ec ted by rivets eve ry 4 feet .

Pieces U, U2 an d U2 U3 .

O win g
to the slight diff ere n ces in the stresses o f the
top chords the e n tire chord is composed o f the same com
bin atio n or two 4 X 3 X 95 an gles havin g an area o f
,
” ” ”
,

squ are in ches .

Piece U2L2 . S tress 1 0 1 00 .

Althou gh it is common practice to employ b u t on e

an gle where the web stress is small yet it is better prae ,

tice to use two in order that the stress may n o t be tran s

m i tted to o n e side o f the gusset plate -
.

The un su pported le n gth of this piece is 3 The .

leas t radiu s of gyration o f two 2 3 X 2 X i an gles is ” ” ”

L 1 3 3 20 900
an d , from A rt . 22, P = a b out 20 00
9 .

r 4
101
5 522 the allowable
= stress per sq are in ch
5 2
u .

5: a .

squ are in ches requ ired .

Two 2 l X 2 X ”
an gles have an area o f
”
squ are
in ches an d hen ce are sa fe accordin g to the strut formula
, .

F or sti fi
n ess n o com ressi on
p m ember sho uld have a di m en
si on less than 35
1
of i ts len gth .

I 3 3 X
. 1 2
3 . 2, or the lon g legs of the an gles should
5°
 DES IGN O F A S TEEL RO O F TRUSS -
.
87

be 2 an d the sum of the short legs n ot less t h an th is

,

amou n t H en ce two 35 X 2 3 X i
. an gles havin g an area ” ” ”
,

of square In ches mu st be u sed Tie rivets will b e

,
.
-

u sed o n ce i n every fou r feet abou t .

Piece L, U, will be the same as L U ,

Piece U,L, . S tress + 91 0 0 lbs .

Two 3 5 a X
n gles 2 sq u are
X in ches can

e vide n tly be u sed as the dimen si on s an d stresses are slightly

,

less than for U L 2 2

.

The least radiu s of gyratio n of a S in gle 3 X 2 } X 1

an gle is 0 53 hen ce they mu st be riveted together every
.
,

feet "
N ote that 2 5 legs c an be used.

h ere as th ey wi ll receive n o rivets while in the top chord

, ,

b oth a ngle legs will receive rivets as shown on Plate I I I .

81 . S i zes of Tensi on M emb ers .

Piece L0L2 . S tress 3 1 3 00 lbs .

The area requ ired is

n et squ are in c hes
The same gen eral form
.

o f section is u sed for ten sio n members

a s for compressio n members In the compression members .

the rivets were assu med to fill the holes an d tran smit the
stresses from o n e side of the holes to the other In ten .

sion members this assu mptio n ca n n ot be made for the ,

fibers are cut off by the rivet hole an d con sequen tly -
,

c an n ot tran smit an y te n sile stress across the rivet holes -

.

This bein g the case the two an gles employed for ten sion
,

members mu st have an area over an d above the n et area

required equ al to the area cut out or in j ured by the rivet
holes The diameter of rivet holes is in creased by i in
.
-
”

calc ul atin g the area of the fibers destroyed by pu n chin g

88 RO O F TRUSSES -
.

the h ole .For a rivet the diameter of the hole is tak en

as See Table IV .

For this t russ let all rivets be For a trial let the
piece in han d ( L L ) be made up of two 3 X 2 3 X 1 an gles
o z
” ” ”

havin g an area o f squ are i n ches A s shown by the .

arran gemen t o f rivets o n Plate I I I b ut o n e rivet hole in on e ,

-

leg of each an gle mu st be dedu cted in gettin g the n et area .

O n e 3 rivet hole redu ces the area of two an gles X 1)

”
-

"
squ are in ch an d hen ce the n et area of two 3 X
, Xi
a n gles is squ are in ches which is a little ,

greater than that requ ired an d con sequ e n tly c an be safely ,

u sed .

Piece L 2 U3 . S tress 1 7 0 0 0 lbs .

{ fi ll9
;
— squ are in ches n et section requ ired .

Two 2 5 X 2 X t an gles
”
squ are in ches
” ”
1 .

squ are in ches n et section A s this .

is greater than the area required an d also the smallest ,

stan dard an gle with 1 metal which c an be con ven ien tly
”

u sed with 3 rivets it will be employed

”
, .

Piece L , U, . S tress lbs .

U setwo 2 1; X 2 X i an gles havin g a gross area of

squ are in ches an d a n et area of squ are in ches .

8 2 Desi gn of Joi nt L
. Plate I II — The piece L U .
O ,

mu st tran sfer a stress of 3 4 50 0 lbs to the gusset throu gh a .

n u mber o f rivets These rivets may fail i n two ways

. .

They may shear o ff or c ru sh If they shear off two sur .

,

faces mu st be sheared an d hen ce they are said to be in ,

double shear From A rt 3 2 a 2 rivet in double shear

. .
, 7
”

will safely carry 8 8 3 6 an d hen ce i n this case n , ew= 4 is

the n umber of rivets req u ired .
90 RO O F TRUSS ES -
.

85 . Desi gn of Joi nt

U2U3 requ ires 7 rivets as i n A rt 8 2 . .

L, U, requ ires 4 rivets as in A rt 8 3 . .

I f fi eld rivets are

-
u sed these,
nu mbers become 9 an d 5
respectively .

86 . S pli c memb ers L L an d L L are con n ected

es . — The , ,
’
, ,

by mean s of the gu sset plate in design in g join t L -

It is ,
.

better practice to make a ful l splice that is con n ect both , ,

legs of the an gles i n on e member with the correspon din g

legs o f the other by mean s of plates The gu sset plate will .
-

an swer for the vertical legs an d a plate equal i n thic k n ess ,

to the thic k n ess of the an gle legs for the other The width .

of this plate shoul d equal that o f the member L L , ,

.

87 End S upports
.
— In design in g j oin t L o n ly e n ou gh
.
o

rivets were placed in the bottom chord to tran smit its stress
to the gu sset plate Usu ally a plate n o t less than 5 thick
-
. 1
”

is riveted un der the bottom chord an gles to act as a bearin g -

plate u pon the support The e n tire reactio n m ust pass .

through this plate an d be tran smitted to the gu sset plate -

by mean s o f the bottom chord an gles un less the gusset has

-

a good bearin g upon the plate This is n ot the usu al con .

ditio n an d is n o t econ omical The reactio n is abo ut 2 4 0 0 0 .

0"
lbs ( A rt 6
.
3
.
4
5 323 5 the n u mber o f rivets req u ired
for this purpose alon e The total n umber o f rivets i n the
.

bottom an gles is 5 + 6 r r rivets .

The bearin g plate should be large e n ough to distribute

the load over the material upo n which it bears an d to ad ,

mit two an chor bolts outside the horizon tal legs of the bot
-

tom an gles .
 DESIGN O F A S TEEL RO O F TRUSS -
.
9 1

88 . Ex pan si on — . E xpa n sion

of trusses havin g span s less
than 7 5 feet may be provided for by lettin g the bearin g
plate slide upo n a similar plate an chored to the supports ,

the an chor bolts exte n ding through the upper plates i n

-

slotted holes S ee Plate I I I

. .

Trusses havin g spa n s greater tha n 75 feet shoul d be pro

‘

vi de d with rollers at o n e e n d .

I n steel bu ildin gs the tru sses are u su ally riveted to the

tops of colum n s an d n o special provision made for expa n sion .

8 9 Frame Li nes an d R i vet Li nes — S trictly the rivet

. .
,

lin es an d the frame lin es u sed i n determin in g the stresse s

should coin cide with the lin e con n ecti n g the cen ters of
gravity of the cross sectio n s of the members This is n ot
-
.

practicable so the rivet lin es an d frame li n es are m ade to

,

coi n cide .

9 0 .D raw i ngs — P late II I

. has bee n des i gn ed to show
various details an d methods of con n ecti n g the se v eral parts
of the tru ss an d the roof members A gre at ma n y other .

forms of con n ection s purlin s roof c overin gs etc are i n

, , ,

use b ut all can be design ed b y the methods give n abov e

, .

Plate I I I co n tain s all data n ecessary for the mak i n g of an

estimate of cost an d is quite complete e n ough for the con
,

tractor to make dimen sion ed shop drawi ngs from These .

drawin gs are best made by the part ies who build the truss ,

as their dra u ghtsme n are familiar with the m achi n ery a n d

templets whi ch will be u sed .

 TA BLES .

B R ICK A nn '
s ron n .

N ame
W e i gh t i n Lb s
C ub i
.

Foo t
.

pe r c .

Bri ck best pressed .

so ft ,
i n feri or
Cem en t, hy drauli o loose , R osen dale
Loui sville
E n glis h Portlan d
Grani te
Lim eston es an d m arb les
u
i n small pieces
Quartz ,
comm on

San dston es, b uildin g

Shales, red o r b lac k

M E TA L S .

N ame
We ight i n L b s per
hi
.

S q uare F t , 1 t ck
”
.
. .

Brass ( copper an d z in c) , cast

rolled

45 ”

37 6 °

wrought purest ,

av erage .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 TA BLES .
95

TA B LE II .

WE IGH TS O F R O O F CO VE RIN GS .

C O R R UG A TE D m on ( B LA C K) .

Weight of corrugated i ron required for on e sq uare of roo f ,

allo win g six in ches
lap in le n gth an d two an d on e- half in c hes in width of sheet .

W e ight i n P o u nd s o f O n e Sq uare o f the f ll w i

o o ng Le ngt hs.

T he ab o ve ta b l e is l l df
c a c u ate or s h 3c } i n c es
e e ts h wid e b e fo re co rruga t n g. i
P h ld
u rli n s s o u n ot be pl d ac e o v er
’
6 apart .

( wni x
P h .
)

B LA C K I R O N . GA LV A N !Z E D l R O N .

F l a t. C o rrugate d . C o rruga te d .

d
T he ab o ve tab le is calc ulate for the o rd n ary si e o f i z s h f
yvhi c h is ro m 2 to 2 } e e t
ee t, de f wi
f f
a n d ro m 6 to 8 ee t lo n g a lo l wi
n g 4 nc es lap i n e n gt i h l h i h
a n d 2 } n c es i n t o f s ee t wid h h
l izi h i d h d d wi h
, .

T he ga van ng o f s ee t ro n ad s ab o ut o n e t i r -
o f a po u n to i ts e g t pe r sq uare
oo t.
9 6 TA BLES .

TA B L E II Con ti n u ed .

P IN E S H I N GLE S .

The n um ber an d weight of pine shingles re q ui red to cov er o n e s uare of q

roo f .

R e mar k s.

216 h
The n u m be r of s i ngles per sq uare i s for com m on
1 92 ga b le ro-
o f s Fo r hi p roo fs add fi v e per cen t to t ese
.
-
. h
1 73 fi gures .

1 57 h
The weig ts per squa re are b ased on the n um b er per
1 44 s quare .

S KYLI GH T G L A S S .

h z
The we ig ts of vari ous si es an d t ic kn ess es of flute d h o r ro ug h plate glass -

re q uire d for o n e sq uare o f roo f .

D i me n s i o n s Inc h T hi k
c n es s in
A rea i n S q ua re F e e t
P
W ei gh t i n P o un d
pe r s
in e s.
I nc h es.
.
S q uare o f R oo t .

I n the a b o ve l
tab e n o a o ll w a n ce i s ma d e fo r la p .

