DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND

PLANNING MANAGEMENT
 SYLLABUS
UNIT - I:
Introduction - Concepts and definitions: disaster, hazard, vulnerability, resilience, risks severity,
frequency and details, capacity, impact, prevention, mitigation.

UNIT - II
Disasters - Disasters classification; natural disasters (floods, draught, cyclones, volcanoes,
earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, coastal erosion, soil erosion, forest fires etc.); manmade
disasters (industrial pollution, artificial flooding in urban areas, nuclear radiation, chemical
spills, transportation
accidents, terrorist strikes, etc.); hazard and vulnerability profile of India, mountain and coastal
areas,
ecological fragility.

UNIT - III
Disaster Impacts - Disaster impacts (environmental, physical, social, ecological, economic,
political, etc.); health, psycho-social issues; demographic aspects (gender, age, special needs);
hazard locations; global and national disaster trends; climate change and urban disasters.

UNIT - IV
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) - Disaster management cycle – its phases; prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, relief and recovery; structural and non-structural measures; risk analysis,
vulnerability and capacity assessment; early warning systems, Post disaster environmental response
(water, sanitation, food safety, waste management, disease control, security, communications);
Roles and responsibilities of government, community, local institutions, NGOs and other
stakeholders; Policies and legislation for disaster risk reduction, DRR programmes in India and the
activities of National Disaster Management Authority.

UNIT - V
Disasters, Environment and Development - Factors affecting vulnerability such as impact of
developmental projects and environmental modifications (including of dams, landuse changes,
urbanization etc.), sustainable and environmental friendly recovery; reconstruction and
development methods.
Vulnerability Profile of India

India is one of the ten worst disaster prone countries of the world. Disasters occur in India
with grim regularity causing enormous loss of life and property. According to an UN Office
for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) report 2017, India has been ranked as the world's most
disaster-prone country for displacement of residents

India is vulnerable to a large number of natural, as well as, human-made disasters on

account Student Notes:
of its unique geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions.

Almost 85% of the country is vulnerable to single or multiple disasters and about 57% of its area
lies in high seismic zones.
Approximately 40 million hectares of the country’s land area is prone to flood, about 8% of
the total land mass is vulnerable to cyclone and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought.
The five distinctive regions of the country i.e. Himalayan region, the alluvial plains, the hilly
part of the peninsula, and the coastal zone have their own specific problems. While on one
hand the Himalayan region is prone to disasters like earthquakes and landslides, the plain is
affected by floods almost every year. The desert part of the country is affected by droughts
and famine while the coastal zone susceptible to cyclones and storms.

Besides the natural factors, various human-induced activities like increasing demographic
pressure, deteriorating environmental conditions, deforestation, unscientific development,
faulty agricultural practices and grazing, unplanned urbanization, construction of large dams
on river channels etc. are also responsible for accelerated impact and increase in frequency of
disasters in the country.

The Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMPTC) has recently released the
third edition of the Vulnerability Atlas of India in 2019. It contains maps and tables for each
State and Union Territory of India for the following hazards: Earthquakes, Wind, Floods,
Landslide, Cyclone and frequency of thunderstorms. It also contains housing stock
vulnerability indicating the risk for each type of house.
 INTRODUCTION

Disasters
A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which causes human,
material, economic and environmental losses beyond a community's ability to cope. It results
from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or
measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.
Hazards
A Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential
for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” A hazard is any source
of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone.

Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow
onset events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic
activity) hydrological (avalanches and floods), climatological (extreme temperatures,
drought and wildfires), meteorological (cyclones and storms/wave surges) or biological
(disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues).

Anthropogenic hazards are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are
contrasted with natural hazards. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect humans, other
organisms, biomes, and ecosystems. Examples of such hazards include: pollution,
deforestation, use of herbicides and pesticides and chemical spillages.
Vulnerability
Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the
impact of hazards.”

