Tools in Effective

Oral Communication
Presented by Mariñas
 Our Team

Letaban Mariñas

Nevado Fuellas
 Topic
Topic 1: Sounds of English
 Sounds of English
• The Vector Triangle is a visual representation
to show the difference of the vowels sounds in
English and their relative positions of the
tounge.
• To be able to create sound you must learn how
your lips, toungue , and other parts of your
mouth should move.
 4 Organ of speech
Respiratory

• The part It's all about breathing - Inhaling and exhaling.

To "inhale" is to fill the lungs with air. To "exhale" It's to
expel the air from the lungs.
• In the production of sound, the diaphragm plays a
significant role. The "diaphragm" is a muscle between the
ribs and abdomen.
 4 Organ of speech
Respiratory

• When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and exerts

pulling action. Exhalation, on the other hand, relaxes this
muscle and expands. To try proper breathingake sure that
your shoulders don't go up And your side expands.
 4 Organ of speech
Respiratory

• Now in exhaling, the air is pushed up to the windpipe which

is a tube called "Trachea". There's little difference in
breathing to speak and breathing to live, the only
significant difference would be the short inhalations when
pausing during speech. The respiratoty organs are the
motors to start speech
Respiratory Organs
Vocalizing / Phonating Parts

After the air is pushed out from the lungs, towards the
windpipe or trachea, it then finds it way to the larynx.

• The larynx is where the voice box is located. The air then triggers
the vocal cords - or anatomically speaking, called vocal folds
because these are muscles- which are found at the tip of the larynx,
to vibrate which then sends the sounds upwards.

• The sound produced by air moving upwards results to a muffled

and unpleasant sound.
 Resonating
Parts
• Once the air is pushed up the vocal
chords/folds, air is the expelled
through the mouth. • The sound
coming from the vocal chords can
now be amplified, made richer and
fuller by the oral cavity, nasal cavity,
and pharyngeal cavity
 Articulatory Parts
Articulatory parts are found inside the mouth. The
points of articulation are the upper lip, upper teeth,
the alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum or soft palate,
and the uvula.
The chief articulators, on the other hand, are the
tongue, lower lip, and the jaw.
Articulatory parts make the sounds precise and
distinct. Amongst all the articulators, the tongue is
the most versatile. The tongue is a muscle which
consists of glands and connective tissue.
 Vowels
• To be able to make the
proper vowel sounds in English,
one must be aware of the five
characteristics that will
determine how the sound is
formed.
-Tongue position
-Tongue and jaw height
- Lip position Tension
-Length
 Dipthongs
• Dipthongs are the sounds produced when two vowels are combined which
results to a blended sound within a syllable. Dipthong sounds are created when
one tongue and lips move quickly from one vowel position to a higher vowel
position.
Consonants
 Consonants
• B. Nature of Obstruction or Manner of Articulation
Stops These are sounds created by stopping the passage of the breath with a build up of pressure before the
release of breath.

Bilabial Stops - [p] and [b]

Alveolar Stops-[t] and [d]

Velar Stops [k] and [g]

Fricatives-Fricatives are created when the air is not completely stopped but goes through with a hissing sound
or friction. Fricatives are continuants, or consonant sounds with the vocal tract only partially closed, thus
allowing air to pass through.

Labiodental fricatives [f] & [v]

Dental fricatives [0] & [8] Alveolar Fricatives [s] & [2]
Post Alveolar Fricatives [r]
Palatal Fricatives [][] & [3]
Glottal Fricatives [h]
 Consonants
B. Nature of Obstruction or Manner of Articulation

Affricates - Affricates can be created when a stop is combined

with a fricative. As with the fricatives, they are also
continuants. These sounds can be prolonged as long as the
speaker wants to.

Alveolar affricates [t[] & [43]

Nasals Nasals can be produced when the air passes through
the nose and not the mouth.
Bilibial nasal [m]
Alvelar nasal [n]
Velar nasal [n]
 Consonants
B. Nature of Obstruction or Manner of Articulation

Lateral-Lateral sounds are created whan air is stoped in the center by the tip of the tongue against
the alveolar ridge, while your breath passes either one or both side of the tongue.