If win d ow glass is used, sin gle thick glass ( about Tl;

o rdin ary - -
will weigh
ab out 8 2 po un ds per sq uare , an d d o ub le t ic k glass ( ab o ut i )
” -
h will weigh
a b out 164 po un ds per square, no allowance bei n g mad e for la
p .
9 8 TA BLES .

TA B LE II Con ti n u ed .

P orous terra cotta -

roofi n g t ic eig s 16
3
”
h kw h poun ds per square foot an d
2
”
h
t i ck , 12 poun ds r s uare oo t q f
Cei li n
.

g m ad e o f t e sam e m aterial 2 t ic h k weighs 1 1 poun ds per sq uare

f oot .

Ti les .

Fla t ti les 6} X 105 X 8 w eigh from 14 80 to 185 0 poun ds pe r s quare of

roo f , the la b ei n g o n e h alf the le n gth of the tile
p
-
.

Ti les wi th grooves a n d fillets we igh from 7 4 0 to 925 po un ds per s q uare of

roo f .

P a n ti les 14 5 X 10
-
W laid 10 to the weather weigh 8 5 0 poun ds per square
o f roo f .

Ti n .

z
The usual si e s for roo fin g tin are 14 X 20 an d 20 x 28 W it o ut ”
h
h
allowi n g an y t i n g fo r lap o r waste , ti n roo fi n g w eig s f ro m 5 0 to 62 po un d s h
pe r sq uare .

h
Ti n on the ro of wei g s fro m 6 2 to 7 5 po un ds per sq uare .

For preli m in a estim ates the weights o f v ario us roo f co veri n gs m ay b e

taken as tab ulate below
N a me .

Cast i ron plate s

-
thi ck)
Co per .

Fe t an d asphalt
Felt an d grav el ”

Iron , c orrugated .

Iro n , galv an iz ed fi at
Lath an d plaster
S he ath i n gppi n e 1 th i ck yello w , h
n o rt e rn
south ern
S ruce 1 h k
t ic
c h e stn u h k
.

S e a thi n g, t or m aple . 1 t ic
ash, hi ck o ry or o ak ,
”
1 thic k
Sheet iro n (u h
t i ck )
n
.

a d laths
S hi ngles, i n e
Slates ( i th ick)
’

S k i ligh ts ( glass { 3 to 5 h k)
t ic
S hee t lead
Thatch
Ti n
Tiles, fl at .

( groo ves an d fillets) .

pan
wi th m ortar
 TABLES .
9

TA B L E III .

S TA N DAR D S PACIN G O F R IVET AN D B O LT H O LE S IN AN GLES

AN D IN FLAN GE S AN D CO N N E CTIO N AN GLES O F CHAN N E LS
.

S tand ar d Ch ann e ls .
 TA BLE S .

TA B LE II I Con ti nued .

MAXI MUM SIZ E O F R IVE TS IN B E A MS , CHAN N E LS AN D ,

A N GL E S .

R IVE T S P ACI N G .

All di m en sion s in i n c hes .

D ista n c e f
ro m E ged of Pi e c e to
C e n tre o f Ri
ve t Ho l e.

i
M i n mu m . U sua l .
1 02 TA BLES .

TA B LE V .

WE IGH TS O F R O UN D B E ADE D R IVETS AN D RO UN D HEADED

- -

B O LTS WITH O UT N UTS .

Basi s : 1 cub ic foot iron = 480 poun ds . For steel ad d 25 .

hu d
Le ngt n er H ead to Pi
o n t.
Di a meter o f R i ve t i n I nc hes .

In c h
es .

49 7 92 o

34 -
5 37 5 -
5 3 9 74 4 -

58 0
85 3 . 1
66 4 90 7 1

78 9 . 1 07 . 1 1 4o .
3

9
99 8 1 34 4 1 74 8

89
92
95 8 1 33 2 1 78

98 8 1 37 4 1 83

0 1 49 9 1 99

20 5 3

1 70

5 1 79 1

6 1 87

96 9 141 8 1 95 8 2 59 8 33 3 6
1 01 2 I 47 9 204 2 270 7 34 7 4 .

1 05 .
4 1 54 . 1 21 2 .
5 28 1 . 6 36 1 2 .

1 09 .
7 1 60 2 .

O n e in ch in len th of 1 00 R i vets
Weight of 1 00 ivot H ead s
 TA BLES . 103

TAB LE V I .

WEIGHTS AN D DI ME N S IO N S O F BO LT H EA DS .

M anufacturers S tan da rd S izes ’

Basis : H oopes 85 Town se n d '

s List .

SQ UA RE . H EX A GO N .

S h ort
L o ng W ei ght S h o rt Lo ng
Dia m e ter D i ameter pe r 1 00 . D i ameter D i a m ete r

In c h
es . In c h es . Inc h
es . In c h es. P o un d s . In c h es . Inches . Inc h es . P o un d s .

Approx i m ate rules for d i mensions of fin i shed n uts an d heads for b olts
( square an d hex agon )
S hort diam e te r of n ut = 1 § d iamete r of b olt
Th ickn e ss of n ut = l di am e te r of b olt
S ho rt di am e te r of he ad 1 1} di am e te r of b olt
Th ickn ess of he ad = 1 di am ete r of b olt
Long di am eter of sq uare n ut or he ad = 2 12 diam e te r of bolt , .

hex agon n ut or head = 1 73 d iam eter of of b olt . .

 TA B LE VI I .

UPSE T SCR E W E N DS .

DI M . N S I O N S O F UP S'T B N D . DM S S
I EN IO N AN D P P T
RO OR IO N S O F BO D Y 0 ? B A R.

In . Sq I n
.
Sq In
. Lb S . In . PrC t . S q In . . Lb s . In . Pr C t
.

24 9 84

1 3

91 8
9
1 1 1; I .

60
1 32 5 80 8 77

2
2 } 3

2 153 4 4 00 1 4 3 8

2}
2g 5 .
412 18 .
4o
25
t
94 0 20 2 0

2 13 77 7 23
 TA BLES .

TA B L E X .

PRO PERTIE S O F STAN DAR D CH AN N ELS .

2 3 4 5 7 8 9

d A , t I 8 r S ’
r
’

0
Lb s . Sq . In I nc h e s
. I ns .
‘ Ins .
’
I nc h es Ins .
‘ In s .
’ I nc h es In c h es

17 1 1 1 17 20
3 4 00

3 26 1 2 1 12 25
5 00

3 6 00 36 1 4 1 08 31
 TA BLES .
I

TAB LE XI— Con ti n ued

’

PR O PE RTIES O F STA N DA R D A N GLE S .

e a
r
t B
n
e
C
f
o

e
c
n
a
t
s
i

L b s Sq I n
. . I h nc es I ns . ‘ M8 m
c
4

. 84 I9 0
. 87 22 1
. 89 26 2

8 3 - 3 -
43 .
91 29 2

9 4 - 2 -
75 .
93 32 2
.
95 35 1 2
I I 4 3 36 . .
98 38 1 2

1 1 5 1 0 1 43 1 10
1 32 1 0 1 40 1 33
11 1 49 1 0 1 50 1 5 0
1 05 1 0 1 53 1 00
1 81 1 0 1 50 1 82
1 90 1 0 1 59 1 97
2 11 1 0 1 02 2 13
2 25 1 0 1 05 2 28

1 29 1 24 1 58 1 50
1 5 2 1 23 1 01 1 77
1 75 1 23 1 04 2 02

5 56 I
. 1 97 1 22 1 07 2 28
1 21 2 19 1 21 1 7 1 2 52
1 23 6 66 2 40 1 20 1 74 2 7 0
1 25 7 17 2 01 1 19 1 7 7 3 00
1 27 7 66 2 81 1 19 1 80 3 2 3
1 29 8 14 3 01 1 18 1 83 3 4 0 .

1 66 17 68 4 07 1 87 2 34 7 13
19 65 75 I 68 19 91 4 01 1 80 2 38 8 04
21 9 6 43 1 7 1 22 07 5 1 1 8 2 41 8 94
24 2 7 11 1 7 3 24 1 6 5 1 8 2 45 9 81
26 4 7 78 1 75 6 1 9
2 0 1 1 8 2 4 8 I 0 07
28 7 8 44 1 78 28 1 5 0 1 8 2 5 11
1 52
1 80 3 0 06 7 15 1 8 2 5 1 2 35
1 82 3 1 92 7 03 1 81 2 5 13 17

Colum n 9 con tai n s the leas t rad i i o f gy rati on for two an gles back to b ack
for all thi c kn esses of gusset plates .
1 12 TA BLES .

TA B LE XII .

PR OPE RTIES O F STAN DA R D AN GLES

Di s ta n ce o f
C e n tre o f
Mo me n t O f
h k
T ic We
A rea O f Grav ty i I n ertia
S e ctl o n
M o d u us l
m
'

8 ht
n e ss
om
2 Of
xi xi
. .

; A s x- x . A s x x -
.

o o t.
F l a n ge .

b x n

Inc h es . I nc hes . P o un d s .
Sq . In .
Inc h es . I nc he s . ‘ In c h es ’ .
1 14 TA BLES .

T A BLE X II— Cont in ued .

PROPE RTIE S O F STAN DAR D AN GLE S .

D i s ta n c e
of C e n tre
Di me n A rm of of v it
i i 0 118 .
ThiC k fl C” . W e igh t Sect i o n. f ro m Bac

b x a

I In c h es . Inc h es . P o u n ds. Sq In . . Inc h es. In c hes .

‘ In c h es ‘ .
 TA BLES .
1 1
5

TAB LE XI I Con ti n u ed .

O T
PR PE R IE S O F S A N DA R D A N GLFS T .

D it s an ce

d
Ra i us o f
o fC e n tre
M o me n t o f S ec ti o n d
R a i us o f
L e as t
"
553123 1
1
i
G y ra t o n f ggéi
g
n l
I n e rtia Mo d lu u s G yra t o n i 1

x
A i s t —t .

o
o
f Sh
a
o r te r
A x ns 2—2
.

. An s 2 2. - A XI 2 2 S -

T a n ge n t A xi s
0 1

F la nge .
o f A ng e l
CI
S
’
I

I n c hes I n c he s .
4 I l C ll t S I n c he s I n c hes

Co lum n 9 co ntai n s the least rad i i o f gy ratio n for two an gle s wi th sho rt le gs
b a ck to b ack fo r all thi ck ne sse s o f gusse t plate s -
.
11 6 TA BLES .

TA B LE XI I Con ti n u ed .

PR OPE RTIE S O F S AN DAR D A NT GLES .

D it s an c e
fC
A rea o f
o
Grav t
e n tre
i M o me n t o f S ec t o n i
T hi k ne ss. W e igh t i
of
f l ma Mo d lu
u
fii
c s
S ec t o n ro m B ac
per
.

of Lo n ge r
A b " A xi s 1- 1.

F° ° t °
F l an ge .

b x a

Inc h es . In c h es . P oun d s . Sq In
. . In c he s. I nc h es ‘. Inc h es .
1 18 TA BLES .

T A BLE X I II .

LEAS T RADI I O F GY R ATION FO R TWO AN GLE S WITH UN EQUAL

LE GS L ON G LE GS BACK TO BACK
,
.

L east R ad ii o i i
f G y ra t o n fo r D stances Le as tR adius
i
D me n s i o n s, B ac k to Ba c k , y
O f G rati o n
I nc he s I n c he s fo r o n e
l
. .

h 3 I n ch 2I n c h
A ng e
I nc
.

