Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST),

Dhaka
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering

ME-178
Basic Thermal Engineering Sessional
LEVEL-1, TERM-II
Contact Hr: 3 Credit Hr: 1.50

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Name of the Experiments:

1. (a) Determination of Flash Point of Liquid Fuel.

(b) Study of Sling Psychrometer.

2. Viscosity Test of Liquid Substance.

3. Determination of Carbon Residue of a Given Fuel.

4. (a) Proximate Analysis of Coal.

(b) Study of Different Speed Measuring Devices.

5. Study of a Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Unit.

6. Study and Calibration of pressure Gauge by Dead Weight

Tester.

7. Determination of Calorific value of Gaseous Fuel by Gas

Calorimeter.

8. (a) Determination of the Calorific Value of Fuel.

(b) Concept of pressure and pressure sensor Behavior.

9. Dismantling and assembling of a diesel engine.

10. Study and performance test of a Steam Turbine.

11. Study of a Boiler.

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 1 (A)

Name of the Experiment: DETERMINATION OF FLASH POINT OF

LIQUID FUEL.

1. Objectives: Observe the flash point of various types of liquid fuel.

2. Specimen: Various types of liquid fuel.

3. Procedure:

a) Power Supply: Connect the seta flash tester with the electric power supply line and
switch on the tester by the power switch available at the back portion of the tester.

b) Setting of the time interval:

i) Press and hold the set timer button until the display board show “SET TEST TIME
AUTO”. Then release the set timer button.

ii) Turn the control knob to the timer in minute intervals up to 30 minutes or to the auto
mode. If the control knob will not move for more than four seconds, the setting shows
that the display will be stored.

iii) The time set is the interval between the cup reaching the set temperature and the audible
prompt for the flash test sounding.

iv) The auto setting automatically selects the time interval depending on the temperature
setting as follows

Flash point up to100C 1 minute

Flash point above 100C 2 minute

c) Setting the test Temperature:

i) Press and hold down the set temperature button until the display changes to show.
(xx.x = cup temperature)

ii) Turn the control knob to set the test temperature. The selected temperature will be shown
on the bottom line of the display board.

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iii) After a short delay, the top line of the display board will change to show the sample cup
temperature as it heats up.

d) Inject the sample:

i) Wait until the audible warning (beep) is heard and the bottom line of the display board
shows ‘READY’. It indicates that the seta flash tester has reached and stabilized at the set
temperature.

ii) Close and lock lid and make sure that the shutter is closed

iii) Load the syringe with the correct amount of sample.

e) Start the timer:

i) Press the set timer button and the display will count down the time set.

ii) Open the on/off gas valve by pushing it up. Lightering the pilot jet and test jet by using
ignite. If necessary, adjust the pilot test jets.

f) Test the sample:

i) When the timer reaches to zero, an audible warning (beep) will be heard. Apply the test
jet to the sample by slowly opening and closing the shutter over a period of
approximately 2.5 seconds.

ii) If a flash is detected, the bottom line of the display board will show “FLASH”

ii) Record the result as ‘flash’ or ‘no flash’ and the test temperature.

g) Complete the test:

i) Result the flash detector probe by pressing the reset (set temperature) button.

ii) Extinguish the pilot and test jet flame by pushing the on/off gas valve on the canister
down to the off position.

iii) Unlock and open the lid.

iv) When the sample cup cools down, clean the sample cup, lid and shutter and visually
inspect the sample well ‘O’ Ring seal for damage.

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v) If necessary, set a different test temperature and repeat the test sequence with a new
portion of the sample.

4. Result:

Table-1: (Experimental data and calculation)

No of Sample Name Sample Amount Flash Temperature Flash Time Remark

Obs (in ml) (in C) (in sec)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 EXPERIMENT NO-1(B)

Name of the Experiment: STUDY OF PSYCHROMETER.

1) Objectives:

I) To find relative humidity, Absolute humidity.

ii) Dew point and enthalpy of air using psychometric and psychometrics chart.

2) PROCEDURE:

The sling psychrometer is used to determine the humidity of air this instrument has two similar
thermometer mounted on a frame, one to read dry bulb temperature and the other wet-bulb
temperature. The bulb of the wet bulb temperature is covered with wick distilled water. The
thermometer and wetted wick is whirled in the air, the water evaporate into the surrounding
unsaturated air, causing the general conditions around the wet thermometer bulb to be similar to,
and closely approximate to, and those of adiabatic saturation. After sufficient whirling the
thermometer reach equilibrium conditions. The both temperature should be read quickly in order
to get dependable readings.

The sling psychrometer should be rotated at a speed of 180 to 240 rpm. It is important that clean
water should be used, since the slightest trace of oil on the wick cause errors. The wick should be
kept fully wet when readings are being made.

