Laws of Thermodynamics

Course Code: NAME 177

Course Title: Thermal Engineering
Level-I, Term-II
Course Teacher: Cdr Kaosar Rashid, psc, BN
Lec Daluar Hussain Sumon
 Topics for this Chapter
 Statement of Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics;
 Statement of First Law of Thermodynamics and it’s corollaries;
 Energy analysis of a closed system using first law;
 Limitation of first law;
 Mathematical Problems based on First Law;
 Statement of Second Law of Thermodynamics and it’s corollaries;
 Performance parameter, PPM-II, Carnot Heat Engine, Heat
Pump, Refrigerator,
 Equivalency of ‘Kelvin-Planck’ and ‘Clausius’ statement;
 Statement of Third Law of Thermodynamics;
 Mathematical Problems based on First and Second Law;
 Laws of Thermodynamics
There are four laws of thermodynamics:

1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics;

2. First law of thermodynamics;
3. Second law of thermodynamics and
4. Third law of thermodynamics
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
Statement: If two bodies/systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third body/system,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

If a body C, be in thermal equilibrium with two other bodies, A and B, then A and B are
in thermal equilibrium with one another.

Again, If A is in thermal equilibrium with B and if B is in thermal equilibrium with C,

then A is in thermal equilibrium with C
 First Law of Thermodynamics
Statement 1:
 First Law of Thermodynamics
Statement 2:

The non-flow energy (For closed thermodynamic system)equation:

[ PROVE IT ]
For an Isolated system:
Limitation of First Law
 Mathematical Problem
Problem 2.1: A closed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an adiabatic
process. The work done on the system is 30 kJ. The velocity of the
system changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s. During the process, the
elevation of the system increases 45 meters. Determine the change in
internal energy of the system.

Solution:

Ans: 14.451 KJ Recall the concept: Adiabatic Process and

Sign Convention of work done
Second Law of Thermodynamics
There are two statement of second law:
1. Kelvin-Planck statement
2. Clausius statement

3. Kelvin-Planck statement

It is impossible to extract an amount of heat Q1 from a hot reservoir and use it
all to do work W . Some amount of heat Q2 must be exhausted to a cold reservoir.
This precludes engine. This produces heat engine.

According to this statement, no heat engine, working on a cyclic process, can

convert whole of the heat supplied it, into mechanical work. It means there is a
degradation of energy in the process producing mechanical work from heat
supplied. Thus the statement sometime known as law of degradation of energy.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
(Kelvin-Planck statement)
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
2. Clausius statement

It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body to a warmer body
without any work having been done to accomplish this flow.

 Energy will not flow spontaneously from a low temperature object to a

higher temperature object.

This precludes a perfect refrigerator. The statements about refrigerators apply

to air conditioners and heat pumps, which embody the same principles
Second Law of Thermodynamics
(Clausius statement)

Prove that:
 Equivalence of
Kelvin-Planck statement and Clausius statement
Mathematical Problem

Ans : 1. 100 KJ/s and 46 KJ/s, 2. 61.2%

Ans : 12.987 KW

Ans : 3892.3 KJ, 5532.3 KJ, 258.4 KJ, 1898.4

 Practice Exercise
1. A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a hightemperature
heat reservoir at 652 C and rejects heat to a lowtemperature
heat reservoir at 30 C. Determine :
(a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine
(b) The amount of heat rejected to the low-temperature heat reservoir
Ans: (a) 67.2 % (b) 164 KJ
2. An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated
space at 2 C while operating in a room where the temperature is 25 C and has a COP of
13.5. Is there any truth to his claim?

3. An air-conditioning system operating on the reversed Carnot cycle is required to

transfer heat from a house at a rate of 750 kJ/min to maintain its temperature at 24 C. If
the outdoor air temperature is 35 C, determine the power required to operate this air-
conditioning system.
Ans: 0.463 KW
4. Exercise of First chapter: Problem no: 6,7,8
[Thermal Engineering by R.S Khurmi]
 Third Law of Thermodynamics
Statement: The entropy of a perfect crystal of any pure substance
approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.