Vulnerability may be of different forms, such as

Economic Vulnerability

Physical

Vulnerability Social

Vulnerability

Environmental
Vulnerability

Attitudinal
Risk
Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over a
specific time period. Disaster risk arises when hazards interact with physical, social, economic
and environmental vulnerabilities.
It considers the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries,
property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmentally damaged) resulting
from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

Risk = Probability of Hazard x Degree of Vulnerability

There are different ways of dealing with risk, such as:

•Risk Acceptance: It is an informed decision to accept the possible consequences and
likelihood of a particular risk.

• Risk Avoidance: It is an informed decision to avoid involvement in activities

leading to risk
realization.
• Risk Reduction:
It refers to the application of appropriate techniques to reduce
the likelihood of risk occurrence and its consequences.
• Risk Transfer:
It involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party. One of the most
Natural Disasters Anthropogenic Disasters
1. Biological Disasters
1. Earthquake 2. Industrial Chemical Disasters
2. Tsunami 3. Nuclear Disasters
3. Volcano
4. Floods
5. Urban Floods
6. Landslides
7. Cloudburst
8. Cyclone
9. Heat Wave
10. Cold Wave
11. Wild Fire
 CONTENTS

 Concepts and Definitions

 Disaster , Hazards, Vulnerability

 Resilience, Risks Severity, Frequency & Details

 Capacity, Impact, Prevention, Mitigation

Disaster

A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which

causes human, material, economic and environmental losses beyond a
community's ability to cope.

It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and

insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative
consequences of risk.
DISASTER

Disaster is a sudden catastrophic event that causes wide spread damage and
immeasurable damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life, property ,
livelihood, economy and environment.

NDMA – National Disaster Management Act

2005. Federal Emergency Management Agency

(USA).

Features of Disaster

1. Disaster are uncertain.

2. Disasters are complicated events caused by

natural or human actions.

3. Disaster occurs suddenly and unexpectedly

affecting the vulnerable groups.

4. Disaster are unpredictable events.

Types of disasters
1. Natural disaster

Major – floods, cyclones, droughts and

earthquakes. Minor – cold waves, heat waves, land

slides.
2. Man made disaster

Major – forest fires, deforestation, pollution.

Minor – Road , train accidents, industrial disasters.

Ex – Bhopal gas tragedy. .

Hazards : A hazard can be defined as a potentially damaging physical event, social

and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

Natural hazards - due to natural phenomenon.

1. Terrestrial (planetary) hazards :

Tectonic movements of lithosphere and sudden movement of earth surface and even
Hazards

A Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for causing
injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” A hazard is any source of potential damage,
harm or adverse health effects on something or someone.

Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset
events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity)
hydrological (avalanches and floods), climatological(extreme temperatures, droughts and wildfires),
meteorological (cyclones and storms/wave surges) or biological (disease epidemics and insect/animal
plagues).

Anthropogenic hazards are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with
natural hazards. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect humans, other organisms, biomes, and
ecosystems. Examples of such hazards include: pollution, deforestation, use of herbicides and
pesticides and chemical spillages.
Natural hazards - due to natural
phenomenon.
1. Terrestrial (planetary) hazards :

Tectonic movements of lithosphere and sudden movement of earth surface and even oceanic plates resulting in

greater damage to life and property.

a)Endogenic hazards - due to high pressure and temperature beneath the earth surface produce
major internal forces to cause movement of the plates for a greater intensity and dimension. E.g.–
Volcanoes and Earthquakes
b) Exogenic hazards – atmospheric phenomenon or changes in it. E.g. – floods, storms.
1. Climatic hazards : This type includes the phenomenon of EI Nino, sea level
rise, glacier melting cause serious environmental effects.

2. Chronic hazards : it occurs in a long term conditions or problems such as

drought, pollution, resources degradation.

3. Hydrological hazards : cyclones, hail, ice, snow floods, drought, Tsunami.

4. Meteorological hazards : storms, heat waves and cold waves.

5. Infrequent events : cyclones , lightning and hail storms.

2. Extra planetary hazards - occur due to collision of celestial bodies and the resulting
falling of debris on the earth surface.

Environmental Hazards - those components of natural environment that have a potential

to cause harm to life, property and environment, including a large number of fatalities.
Natural or Man made activities. (ISDR, UN 2001)
Types –

Geomorphic / geological – E, V, etc.