DEFINITION OF DIFFERENT TERMS:

Absolute Humidity:

This is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air in a given volume of the
mixture. It is usually expressed in grains of water vapor/lb of dry air or, lb of water vapor/lb of
dry air.

1 lb=700grains.

Relative Humidity:

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This is the ratio of the actual partial pressure of the vapor to the partial pressure of the vapor
when the air is saturated at the same temperature.

Dew Point

This is the temperature to which unsaturated air mast be cooled at constant pressure for it to
become saturated.

PROCEDURE:

i) Open the instrument. The frame and tubes are sat at right angles to the case, which will
act as the handle.

ii) Thoroughly wet the wick covering the Wet Bulb and the ‘wick’ in the container by lifting
off the container lid and holding the wick container under the cold tap. Hot water must
not be used as it may damage the thermometers. Replace the lid on the wick container
and remove any surplus water from the Dry Bulb area before use. The wick will remain
moist for several hours. Always check the wick is wetted before taking any readings.

iii) To take a reading set the psychrometer at right angles and, holding the case, rotate the
frame frame for 15 to 20 seconds at between 2 and 4 revolutions per second.

iv) Stop revolving the instrument and note the Wet and Dry Bulb temperatures.

v) Subtract the Wet bulb Temperature from the Dry Bulb temperature to determine the
Depression.

vi) Use the tables provided to compare the Dry bulb Temperature with the Depression and
read off the %RH.

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 EXPERIMENT NO-2

Name of the Experiment: VISCOSITY TEST OF LIQUID SUBSTANCE.

1. Objective: Determination of the kinematic viscosity & SAE of liquid substance.

2. Specimen: Different types of liquid substance.

3. Procedure:

i) Switch on the power supply.

ii) Set temperature by using ‘seta Temperature Controller’ device.

iii) Keep the sample to the ‘Sample Cup’ after setting the pin with ball-valve.

iv) Wait a few minutes until the temperature is same between ‘Seta Temp Controller’ and
‘silicon Oil’.

v) Now record the temperature of sample from the Sample Cup.

vi) Place a receiving flask under the ‘Say bolt Cup Jet’ of ‘Sample Cup’.

vii) Remove the pin with ball-valve. Watch, count and record the sample (60ml) dropping
time until the cup is empty by using a stop watch.

4. Equation: Kinematic Viscosity, r = 0.22t- mm2/sec, where r is the kinematic

viscosity and t is the time in sec.

5. Result:

Table-1 :( Experiment data and calculated result)

No of Sample Temperature of the Recorded Time Results Remarks

Obs Name Sample (in °C) (in sec)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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13
 EXPERIMENT NO-3

Name of the Experiment: DETERMINATION OF CARBON RESIDUE OF A

GIVEN FUEL.

1. Objectives: To find the percentage of carbon residue from various types of liquid,
semi-liquid or solid fuel.

2. Specimen: Different types of liquid, semi-liquid or solid fuel.

3. Procedure:

a. Switch on the power supply.

b. Supply the nitrogen gas (N2) and adjust the pressure by using pressure controller knob
and pressure gauge.

c. Take weight of clean sample vials and record the mass to nearest 0.1mg. During
weighting and filing, hold the vials with forceps to keep the weighting errors minimum.
Take sample into the empty vials, re-weight and record. Calculate the weight of the
sample. Please the loaded sample vials into vial holder.

d. Processing of samples:

i). Place the vial holder into the oven chamber and secure lid. Care should be taken not to
touch the thermocouple with sample basket feet the flaw rate does not raise to 600
ml/min then adjust N2 needle valve.

ii) Confirm that the nitrogen gas (N2) pressure gauge indicates 150 kpa and the gas flaw
meter shows 150 ml/min, then press the START switch.

iii) The flaw rate of nitrogen increases to 600 ml/min automatically for the first 10 minutes
after pressing the START switch. If the flaw rate does not rise to 600 ml/min then adjust
N2 needle valve.

iv) The temperature and flaw rate of nitrogen will be controlled automatically as per the Fig-
1. The temperature and flaw program will be completed in approximately 98 minutes.

v) Afterwards the buzzer intermittently sounds for about10 seconds and “P .End” appears
on the display board of the program controller.

vi) Press the RESET switch to disappear the “P End” and ready for repeat the test.

vii) When oven temperature becomes lower then 250ºC, place the lid to the lid rest to cool
down and remove the vial holder by using hook for further cooling in desiccators.
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viii) Start the next test or turn the MAIN switch OFF after the oven temperature falls below
100ºC.

e) Final weighting: keep the sample vials to desiccators till it reaches to room
temperature. Weight the cooled vials to the nearest weighting scale and record the
reading. Handle the vials with forceps.

f) Temperature and Flow Program diagram:

Figure 1: Temperature and flow Program Diagram

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4. Result:

Table-1: (Experimental data and calculated result)

No Sample Temp Time Weight Weight of % of Remarks
Of Name (ºc) (sec) of Carbon Carbon
obs Sample Residue Residue
(gm) (gm)
1.
2.
3.
4.

