1. What do you mean by disaster, hazard, Vulnerability?

Hazard
HAZARD is any substance, phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to cause disruption or damage to
people, their property, their services and their environment
A hazard Is a rare or extreme event in the natural or human-made environment that adversely threatens human
life, property or activity to the extent of causing a disaster.
Vulnerability
Vulnerability is a concept which describes factors or constraints of an economic, social, physical or geographic
nature, which reduce the ability to prepare for and cope with the impact of hazards.
Disaster
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from
outside the affected community or area (W.H.O.)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either natural or manmade that causes human suffering and creates
human needs that victims cannot alleviate(to make something less stronger) without assistance (American Red
Cross)

2. Write a short note on Direct and Indirect Effect of disaster

Direct Effects:
Immediate Impact: Direct effects refer to the immediate consequences of a disaster, often resulting from the
primary hazard itself. For example, in the case of a hurricane, direct effects include strong winds, heavy rainfall,
storm surges, and flooding.
Loss of Lives and Property: These direct effects can lead to the loss of human lives, injuries, and the
destruction of infrastructure, homes, and businesses. They are the most visible and widely reported aspects of
disasters.
Environmental Damage: Disasters can also cause direct harm to the environment, such as deforestation due to
wildfires, pollution from industrial accidents, or contamination of water sources.
Indirect Effects:
Secondary Consequences: Indirect effects are the cascading consequences that result from the direct impacts
of a disaster. They may not be immediately apparent but can have long-lasting and widespread effects on
communities.
Economic Fallout: Disasters can disrupt local economies, causing job loss, reduced productivity, and increased
costs for reconstruction and recovery. This can lead to long-term economic hardship.
Psychological and Social Impact: The psychological trauma and social disruption caused by disasters can be
profound. People may experience anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while
communities may face social upheaval and increased crime rates.
Health Concerns: Indirect effects can include health issues arising from the loss of access to medical care,
contaminated water, or the spread of diseases in overcrowded shelters.
Displacement: Disasters can force people to leave their homes, leading to displacement and migration. This can
strain resources in receiving areas and create challenges for both the displaced and host communities.
Understanding both the direct and indirect effects of disasters is crucial for effective disaster preparedness,
response, and recovery efforts. It allows for comprehensive planning and mitigation strategies to minimize the
impact on communities and promote resilience in the face of future disasters.
 3. State the various Landslide occurs and explain the ways to avoided?
Landslides can occur in various forms and are typically influenced by factors like geology, weather, and human
activities. Here are some common types of landslides and ways to prevent or mitigate them:
Rockfalls: These are sudden, rapid downslope movements of individual rocks or boulders. Prevention methods
include rock scaling (removing loose rocks), installing rockfall barriers, and stabilizing slopes.
Debris Flows: Often triggered by heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt, debris flows are fast-moving mixtures of
water, soil, and debris. To avoid them, you can build retaining walls, construct drainage channels, and
implement early warning systems.
Mudslides: Mudslides involve the movement of wet, unconsolidated soil. Planting vegetation, creating terraces,
and improving drainage can help prevent mudslides.
Landslides in Urban Areas: In developed regions, landslides can be triggered by construction, excavation, or
poor land-use planning. Adequate engineering practices, land-use zoning, and slope stabilization techniques are
crucial.
Subsidence: Gradual settling or sinking of the ground can lead to landslides. Avoid over-extraction of
groundwater, which weakens subsurface materials, and monitor ground stability in subsidence-prone areas.