Atmospheric – C, CW and HW, etc.

Extra planetary – meteorite impacts, catastrophic earth changes.

Seismic – ground shaking, liquefaction.

Hydrological – desertification, Salinization, drought, erosion.

Man made hazards
( Anthropogenic) :
a) Physical –human induced activities, desertification, loss of natural resources,

pollution, waste disposal.

b) Technological – interaction of society, technology, natural systems. Industrial ,

structural, nuclear, computer, transportation.

c) Biological – bacteria, virus, medical waste, insects, plants, birds, animals and
humans. Pathogens, toxins.

d) Social – population explosion, famine, terror attack, conflict.

Environmental stress - situation or a variation in environmental quality that
causes
disturbances in functioning of ecosystem.
1. Physical – kinetic energy developed by the earth by V E.

2. Wild fire – forest fires created by wild fires cause combustion of biomass.

3. Pollution – ozone, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, radio

active materials.

4. Thermal – discharge water industrial processes into water bodies like lakes,
streams, resulting in killing aquatic organisms.
 Radiation – release of radio active materials into environment from agriculture,
industry, medicine.

 Climatic – change in weather such as temperature, wind and precipitation of

particular region.

 Biological – complex and diverse interactions that occurring from organisms of the
same or
different species.

▶ Abiotic stressor –

physical – loss of bio diversity, loss of habitat in ecosystem.

chemical - herbicides, fungicides, insecticides to control pests.

▶ Biotic stressor. Living organisms put stress on the other organisms.

Environmental stress on clean fresh water :

1. Depletion of ground water resources due to mounting pressure on food supplies.

2. Unpredictable and erratic monsoons

3. Rapid urbanization and industrialization

4. Multiple cropping practices.

5. Increase in global temperature

6. Increased frequency and intensity in drought.

Ecological influences on clean air in coastal
India :
1. Urbanization And
Industrialization

2. Over Population

3. Deforestation

4. Green House Effect

5. Photochemical Smog
Energy sources that induces man made hazards :

1. Use of nuclear weapons.

2. Explosion of nuclear power plants.

3. Bhopal gas tragedy

4. Release of harmful elements from pesticide plants.

Effect of environmental hazards :

Hazards to people

1. mortality, impact on health

Hazards to goods

1. Damage to property , socio economic impacts

Hazards to environment

Loss of biodiversity, environmental pollution, environmental degradation,

Vulnerabilit
y
Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.”

Vulnerability may be of different forms, such as,

Economic Vulnerability

Physical Vulnerability

Social Vulnerability

Environmental Vulnerability

Attitudinal Vulnerability
Process of analysis

Recognize the root causes of vulnerability.

Understand the ability of people to deal with and recover from

disasters. Identify the strategies to reduce risk from long term basis.

Identify the need for additional resources and external assistance.

Types –

1. Physical – population density levels, site, design,

materials.

2. Economic – individual, families, community.

3. Social - related to levels of literacy and education.

4. Ecological – depletion and degradation of natural

resources.
(UNISDR - UN OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION)
Vulnerability indicators :

Improper design and building construction

Insufficient care for the assets

Incomplete information and lack of awareness among the public.

Giving least attention towards environmental management.

Insufficient preparedness measures in the event of disaster.

Relation ship between hazard, vulnerability and disaster

Hazard x Vulnerability = Disaster

H and V are low

H is high and V is low.

H is low and V is high.

Resilience :

The term resilience is the ability to revive the confronted with a disaster risk.

Disaster resilience – DFID – ability of countries to manage changes by

maintaining living standards in the face of shocks.
A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which causes human,

material, economic and environmental losses beyond a community's ability to cope.

A Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the

potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” A hazard is

any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone.

Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and

environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community
to the impact of hazards.”
Resilience :

The term resilience is the ability to revive after, the confronted with a disaster risk.