5. Calculation:

Weight of vial + 10gm sample =W1 gm

Weight of vial + Carbon Residue = W2 gm

Loss of fuel = (W1- W2) gm

Carbon Residue, A=10-(W1- W2) gm

% of Carbon residue= .

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 EXPERIMENT NO – 4 (a)

Name of the experiment: PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL.

1. Objective:

An analysis of a coal which may be made with the minimum of equipment is the proximate
analysis (sometimes called an engineering analysis). The four constituents which are determined
in this type of analysis are:

i) Moisture
ii) Ash
iii) Volatile matter
iv) Fixed carbon

2. Apparatus:

i) Chemical balance sensitive at least to 1/10 mg

ii) Porcelain capsules (Royal, Mission no. 2) about 7/8 in, in depth and 1.75 in. in diameter,
with flat aluminums covers.

iii) Electric oven with temperature regulation to 110˚C (230˚F) and heaving a renewal of air,
at the rate of 2 to 4 times a minute, that has been dried by passing through sulfuric acid
(sp. gr.1.84).

iv) Electric muffle furnace with temperature regulation between 700˚C and 750˚C and with
good air circulation.

v) Platinum crucible with tightly fitting cover 10 to 20 cu cm.

vi) Electric tube furnace with temperature regulation to 950˚C + 20˚C.

vii) Coal samples passed through a no. 60 sieves and no. 20 sieves

MOISTURE DETERMINATION:

PREFACE:

Some of the moisture in the coal is known as inherent moisture. I, e, it is inherently a part of the
structure of the coal and can not be readily separated from it. The rest of the moisture is so called

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free moisture which will be given heated is dependent on the temperature to which it is heated
and length of time it is held at the elevated temperature. The heating of coal has a tendency to
produce two of the coal, and it may cause some oxidation of the coal. It should be evident that
there is no way of determining exactly, the true free moisture in coal.

TEST PROCEDURE:

i) Transfer with a spoon or spatula about 1 g. of the 60 mesh sample to one of the porcelain
capsules which has been previously heated and dried in desiccators.

ii) Cover the capsule, weigh.

iii) Then dry for 1 hr., uncovered, in the preheated oven at about 107˚C+ 3˚C.

iv) Cool in a dissector over sulfuric acid and then weigh.

v) The 20 mesh sample should be similarly treated, using a 5 gm portion and drying for
1.5Hr.

ASH DETERMINATION

PREFACE:

The ash weight as determined by the method outlined below may differ materially from the ash
originally present in the coal. During the heating process, there may be oxidation of some of the
material constituents of the coal. The products of the oxidation may or may not be driven off
from the coal. In addition there may be some decomposition of mineral constituent, with some of
the products being vaporized. Although the procedure outlined below for ash determination will
not give the absolute value of the ash in the coal, qualitative results may be obtained when
conditions of the determinations are duplicated.

TEST PROCEDURE:

i) The porcelain capsules containing the dried coal from the moisture determination (No.60
sieves sample) should be uncurbed and placed in the furnace when the furnace is cold.

ii) Gradually heat to redness.

iii) Finish ignition in between 700˚C and 750˚C, with occasional stirring with a platinum or
nichrome wire, until all carbon particles have disappeared.

iv) Cool, in desiccators, and weigh.

v) Then continue alternate heating and weighing until weight is constant.

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VOLATILE METER DETERAMINTION

PREFACE:

In addition to moisture, coal contains volatile constituents, largely hydrocarbons, which will be
driven off by the application of heat. It should be recognize that the amount of volatile matter
found by this determination is a function of the heating time as well as the temperature. In order
to obtain qualitative results, both of these variables must be controlled as specified.

Mechanical losses occur when some coals are heated very rapidly, due to the too rapid release of
volatile matter or steam. Thee mechanical losses are recognizable by the “sparking” that occurs
when the small fragments of the coal are heated to incandescence as they are being expelled. If
any sparking occurs, the test results are worthless and the test procedure should be modified. A
new coal sample should be slowly lowered into the furnace and gradually heated for a period of
5 to 10 mm. care being taken to avoid sparking. The crucible may now be lowered into the
regular position and heated at the standard temperature for a period of exactly 6 min.

TEST PROCEDURE:

i) Weigh a 1gm sample of 60 mesh coal in a platinum crucible, cover and place in a furnace
chamber which has been preheated to 950˚C+20˚C (1742˚F+36˚F).

ii) Heat exactly 7 minutes

iii) Remove and coal without disturbing cover.

iv) Weigh. Loss of weigh, minus moisture, equals volatile matter.

FIXED CARBON DETERMINATION

PREFACE:

Some of the carbon content of the coal is in the from of hydrocarbons, which will be driven off
when the coal is heated. The reminder of the carbon which cannot be driven off by the
application on heat is called FIXED CARBON.