0 . . .
 TA BLES .
1 19

TA BLE X IV .

PR OPERTIES O F T BARS .

4 5

b k C
e
ent .

oi rav 1ty
A rea o f
Wid th O f De l’th o f T hi k
c ness
W e igh t i
Se c t o n
l
.

F an ge . B ar . of S te m .

pe r Foo t .
F l an ge .

’
s to n t to t ,

Inc h es. I nc h
e s. I nc h es. I nc h
e s. P o un d s. S q I ns
. . Inc h es .
1 zo TA BLES .

T A B LE X I V Con ti n ued .

PR OPERTIES O F T BARS .

E qua l Legs

d
R a i us of M o me nt o f
Gy ti
ra on I ne rtia
Ax i s 1- 1. xi
A s z- a .

Inc h es‘ . h
I nc es'
. I nc hes . I nc h
e s‘ . h
I nc es'. Inches
.
1 22 TA BLES .

T A BLE X V Con ti n u ed .

CO MME RCIAL S IZ E S O F Y E LL W PI N E L U O M BE R WITH R ELA

TIVE PR ICE S B A S E D U PO N $ 1 PE R TH O USAN D FEET
B OA R D ME AS U RE .

H ea vy J oi sts, S I S IE .

Le n gt hi n F ee t .

N o m i nal
S iz h
e tn I n c e s .

20 22 24
-

3 X6 3x 8
3 X 1 0 & 3 X 1 2 1 25
2 X 14 1 28

2 } X 1 4 t0 3 X 1 4

For rough lum ber add pe rM .

h
For 16 i n c j oists add per M . Add pe r Mf or e a c h 2 i nc hes
o ver 16 in c es h .

L e n gt hi n Feet .

N o mi n a Sl iz i n In c h A c tua l S iz e
es e s.
i n I n c es h .

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
-

S &E
'
”
fl ofi

4 X 8 to 8X8 roug h
4 X 1 0 to

For ev ery 2 fee t o ve r 24 fee t up to 3 2 feet add pe r M .

N ote .

f
sur ace u pon o n e si de .

an d o n e e dge .

four Si des .
1 24 TA BLES .

T A BLE X VII .

CAST IRON WASH E RS

-
.

Di am of b o lt d
h h
. .

I nc es. I nc es.

For siz es n ot i ve n D = 4d + i
g
d
’
d + t;
1 26 A PPEN DIX .

e con omical to u se a sin gle plate to tran sfer t he stresse s in

t he bolts to t he wood than to u se sin gle cast iron washers -
,

FIG . 2.

sin ce the u se of washers n ece ssitates a wider spacin g of

bolts .

A s a close approximation we may a ss umethat the plate

will have a ten den cy to ben d alon g the dotted lin es an d ,

that the load produ cin g this is the bearin g value of the
wood again st which the plate bears .

If B is the safe be arin g value for the wood an d R t he

modu lu s of safe stren gth for the metal in ben din g then ,

R
or Z
z —

3B

From which

A ss um in g R an d the values as given in

Table X VI we ,
obta in the followin g
White O ak .

White Pin e
Lon g leaf S outhern
- Pin e .
 A PPENDIX . 1 27

Douglas O regon, ,
an d Yellow Fir
N orthern or S hort leaf Y ellow -
Pin e
Sp ruce an d E aste rn Fir

Where plates are ben t at right an gles formin g a hook ,

bearin g again st the en d fibers of woo d the e ffi cien t depth ,

of the n otch will obtain when the total safe bear in g u pon

F IG . 2a .

the en d fibers of the wood an d the safe fiber stress in the

metal plate are reached at the same time Then if .
,

is the safe fiber stress for steel an d B the safe en d bearin g

for wood as given in Table X VI the e ffi cien t depth of the ,

n otch c an be foun d from the formu la

The values of d are given below for d ifferen t woods

White Pin e
Lon g leaf S outhern Pin e
-

Douglas O regon an d Y ellow Fir

, , .

N orthern or Sho rt leaf Yellow Pin e

-

Spruce an d E astern Fi r

S in ce in
ben din g a plate the in side of the ben d will b e
an arc of a circle havin g a radius of about i t the depth ,
I 28 A PPEN DIX .

of the n ot ch s h ould be in creased this amoun t b ut the ,

e fficien c y s h ou ld b e based u pon the valu es of d given above .

3 A
. Gr aph i ca l Solu ti on of th e Kn ee b ra ce Prob lem -
.

( First p ublished in R ailroad G azette M a y 18 ,

The ,

act u al stresses in k nee braces between column s an d roof

-

trusses will probably n ever be k n own e x actly as there are ,

Span -s 60

F IG .
3 .

so man y variable factors en terin g the question In the .

u s u al con stru ction where colu mn s are bolted to mason ry

,

p edestals at the bottom either

, riveted or bolted to the
trusses at the top an d with the k n ee b rac es riveted at
,
~

both en ds the degree to which these con n ection s may be

,

c on sidered fixed is a q uestion leadin g to man y argu me n ts

a n d differen ces o f opin io n It is n ot proposed to en ter

.

in to t h is question at all b ut to show how t he stresses in

,

a ll the members o f the framew ork can be foun d graphically

un der a given ass u mption .

A ssu me for example that th e bottom of t h e colu m n s

, ,

a re suffic ien tly fix ed so that the poin t of zero momen t is

,
 3° A PPENDIX .

I f t here are ben din g momen ts at M an d N an d t hese

no

poin ts are preven ted from movin g vertically t he vertica l ,

compon en ts of the reaction s must remain con stan t even .

in the extreme case where AI may be assumed as a pin

an d N as restin g on rollers .

A n y assumption may be made as to the horizon tal rea o

tion s at these poin ts as lon g as t heir sum equ als the hori
,

z on ta l compon e n t of H E Fig 3a It is customary to

, . .

assume these reaction s as equ al If this is the case then

.
,

the reaction at M is H L an d that at N L E as shown

’
,
’
,

in Fig 3 a
. .

Th e n ext step is to fin d the e ffect of these reaction s at

the poin ts 0 Q P an d R The vertical compon en ts will
, , , .

act as vertical reaction s at 0 an d P The h orizon tal com .

‘

pon en ts will prod u ce be n din g mome n ts at 0 an d P an d , ,

 A PPENDIX 3 1

in effec t h orizon tal forces at O P Q and R To determin e

, , , , .

th ese forces in Fig 3a assume a pole vertically below E

, .
,

a n d draw the strin gs S an d S from t he extremities of the

1 o

h oriz ontal compon en t as shown Then in Fig 3 from N .

, .
,

draw 5 an d S in the usual mann er an d complete the equi

, o ,

l i bri um polygon with 5 In Fig 3a draw Z F parallel to

3 . .

S of Fig 3 t hen S F is t he force at P an d F E the force

2 .
, ,

at R produced by the acti on o f the hori zon tal rea cti on a t N .

Theforces at 0 an d Q are of course the same as foun d , ,

a t P an d R re spe c tively W ith these forces determined

.
,

t he problem is solved in t h e u s ual mann er as s h own in ,

Fig 3b
. .

4 . Trusses whi ch m ay have In cli n ed R eacti on s . A ll

t russ es chan ge in span un der differen t loads owin g to the ,

c h an ges in len gth of t h e members un der stress Trusses .

w ith straight botto mchords do n ot chan ge s uffi cien tly to

c r eate an y con siderable horizon tal th rust b ut those hav ,

in g broken bottom chords like t h e sc issors tru s often ,

-
s
, ,

when improperly design ed push t heir s upports outward , .

Th i s can be obviated by pe rmittin g on e en d of t he truss

to slide upon its suppo rt un til fu lly loaded with t he dead

load then the on ly horiz on tal t hrust to be taken by the

,
.

s upports will be t h at due to win d an d sn ow loads Of .

c ou rse the horiz on tal c ompon en t of the win d must be

r esisted by the s uppo rts in an y case A bette r way of .

p r o v idin g for the h o rizo n tal thru st prod u ced by vertical

loads is to design the t russ so that the chan ge in t he
len gt h of the span is so small that its effect may be
n eglected Th is req u ires larger truss members than are
.

sometimes used an d c are in mak in g c onn ection s at the

j o in t s .
1 32 A PPENDIX .

p the stress per r in ch i

squa e
n an y mem b er pro

duced by a full load ;

n = the stress in an y member produced by a load of

on e po un d actin g at t h e le ft support an d paralle l

to the plan e of the support u sually horizon tal ; ,

=
l the len gth cen ter to cen ter of an y member
( in ches )
=
E the mod ulu s of elasticity of the material com
posin g an y member ;
D the total chan ge in span produced by a full load
= .

D — Z
E

FIG 4 . .

I f 5 =the stress or horizon tal force n e cessary to make

zeroD ,

a = the area of an y member in square in che s ,

T heo ry an d Practice of M odern Fram ed Structures, J o hn so n , Bryan , T ur

n c aut e (j o hn W iley 8: So n s, N . R oofs an d Bri dges, M errim an and J acob
y
(J hn Wiley
o 8: Sons, N .
1 34 APPEN DIX .

'
the piete s 0 L an d c L ov er on e half the total
con t rib u te

value o f I) . If the arm of th ese pieces is in crea s ed to 6 4

square in ches the v alue of D is red u ce d ab o ut 2 5 per ce n t
,
.

It is possi b le to design the truss so tha t the c han ge o f

span i s v ery sma ll by si mply ad j u stin g the siz e s of the

truss m em b ers in creasin g con si de rably those m e mbers

,

whose d isto rtion con trib ute s muc h to the v alue o f D .

The applica tion of the ab ove m e thod to e ither wood

or steel trusses of the scissors type en a b les the d esign er

to av oi d the q uite c o mm on of lean in g walls an d

saggin g roof s .

Fm 5 .
 APPENDIX .
I 35

5
. Tests of a sJ oi nts in
eries Wooden Trusses — In 1 89 7

of te sts was made at the Massach u setts I n stitute of Tech

n ology on full si z ed jo in ts The resu lts were published in
-
.

the Techn ology Quarterly of September 1 8 9 7 an d re , ,

viewed by Mr F E Kidder in the E n gin eerin g R ecord of . . .

N ovember 1 7 1 900 ,
.

The method of failure for three types of join ts is sh own

in Fig 5 . .

6 . Ex am ples of Details E m ployed in Practi ce — The fol

lowin g illu st ration s have been selected from recen t issues
of the E n gin ee rin g N ews the E n gin eerin g R ecord an d The , ,

Ra ilroad Ga z ette .

Fig 6 A roun dhou se roof tru ss showin g the con n ection

. .
-
,

at the support with arran gemen t of bric kwork gutter , ,

down spouts etc The purlin s are carried by metal

-

, .

stirrups han gin g over the top chord of the truss .

Fig 6a Det ails of a H owe truss showin g an gle block s

. . ,
-

an d top an d bottom c h ord splices

-
.

Fig 6 b A common fo rm of roof truss showin g detail

. .
-

at s u ppo rt The d i agon als are let in to the chords

. The .

purlin s stan d ve rtical an d rest on top of the truss top

c hord .

Fig 6 c A comparatively large roof truss of t he Pratt

. .
-

type of bracin g showin g details of man y join ts A large , .

n u mber of special cast in gs appear in this truss .

Fig 6d H owe truss details showin g con n ection to

. .
,

wooden colum n kn ee brace b olster cast iron an gle bloc k ,

-
,
- -

an d brace con n ection details -

.