Disaster resilience – ability of countries to manage changes by maintaining

living

standards in the face of shocks. (Dept. of International Development (DFID)

UNISDR – the capacity of a system, community, potentially exposed to adapt by resisting
or changing the order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and
structure.
OECD – ability of individual to absorb and recover from shocks while positively adapting and
transforming their structures and means for living in face of long term changes and uncertainty.
Bounce back, spring forward and build back better.

Benefits
1. Saving from loss of lives to disasters .
2. Protection of infrastructure and livelihoods.
3. Promotes international collaboration.
4. Prevent disaster related conflicts among people.
(Organization for Economic co-operation and Development (OECD))
Reconstruction of damaged buildings:
 To help the disaster victim to live safe and secure.
 To help handicapped victims .
 To restore the economic vitality of community.
 To provide essential child care service.
 To secure employment to people.
Concept of risk

According to Einstein risk is defined as the probability of an event multiplied by the

consequences if the event occurs.

UNISDR – The potential loss of life injury or destroyed or damaged assets which could
occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined
probabilistically as function of hazard, exposure and capacity.
Risk
Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area
over a specific time period. Disaster risk arises when hazards interact with physical, social,
economic and environmental vulnerabilities.

It considers the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries,

property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmentally damaged)
resulting from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable
conditions.

Risk = Probability of Hazard x Degree of Vulnerability

There are different ways of dealing with risk, such as:

•Risk Acceptance: It is an informed decision to accept the possible consequences and likelihood
of a particular risk.

•Risk Avoidance: It is an informed decision to avoid involvement in activities leading to risk

realization.

• Risk Reduction:
It refers to the application of appropriate techniques to reduce
the likelihood of risk occurrence and its consequences.

• Risk Transfer:
It involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party. One of the most
common forms of risk transfer is Insurance.
 In a simple sense the term risk refers to a condition where in the occurrence of an event
has
the potential to result in a negative impact on the livelihoods of people.

 A risk is the possibility of the extent of damage to infrastructure, living beings

and environment by the impact of a hazard.

 Risk assessment

 Risk assessment involves the methodology of ascertaining the nature and magnitude of
damage and devastation resulting from disaster, which is expected in some areas during
a specified time period.
Methods

 Identification of hazards

 Analysis risk and its evaluation

 Incorporation of disaster control measures in Risk assessment

 Recognize the high risk levels and conditions

 Initiate preparedness for impending disasters and effective response

actions

Risk mapping

Risk maps can be considered as an effective mitigation tool to invest

resources in disaster- vulnerable areas in order to reach out to high-risk

areas in the event of a catastrophe.

The federal emergency management agency(FEMA) collaborates with various agencies at the level
agencies at the level of federal, state, tribal and local levels to identify the disaster risk areas and
encourage planning and development practices, to reduce the risk through a special program called as
risk mapping, assessment and planning program.

Disaster risk management

Disaster risk management is the implementation of policies and strategies related to the reduction
of risk caused by any disaster. The main purpose objective of disaster risk management is,

• To prevent the occurrence of new disaster risk

 To reduce the existing disaster risk in a given situation to cope up with the residual
risk

 To build up resilience

 To minimize the losses caused by a disaster

Steps involved in disaster risk management

 Hazard assessment

 Vulnerability assessment

 Capacity assessment

 Peoples perception of risk

Crisis management
Crisis management refers to the management and recovery from an unforeseen event. It deals with various types of
disasters and measures of avoiding risks. it is a continuous process wherein individuals, groups, communities, the
government and some non-governmental organizations(NGOs)manage the disasters to lessen the impact of
catastrophe.

Levels of disaster
The devastation and damage to the lives, property and environment often used as a yard stick for defining
a
disaster but this may turn out to be ambiguous.

Level 0 – planning stage evading disaster of any

kind .

Level I – localized incident where municipality

respond.

Level II – extensive scale leading to mass causalities.

Level III – very large scale leading to mass

Factors effecting the disasters
 Rapid urbanization and industrialization.

 Demographic forces such as over population.

 Socio economic factors Such as poverty.

 Improper plans and regulations.

 Extreme events such as wars and civil strife.

