Fundamentals of Engineering

Thermodynamics
 CHAPTER 1:
Introduction, Concepts
and Definitions
Using Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is
the study of energy.
• It covers a wide range
of applications – we
choose the system of
interest.
• The surroundings are
external to our system
of interest.
 Turbines
1100kW Helicopter Engine 50 watt Microturbine

Photo courtesy of M.I.T. Microturbine lab

Photo courtesy of U.S. Military Academy

Turbine schematics courtesy of

www.howstuffworks.com
Turbines
 Compressors and Pumps

Rotating compressors Reciprocating compressor

 Heat Exchangers

Tube-within-
a-tube
Direct Contact counterflow

Tube-within-
a-tube Cross-flow
parallel flow
 Heat Exchangers

double pipe (core) shell & tube

 Vapor Power System

Photo Courtesy of GPU International

A view of the GPU International 80

MW natural gas fired plant adjacent to
the Syracuse University campus in
Syracuse NY
Components of a Vapor Power Plant
Piston-Cylinder Engines
 Aircraft Applications

Turbo Jet Applications, with and without afterburner

Psychrometric Applications

Cooling Towers, 2000MW coal-fired Cottam Power Station, Nottinghamshire. Photo courtesy of FreeFoto.com
Heat Pump Systems
Refrigeration Systems
System
 Closed System (Control Mass)

• No mass can cross

system boundary.
• Energy may cross
system boundary.
• Volume is NOT fixed.
Open System/Control Volume

• Mass may cross

system boundary
(control surface)
• Volume may/may not
be fixed
• Energy may cross
system boundary
• Control Volumes may
operate at steady
state, or change with
time (empty/fill)
 Isolated System

Isolated System Boundary

Heat = 0 Work
Work = 0
Mass = 0 Surr 4
Across Mass
System
Isolated
Surr 3
Boundary Surr 1 Heat Mass

Surr 2
 Properties
• System characteristic; • Extensive: Depend
carries both a on mass/size of
numerical value and system (Volume [V])
set of units • Intensive:
• 3 Types of Independent of
thermodynamics system mass/size
properties: (Pressure [P],
Extensive, Intensive, Temperature [T])
& Specific • Specific:
Extensive/mass
(Specific Volume [v])
Properties
 Units
SI English System Slug System

Mass Kilogram (kg) Pound-mass (lbm) Slug-mass (slug)

Time Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)

Length Meter (m) Foot (ft) Foot (ft)

Force Newton (N) Pound-force (lbf) Pound-force (lbf)

Units
Units
Units
Units
 Definitions
• State: Condition of a • Special Types of
system as defined by Processes:
its properties – Isothermal (T=cte)
• Process: Change a – Isobaric (P=cte)
system undergoes – Isometric (V=cte)
from one equilibrium – Isentropic (S=cte)
state to another – Adiabatic (Q=0)
• Cycle: Series of
processes that return
system to initial state
Process

P 2
Process
B

Process
A

V
 Pressure
• P = Force/Area
• Types:
– Absolute
– Gage (Vacuum)
– Atmospheric

Pabs = Pgage + Patm

 Pressure
Pgage = Pabs − Patm
Pvac = Patm − Pabs
Barometer
Manometer
Pressure
Temperature
• Measure of thermal
energy; relative to
hotness and coldness
• Must use absolute
temperature scales
(oC , oF ,oR, K)
Temperature

• Temperature scales