There is no direct way of determining the fixed carbon in a coal, and hence it must be calculated
by subtracting the summation of the moisture, ash and volatile matter weights from the original
weight of the coal.

Although fixed carbon cannot be vaporized, some of it will burn quite rapidly in the presence of
oxygen, particularly at the temperatures used in the volatile matter determination. Hence, care
must be exercised to prevent oxygen from entering the close fitting cover on the crucible.

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 EXPERIMENT NO – 4(b)

Name of the Experiment: STUDY OF SPEED MEASURING INSTRUMENT.

The flowing speed measuring instrument will be study

i) Optical & Contact Tachometer

ii) Stroboscope

1. Optical & Contact Tachometer

A tachometer is an instrument designed to measure the speed of moving body or substance. The
word is formed from Greek roots. Taco meaning speed and meter meaning. The traditional
tachometer is laid out as dial with a middle indicating the current reading and marking safe and
dangerous level. Recently digital tachometer is giving a direct numeric output have become more
common.

The traditional tachometer requires physical contact between the instrument and the device being
measured. In applications where this is not feasible for technical or safely reason. It maybe
possible a laser tachometer to take measurement from distance. A laser tachometer work by
pulsing a light beam or light against the rotating element. The orating elements have a reflecting
spot. And the tachometers measure the rate at which the light beam is reflected back. A laser
tachometer can be permanent part of the system; it can be handling for occasional spot
measurement.

2. STROBOSCOPES

In its general makeup it contain of an ac power supply. An oscillator for controlling the rate at
which a lamp is flashed and a flashing light is mounted in a parabolic reflector. By adjusting a
dial calibrator and there for the rate at which the lamp is flashes can be adjusted with in the range
of the instrument. In rpm the frequency of the oscillator and there for the rate at whish the lamp
flashes can be adjusted within the range of the instrument in using it to measure rpm the
instrument should be held in such a way so that the light from the lamp falls on the rotating shaft.
By adjusting the dial the frequency of oscillation will eventually reach a point where the lamp
flashing point will be the same as the shaft rotation rate. Under this condition the shaft will
appear to be standing steel and the rpm can be read directly from the calibrated dial. The
observed image may appear to be stationary at several setting of the instrument. The correct
speed is the highest instrument setting at which only one image appears

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 EXPERIMENT NO-5

Name of the Experiment: Study of the Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Unit

1. Objective:

i) To study a refrigeration unit

ii) To calculate the COP of a vapor Compression Refrigeration cycle.

iii) To study cooling and dehumidification Process by the help of the Psychometric chart.

iv) Performance of cooling dehumidification process by the help of the refrigeration unit.

2. Apparatus:

Name - Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit

Model - A660/05026
Country of origin - England

3. Equation used:

a. COP =

b.
c. mw = ma(W1-W2)
d. hw = mcpwtw
e. ma (ha1-ha2) = mr(hr1-hr4)
f. ma (ha1-ha2) = mr(hr1-hr4)+mwhw
g. ma (ha1-ha2) – ma(W1-W2)hw = mr(hr1-hr4)

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 Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Standard Vapor Compression Cycle.

Figure2: P-h Diagram for Standard Vapor Compression Cycle.

5. Major Component:

The major components of vapor compression refrigeration cycle are

i) Compressor
ii) Condenser
iii) Expansion device
iv) Evaporator

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6. Cooling and Dehumidification:

It occurs when air passes over a surface having surface temperature lower than the Dew point
temperature of air or when water having surface temperature lower than the Dew point
temperature of air is sprayed. In this psychometric process.

DBT → Decrease
WBT → Decrease
RH → Decrease/Increase/Constant
HR → Decrease
Enthalpy → Decrease

Figure 3: Cooling and Dehumidification process in Psychometric Chart .

The refrigeration cycle, and the cooling dehumidification process are shown in the figure below.

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Figure 4: Schematic Diagram of Experimental Set up.

Figure 5: P-h Diagram for Experimental Process.

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The energy balance for the control volume can be written as (assuming an adiabatic system)
maha1 + mrhr4 = maha2 + mrhr1 + mwhw
Or, ma (ha1-ha2) = mr(hr1-hr4) + mwhw ………………………4(a)

Also, water vapor balance gives

mw = ma (W1-W2) …………...………….4(b)

From eq (1) and (2), ma (ha1-ha2) – ma(W1-W2)hw = mr(hr1-hr4)…….4(c)

Note: For condensate, hw = mcpwtw …………………...….4(d)

Where tw is condensate temperature

The air flow rate ma is measured by an orifice meter installed at the end of the air duct.
Ma is given by
………………………4(e)
Where h= manometer reading, mm of water and va = sp
Volume of air at orifice meter upstream, m3/kg
The refrigeration flow rate mr is directly read from the flow meter (Rota meter)