Fig 6 e Scissors trusses showin g five forms in use

. .
-

, ,

an d also t hree details whic h have been u sed by Mr F E . . .

Kidder .
1 36 A PPENDIX .

FIG . 6 — R oundhouse R oof, Urb ano Shops, Peo ria

. . and E astern R R . .

Fig
. steel roof truss sho
A win g deta i ls
-
,
The pur .

lin s are supported by shelf an gles on the gusset plates ex

- -

ten ded The prin cipal members of th e web system h ave

.

both legs of the an gles attached to t he gusset plates -

.
 d a m p e r - fl

ec u

Cp
f
‘
u l

n u n Ar
“
1:

FIG 6c.
— De ta i ls o f T russ Fra m in g i n Fo re stry B uilding,
.

Pa n Am e ri ca n E x po si tio n
-
.

Fig 6g . Asteel roof tru ss with a heavy bottom chord

-
.

The e x c e pti o n al fe at u re i n this tru ss is the u se of fl ats fo r

web t e n sion m em bers .

 APPENDIX .

FI G 6d — H owe T russ, H orti cultural Buildin , Pan- Ama i can E x position

. .

g ,

Ca th a ri na; Hot.
1 40 A PPENDIX .

u .

FIG . 6f — R oo truss
. f
-
of Power -
h o use, Bo sto n and M ai ne R R . .
, C o n co rd, N . H .

—
FIG 6g R oof truss, Peoria
. .
-
and E astern R R . . Urban a .
,
I 4 2 A PPEN DIX .

or slidin g is preven ted by an gle clips an d g in ch rods as - -

shown .

Fig 6i Detail of con n ection of a steel roof truss to a

. .
-

steel column The illustration also shows gutter down

.
,

spo ut corn ice etc

, , .

l
‘
rasses “f e e.

FIG . 6i — Temp late

. h p Roof truss
S o -
,
Am b ri dge Plant of the Ama i can Bridge
C omp an y .

FIG . 6h —.Gen eral E le c tri c M ach in e s o -

hp , Lynn , M ass .

6k Details simi lar to t h ose sh own in

°

Figs 61 an d .

Fig 6i b ut
.
,
for lighter t russes .
 A PPENDIX .
I43

7 . Ab stracts from General Spe ci fi cati on s for Steel R oofs and

Buildi n gs .

By C H ARLE S E VAN FO WLE R , M Am So c C E

. . . . .

GE N E RA L D E S C R IPTI O N .

1 structure shall be of the gen eral out

The
lin e an d dime n sion s shown on the attached dia
gram which gives the prin cipal dimen sion s an d
,

all the prin cipal data ( 2 .

,

2 The sizes an d sect i on s of all members

.
,

together with the strain s which come upon them ,

shall be marked in their proper places upon a

strain sheet an d submitted with proposal
, .

3 .height of
The t h e b u ildin g s h all mea n the 010m m
distan ce from top O f mason ry to un der side of
bottom chord of truss The width an d len gth of .

bu ildin g shall mean the extreme distan ce out to

out of fr a m in g or sheetin g .

4 Th e. pitch of roof shall ge n er ally be on e

fou rth .

LO A D S .

trusses Shall be figured to carry the

The fol
lowin g loads :
5 . SH O W LO ad S .
Sn o w L gd
o .

Pi h
tc of R oo t .

Loca ti on .

P ou n d s pe r H o ri z o n ta l Sq u are Fo o t .

So uth ern S tates an d Pa

c ifi c Slo pe
Ce n tral S tate s .

Ro c Mo un tai n States .

N ew uglan d S tates .

North western States .

1 44 A PPEN DIX .

6 . The win d
pressure on trusse s in poun ds per
sq uare foot shall b e ta k en from the followin
g
table
Pitch . H orizo ntal. N o rm al .

= ° ’
45 OO 27

= ° ’
33 4 1 22

I /4 = 2 6
O '
8
34 1

'
= °
8
21 4 1 5
I / 6 = 18
°
26
’
1
3

7 The
.sides an d en ds of buildin gs S hall b e
figured for a un iformly distributed win d load of
2 0 poun ds per squ are foot of e x po se d su rface when

2 0 feet or less to the eaves 3 0 poun ds per squ are ,

foot O f ex pose d surface when 60 feet to the eaves ,

an d proportion ately for in te rmediate heights .

8 The weight of coverin g may be taken as

.

follows : Co rru gated iron laid black an d pain ted , ,

per square foot :

NO . 27 26 24 1 8 1 6

90 poun ds
For galvan i zed iron add poun ds per squ are
foot to above figures .

S late S hall be take n at a weight o f 7 pou n ds

”
per square foot for slate 6 X an d 5
" ”
poun ds per squ are foot for slate 1 2 X 2 4 ,

a d
n proportio n ately fo r other sizes .

S heetin g o f dry pin e boards at 3 po u n ds per -

foot board measure

,
.

Plastered ceili n g h u n g below at n o t less t han ,

10 po un ds per sq u are foot .

x46 A PPEN DIX .

F langes T fla ges
of bu ilt girders sh all have the
1 5 op n
.
.

sa me gr oss area as ten sion flan ges .

16 Members subject to tran sver se loadin g in

.

addition to direct strain su ch as rafters an d ,

posts havin g kn ee braces conn ected to them -

shall be con sidered as fixed at the en ds in riveted

work an d S hall be proportion ed by the followin g
,

formu la an d the un it strain in extreme fiber shall

,

n ot exceed for soft mediu m steel 1 50 00

,
-

, .

s stra in per square in ch in extreme fiber ;

M = momen t of tran sverse force in in ch poun ds -

n = distan ce cen ter of gravity to top or bottom

fin al section in in ches ;
I fi n al mome n t of in ertia ;
=

P direct load ;
=

A fi n al area
= .

Soft m e dium
-

Steel .

S h eari n g . Pin s rivets

an d .

Web plates
-

B e ari ng . O n diameter of pin s

an d rivet holes -
20 0 00 2 000 0

B en in g d .
E xtreme fiber of p in s . 2 50 0 0

E xtreme fiber of pur

lin s 1
500 0

Latera s l .
20 . Lateral
con n ection s will have 2 5 per cen t .

greater un it strain s than above .

Bo lts. 21 B olts may be u sed for field conn ection s at

.

two thirds of rivet values (1 7 .

,
 A PPEN DIX .
147

TIM B E R P U R LI N S .

22 . In purlin s of yellow p in e Southe rn pin e

, ,
Ti m b e r

o r wh ite oak the e x treme fiber stra in shall n ot

,

e x cee d 1 2 0 0 poun ds per square in ch .

C O R R U GA T E D I R O N
-
CO V E R IN G .

CO W —
26 . Corrugated iron shall gen era ll y be of 2 } fi ng

i n ch co rru gation s an d the gau ge in U S stan dard

, . .

shall be shown on stra in sheet

. .

27 .The span or distan ce ce n ter to ce n ter of

r oof p u rlin s shall n ot e x ceed that gi ven in the
-

f o llowin g table :

28 . Allcorrugated iron shall be laid with on e

c orrugation side lap an d n o t less than 4 in ches
,

e n d lap gen erally with 6 in ches en d lap

, (3 2 .

29 . All valleys or j un ction s shall have flashin g V ll y a e s .

e x te n din g at least 1 2 in ches un der the corru gated

i ron or 1 2 in ches above lin e where water will

,

s tan d .

3 0 . A ll ridges sh all h ave roll cap se c urely R idg e s,

fasten ed over the corrugated iron .

3 1. C orr u gated iro n s h all preferably be sec u red F t i as e n ngs .

t o the pu rlin by galvan iz ed straps of n ot less t h an

five eighths of an in c h wide by N o 1 8 gauge ; .

these shall pass completely aroun d the pu rlin

an d have each en d riveted to the sheet There .

 A PPEN DIX .

shall b e at least two fasten in gs on each pur lin for

each sheet .

3 2 Th
. e side laps sh all b e riveted w ith six

poun d rivets n ot more than six in ches apart ( 2 .

33 A t the
. gable en ds t h e corrugated iron sh al l
be securely fasten ed d own on th e roof to a fin ish ,

an gle or chan n el conn ected to the en d of the roo f

,

pur lin s .

DE TA I L S OF C O N S T R U CTIO N .

37 A ll . ten sion members shall preferably b e

compo sed O f an gles or shapes with the O bject of
stiffn ess .

3 8 A. ll joi n ts shall have f u ll splices an d n o t .

rely on gu ssets ( 6 .

39 A. ll mai n members shall pre ferably b e

made of two an gles back to bac k two an gles an d

, ,

on e plate or fo u r a n gles laced

,
.

4 0 S.eco n dary members shall preferabl y b e

made of symmetrical section s .

4 1 L
. o n g laterals or sway rods may be m a d e

of bar with sleeve n ut adj u stmen t to facilitate

,
-

erection .

4 2 M
. embers havin g s u ch a le n gth as to ca u se

t hem to sag shall be held up by sag ties of an gles -

properly spaced .

R afters shall preferably be made O f two

43
'
.

an gles two an gles an d on e plate or o f su c h form

, ,

as to allow of easy co n n ection for web mem

bers ( 6
.

44 A ll other
.
compressio n members e x cep t ,
1 50 A PPEN DIX .

t h ickn ess an d size so that the pressure on

mason ry will n ot exceed 300 poun ds per square
in ch Tru sse s over 7 5 feet span on walls or
.

mason ry shall have expan sion rollers if n eces

sary .

A h
nc b ltor -
o
54 sE ac
. h beari n g plate
. shall be provided wit h
-

two an ch or bolts O f n ot less than three fourths of

-

an in ch i n diameter either bu ilt i n to the mason ry ,

or extendin g far en ou gh in to the mason ry to mak e

them e ffective ( 5 .

P hi g
un c
55
n .Th e diameter .of the p un ch S hall n ot

exceed the dia meter O f the rivet n o r the ,

diameter of the die ex ceed the diameter of

the pun ch by more than on e sixteen th of an
in ch .

“ “ 56 A ll rivet holes in steel may be pun ched

Egg ?
-
.
,

an d in case holes do n o t match in assembled

members they shall be reamed out with power

reamers .

57 Th e e ffective diameter
. of the drive n rivet
shall be assu med the same as be fore dr ivin g an d , ,

in makin g ded u ction s fo r rivet holes i n te n sion -

members the hole will be assu med on e eight h

,

o f an in ch larger than the un driven riv et ( 3

1 .
,

5 8 pitch of rivets shall n ot exce e d twen ty

. The
times the thickn ess of the plate in the lin e of .

strain n o r forty times the thickn ess at right

,

an gles to the lin e of strain It Shall n ever be .

less than three diameters of the rivet A t the .

en ds of compression members it shall n ot exceed

 A PPEN DIX . 1 5 1

four diameters of the rivet for a len gth equal to

t he width of the members .

59 N o. compressio n member shall have a

len gt h exceedin g fifty times its least width un less ,

its un it strain is reduced accordin gly .

6 0 Laced compression members shall be

.
Tie -
pl a tes.

staved at the en ds by batten plates havin g a -

len gth n ot less th an the depth of the member .

6 1 The sizes of lacin g bars shall n ot be less

.
- Lac in

than that given in the followin g table when the ,

distan ce between the gauge lin es is -

6 or less than 8 1} X }
"
8 10 d X}
5
I I f X1 ;
" “

"
2 X8
l ”
2 } Xi '

g
"
24 21 } X5
above Of an gles .