4. How organization and changing life style of human being causes man made disaster?
The organization and changing lifestyle of human beings can contribute to man-made disasters in several ways:
Urbanization: As populations concentrate in urban areas, there’s increased demand for infrastructure and
resources, leading to higher risk of disasters like fires, floods, and traffic accidents.
Deforestation: Clearing land for urban development or agriculture can disrupt ecosystems, leading to soil
erosion, landslides, and reduced natural disaster resilience.
Industrialization: Rapid industrial growth can result in pollution, chemical spills, and accidents that harm the
environment and human health.
Transportation: Increased use of cars and transportation networks can lead to air pollution, accidents, and
contribute to climate change through emissions.
Resource Consumption: Unsustainable consumption of resources can deplete essential commodities like water
and fuel, potentially causing shortages and conflicts.
Climate Change: Changing lifestyles and excessive energy use contribute to greenhouse gas emissions,
exacerbating climate-related disasters like hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires.
Vulnerable Infrastructure: Modern infrastructure can be susceptible to failure during disasters due to poor
design or maintenance, causing catastrophic events.
5. What are the long term of disaster. Explain in short?
The long-term effects of a disaster can include:
Economic Impact: Disasters can lead to prolonged economic challenges, such as job loss, reduced productivity,
and increased rebuilding costs.
Health Consequences: Health issues, both physical and mental, can persist long after a disaster due to injuries,
trauma, and disrupted healthcare systems.
Environmental Damage: Disasters can cause lasting damage to ecosystems, affecting wildlife and water
quality. Infrastructure Decay: Damage to infrastructure may take years to fully repair, hindering transportation,
utilities, and public services.
Social Disruption: Communities may experience prolonged social disruption, including displacement, strained
social services, and increased crime rates.
Policy and Regulatory Changes: Governments often implement new policies and regulations in response to
disasters, which can have long-lasting effects on industries and communities.
Resilience Building: In the aftermath of a disaster, efforts to improve resilience and preparedness for future
events become crucial for long-term recovery.

6. Write a brief note on natural & manmade disaster

Natural disasters are catastrophic events that result from natural processes of the Earth, such as hurricanes,
earthquakes, floods, wildfires, tsunamis, and tornadoes. These events can cause widespread destruction,
displacement of populations, and loss of life. Natural disasters are typically unpredictable and can have
farreaching consequences on communities and ecosystems.
Manmade disasters, on the other hand, are events primarily caused by human actions or negligence. These
disasters encompass a wide range of incidents, including industrial accidents, nuclear meltdowns, oil spills,
terrorist attacks, and wars. Unlike natural disasters, manmade disasters often involve a degree of human
responsibility, making prevention and mitigation crucial.
Both natural and manmade disasters can have devastating impacts on societies, economies, and the
environment. Preparedness, response, and recovery efforts are essential to minimize the harm caused by these
events and promote resilience in affected communities.

7. Explain disaster management Act 2005?

The Disaster Management Act of 2005 is an important legislation in India that was enacted to provide a
framework for effective disaster management at the national, state, and district levels. It aims to mitigate the
impact of disasters, both natural and man-made, and facilitate a coordinated response to such events. Here
are some key aspects of the Act:
Institutional Framework: The Act established the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) at the
national level, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) at the state level, and District Disaster
Management Authorities (DDMAs) at the district level. These bodies are responsible for formulating policies,
plans, and guidelines for disaster management.
Powers and Functions: It empowers these authorities to take various measures for disaster prevention,
mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. They can issue directions and guidelines to different
ministries, departments, and agencies to ensure a coordinated effort.
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The Act also created the NDRF, a specialized force trained and
equipped for disaster response. It plays a crucial role in rescue and relief operations during disasters.
Financial Provisions: The Act includes provisions for the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) and the
State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF), which are financial resources allocated for disaster response and relief
efforts.
Role of Central Government: The Central Government is tasked with supporting state governments in disaster
management and providing assistance in case of severe disasters.
Coordination and Planning: The Act emphasizes the importance of coordinated disaster management planning
at all levels and the integration of disaster risk reduction into development plans.