Severity of disasters
 Number of fatalities

 Economic loss

Reasons for surge in disasters

 Increase in urbanization , deforestation, environmental degradation , very high temperature, harsh winds and water
storms.
Concept of capacity building

The term refers to different types of activities involved in improving the skills and infrastructure to
become more effective and sustainable in dealing with any kind of disaster. Structural and non
structural measures.

UNISDR - The process through which individual , organizations and societies obtain strength and
maintain the capabilities to set and achieve their own development objectives over time.

UNDP – creating enable environment with legal frame works, institution developments, including
community, human resource development and strengthening of managerial systems.
Disaster risk reduction plan :

1. Disaster prevention and mitigation

2. Disaster preparedness

3. Disaster response

4. Disaster rehabilitation and recovery.

Disaster mitigation planning :

5. Organize resources

6. Risk assessment

7. Develop mitigation plan

8. Implement plan and monitor progress.

Guidelines for mitigation measures :
 Early warning symptoms

 Land use zoning

 Building codes

 Incentives

 Increase public awareness

 Provision of assets at subsidized rates

Risk transfer : transfer risk from individual to insurance companies.

Resilience building

Financially support construction activities

Early recovery of the communities following the aftermath.

Quantification of disaster
risk :
 Analyzing the previous disaster losses.

 Conducting the risk assessment

 Risk modeling to enable simulation of the consequences and the possibility of occurrence of
different events.

Risk time chart : simple illustration of livelihood of a disaster its severity and frequency to
understand the perspective of an impending disaster. It provides overview of disasters and evaluate
the risks caused by a disaster and incorporate strategies to create a safer world.
Tangible – loss of life, injury to people.

Intangible – fear, anxiety, anger , sadness.

Na –tech – a hybrid variety of hazards as natural technological hazards. Ex – radio active

pollution, devastation caused by earthquake, tsunami, explosion of nuclear power
plants Okuma on march 11, 2011.
A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which causes human, material,
economic and environmental losses beyond a community's ability to cope.

A Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for causing
injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” A hazard is any source of potential damage,
harm or adverse health effects on something or someone.

Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental
factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.”
Vulnerabilit
y
Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact
of hazards.”

Vulnerability may be of different forms, such as,

Economic Vulnerability

Physical Vulnerability

Social Vulnerability

Environmental Vulnerability

Attitudinal Vulnerability
Process of analysis

Recognize the root causes of vulnerability.

Understand the ability of people to deal with and recover from

disasters. Identify the strategies to reduce risk from long term basis.

Identify the need for additional resources and external assistance.

Types –

1. Physical – population density levels, site, design,

materials.

2. Economic – individual, families, community.

3. Social - related to levels of literacy and education.

4. Ecological – depletion and degradation of natural

resources.
(UNISDR - UN OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION)
Vulnerability indicators :

Improper design and building construction

Insufficient care for the assets

Incomplete information and lack of awareness among the public.

Giving least attention towards environmental management.

Insufficient preparedness measures in the event of disaster.

Relation ship between hazard, vulnerability and disaster

Hazard x Vulnerability = Disaster

H and V are low

H is high and V is low.

H is low and V is high.

Resilience :

The term resilience is the ability to revive the confronted with a disaster risk.

Disaster resilience – DFID – ability of countries to manage changes by

maintaining living standards in the face of shocks.
Resilience :

The term resilience is the ability to revive after, the confronted with a disaster risk.

Disaster resilience – ability of countries to manage changes by maintaining

living

standards in the face of shocks. (Dept. of International Development (DFID)

UNISDR – the capacity of a system, community, potentially exposed to adapt by resisting
or changing the order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and
structure.
OECD – ability of individual to absorb and recover from shocks while positively adapting and
transforming their structures and means for living in face of long term changes and uncertainty.
Bounce back, spring forward and build back better.