They shall gen erally be in clin ed at 4 5 degree s

to the axis of the member b ut shall n ot be , .

spaced so as to red uce the stren gth of the mem

ber as a whole .

6 2 W here laced members are subjected to

. .
B en ding .

ben din g the size of lac in g bars or an gles Shall

,
- -

be calcu lated or a solid web plate u sed ( 1 3 1 4 -

.
, ,

63 rods havin gscrew en ds shall be up set

All p d
‘

.
U se t Ro s.

to stan dard size or have due allowan ce made

, .

6 N metal of less thick ess tha n 1 in ch shall V

gg gg
o
g
4 n in
.
e
be u sed except as fillers an d n o an gles of less
, ,
1 5 2 A PPEN DIX .

than 2 in ch leg A variation of 3 per cen t shall

-
. .

b e allowable in the weight or cross section of -

material .

W O R KM A N S H I P .

w m 65 A ll workman ship
shall b e first cla ss in
df f
F f '
.

every particu lar A ll abuttin g su rfaces of com

.

pression members except where the join ts are ,

fully spliced mu st be plan ed to even bearin g so

, ,

as to give close con tact throu ghout .

66 A ll plan ed or t u rn ed surfaces le ft expose d

.

mu st be protected by white lead an d tallow .

Ri vets .
6 7 R ivet holes fo r splices mu st be so accu
.
-

rate ly spaced that the holes will come exactly

opposite when the members are brou ght in to

position for driv in g rivets or else reamed out -

, .

(3 8 ,

68 . R ivets
mu st completely fill the holes an d
have fu ll heads con cen tric with the rivet holes -
.

They shall have full con tact with the su rface

'

or be coun tersun k when so requ ired an d shall ,

be machin e driven when possible R ivets mu st .

n ot be u sed in direct te n sion .

6 9 Bu ilt members when fin ished mu st be free

.

from twists ope n j o in ts or other defects ( 6

, , .

mi ning . 7 0 D ri ft. pin s mu st on ly be

-
u sed fo r brin gin g
the pieces together an d they mu st n ot be driven ,

so hard as to distort the metal .

Re m . 7 1 W he n
. holes n eed en largin g it mu st be ,

don e by reamin g an d n ot by drift in g .

7 2 Th e decisio
. n o f the en gin eer or architect

sh all con trol as to the in terpretation o f the draw

1 56 IN DEX .

Fra me , lin es

( i vra tio n , lea st rad i us o f

Jo h ns on ,
A L . .

J o i n ts , d e sign s i n woo d
de signs in stee l

Loc al co n d iti o n s , e ff ec t u po n de s ign

Lo ad s , co m puta tio n o f, for truss
d ue to wi n d
i ncli n ed
v ertical .

Me ta l co lum ns
stru ts

Multi plication gra ph ical ,

Pins , be n di ng stre n gth o f m e tal

sa fe stre ngth i n be n d i n g

heari ng values
s

Pi pe in angle bloc ks .

Pi tch d e fi n ed fo r roof trusse s

,
-

o rd i n a ry , us e d in pra ctice
Pole , defined
d istan ce
Polygo n , e q uilib ri um
force
to pass thro ugh th ree po i n ts

de fin ed
design of

Raf ters , defi n ed

de sign O f
R e ac tio n s , application o f eq uilib ri u m polygon i n fi n di n g
due to i n cli ned loads
in clin ed
ro o f -
truss , v e rtic al lo ads
roo f truss
-
,
i n cli n ed load s
v ertical .

ve rti cal, produced b y v ertic al loads on b e am

R esultan t, de fi n ed
R i v ets, b e ari n g v alues
diam eter of

fie ld
shearing v alues
tie
R od s, ro un d .

p
u se t .

R ollers, ex pan sion

 IN DEX . 1 57

R oo f coveri n g

pitch O f
R oo f truss co m plete design i n steel
-

A llowable stresses 84 ; d ata 84 ; design O f co m pressi on m e m

, ,

bers 84—8 6 ; design O f ten sion m em bers 8 7 88 ; design of en d sup

, , ,

port 90; design O i j oin ts 88 90; design of splices 90

, , , ,
.

Roof truss co m plete design in w ood

-

,
.

Allowab le stresses 4 3 ; data 4 3 ; J oi n t L ; cast iron an gle blo ck

, , o
- -
,

64 ; fi in c h b olts 5 2; b olts an d flat plates 5 7 ; plan k m e m bers 66 ;

-
, , ,

plate stirrup an d pin 63 ; special design 64 steel angle bloc ks 63 ;

, ,
-
,

steel stirrup an d pin 6 1 ; steel stirrup 60; woo d wi th o ut b olts 60;

, , ,

J oi nt L 7 2 7 3 ; J oi nt U 7 0 7 1 ; J oi n t U 6 8 69 ; J oi n t U 8 1 ; load s
3, , ,, , ,, , s,

at ape x e s 4 6; p ur li ns 80 83 ; p urli n s d esi gn of 44 ; raf ters

—
, , design , , ,

O f 44 ; si z e s O f co m pressi on m em bers O f woo d 4 8 ; si z es of te n si o n

, ,

m em bers O f w ood 5 1 ; splices 7 4 —79 stresses i n m em b ers 4 7 ; wall

, , ,

beari ng design of 6 7 , ,
.

R oof tru sse s f un cti on O f

-
,

loads on

s an o fp
steel design O f
tran sm issi on of loads to
wi n d load s for
R oof w ooden , design of
,

S afety , fac tor of

S hear, lon gitudi n al, v alues fo r w ood
lon gitudin al, v alues for steel
tran sv er e , v al ues for w oo d
s

tran sv erse v al ues for steel

S hapes, steel
S lee v e n uts
-

S pli ces in w ood , desi gn of

i n steel, design of
S tren gth O f m ateri als in beari n g
O f steel in co m pressi o n

O f steel in h
s ear .

trans verse
ten si o n
of wood in bearin g
O f w oo d in c o m pressi o n

O f w ood i n shear h ori z on tal ,

of w ood i n shear tran sv erse ,

O f w ood transv erse ,

o f w o od in ten si o n

S u pports at en ds of steel trusses

S quare te rm defi n ed
,

S tri n g term defi n ed

, .

S teel , desi gn of c o m pressi on m em bers

longi tudin al s ear of h
1 5 8 INDEX .

S teel, h p
s a es .

splices ,
design of
ten si on m em b ers Of

tran sv erse h
s ear of

S tresses, determ i n ation of

i n fram ework
safe , i n o u ter fi be rs of stee l b eams

safe, i n o uter fi be rs O f w oo de n be ams

safe , for ste el struts or co lum n s

safe , for w ood en struts or colum n s

hearin g
s

Ti m ber si z es O f ,

Tum b uckles
Upse t en ds o n rods

W in d ,
as sum ed acti on o f
'

efl ect of

Wood ,
colum n s or stru ts of

en d bearin g of
lon gitudi n al shear of
m oisture , c on te n ts O f
m oi sture , classrfi ca tio n
shear , across the grai n

stru ts O f

te n si o n m e m bers of
tran sv erse stren gt h of
ulti m ate stren gt h of

TAB LE S .

Areas to b e deducted for ri v e t holes i n ten si on m em b ers, Table IV

Bearin g acro ss fi b ers of w o od
e n d for w oo d

v al ues for b olts

Colum n s , stren gt h of wooden

Di m en si on s O f b olt heads, Tab le VI -

o f ti m be r

of upse t screw e n ds

O f right an d lef t n uts

Le ast radi i o f gyration Tab le X II I .

Lum ber, co m m erci al si z es Tab le X V .

rela ti v e cost O f Table XV .

SH O R T T ITL E - C A TA LO G U E
O F TH E

PU BL IC A T IO N S

JO HN W ILE Y SO N S
N EW Y O RK

LO N D O N : C H APM AN H ALL , LIMI TE D

AR RAN G E D UN D E R S UBJ E C T S

Descri p ti v e circu l ars sen t o n a ppl i c a ti on . Bo o k m k d wi th

s ar e an as teri s k are

told at not pi r c es on l y . All b oo k s are b o un d in l th u l

c o th wi n ess o er se state d .

AGRICULTURE — H O R TICULTURE— FO RESTR Y .

pl '
i l
Armsb y 3 ri n c i es o f An m a P 8v o. 84 00
M u
an d H an sen s A m eri c an H o rti c u tura l
.

Bu dd '
l an a l
P art IP p C l
ro agati o n p
u ture an d I m ro v e m en t 1 2m o,
P P l y
.
.
, ,

y
art II S s te m a ti c o m o og
. 1 2m o,
l '
d
E l i o tt 8 E n gi n ee ri n g fo r Lan 12m o,
P i l
rac t c a Fa rm Drai n a ge d d( S eco n E i tio
w nR e r12m
i tten .
, . . . 0.
Graves 8 Fo res t Men surati o n
’
8 vo ,
P ipl
Green 3 ri n c es O f A m eri c an
” .

1 2m
’
o,
P ipl d yP
Gro ten felt 8 ri n c es o f Mo ern Dai r
’
rac ti c e 12m o,
k d d l l h l
H erri c s Den a ture or In u stri a A co o
’
8v . o.
K p
em h d p d
an d W au g s Lan sc a e Gar en in g d ’
w i tt
( N ew E i ti on R e
I r en . n
P p ti )
. .

re ara on
P i i pl d P a ti f Butt m ki g
.

M K y
c d L a an a rse n s
'
8v r nc es an r c ce o er- a n . o.
M y d L d p G d i g A ppli d t H m D
a n ar
’
5 an sc a ti e l 2m ar en n as e o o e eco ra on ” . . o,
S d t I ju i t S t pl C p 12m
'
an I
erso n s n sec s n r ou s o a e ro s o,
S nd dl t I ju i u t G d Crim (I P p
'
a d H
erso n an I ea ee s n sec s n r o s o ar en e. n re a
ti ) ra on

Sch w z L gl f Pi i Vi gi F
.

’
ar s t on ea ne n r n ores s

Wi t Mi
n on s py f V g t b l F d
'
c ro sc o o e e a e oo s
W ll H db k f F m
o
'
s an d D i ym oo or ar ers an a r en

AR CHITECTUR E .

Baldwi n s S team H eati n g for B ui ldin gs

'
2 50
ld
Berg s B ui i n gs an d S tructures o f A m eri c an R ai
'
l
roa d s. . 4 to , 5 00
. 8 vo , 3 50
C om p
Ri vete Gi r ers as A
o un d d
i e i n B u i i n gs d ppl d ld 8 vo , 2 00
Pl
.

an n i n g an d C
o n struc ti o n o f A m eri can T ea tres h 8 vo , 3 00
Pl
.

an n i n g an d o n struc t o n o f H i g C
O ffi ce B uil in gs i h d . . 8 vo . 3 50
kl
S e eton on struc ti on i n B ui in gs C ld 3 00
B yrn e
’
s Inspection of Materi als an d Wormanehi p Employed in Construction .

16 mo . 3
Carpen ter s H eating an d en ti lati n g of
’
V 8 vo .
. 4
0 Corthell s A llo wab le ressure o n D ee p Fo un da ti ons
’
P . 1 2m 0. l

Fi re p S tee B ui i n gs
roofi n g o f l ld . 8 vo . 2
Ger h d
ar s Gui e to S an i tar
’
d
In s ec ti on s y p .
( Fourth E di tion , E n ti re ly Re
v i se an d E n arged ) d l .

d
Mo ern B a t s an d Ba t H o uses h h
P
.