8. Enlist the objectives of disaster management policy?

Objectives of Disaster Management Policy in India generally align with the following:
Prevention and Mitigation: To reduce the risk of disasters through measures such as hazard mapping, building
codes, and public awareness campaigns.
Preparedness: To ensure that communities, governments, and response agencies are well-prepared to handle
disasters through training, drills, and the development of response plans.
Response: To mount an effective and coordinated response when a disaster occurs, including search and rescue,
medical assistance, and relief distribution.
Recovery and Rehabilitation: To facilitate the speedy recovery of affected areas and communities, restoring
normalcy and livelihoods.
Capacity Building: To build the capacity of government agencies, NGOs, and communities to better manage
disasters.
Research and Development: To encourage research and development in disaster management techniques and
technologies.
International Cooperation: To collaborate with international organizations and neighboring countries for
disaster preparedness and response.
9. Explain How to start and procceed in due course of time for rescue operation?
Starting and proceeding with a rescue operation is a critical and complex task that requires careful planning and
execution. Here are the general steps to initiate and carry out a rescue operation in due course of time: Assess
the Situation: Gather as much information as possible about the incident. Understand the type of emergency,
the number of people involved, and the location.
Activate Emergency Services: Call 911 or the relevant emergency number to alert local authorities and
professional rescue teams.
Establish a Command Center: Designate a central location as a command center for coordinating the rescue
efforts. This should be a safe and easily accessible area.
Safety Precautions: Ensure the safety of the rescue team members by providing them with appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE) and training.
Formulate a Rescue Plan: Develop a comprehensive rescue plan that outlines the objectives, strategies, and
roles of each team member. Consider factors like time, resources, and available equipment.
Communicate Effectively: Establish clear communication channels among team members, emergency
services, and any other relevant parties. Use radios, phones, or other communication devices.
Resource Mobilization: Gather the necessary resources, including medical supplies, rescue equipment, and
transportation, based on the nature of the incident.
Deploy Teams: Assign specific tasks to different rescue teams, such as search and rescue, medical assistance,
and logistics. Ensure each team knows its responsibilities and objectives.
Search and Rescue: Begin the search and rescue operations systematically, following the plan. Pay attention to
safety protocols and risk assessments.
Provide Medical Aid: Prioritize the assessment and treatment of injured individuals. Have medical
professionals on hand if possible.
Evacuate and Transport: Evacuate those in need to a safe location using appropriate means of transportation.
Coordinate with medical facilities for further treatment.
Document and Report: Keep detailed records of the rescue operation, including the number of people rescued,
their condition, and any challenges faced. Report this information to higher authorities.
Review and Adjust: Continuously assess the situation and adjust the rescue plan as needed. Ensure the safety
of all personnel involved.
Debrief and Support: After the operation, conduct a debriefing session to gather feedback and learn from the
experience. Offer emotional and psychological support to rescue team members.
Follow-up: Monitor the condition of those rescued and provide any necessary follow-up care or support.
Remember that rescue operations can vary significantly based on the type of emergency, whether it’s a natural
disaster, a fire, a medical emergency, or another crisis. Flexibility and adaptability are essential qualities for
successful rescue operations. Always prioritize safety and the well-being of both the rescuers and the
individuals in need of assistance.
 10. Write a short note on disaster risk in india
India is highly susceptible to a wide range of disasters due to its diverse geography and climatic conditions.
These disasters include earthquakes, floods, cyclones, droughts, landslides, and more. Here are some key points
about disaster risk in India:
Geographical Diversity: India’s geographical diversity makes it prone to various natural disasters. For
instance, the northern regions are susceptible to earthquakes, while coastal areas face the risk of cyclones and
tsunamis.
Monsoon Season: The annual monsoon season brings heavy rainfall, leading to floods and landslides in many
parts of the country. This affects millions of people and causes significant damage to infrastructure.
Cyclones: The coastal regions along the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea often experience cyclones, which
can result in extensive damage to coastal communities and disrupt livelihoods.
Earthquakes: India is located in a seismically active zone, and several parts of the country are vulnerable to
earthquakes. The Himalayan region, in particular, is at high risk.
Droughts: Certain regions of India frequently face drought conditions, impacting agriculture, water supply, and
food security.
Urbanization: Rapid urbanization and poor urban planning have increased the vulnerability of cities to
disasters. Overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and encroachments on natural drainage systems exacerbate
the impact of floods and other disasters.
Climate Change: India is experiencing the effects of climate change, leading to more frequent and severe
weather events. This includes erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged heatwaves, and shifting monsoon patterns.
Population Density: India’s high population density means that a large number of people are exposed to
disaster risks, making it crucial to develop robust disaster preparedness and response mechanisms.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government has taken various steps to mitigate disaster risks, including
the establishment of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the implementation of disaster
management plans at the state and district levels.
Community Resilience: Building community resilience through awareness, education, and local-level disaster
preparedness is essential in reducing the impact of disasters and saving lives.
In conclusion, disaster risk in India is a multifaceted challenge driven by its geographical diversity, climatic
conditions, population density, and urbanization. Effective disaster management, early warning systems, and
community engagement are critical in minimizing the impact of these disasters and ensuring the safety and
well-being of the population.