7. Procedure

i) Study carefully all the different components

ii) Open the water valve fully so allow water to flow through the condenser.

iii) Switch on the fan. Set the flow rate at a suitable value.

iv) Switch on the refrigeration compressor.

v) After steady condition has reached, record, record p c,tr1,tr2,tr3 and mr of the refrigeration
cycle. Also record dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures of air at inlet and outlet of the
evaporator coil.

vi) Record the manometer reading, mm of water. Also collect the condensed over a period of
about 3 minutes and note its temperature. (If there is no condensate formed, you may
humidify the air by injecting steam to the air before entering the evaporator coil)

vii) After all the readings are taken, switch off the compressor. After two minutes, switch off
the fan, and close the condenser cooling water valve.

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8. Data:
i) Refrigeration Cycle:
Table-1:
Ser pc pe tr1 (T13) tr2 (T14) tr3 (T15) mr
No (kPa) (kPa) (kg/min)
1.
2.
3.
4.

ii) Air cycle:

Table-1:
Ser Air entering Evap. Air leaving Eavp. Manometer reading
No. tdb1 (°C) twb1 (°C) tdb2 (°C) twb2 (°C) (mm of Water)
1.
2.
3.

iii) Using the above readings, check that the left hand side of equation (3)is equal to its right
hand side. Also, check L.H.S of equation (2) with its R.H.S.

iv) If there is no condensate formed, mw = 0, i.e. W1 = W1 then

ma (ha1-ha2) = mr(hr1-hr4) ……………………………….4(f)

v) Also calculate the COP of the refrigeration system.

COP = ……………………………….4(g)

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 06

Name of the Experiment: STUDY AND CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE

GAUGE BY DEAD WEIGHT TESTER.

INTRODUCTION

The dead weight tester is a primary measuring instrument, being designed to be used for
calibrating the secondary measuring instruments and generating standard pressure for various
tests.

BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE:

When a curved tube of approximately elliptical cross section is subjected to an internal pressure,
it has a tendency to straighten. If one end of the tube is fastened there will be definite movement
of the other which depends on the magnitude of the applied pressure. If the pressure within the
tube is reduced bellow that surrounding of the tube. The tube will have a tendency to curve still
further in a smaller arc. The tube itself resists and if not stretched beyond its elastic limit, will
return to its original position when the pressure is removed. Such a tube is the so called bourdon
tube pressure gauge. By means of a suitable linkage, the motion of the free end of the tube is
transmitted to a rack and pinion which rotates a needle mounted on the face of the gauge.

Bourdon tube pressure gauge are often classified

1. Pressure gauge ( for pressure above atmospheric)

2. Vacuum gauge ( for pressure below atmospheric)
3. Combination gauge ( for both vacuum and small positive gauge pressure)

Pressure gauges are normally graduated in pounds per square inch. Although for special
applications they may have other graduations, such as feet of water. Vacuum gauges normally
are graduated in inches of mercury. The vacuum part of combination gauges generally is
graduated in inches of mercury and pressure part in psi.

DEAD WEIGHT TESTER:

The most satisfactory method of calibration of pressure gauges is to use a dead weight gauge
tester. In the dead weight tester, a pressure is impressed on oil, which transmits this pressure
equally to known area and to the gauge under test. Thus the piston and the weight give
knowledge of the true oil pressure which is acting on the gauge.

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OPERATION PROCEDURE:

1) Open the ram cylinder stop valve, release valve, and gauge valve in which a gauge is
mounted. Then, fully turns counterclockwise the fine adjust pump, and close the release
valve.
2) Put weight (each weight is stamped with the nominal pressure) corresponding to the
specified pressure. Be sure to add the weight of the ram plate itself.
For a combination system dead weight type pressure gauge of non-P a unit, put a
conversion weight on the ram plate of Pa unit, and then weight of non-Pa unit.
When using the gauge in non-Pa unit, do not add the pressure of the ram plate because the
pressure of the ram plate and conversion weight indicated on the conversion weight as 1A
& 1B.

To generate pressure of two different units using a set of ram cylinder, the masses of the
weights of each unit must be changed.

To change the ram plate, the mass of which is determined on the basis of the P a unit, into
other than the Pa unit, you must correct its mass with a conversion weight.

For example, the ram plate itself generates a pressure of 0.05 MPa. A conversion weight
put the ram generates pressure of 1 kg f/cm2.

3) Pressurize the Gauge with the pre-loading pump and find adjustment pump line referring
to the indications on the monitor gauge until the ram plate rises about 12 mm above the
cylinder top *1 Turning the weights clockwise slightly will generate the specified
pressure. In this state, read the indication on the gauge.

4) To raise pressure in steps, put weights corresponding to the specified pressure

sequentially and repeat the procedure in → (3).

5) Decrease the weight in similar manner and again note the corresponding pressure gauge
reading.