S an i ta ti o n o f ub li c B ui i n gs ld
Thea tre F ires an d an ics P l 2m o ,
Pl
.

The Water S u Se erage an d pply , w um b in g of

‘

Mo d ern C i ty B ui ldi n gs .

8 vo ,
J h b y Algeb i d G aphi M th d 8vo
’
o S t ti
n so n s a cs ra c an r c e o s . .
,

K ll w y H w t L y O u t Sub u b H m e Groun ds
e a a
'
s o o a r an o
Ki dd A hi t t n d B ui ld P k t b ok
er s
’
rc ec s
’
a ers
’
oc e -
o .

M i ll S t B ui ldi g
'
err f s d o n es or n an . 8 vo ,

M
’
kt
on c S t i b ui ldi g
on s a r- n 4 to ,
P tt P ti l T ti
.

F un d ti n 8 vo ,
’
a on s rac ca rea se o n o a o s .

P b dy N l A hi t tu
.

8 vc
’
ea o s av a rc ec re .
,

C t bl k M n uf tu
'
Ri ce s o n c re e- oc a ac re . 8 vo ,

Ri h y H db k f Sup i t d n t f C t u ti 16 m o , m o r
’
c e s an oo or er n en e s o o ns r c on
m n P k t B k n d R dy R f
.

B ui ld i g F 1 6 m 0 , m or
’
n n e
o re a s oc e oo a ea e ere c . .

B ui ld i g M h i R dy R f S i es
’
n n ec an cs ea e ere ce er :

C p nt d W dw k E di ti ar e ers
'
an oo or ers
’
on
C m nt W k d Pl t E d i ti l fim o m o r
’ ’
e e o r ers an as erers on
P lumb S t m Fi tt
. .
,

d Tinn ers E di ti on 16 m o m o r
’ ’ ’
ers , ea -
ers , an . , .

nd B i k m E di ti n 16 m o m or
’
St n on e a rc -
aso s o , .

1 2m o ,
M d nSt Oi itti g dMason y
.

'
Si b t
e er d B i ggi an n 3 o er I e- c i n an r . 8 vo ,

T wn L k d B ui ld r H dw e 18m o m or
’ ’
o e s oc s an e s ar ar . .

Wai t E gi d A h i t tu l J u i p ud en e
'
s i g n n eer n an rc ec ra rs r c . 8 170

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y d P ti l Di fl ti l E q ti
,

T ti rea O di se on r L g 12m n ar an ar a e ren a ua on s . . ar e o,

K p t ff E gi i g A ppli ti f H igh M th m ti
’
ara e o s n n eer n ca on s o er a e a cs

(I P p
.

ti ) n re ara on
Phi l phi l E y P b b i li ti ( T u tt d E m y ) 12m
.

L pl
’
a ac e s oso ca ssa on ro a es . r sc o an or o, 2 00
Lu dl w El m m t y
.

f T ig d L g i thmi d O th
’
d B
o t an ass s e en s o r on o e r an o ar c an er
T bl a es .

T ig m t y r d T bl pub li h d p t ly
ono e r E h
an a es s e se ara e . ac ,

Lu dl w L g i thm i m t i T bl
’
o d T ig
s o ar 8 c an r on o e r c a es vo ,
M f l
ac a r an e s V t A ly i d Q t i '
ec o r 8 na s s an u a ern on s y o,
M M h H yp b li F u ti
’
c a on s er o 8c nc on s . vo ,
M ti l N um b d th i R p
’
i g I
an n n s rra t ti b y S qu
on a d ers an e r e resen a on e en c es an
1 2m o, 1 25
M th m ti l M
a e g ph
a E di t d b y M
ca fi ld M imon o d R b t ra s . e an s e err an an o er
S W dw d . oo O t ar h c av o , eac 1 00
N 1 Hi t y f M d
o M th m ti b y D i d E ug
s or S m i th
o o e rn a e a cs , av en e
2 S y th ti P j
. .

G m t y by G H l t d
.

N o . ti . n g B u e c ro ec ve eo e r , eo r e r ce a s e
Gi fi d W ld 4 H yp
.

N 3 D t mi
o . t by L . e er N n an s , aen as or e . o . . er
b li Fu ti
o c by J m M M h ncN 5 H m on s,i Fu a es c a on . o . . ar on c nc
b y W i ll i m E B y ly 6 G m Sp ly i ’
ti on s , N A a er o rass an n s ac e na s s,
7 P b b ili ty
. . . .

b y E dw d W H yd N ar d Th y fE e o ro a an eo r o rrors ,
dw d N 8 V t A ly i d Qu t i
. . . .

by R b tS W o er . oo ar o . . ec o r na s s an a ern on s ,
b y Al d M f l
.

N 9
ex a n Difi ti l E q u ti
er by ac ar an e . o . . eren a a on s,
W ill i m W l y J h a N 10 Th S lu ti oo se f E q u ti o n son o e o on o a o n s,
V i bl
. .

fi ld M f a C m pl
.

by M im an s N 1 1 Fu ti e err an . o . . nc on s o o ex ar a e.
b y Th m S Fi k o as . s e .

M u T h i l M h i
’
a rer s ec n ca ec an cs

S l u ti o f E q u ti on o a on s

Ri d J hn Difi ti l d I tegr l Cal ulu 2 v ls i n

’
c e an o so n 3 eren a an n a c s. o . o ne .

L g 12m ar e o,
El m t y T e ti th Di d
en ar ti l C l u l u rea se on e eren a a c s.
S mi th H i t y f M d M th m ti
’
s s or o o 8 ern a e a cs vo,
V bl
.

I t d u ti t th R l I fi i t i m l A ly i f O ’
e dLen an e n n es s n ro c on o e ea n n es a na s s o ne
V i bl ar a e
W t b u y V t P k t H d b k f M th m ti f E gi
a er r
’
s es oc e an -
oo o a e a cs or n n eers .

2} x b i i h m nc es , or .

Weld D te mi
’
s t e r n an s .

Wo d E l m t f C
o
’
s di t G m t y
e en s o o- o r na e eo e r

Woo dwa d s Pm b b i li ty d Thw y f E m “

.

.
r a svo 33 r O . s s s o s s o o s o s s o o e o o o e s o
.
 ME CHANICAL E N GINE ERING .

MA TE R IA LS O F E N GIN E E R IN G , S TE A M E N GI N E S
-
A N D B O ILE R S .

B aco n s Forge rac ti c e

’
P .

Ba ldw i
in s S tea m H ea t n g for B ui ldi g
’
n s

B tl tt M h i l D wing
’
ar e s ec an c a ra
s

d M d d th I th m i C l
’
B A i t
u rr s E gi i g n c en an o ern n n ee r n an e s an an a .

C p t E xp i m t l E gi i g
ar en e r s
’
er en a n n e er n

d V til ti g B ild i g
.

H ti g ea n an en a n u n s .

Cl k G d O i l E gi ( N w di ti i p )
’
er s as a n n ne . e e on n ress .

C m pt Fi t L i M t l W ki g 12m
’
o on s rs esso n s n e a or n o,
C m pt d D G d t S p d L th 12m
’
o o n an e roo s ee a e o,
C lidg M
oo l f D wi g e s
’
an ua 8 p p o ra n vo , a er,
C li dg d F m
oo El m t
e an f G l D fti g f M h i l E
ree an s
’
e en s o een ra ra n or ec a n ca n

gi n ee rs Ob l g 4t on o,
C m w ll T ti B lt d P u ll y 1 2m
’
ro e s rea se o n e s an e s . o,

T ti T th d G
rea i g se on 1 2m oo e ea r n o,

y P tt M ki g
.

Di g y M h i 1 2m
’
n e s ac n er a ern a n o,
Du l y Ki m ti
.

f M hi
’
r e s ne a 8 cs o ac n es . . vo .

Fl d G u tti g M hi y ’
an ers s ea r c -
n ac n er
t f P w
.

Fl th Dy m m t d th M m 12m
’
a er s u na o e ers an e ea s re en o o er . o,
R p D i i g o e r v n 12m o,
Gill G l A ly i f E gi 1 2m
’
sd F as an ue na s s or n n ee rs o,
C L m ti Sp k
’
oss s o co o ve 8 ar s vo ,
P m pi g M hi y ( I P p ti )
.

G
’
reen e s u n ac n er . n re a ra on .

H i g R dy R f T bl (C i F t 16 m m
’
er n s ea ) e e ren ce a es o n v e rs o n ac o rs o, or e 8
d E ll i H igh S p d Dy m E l t i M hi y
.

’
H b t o ar an 8
s s ee na o ec r c ac n er . vo , c 8
H u tt G E gi
’
on s as n 8 ne vo , n8
J ma i A d
so n s d M h i l’
D wi g v an c e 8 ec a n ca ra n y o, a 8
El m t f M h e i l D wi g en s o 8 ec an c a ra n vo , n 8
s y o, fi 8
M hi D i gn ac ne es

P t I Ki m ti f M hi y
ar ne a cs o ac n er
P t I I F m S t gth d P p ti f P t
. .

ar or ren an ro or on s o ar s
P k tB k
.
.
, ,

K t M h i l E gi
en
’
s ec an c a n n ee r s
'
oc e -
oo
K err s P w d P w T mi i
'
o e r an o er ran s ss o n

(I P
.

Kim b ll d B a M hi D ig an ) arr s
’
ac ne es n n ress

(I P
. .

L i G
’
ev n s E gi ) as n 8
ne . n ress . . vo ,
L d M hi Sh p T l d M th d
e on ar
’
s ac ne 8 o oo s an e o s vo ,
z M d R f ig ti g M h i y ( P p H
.

L d D ) 8
’
o re n s o e rn e r era n ac n er o e, a v en , an ean vo ,
M C d K i m ti ; P ti l M h i m
. .

’
ac or s ne a8 cs or, rac ca ec an s . vo ,
M h i l D wi g ec an c a 4t
ra n o,
V l i ty Di g m
.

e oc a 8
ra s - V0 .
M F l d S t d d R d ti G
’
ac ar a n F t f s an 8 ar e uc on a c o rs or ases . vo .
M h I d t i l D wi g
’
a an s n us r a 8 ra n . vo ,
M h t G E gi Th y d D ig ’
e r en s s as L g 12m n ne eo r an es n ar e o,
db k f S m ll T l
.

Ob g H
’
er s an L g 12m
oo o a oo s ar e o,
P h ll d H b t E l t i M hi D ig S m ll 4 t h lf l th
.

’
a rs a an o ar s ec r c ac ne es n. a o, a ea er,
P l ee e sC mp ’
d A i P l t f Mi o re sse 8 r an or n es vo ,
P l C l ifi P w f F l
oo e s
’
a or c o8 er o ue s vo ,
P t E gi i g R m i i
.

’
o r er 8 185 5 t 188 2 n n ee r n 8 e n sc en c es , o vc ,
R id C u M h i l D wi g
’
e s o rse 1n 8 ec an c a ra n vo ,

T tb k f M h i l D wi g d E l m t y M hi D ig 8
ex -
oo o ec an c a ra n an e en ar ac ne es n vo ,
C mp d Ai
.

Ri h d 12m
’
c ar s 8 o resse r o,
R bio P i i pl f M h i m
n so n s
’
r nc 8 es o ec an s . vo ,
S hw m b d M i ll E l m fM h im ’
c a t an e rr 8 s e en s o ec an s . . vo ,
S mi th ( A W ) d M x M hi D ig
’
an 8 ar s ac ne es n vo ,
P w ki g f M t l
. . .