11. How are cyclone prevented and explain the mitigation measures taken in India.
Cyclones cannot be entirely prevented, but mitigation measures are taken to minimize their impact in India:
Early Warning Systems: The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) issues timely forecasts and warnings
about cyclones, allowing authorities to prepare and evacuate vulnerable areas.
Evacuation Plans: Coastal states in India have evacuation plans in place, and shelters are designated for
residents in cyclone-prone areas. Evacuation drills and community awareness programs are conducted. Cyclone
Resistant Infrastructure: Building codes in coastal regions require construction of cyclone-resistant
infrastructure, including houses, schools, and hospitals, to withstand strong winds and storm surges.
Mangrove Conservation: Mangroves act as natural barriers against storm surges. India has initiated mangrove
conservation projects to protect coastal areas.
Drones and Satellites: Advanced technology, including drones and satellites, are used for real-time monitoring
and assessment of cyclones, aiding in disaster response.
Relief and Recovery: Disaster response teams, including the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), are
deployed for rescue and relief operations post-cyclone. Relief materials and medical aid are also pre-positioned.
Community Education: Awareness campaigns educate communities about cyclone preparedness, evacuation
routes, and safety measures.
While cyclones can’t be prevented, these measures help minimize their impact and save lives in India

12. Discuss paradigm shift in disaster management in india

A paradigm shift in disaster management in India involves a fundamental change in the way disasters are
perceived, prepared for, and responded to. Here are some key aspects of this shift:
Risk Reduction vs. Response-Centric: Traditionally, disaster management in India has been more focused on
responding to disasters after they occur. A paradigm shift emphasizes proactive risk reduction through measures
such as hazard mapping, building resilient infrastructure, and community awareness.
Community-Centric Approach: The shift involves empowering local communities to take an active role in
disaster preparedness and response. This includes training, awareness campaigns, and involving local leaders in
decision-making.
Technology Integration: Modern technology, such as early warning systems, GIS (Geographic Information
System) mapping, and AI-powered analytics, plays a crucial role in predicting and mitigating disasters
effectively.
Climate Change Considerations: With the increasing impact of climate change, a paradigm shift necessitates
integrating climate adaptation strategies into disaster management plans.
Cross-Sector Collaboration: A more holistic approach involves coordination among various sectors including
government agencies, NGOs, private sector, and international organizations to pool resources and expertise.
Legal and Policy Framework: Updating and strengthening disaster management policies and legislation to
align with the paradigm shift is essential. This includes comprehensive risk assessment and management
strategies.
Capacity Building: Building the capacity of first responders, healthcare workers, and volunteers is crucial for
an effective response to disasters.
Research and Innovation: Encouraging research and innovation in disaster management, including new
techniques for forecasting, early warning, and rapid response, is integral to the paradigm shift.
Public Awareness and Education: Educating the public about disaster risks, preparedness, and response
measures through various channels, including schools and media, is essential.
International Cooperation: Collaborating with neighboring countries and international organizations for
information sharing, resource mobilization, and knowledge exchange is increasingly important in the face of
global challenges.
In summary, a paradigm shift in disaster management in India involves moving from a reactive, responsecentric
approach to a proactive, risk-reduction and community-centric strategy that leverages technology,
interdisciplinary collaboration, and a deep understanding of evolving risks such as those posed by climate
change. This shift is essential for building resilience and reducing the impact of disasters on the population and
the economy.