6) Find the error and percentage error.

7) Plot percentage error against observed gauge reading and observe pressure against actual
pressure on different graph paper.

8) Discuss the curves and the experiment as a whole.

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DATA SHEET:

Area of Piston: …………………..Wt. Piston &weight platform: …………………

No of Obs. Actual Pressure gauge reading %Error

pressure

Up Down Mean

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 EXPERIMENT NO-7

Name of the Experiment: CALORIFIC VALUE OF GASEOUS FUEL BY

GAS CALORIFIC.
1. Objectives:
TO find out the calorific value of natural gas using gas calorimeter.
2. APPARATUS:
Gas calorimeter, wet-gas meter, Gas controller, Gas burner, Thermometers, water container,
lighter
3. IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS:

Figure 1: Sectioned view of a typical boys calorimeter.

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 SUMMARY OF OPERATION PRODUCER
i) Connect a tube from the cooling water source to the inlet to calorimeter; the inlet is the
connection at the perimeter of the top plate of the unit.
Connect a tube from the Calorimeter water outlet (at center of the top plate) to the drain
source.
ii) Connect a tube from the gas supply to the wet test meter (Hyde meter) gas supply inlet
located at top of near side.
Connect a tube from Hyde meter outlet of the gas control value inlet. Connect a gas
control value outlet with the burner inlet located at the bottom plate of Calorimeter.
iii) Set the water flow rate: 1500-200 ml/min
iv) Check the water level at the definite level in the sight box of Hyde meter.
v) Pull out the inner casing first and then outer casing from the calorimeter main body. Set
the gas flow rate 1.5-2.5 liter/min by regulating the quadrant valve and ignite flame by
gas lighter.
vi) After ignition check all gas connecting points by soap-bubble to ensure to zero leakage.
vii) Put the outer casing on the calorimeter base plate and then place the inner casing around
the flame very very slowly.
viii) Observe the water outlet temperature .outlet temperature. Outlet temperature must rise up
If not, flame may be extinguished and need to ignite again.
ix) After ignition the flame set the minimum required position in quadrant valve.
x) Allow the gas to burn and the water to flow through the calorimeter for a least 30 mines.
To allow the operating condition in steady state.
xi) During experiment observe gas flow and cooling water flow to ensure the flow is
perfectly OK.
xii) After stabilization, take your required (i.e. Inlet gas flow temp., inlet water temp., outlet
water temp., volume of collected water, volume of collected condensate, volume of gas
and time ) for calculation.
xiii) For2nd and 3rd observation gas flow should be increased.

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xiv) After completion the analysis, stop the gas flow first by the main gas flow valve and then
after 10-12 minutes. Stop the cooling water flow.
xv) After 20-25 no. of analysis or when calorimeter will be idle position for long time,
Calorimeter inner casing and outer casing should be cleaned with the Alkali (soda)
solution then with fresh water and dried with Tissue paper.

WARNING

i) Never stop cooling water flow while fuel gas is burning.

ii) When gas flow or cooling water flow discontinue in any time on analysis condition, stop
the gas flow main valve.
iii) When water outlet temperature goes down it mean flame is out. Try again to ignite the
flame as early possible.
iv) When water outlet temperature is abnormally high (above 60ºC), stop the gas flow main
valve. Other wise calorimeter will be seriously damaged.
v) Never connect Hyde meter with supply gas pressure above 48mbr (20ins of water).

FORMULA AND TABLE

Where,
Qgross=Gross calorific value, KJ/m3
Ms=Quantity of water in Kg
VG= Gas volume in m3
=
Temperature difference in o C
Cw = Specific heat of water (4.187 KJ/KgºC)
GVf= Gas volume factor

32
 Table: observed data for determining calorific value.
Obs Gas Inlet Water water condensate Gas Barometric Corresponding Time
No Temp(ºC) collecte collected flow pressure GVf sec
Inlet Outlet d Kg (1 rev) mmHg
3
Temp (ºC) Temp (ºC) Kg M

1
2
3

Calculation:

Gross (Higher) heating value (HHV):

Calorimeter value in MJ/m3 & BTU/ft3

Water inlet temperature:
Water outlet temperature:
Temperature difference ( ):
Gas inlet temperature:
Water collected (mw):
Number of revolution:
Gas volume (VG):
Barometric pressure: 760 mmHg
Corresponding GVf:
Specific heat of water (Cw):4.187 KJ/KgºC

In BTU/ft3 =Qgross ×26.8413=............. BTU/ft3

33
Net (Lower) heating value(LHV):
Qnet = Qgross - QHE

QHE = r × cw
Where
Qnet = Net (Lower) heating value
QHE = Heat of Evaporation
r = Heat of condensation of water
= 2.454 KJ/gm at 20ºC
=2.454MJ/Kg
Cw = condensate in kg/m3
During ……….sec gas volume =2.36×10-3 m3
And during …….. Sec condensate = …….gm = …..Kg
cw = (condensate kg)/(2.36×10-3)= ………kg/ m3
QHE = r × cw

Qgross = Qnet + QHE

Qnet = Qgross - QHE
Qnet =

In BTU/ft3 = Qnet ×26.8413 =..........BTU/ft3

34
35
36
 EXPERIMENT NO-08(a)

Name of the Experiment: DETERMINATION OF CALORIFIC VALUE OF

FUEL.