Alveolar lateral [1]

Semi-vowels - Semi-vowels are consonants that sounds vowel-like. There is no friction made when
making the sounds.
 Consonants
C. Point of Articulation

Bilabial: when lower lip touches the upper lip to produce the sound.
Ex. [p], [b], [m] & [w]

Labio-Dental: when the lower lip comes in contact with the upper front teeth. Ex. [f] and
[v]

Alveolar: the sound is created when the tips of the tongue is raised near the back of the
upper front teeth. Ex. [0] & [0]

Post-Alveolar: when the tongue is slightly behind the alveolar ridge as the [r] sound.

Palatal: when the tongue is arched towards the palate like the consonant n.
 Consonants

C. Point of Articulation

Velars: when the back of the tongue is against the soft palate (velum) as
when creating the sound [k]

Glottal: the sound of air when friction is produced as it goes through the
glottis, like the [h] sound.
RHYTHM OF
ENGLISH
 Rhythm of English is created through the
recurrence of unstressed and stressed
syllables. Stress, (') is a sound we put on a
syllable or word to make it stand out
RHYTHM OF ENGLISH from the group.
• There are three elements in the rhythm
of English: force, pitch, and duration.

• Force shows the intensity or loudness.

Pitch is about the tune, and duration
refers to the length of the vowel sound.
RHYTHM OF ENGLISH • Rules:
General rule: Most words with two syllables are stressed on the first syllable: Ex,
always, lesson, river, batter

Some words have more specific rules:

Compound nouns-stress on the first word (Ex. lampshade, armchair, doorknob,

playground, boyfriend, sunflower, sunrise, blackboard)

Compound verbs-stress is placed on the second word (Ex. undergo, outdo, overdose,
overflow, interact, understand)

Intensive-reflexive pronouns-receives stronger stress on the second syllable. (Ex.

Yourself herself, themselves)

Numbers that end in- teen this rhythmic shift is applied to distinguish words from each
other. (Ex. Thirty, thirteen, fifty, fifteen, ninety, nineteen)
RHYTHM OF ENGLISH
• Rules:
Some words have more specific rules: Functional shift (from noun to verb) - some words
can be used as both a noun and verb. The difference would be how these words are
stressed to distinguish which word is a verb or noun. (Ex. NOUN-present, permit, subject,
rebel, record VERB-present, permit, subject, rebel, record) Added suffix-when a suffix is
added to a word, the newly formed word will retain the stress on the syllable as the root
word. (Ex. merry-merriment, interest- interesting, cloudy, honest-honesty, teach-teacher)

Words that end in- tion,sion, -ic, -ical, and -ity with this words, always stress on the syllable
that comes before the last syllable (Ex. logical, dedication, possibility, extension, economic)

Some words have two stressed syllables: Primary (') stress and secondary stress (") (Ex.
administrative, elementary, education, preparatory, secondary, organization)
INTONATION OF
ENGLISH
 INTONATION OF ENGLISH
• Pitch is the musical tone which we pronounce a stressed syllable. Pitch
is an element of stress. Tune or melody is the combination of the musical
tones when we pronounce the sentences. Intonation is the technical
term for tune. Intonation, then, is the music of language.

• There are two kinds of intonation, rising-falling intonation and the

rising intonation.
• Basic tones of English:
• 1-low
2-normal
3-high
4-extra high
INTONATION OF ENGLISH
VARIANTS THAT
AFFECT SPEECH
VARIANTS THAT
AFFECT SPEECH
VARIANTS THAT
AFFECT SPEECH
VARIANTS THAT
AFFECT SPEECH
 VARIANTS THAT
AFFECT SPEECH
• Vowel length refers to the length of
time given to pronounce a vowel sound.
It is the duration or quantity of time
rather than the quality or difference in
sound.

• Vowel length may be altered by two

things: 1) Stress, and 2) Syllable
structure.
• Stress goes with the length of the
vowel sound.
• Example: Can't he swim? No, he can't.
THANK YOU