Benefits
1. Saving from loss of lives to disasters .
2. Protection of infrastructure and livelihoods.
3. Promotes international collaboration.
4. Prevent disaster related conflicts among people.
(Organization for Economic co-operation and Development (OECD))
Reconstruction of damaged buildings:
 To help the disaster victim to live safe and secure.
 To help handicapped victims .
 To restore the economic vitality of community.
 To provide essential child care service.
 To secure employment to people.
Hazards are always prevalent, but the hazard becomes a disaster only when there is greater vulnerability
and less of capacity to cope with it. In other words the frequency or likelihood of a hazard and the
vulnerability of the community increases the risk of being severely affected.
Concept of risk

According to Einstein risk is defined as the probability of an event multiplied by the

consequences if the event occurs.

UNISDR – The potential loss of life injury or destroyed or damaged assets which could
occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined
probabilistically as function of hazard, exposure and capacity.
Risk
Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over a specific
time period. Disaster risk arises when hazards interact with physical, social, economic and
environmental vulnerabilities.

It considers the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property,
livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmentally damaged) resulting from interactions
between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

Risk = Probability of Hazard x Degree of Vulnerability

There are different ways of dealing with risk, such as:

•Risk Acceptance: It is an informed decision to accept the possible consequences and likelihood of a
particular risk.

• Risk Avoidance: It is an informed decision to avoid involvement in activities leading to risk

realization.

• Risk Reduction:
It refers to the application of appropriate techniques to reduce
the likelihood of risk occurrence and its consequences.

• Risk Transfer:
It involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party. One of the most
common forms of risk transfer is Insurance.
 In a simple sense the term risk refers to a condition where in the occurrence of an event
has
the potential to result in a negative impact on the livelihoods of people.

 A risk is the possibility of the extent of damage to infrastructure, living beings

and environment by the impact of a hazard.

 Risk assessment

 Risk assessment involves the methodology of ascertaining the nature and magnitude of
damage and devastation resulting from disaster, which is expected in some areas during
a specified time period.
Methods

 Identification of hazards

 Analysis risk and its evaluation

 Incorporation of disaster control measures in Risk assessment

 Recognize the high risk levels and conditions

 Initiate preparedness for impending disasters and effective response

actions

Risk mapping

Risk maps can be considered as an effective mitigation tool to invest

resources in disaster- vulnerable areas in order to reach out to high-risk

areas in the event of a catastrophe.

Disaster risk management

Disaster risk management is the implementation of policies and strategies

related to the reduction of risk caused by any disaster. The main purpose

objective of disaster risk management is, to prevent the occurrence of new disaster
risk
 To reduce the existing disaster risk in a given situation to cope up with the residual
risk

 To build up resilience

 To minimize the losses caused by a disaster

Steps involved in disaster risk management

 Hazard assessment

 Vulnerability assessment

 Capacity assessment

 Peoples perception of risk

Crisis management
Crisis management refers to the management and recovery from an unforeseen event. It deals with various
types of disasters and measures of avoiding risks. it is a continuous process wherein individuals, groups,
communities, the government and some non-governmental organizations(NGOs)manage the disasters to lessen
the impact of catastrophe.

Levels of disaster
The devastation and damage to the lives, property and environment often used as a yard stick for
defining a disaster but this may turn out to be ambiguous.

Level 0 – planning stage evading disaster of any kind .

Level I – localized incident where municipality respond.

Level II – extensive scale leading to mass causalities.

Level III – very large scale leading to mass

causalities.
Quantification of disaster
risk :
 Analyzing the previous disaster losses.

 Conducting the risk assessment

 Risk modeling to enable simulation of the consequences and the possibility of occurrence
of different events.

Risk time chart : simple illustration of livelihood of a disaster its severity and frequency
to understand the perspective of an impending disaster. It provides overview of disasters
and evaluate the risks caused by a disaster and incorporate strategies to create a safer
world.
Tangible – loss of life, injury to people.

Intangible – fear, anxiety, anger , sadness.

Na –tech – a hybrid variety of hazards as natural technological hazards. Ex – radio

active pollution, devastation caused by earthquake, tsunami, explosion of
nuclear power plants Okuma on march 11, 2011.
 FREQUENCY

The frequency of a natural hazard event is the number of times it occurs within
a
specified time interval.
Frequent hazards
Infrequent
hazards

Magnitude of a natural hazard event is related to the energy released by

the event.
What is capacity ?
Capacity can be defined as “resources, means and strengths which exist in
households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare
for, prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster”. People’s capacity can also be
taken into account.