1. Objective: To find the calorific value fuel.

2. Apparatus:

i) Bomb Calorimeter.
ii) Sample Fuel
iii) Water
iv) Distilled water
vi) Measuring scale
vii) Stop watch.

3. Theory :

Calorific Value: The value or heat value of a solid or liquid fuel may be defined as the
amount of heat given out by the complete combustion of one Kg of fuel. It is expressed in terms
of KJ/kg of fuel. The calorific value of gaseous fuel is however expressed in terms of KJ/m 3 at a
specified temperature and pressure.

There are two types of calorific value of fuel.

i) Gross or higher calorific value.

ii) Net or lower calorific value.

Gross or higher calorific value: The amount of heat obtained by the complete combustion
of one kg of a fuel. When the products of its combustion are cooled down to the temperature of
supplied air is called the gross or higher calorific value of fuel.

Net or lower calorific value: When the heat absorbed or carried away by the products of
combustion is not recovered and the steam formed during combustion. Then the amount of heat
obtained per Kg of the fuel is known as net or lower calorific value.

37
4. Experimental Setup:

5. Procedure:

i) Open the bombe and take weight of crucible.

ii) Pour sample fuel in the crucible and again take weight. Then weight of fuel will be found
(take about 0.6 to 0.9 gm).

iii) Carefully put the crucible with fuel in the stand of bomb.

iv) Make a half-loop by the fuse wire and attach this wire with the crucible stand so that half
loop will only touch the fuel.

v) Close the bomb carefully with hand so that no fuel will spill the crucible.

vi) Connect the inlet valve of the bomb with oxygen cylinder and fill the bomb with oxygen
up to 450 Ib/inch2.

vii) Fill the jacket with feed water.

38
viii) Fill the calorimeter with about 1.70 kg distilled water.

ix) Put the bomb into the calorimeter carefully so that the bomb should be vertical and it
should be placed in correct position into calorimeter.

x) Put the green plug into the socket.

xi) Close the calorimeter with its cover and attach the stirrer drive with cover.

xii) Turn on the stirrer motor and submerge the Beckman thermometer depth of 7 inch’s from
the top surface.

xiii) Look the Beckman thermometer reading and the should be between 0ºC to 1ºC other wise
using hot and cold water, make it in correct scale.

xiv) Start stop watch and take thermometer reading in one minute internal.

xv) When the time is 4 minute, press the ignition button for about 4 second.

xvi) If the sample fuel is ignited, there will be rise in temperature of calorimeter water and
take temperature reading in each minute.

xvii) Note down the maximum temperature and take more 5-6 readings.

6. Data:

Fuel Tested
Weight of crucible and fuel sample, W1 =....... gm
Weight of crucible, W2 = ....... gm
Weight of fuel oil, Wf = (W1-W2) gm
Weight of water in calorimeter Ww = ....... gm
Water value of apparatus W=412 gm
Total equivalent weight of water, W = (Ww+412) gm

7. Table:
Time(Minute) Thermometer Reading (0C)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
39
 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

8. Calculation:

The radiation correction Tr=

Where, n= number of minutes between the ignition and the attainment of the maximum
Temperature.

V´= rate of temperature fall in degrees per minute at the end of the test.

V = rate of temperature rise in degrees per minute at the beginning of the test

Rise in temperature during test, T1= tm-ti

Where, tm =maximum temperature, ti =sample ignited temperature

Corrected temperature rise, T´ = Tr + T1

Heat absorbed by water, Hw = (W×1000×T) cal

Calorific value of test fuel = (Hw/Wf) cal/gm

Determination of water value of the apparatus:

The water value of apparatus is usually determined by burning a weight sample of a fuel of
known calorific value. Such a fuel must be pure. And the use of resublimed naphthalene is
recommended. The calorific value of this Substance is 9630 cal/gm.

About .9 gm of naphthalene is weight out in a crucible after being briquette and rapidly
transferred to the bomb to prevent any loss of sublimation. A test is carried out in the usual way
and the corrected temperature rise obtained. Then if

W =Water value of apparatus in gm

40
T´ = corrected temperature rise.
Ww=Weight of water in calorimeter vessel.
Wf = weight of naphthalene sample in gm.

So, W= (9630×Wf) T´-Ww

In the same procedure calculate the corrected temperature rise (T´) to find out the water value of
apparatus.