S m i th ( O
’
s ress- 8 or n o e a s vo ,
l C b u ti g d C m b u ti i A l h l E gi ( W dw d
.

S d
’
o re s ar re n an o s on n co o n n es. oo ar an
P t ) res on

Stone P a ti al T ti g f G
.

d G
’
s r c c es n o as an as

13
Thurston
'
s A n im a l as a Mac hi n e an d P im r e Mo to r , an d the La w fE s o n erge tic s .

1 2m o ,
Trea t i
Fri c tio n an d Los t Wor in Mac in er an
se on or 8y o k h y d Mill W k .

ll C pl il
,

Ti so n s o m e te Au to m o b e In s truc to r
’

16 m o .

l l w l
,

Ti tswo rth s E em en ts o f Mec an ic a Dra i n g

’
O b on g 8 y o h
l hi C i w
,

Wa rren s E em en ts o f Mac n e o n s truc t o n an d Dra i n g

’
8 vo 7
y V P k
.

d k
,

W a terb ur s est oc e t H an b oo o f Ma t em a ti cs fo r E n gi n eers ’

h -
.

2} X 5 } in c es m o r h 1 00
h Ki i Pw i
.
,

Wei sb ac s n em a t c s an d the o er o f Tra n sm iss o n

’

( H errrn an n
K
.

le i n ) 8 vo
!

0
h y i
,

Mac in er o f Tra n sm ssio n a n d Go v e rn o rs ( H e rm a n n 8 vo . .

, 0
8 vo , M

MATE R IALS O F E N GINEE R ING .

Bo v e y S t gth f M t i l d Th y f S t t
’
s ren 8 o a er a s a n eo r o ru c u res vo ,
E l ti i ty d R i t f th M t i l f E gi i g
.

B
’
u rr s as c 8 an es s an c e o e a er a s o n n ee r n vo ,

Ch h M h i f E gi i g
u rc
’
s ec 8 an c s o n n ee r n . vo ,

G ree n e s St t lM h i ’
ru c u ra 8 ec an c s vo ,

H ll y L d d Zi Pigm t
.

'
o e s ea L g l 2m an nc en s ar e o

ly i f Mix d P i t C l Pi gm t d V i h
.

H ll y d L dd
'
o e A an a s na s s o e a n s, o or en s, an a rn s es .

L g 1 2m ar e o, 2 50
J h ( C M ) R pid M th d f Ch m i l A ly i f S p i l
'
o n so n s th a e o s or e e ca na s s o ec a

S t l S t l M ki g A ll y d G ph i t
. .

ee s , L g 1 2m ee -
a n o s an ra e ar e o,

J h (J B ) M t i l fC ti
’
o n so n s t 8 a er a s o o n s ru c on vo .

K p C tI
. . . .

’
ee s as ro n 8 vo ,

A ppli d M h i
. .

L z
’
an a s e 8 ec an c s vo ,

M i M d Pigm t d th i V hi l
. .

l 2m
’

a re s o e rn en s an e r e c es o

M t
a r en s s H db k T ti g M t i l
’
an 8 oo on es n a er a s . vo
M a u re r s T hi l M h
’
i ec 8 n ca ec an c s vo ,

im M h i f M t i l
. .

M
’
e rr an s ec 8 an c s o a er a s . vo ,

gth f M t i l
.

St re n 1 2m o a er a s o,

M t lf S t l A M l f St l 12m
’
e ca s ee an u a or ee -
u sers o,

S bi I d t i l d A ti ti T h l gy f P i t d V i h
.

’
a n s n us r a 8 an r s c ec no o o a n an a rn s vo ,

S m i th ((A W ) M t i l f M hi 1 2m
’
s a er a s o ac n es o,

S m i th gth f M t i l
. .

( H E ) St 1 2m
’
s ren o a er a o,

M t i l i g l 8
. .

Th f E gi
’
t
urs o n s 3 a er a s o n n eer n vo s y o,

P t I N m t lli M t i l f E gi i g
.
,

ar 8 on -
e a c a er a s o n n e er n vo ,

P t II I
,

d St l
.

ar 8 ro n an ee vo ,

P t I I I A T ti A ll y d th i
.

ar B B z d O th. rea se o n rasse s ro n es , an er o s an e r

C ti t t on s 8 u en s y o,

W d ( D V ) E l m t f A ly ti l M h i
oo
’
s e 8 e en s o na ca ec an c s . yo,

ti R i t f M t i l A pp dix
.

T rea th se o n d th e es s a n c e o a er a s an an en on e

P ti f Ti m b res e rv a 8 on o er vo ,

W d ( M P ) R u tl C ti g C i d E l t ly i
.

f I
’
oo s . . d s ess oa n s: o rro s o n an ec ro s s o ro n an

8y o, 4 00

STE AM E N GIN E S -
AN D BO I LE R S .

Berry s Temperature en tro y Di a gra m

'
-
p
C a rn o t s R e flec t o n s o n the Mo t v e o we r
’
i i P of H ea t (T h u rs to n )
P
. .

Ch ase s A rt o f
’
a tte rn Ma ng ki
C i gh t
re St m gi d th
on s H t M t
’
ea -
en n e an o er ea o o rs

D w
a E gi
so n s i g d El t i T
’
ti P n n ee r n
”
an ec r c ra c on oc k e t -
b oo k .

F d B il M ki g f B il M k
’
or s o er a n or o er a e rs

G b h dt St m P w P l t E gi i g ’
e ar s ea o er an n n ee r n

G L
o ss s
'
m ti P f m o co o ve er o r a n ce

P ti
.

H m w y I di t d St m gi E con o m y
’
e en a s n ca or rac c e an ea -
en ne

H d H gi
’
H tt
u t
on s t ea an ea -
en n es

M h i l E gi i g f P w Pl t
.

ec an c a n n ee r n o o er an s .

K t St m b il E
en
’
s my ea o er co n o
 ME DICAL .

Ab d erhalden Chemi stry in Thi ty Lectures ( H all an d

’
s Physi ological r .

8 $ 5 00 . vo ,

u B h i g Su pp f Tub ul i ( B ldu ) 12m 1 00

’
yo e i r n s ress o n o e rc os s . o an . o,

B ld u
o I mm u
an s S
’
ne 12m era I 50 o,

B d t S tu d i i I m m u i ty (I P
.

or e
’
s (G y) )
es n 8 n a n ress y o,

lV i
.

p t S t ti ti l M th d wi th S p i l R f t B i l gi
. .

D
’
a v en or s a s ca e o s ec a e eren c e o o o ca ar a
16 m m l 50 o, or .

E h li h C ll t d S t di Imm i ty 8 6 00
’
r c s o ec e u es o n un . vo ,

Ph y i l gy f A li m t ti
.

Fi h L ge 1 2m 2 00
’
sc er s s o o o en a on ar o,

d Fu M u l f P y hi t y (R fl d C l li ) L g 1 2m 2 50
’
e rsac s an a o s c a r o sa n o an o ns . . ar e o,

k Phy i l gi l Ch m i t y
.

T xt b 8 4 00
'
H mm
a t a rs en s e -
oo on s o o ca e s r . vo ,
P
.

Jac k D i
so n s ti f L
’
b t y W k i
rec h y i l g i l Ch
on sm i t y 8 1
or 25 a o ra o r or n s o o ca e s r vo ,
C h P ti l U i y A ly i ( L z )
.

1 2m 1 00
’
L assar -
o n s rac ca r n ar na s s . o ren . o,

M d l H d b k f th Bi Ch m i l L b t y 12m l 50
’
an e s an -
oo or e o -
e ca a o ra o r o,
P li Phy i l Ch m i t y i th S i f M di i
au
’
s s ca ( Fi h ) 12m e 1 25 s r n e er v ce o e c ne sc er o.

P zzi E t T xi d V
. . .

m d th i A ti b di 12m l 00
’
o -
sc o s o n s an en o s an e r n o es . o,

R t ki S m Di g ( B l du 12m l 00
’
os o s i s ) e ru a n os s o an o,
i P
.

m p ti b i li ti i p ti
.

'
R ud di m I an s n co 8 a 2 00 es n resc r on s vo ,
Wh y i Ph m y
.

s n ar 1 2m ac l 00 o,

S lk w ki
a o Phy i l gi l d P th l gi l Ch m i t y ( O d fi )
s
’
s s o o 8 o 2 50
ca an a o o ca e s r . rn or . . v ,

S tt l O u tli f H um E m b y l gy 1 2m 1 25
’
a er ee s n es o an r o o . o,
S m i th L tu
’
N t
s Ch m i t y f D t l Stud t
ec re o es on 8 2 50 e s r or en a en s vo ,
Whi ppl Ty hp i d F e s
’
L g 1 2m
o 3 00
e v er . ar e o,
W d hu ll N t
oo Mi li t y H y gi
’
s o es o n 16 m l 50 ar en e o,
P l H ygi
.

erso n a 12m en e l 00 o,
d A tki S m ll H p i ta l E tab li h m
.

W t
orces er an t d M int n so n s
’
a os s s s en an a en an c e .
d S u gg ti f H p i t l A hi t tu
an wi th P la f es S m ll on s or os a rc ec re , ns or a a

ME TALLUR GY .

B e tts s Lea Refi n in g b y E ec tro y si s

’
d l l .

l d yl pd
B o l an s E n c c o e i a of Fo u n i n g an d Di c ti on ar
’
y fF u d y T m u d d o o n r er s se
i th P ti f M n
g e 1 2m rac ce o o uld i n o,
I F u dron o n 1 2m
er o,
S ppl m t 12m u e en o,
D ugl U t h i l A dd T h i l S ub j t 12m
’
o as s n ec n ca resses o n ec n ca ec s . o,
G oese l Mi l dMtl AR f
'
s B kn er a s an 16 m m e a s: e eren c e oo . o, o r.

Il L d m l ti g 12m
’
es s ea -
s e n o,
R pi d M th d Ch m i l A ly i f S p i l S t l
'
J h
o n so n s f th a e o s or e e ca na s s o ec a ee s,

S t l m ki g A ll y d G p hi t ee -
L g 12m a n o s an ra e . . ar e o,
K p C tI
ee
’
s as ro n
—
.

L C l gh m M u m ( Boud u d B u ge )
’
e h t i H
a e i t p tu er s t e era re eas re en s . o ar r ss .

1 2m o,
M t lf S t l A M u l f St l u 12m
’
e ca s ee an a or ee -
sers o.
Mi t P d u ti
. . .

f A lum i um d it I du t i l U 12m
’
ne s ro c on o n an s n s r a se . o,
Ru El m f M t ll g ph y ( M th w
’
er s t e ) en s o 8 e a o ra . a e so n . . vo .
S m i th M t i l f M hi 12m
’
s a er a s o ac n es o,
F u d y P
. .

T t 1 2m
’
a e an d St ti on e s o n r rac ce o.
h P t
.

I T
.

Thu t M t i l
’
rs o n s f E gi n i g a er a s o 8 n eer n n ree ar s vo.