They can be,

Physical capacity
Socio – Economic Capacity
Physical Capacity:
People whose houses have been destroyed by the cyclone or crops have been destroyed by the flood
can salvage things from their homes and from their farms. Some family members have skills, which
enable them to find employment if they migrate, either temporarily or permanently.

Socio-economic Capacity:
In most of the disasters, people suffer their greatest losses in the physical and material realm. Rich people
have the capacity to recover soon because of their wealth. In fact, they are seldom hit by disasters because
they live in safe areas and their houses are built with stronger materials. However, even when everything
is destroyed they have the capacity to cope up with it.
Concept of capacity building

The term refers to different types of activities involved in improving the skills and infrastructure to
become more effective and sustainable in dealing with any kind of disaster. Structural and non
structural measures.

UNISDR - The process through which individual , organizations and societies obtain strength and
maintain the capabilities to set and achieve their own development objectives over time.

UNDP – creating enable environment with legal frame works, institution developments, including
community, human resource development and strengthening of managerial systems.
 DIASTER IMPACT

It is the total effect, including negative effects (e.g., economic losses) and
positive effects (e.g., economic gains), of a hazardous event or disaster.

The term includes economic, human and environmental impacts, and may include
death, injuries, disease and other negative effects on human physical, mental and
social well-being.
Disaster risk reduction plan :

1. Disaster prevention and mitigation

2. Disaster preparedness

3. Disaster response

4. Disaster rehabilitation and recovery.

 PREVENTION

Prevention is to ensure that human action or natural phenomena do not result

in disaster or emergency.

Primary prevention is to reduce -avert- avoid the risk of the event occurring,
by getting rid of the hazard or vulnerability, e.g. to avoid overcrowding,
deforestation and to provide services.
Secondary prevention means to recognise promptly the event and to reduce its
effects, e.g. by staying alert to possible displacements of population; by being
ready to provide immunisation, food, clean water, sanitation and health care to
refugees.
 PREPAREDNESS

This protective process embraces measures which enable governments,

communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope
with them effectively.
Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the
development of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories and the
training of personnel.
It may also embrace search and rescue measures as well as evacuation plans
for areas that may be at risk from a recurring disaster.
Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster
event which are aimed at minimising loss of life, disruption of critical services,
and damage when the disaster occurs.
 MITIGATIO
N

Permanent reduction of the risk of disaster.

Primary Mitigation: reducing the PRESENCE of the Hazard

reducing Vulnerability
Secondary Mitigation: reducing the EFFECTS of the Hazard
(Preparedness)
 MITIGATIO
N

Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard and the vulnerable
conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster. Therefore mitigation activities
can be focused on the hazard itself or the elements exposed to the.
Examples of mitigation measures which are hazard specific include water management in drought
prone areas, relocating people away from the hazard prone areas and by strengthening structures
to reduce damage when a hazard occurs.
In addition to these physical measures, mitigation should also aim at reducing the economic
and social vulnerabilities of potential disasters.
MITIGATIO
N

Principal Objectives Of Mitigation

Save lives
Reduce economic disruption
Decrease vulnerability/increase capacity
Decrease chance/level of conflict
and it leads to RISK REDUCTION
 MITIGATIO
N
Disaster mitigation planning :

1. Organize resources

2. Risk assessment

3. Develop mitigation plan

4. Implement plan and monitor progress.

 MITIGATION MEASURES

Physical Planning Measures Management and Institutional Measures

Decentralization of elements at Education and training
Research
risk Control of population density Technical expertise
Design of services and roads Strengthening the capability of
local Authorities
Land use regulation

Economic Measures Societal Measures

Public information campaigns
Diversification of economic activity Education
Economic incentives (grants loans, taxes) De-sensationalize hazards
Community involvement
Insurance
Drills
Guidelines for mitigation measures :
 Early warning symptoms

 Land use zoning

 Building codes

 Incentives

 Increase public awareness

 Provision of assets at subsidized

rates
THANK
YOU