Fundamentals of Heat

Transfer
INTRODUCTION

The overriding consideration is, in many instances,

the rate at which energy transfer takes place.
Certainly, in designing a plant in which heat must be
exchanged with the surroundings, the size of heat-
transfer equipment, the materials of which it is to be
constructed, and the auxiliary equipment required
for its utilization are all important considerations for
the engineer. Not only must the equipment
accomplish its required mission but it must also be
economical to purchase and to operate.
 INTRODUCTION

 Our goal is to examine the basic mechanisms of

energy transfer and to consider the fundamental
equations for evaluating the rate of energy transfer.

 There are three modes of energy transfer:

• Conduction :When the two objects actually touch. This is
the best method.
•Convection Through a circulation of fluid.
•Radiation :Energy leaving in the form of an electromagnetic
wave (such as light). Radiation is the slowest form, but it is
impossible to stop.
 CONDUCTION
 Energy transfer by conduction is accomplished in two ways:
• Molecular interaction (fluid & solid)
• Free electrons (metallic solid)
 Heat conduction is primarily a molecular phenomenon.
 Basic equation used to describe this process was first stated
in 1822 by Fourier
 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

For Z molecules crossing the plane Dx Dz per unit time, this

equation reduces to
Thermal Conductivity Estimation
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
 THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY

See Example 1
A steel pipe having an inside diameter of 1.88 cm and a wall
thickness of 0.391 cm is subjected to inside and outside surface
temperature of 367 and 344 K. Find the heat flow rate per meter of
pipe length, and also the heat flux based on both the inside
and outside surface areas.


CONVECTION
Forced Convection Free or Natural Convection

Newton's law of Cooling

RADIATION
The rate of energy emission from a perfect radiator or blackbody is given by

σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, which is equal to:

Thermal Resistance
Thermal Resistance

See Example 3
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Differential Equations
of Heat Transfer
INTRODUCTION

Consider a differential
cubic element with
multi dimensional
temperatures variation
and inside rate of heat
generation
 Ignoring shaft work
 Ignore viscous work
 To simplify the model we will consider
that temperature varies with x-only (one
dimensional)

 Fourier’s Field equation


 For this steady
state operation,
the following BC’s
are valid (Discuss)