41
 EXPERIMENT NO-08(b)

Name of the Experiment: CONCEPTS OF PRESSURE AND PRESSURE

SENSOR BEHAVIOUR.

42
Equipment Set Up

43
Level the apparatus using the adjustable feet. A circular spirit level has been provided for this
purpose, mounted on the base of the dead-weight calibrator.

Check that the drain valve (at the back of the Bourdon gauge base) is closed.

Fill the priming vessel with water (purified or de-ionized water is preferable).

Fully open the damping valve and the priming valve.

With no masses on the piston, slowly draw the piston upwards a distance of approximately 6cm
(ie. a full stroke of the piston). This draws water from the priming vessel into the system.

Firmly drive the piston downwards, to expel air from the cylinder back towards the priming
vessel.

Repeat these two steps until no more bubbles are visible in the system. It may be helpful to raise
the central section of the return tube between the manifold block and the priming vessel. This
will help to prevent air being drawn back into the system as the piston is raised.

Raise the piston close to the top of the cylinder, taking care not to lift it high enough to allow air
to enter, then close the priming valve.

Procedure

This equipment has been designed to operate over a range of pressures from 0 kN/m² to 200
kN/m². Exceeding a pressure of 200 kN/m² may damage the pressure sensors. In order to avoid
such damage, DO NOT APPLY CONTINUOUS PRESSURE TO THE TOP OF THE PISTON
ROD WHEN THE PRIMING VALVE IS CLOSED except by application of the masses
supplied. An impulse may be applied to the piston when operating at a fluid pressure of less than
200 kN/m², as is described later in this procedure.

Behaviour of Pressure Sensors

Spin the piston in the cylinder, to minimize friction effects between the piston and the cylinder
wall.

While the piston is spinning, record the angle through which the Bourdon gauge needle has
moved, and the voltage output of the electronic sensor.

Apply a ½ kg mass to the piston. Spin the piston and take a second set of readings for the
Bourdon gauge needle angle and the electronic sensor.

Repeat the procedure in ½ kg increments. When using several masses, it will be necessary to
place the 2½ kg mass on top of the other masses.

44
Repeat the procedure while removing the masses again, in ½ kg increments. This gives two
results for each applied mass, which may be averaged in order to reduce the effects of any error
in an individual reading.

DATA SHEET

1. Mass of the piston = 0.5 kg

2. Diameter of the piston = 0.017655 m

No of Mass applied Pressure of Output from Theoretical

Observation to calibrator Bourdon electromechanical Pressure
Mm gauge pressure sensor Pa
(kg) ( kPa) (mV / kPa) (kPa)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

45
Results

Plot a graph of sensor response against applied mass for each sensor.

Conclusions
Describe the behaviour of each device as pressure is applied. Include comments on the linearity
and speed of the response for each sensor.

Describe the behaviour of each device when a pressure spike is applied.

Comment on the type of application to which each sensor is suited.

46
 EXPERIMENT NO: 09

Name of the Experiment: DISMANTLING AND ASSEMBLING OF A DIESEL

ENGINE

OBJECTIVES:
a) Identification and studying functions of different engine components.
b) Disassembling the engine.
c) Reassembling the engine.
d) Testing the assembly procedure by starting the engine.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION

Bore
Stroke
No of cylinder
Arrangement of cylinders
Cam shaft type
Injection type
Type of fuel pump

PROCEDURE
1. Study the engine in order to identify different components of it.
2. Dismantling :
a) Drain out the lubricating oil and water.
b) Remove the head cover.
c) Remove fuel line (also disconnect at the injector)
d) Remove intake and exhaust manifold
e) Remove cylinder head cover
f) Remove rocker arm along with push rod.
g) Remove lub. oil line
h) Remove timer cover
i) Remove rear cover.
j) Remove piston
3. Draw the necessary schematic diagram and note the different types of bearing.
4. Assembling:

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 Almost reverse the sequence of dismantling of followed during assembling.
5. Test the assembly procedure by starting the engine.

REPORT WRITING
Identify the missing components of the following systems and briefly state their functions.

1. Fuel supply system

Fuel tank Feed pipe

Fuel injector

2. Air intake and exhaust system

Air Cylinder

Exhaust

3. Lubricating oil system

Oil sump Strainer Lub oil filter

Oil gallery

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4. Cooling water circuit

Ignition
Water switch
inlet Radiator

5. Fuel control system

Speed control lever

Valve Tank

Engine
Fuel

ASSIGNMENT
Provide following information regarding to your observation in the experiment.

a) No of cylinder rings, their types and functions

b) No of bearings, their types and functions
c) No of valves and mention which one was bigger, why?
d) Location of pump in cooling water circuit
e) Fuel injection type, no. of holes in each nozzle.
f) How you differ diesel engine from petrol engine.

DISCUSSION
Discuss the above study and do some comment about the experiment.

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