Course Code: NAME 177

Course Title: Thermal Engineering

Level-I, Term-II
Course Teacher: Lec Daluar Hussain Sumon

Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, MIST

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 Conservation of Mass and the
Control Volume
 Control volume. A volume in space in which one has interest for a
particular study or analysis. The surface of this control volume is referred to as a
control surface and always consist of a closed surface.

 The size and shape of the control volume are completely arbitrary.
 The surface may be fixed, or it may move so that it expands or
contracts.
 Mass as well as heat and work can cross the control surface.

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 Conservation of Mass and the
Control Volume
 Mass in the control volume, as well as the properties of this mass , can
change with time.

 The term control volume is used in open system.

 A control volume differs from a closed system in that it involves mass

transfer. Mass carries energy with it, and thus the mass and energy content
of a system change when mass enters or leaves.

 The control volume approach will be used for many engineering

problems where a mass flow rate is present, such as: Turbines, pumps and
compressors, Heat exchangers, Nozzles and diffusers, etc.

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 Conservation of Mass and the
Control Volume
 The change in the energy of the continuous system is,

 Rate of accumulation of mass inside the control volume =Rate of

mass entering the control volume at inlet - Rate of mass leaving
the control volume at exit

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 Control Volume

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 Application of first law of
Thermodynamics to a steady flow process
 Steady State. At the steady state of a system, any thermodynamic
property will have a fixed value at a particular location, and will not alter with
time. Thermodynamic properties may vary along space coordinates, but do not
vary with time. `Steady state` means that the state is steady or invariant with
time.

 Steady Flow Process. Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass
and energy across the control surface are constant.

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 Application of first law of
Thermodynamics to a steady flow process

Figure: Steady flow process

 The steady flow energy equation (SFEE)

:

i. Mass flow rate

ii. Above expression on differential form
iii. For non-flow process (proved in the chapter laws of thermodynamics)

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Work Done for Steady Flow Process

Figure: Steady flow process

Work done,

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 Application of first law of
Thermodynamics to a steady flow process
The rates at which heat and work cross the control surface remain
constant. i.e heat transfer and work transfer is fixed. If there is only one
flow stream entering and one leaving the CV.

For this type of process, we can write

Continuity Eqn: mi = me = m

and First Law :

=

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Steady State Steady Flow CV Modeling
Assumptions
Mass and Energy Conservation: There is no net change in the total energy and the
total mass within the control volume.

 Heat Transfer: in the energy rate balance because it is small relative to

other energy transfers across the boundary. Valid when:
 The outer surface of the CV is well insulated
The outer surface area is too small for there to be effective heat transfer.
The ∆T between the CV and its surroundings is so small that the heat
transfer can be ignored.
The gas or liquid passes through the CV so quickly that there is not enough
time for significant heat transfer to occur.
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Steady State Steady Flow CV Modeling
Assumptions
Work done: when there are no rotating shafts, displacements of the
boundary, electrical effects, or other work mechanisms associated with the CV being
considered.
KE & PE: The KE and PE of the matter entering and exiting the control volume are
neglected when they are small relative to other energy transfers.

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 Application of first law of
Thermodynamics to a steady flow process

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 Example of Steady Flow Process

 Nozzle and Diffuser. A

nozzle is a steady-state device
which increase the velocity or K.E
of a fluid at the expense of its pr
drop, whereas a diffuser increase
the pr of a fluid at the expense of
its K.E. Fig Shows a nozzle and a
Diffuser. The steady flow energy
eqn of the control surface gives

The steady flow energy eqn of the control surface gives

Q + m [ h +½ V 2 +gZ ] = W + m [ h + ½ V 2 + gZ ] ....... (1)

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 Example of Steady Flow Process

Assumption.

a. Nozzle and Diffuser are SSSF device.

b. Change in P.E is negligible i.e ∆ P.E =0.

c. Nozzle is insulated i.e no heat enters or leaves the

system (adiabatic).  QCv = 0

d. Work transfer is negligible i.e Wcv= 0.

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 Example of Steady Flow Process
So energy eqn for nozzle and diffuser becomes

m ( hi + ½ Vi2 ) = m ( he + ½ Ve 2)

or, ( hi + ½ Vi2 ) = ( he + ½ Ve 2)

or, Ve 2 = Vi2 + 2 ( hi  he)

or Ve =  Vi2 + 2 ( hi  he) [ Vi is very small as compare to Ve]

or Ve =  2 ( hi  he)

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 Applications

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 Example of Steady Flow Process

 Throttling Process. A throttling process occurs

when a fluid flows through a constricted passage, like a
partially opened valve, an orifice or a porous plug with a
significant drop in pr. This is a SSSF process with no heat
transfer to or from CV. There is no means for doing work and
little or no change in PE.

Here, ∆PE = 0,
∆KE = 0,
QCv = 0
and WCv = 0
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 Example of Steady Flow Process
 Throttling Process

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 Example of Steady Flow Process
 Turbine

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 Example of Steady Flow Process

 Compressor and Pump

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 Example of Steady Flow Process

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 Problem-1

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 Problem-2

 Steam enters a converging–diverging nozzle operating at steady

state with p1 = 40 bar, T1 = 4000C, and a velocity of 10 m/s. The steam
flows through the nozzle with negligible heat transfer and no significant
change in potential energy. At the exit, p2 =15 bar, and the velocity is 665
m/s. The mass flow rate is 2 kg/s. Determine the exit area of the nozzle, in
m2.

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 Solution-2

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 Solution-2

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 Solution-2

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 Problem-3

 Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a mass flow

rate of 4600 kg/h. The turbine develops a power output of 1000 kW. At the
inlet, the pr is 60 bar, the temperature is 4000C, and the velocity is 10 m/s.
At the exit, the pr is 0.1 bar, the quality is 0.9 (90%), and the velocity is 50
m/s. Calculate the rate of heat transfer between the turbine and
surroundings, in kW.

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 Solution-3

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 Solution-3

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