P t I N m t lli M t i l f E gi i g Ci i l E gi i n g
.

ar . on -
e a c a er a s o n n eer n , see v n n eer ,

p g 9 a e
P t II I
.

ar d St l ro n an ee
P t II I A T ti
. . .

ar B B z d O th
. A ll y s d th ir rea se o n rasses , ro n es , an er o an e
C ti tu t on s 8v en s . o.
Ulk M d n E l t l y ti C pp R fi i g
’
e s o er 8 ec ro c o er e n n . . vo ,
W t Am i F u d y
’
es s er can o n r
M uld T tB k 12m
’
o ers ex oo . . o.
 MINER ALO GY .

B ask ervi e s emi ca E emen ts ( Inll ’

Ch l l .

Bo yd s Ma p o f So u t
’
est irgin ia P k t bo k f m hw V oc e -
o or
w l d
.

Bro n i n g s In tro uc tio n to the R arer E em en ts

’

8 vc
h l y
,

B rus s Man ua o f De term ina ti ve Min eralog

’
8 yo

l P k
.

B u t er s oc e t H a n b oo o f Min era s
’
l 16 m d k
m -
. o, or
C l
.

Ch es ter s a ta o gue o f Min erals

’

C l th o
G ld d Si l
,

C ran e s
’
o an v er .

Fi t A pp d i x t D n N w S y t m f Mi l gy L g 8 ’
D
’
an a s rs en o a a s e s e o n era o . ar e vc ,

D ana s S d A pp di x t Dana N w S y tem f Mi l gy

’
eco n en o
’
s e s o n era o .

La g 8 r e vo ,

M ual f Mi an l gy an d P t g ph y o nera o12m e ro ra . . o.

Mi l d H w t S tudy Th m
n era s an o12m o e o

S y t m f Mi l gy
s e L ge sv
o h lf l th
n era o ar c, a ea er ,

T xt b k f Mi l gy
e -
oo o 8
n era o . vo .

D u gl U t h i l A dd esse h i l S ub j t
.

n T 12m
’
o as s n ec n ca r s o ec n ca ec s o,
E kl Mi l T bl
’
a e s n era a 8
es y o,

E k l St d C l y P d u t U d i E gi i g (I P p ti )
’
c e s o n e an a ro c s se n n n eer n . n re ara on
l Mi l dMtl ARf B k
.

G 16 m m
’
oese s n era s an e a s: e eren c e oo . o, or
G th I t d ti t Ch m i l C y t l l g ph y ( M hall )
.

12m
’
ro s n ro uc on o e ca r s a o ra ars o,
H y db k f Fi ld G l gi t 16 m m
’
a H es s an oo or e eo o s s o, or
R k
.

Idd i g Ig
’
n s s n eo us oc s
.

J h D t m i ti f R k f m i g Mi l i Thi S ti
’
o ann sen s e er 8
na on o oc -
or n n era s n n ec on s . vo ,
W i th Thum b I d n ex 5 00
M ti ar L b t y Gui d
n s t
’
Q li t ti A ly i wi th th B l w
a o ra or e o ua a ve na ss e o

1 2m o
M i ll N m t lli Mi l Th i O u d U
’
err s on- e a c 8 n era s : e r cc rren c e an ses vo ,
B i ldi g
.

St f o n es d D ti or u sn an eco ra on vc ,
P fi ld N t
en e D t m i ti Mi
’
s l gy d R d f Mi l T t
o es o n e er na ve n era o an eco r o n era es s .

8 p p vc , a e r,
T bl f Mi a l I ludi g th U f Mi l
es o d S t ti ti
n era s, f nc n e se o n era s an a s cs o
D m ti P d u ti o es c 8
ro c on . vo ,
R k d R k Mi l’
Pi rsso n s oc s an 1 2m oc n e ra s o,
Sy p i f Mi l Ch t ’
Ri h d c ar s s no 1 2m m
s s o n era a rac e rs o, or
C l y Th i O u P p ti
.

Ri d U
’
es s a s: e r s cc rren c e , ro er es an ses . vc
d L i gh t H i t y f th C l y w ki g I d u t y f th U i t d
.
,
’
Ri es an e on s s or o e a -
or n n s r o e n e
St t a es 8 vo .
T ll m T xt b k f Im p t t Mi l d R k’
i an s e -
oo 8 o or an n era s an oc s vo ,
Was hing ton '
s Man ual of the Chemi cal An alysis of Rocks . .

MI NIN G .

Bea r d ’
s Min e Gases an d E xpl osio n s Large 12m o
V P k
. .

yd hw kf
,

Bo Ma p So u t of i rgi n i a
’
s es t oc et -
b oo o rm
C ld l
,

Go a n d S i v er
’
ra n e s .
8 vo
dx
.
.

In e o f Mi n i n g E n gi n eeri n g L i ter a tu re 8 vo ,

8y o mor
l h l dd l j
.
,

Do u g as s Un tec n ic a A resses o n Tec hn i ca S u b ec ts

’
l 2m o
E i ssle r s Mo d ern H i g E
'
o si v es h xpl
8 vo
l f k
,

Goese l s Mi n era s an d Me tals : A R e eren c e B oo 16 m o , m o r

’

l
.

Ihlsen g s Ma n u a o f Min i n g
’

8 vo .

d l
,

I lss s Lea S m e tin g

’

1 2m o
P l Pl
.

C p d
,

o m resse Ai r an t fo r Min es
’
ee e s 8 vo
f
Ri e m er s S ha t S in i n g Un er Di ffi c u t o n i ti o n s
’
k d
( o rn i n g an d ee e ) 8 v c l C d C P l ,

ili y xpl
.
.

W ea ver 5 M tar E osi v es

’

8 vc
Pl
.

il yd li ii w
,

W so n s H rau c an d acer Min in g 2d ed t o n re ri tten

’
1 2m o
P l i l V l
.
.

h
. .
.

Trea ti se o n rac tic a an d T eo re t c a Min e en ti a tio n 1 2m o , .

17
 SANITARY SCIE NCE .

Association of S tate an d N atio n a Foo l d an d Dai r y De p

artm en ts , H artford
Mee tin g 1906 $ 3 00
w
.
,

J am es to n Mee tin g 1907 8 vc , 3 00

l P l
,

B ashore s O u t i n es o f rac ti c a San i tati on 1 2m o , 1 25

’

S an i ta tion o f a o un tr H o u se C
1 2m o , y 1 00
P
.

S an i ta ti o n o f R ec rea ti on a m s an d ark s 1 2m o , C p 1 00
Fo lwe ll s Se erage
’
i i w i
( Des gn n g on stru c t o n , an d Mai n ten an c e ) 8y o C . , 3 00
pply
.
,

W a ter su E n gi n eerin g -
4 00
wl k
Fo er s S e age W or s An a ses
’
ly w 12m o , 2 00
Fuertes s W a ter fi ltra ti o n W o r s
’
k -
12m o 2 50
P l
,

W a ter an d ub ic H ea t lh 12m o , 1 50
h d i y p i
.

Ger ar s Gu d e to S an i tar In s ec t o ns 1 2m o 1 50
'
,

d h h
Mo ern B a t s an d B a t H o uses 8 vo , 3 00
P li
. .

S an i ta tio n o f u b c B u i ldi n gs 1 50
Cl
.

z
H a en s
'
ea n W a te r an d H o w to Ge t I t Large 1 2m o , 1 50
il i P li
F trat o n o f u b c W a ter su ppl i es 8 vo -
3 00
P P i i P p i
,

lw
Ki n n i c u t W in s o an d ratt s u r fi c a t on o f Se age w ( In re ara t on )
’
. .

p i ly d wi h p l f
,

h
Lea c s In s ec t on an d A n a si s of Foo
’
t S eci a R e e ren ce to S ta te
C l
o n tro 1 8 vo .
, 7 50
x Ch l l
Maso n s E am in a tio n o f Wa te r ( e m i ca an d B ac terio o gi c a )
’
l 1 2m o , . . 1 25
Wa ter su pply C d d p ip lly f
( on si ere rin c
-
a y
ro m a San i tar S tan
. dp o i n t) .

4 00
M im El m f S i t y E ig 8 00
’
err t an s i g e en s o an ar n n eer n vo , 2
O gd S w D ig 12m 00
’
en s e er es n o, 2
Di p l f M i ip l R f
.

8 00
’
P arso n s s s o sa o un c a e u se vo , 2
P tt d W i l w E l m t f W t B t i l gy wi th S p i l R f
resc o an ns o
'
s e en s o a er ac er o o , ec a e er

t S it y W t A
en c e ly i o an 1 2m ar a er na s s o, 1 50
P i H db k S i t ti
.

1 2m
’
r ce s an oo on an a on o, l 50
Ri h d
c arC t f Cl s s
’
os o 1 2m ea n n ess o, l 00
C t f F d A S t dy i Di t i
os o oo . 12m u n e ar e s o, 1 00
C t f Li i g M d i fi d b y S i t y S i
os o v n 1 2mas o e an ar c en c e o, 1 00
C t f Sh lt
os o e er 12m
. o, 1 00
Ri h d d W i lli m Di t y C m p t 8
’
c ar s an a s s e ar o u er vo , 1 50
Ri h d d W dm W t d f m S it y St d ’
c ar s an Ai d F oo an s r, a er , an oo ro a an ar an

p i t o n 8 vo , 2 00
Pl mb
.

Ri h y S t m fi tt d Ti E di ti ( B u ildi g
’ ’ ’ ’
c e s u ers ea -
ers an n n ers on n

M h i R dy R f S i )
, ,

16 m m
’
ec an cs ea e eren c e e r es o, or 1 50
d th P
.

Ri d l Di i f ti ti fF d
.

’
ea s s n ec o n an 8 e re serv a on o oo vo , 4 00
S w g e d B t i l Pa i fi ti f S w g
e an 8
ac e r a ur ca on o e a e 110 , 4 00
S p d V til ti f S bw y 1 2m
’
o Ai
er s r an en a on o u a s o, 2 50
Tu d R
rn e a ure an ll P b li W t ppli u sse 8
’
s u c a e r su -
es vo, 5 00
V b l G b g C m t i i Am i
en a e s
’
ar a e 8 re a o r es n er c a vc , 2 00
M th d ed D i f B t i l T tm t f S w g
o an 8
e v ce s or a c er a rea en o e a e vo , 3 00
W d d W h ipp l F hw t B i l gy ( I P
ar an ) e s
’
res a er o o n ress

W h ippl Mi py f D i ki g w t
. .

’
e s c ro sc o 8 o r n n -
a er vo, 3 50
T yp h id F o e v er L g 1 2m ar e o, 3 00
V l fP W t
.

a ue o L g 1 2m
u re a er ar e o, l 00
W i l w S y t m ti R l ti
ns o
’
shi p f th C s e L g 12m
a c e a on s o e o c c ac eae ar e o, 2 50

MI SCE LLAN E O U S .

E m m on s
’
s Geo l o gi c a l Gu i d e -
b oo k of th e R o c ky Mo un ta i n E x i
c u rs on o f the
lC
In tern a t o n a o n gre ss o f Geo o g s ts i l i Large 8 y o l 50
l P p
.

i i
.

Fe rre s o u la r Tre a t se o n th e W n d s
’
8 vo , 4 00
i z ld hi i
.

F t gera s B o s to n M ac l 8m o ,
’

n st l 00
i i ld
.

G an n e tt s S ta t s t c a l A b s trac t o f th e W o r 24 m o ,
’
75
i i il y
H a n e s s A m e r c a n R a wa Man a ge m e n t
’
1 2m o , 2 50
i py
H an usek s The M cro sc o
’
o f Tec n c a ro h i lP d u c ts .
(W i n to n ) 8 vo , 5 00
18