2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)
A Predictive Model for Road Traffic Data
Analysis and Visualization to Detect
2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) | 979-8-3503-9737-6/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICACCS57279.2023.10112862
Accident Zones
S. Subhashini
Department of Computer Applications
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
21248005@student.hindustanuniv.ac.in
Abstract—The usage of vehicles were increased
throughout the world, the count of accidents is also increased
globally. One of the world's major concerns is recognized to
be the number of traffic accidents. In each year, there are
increasingly more traffic accidents. Consequently, it has a
significant impact on a nation's society, economy, and
progress. As accidents occur in various places and at various
times, identifying where they are more likely to occur can be
complicated. This paper presents a Predictive Model to
analyze and visualize road traffic accident zones in Tamil
Nadu. The zones are categorized by four different attributes
such as low, medium, high and very high. Data analysis is
done in order to make a determination. The Real time data
are acquired and interpreted using Latent Class Clustering
Analysis (LCA). The outcome is represented through
Cartogram visualization technique. Accident analysis is done
to identify the reason or causes of an accident in attempt to
prevent similar instances from occurring repeatedly. As a
result, it is simpler to recognize the zones so the data is easier
for the users to absorb.
Keywords—Road accident zone analysis, Road Accidents,
Predictive model, Data analysis, Data visualization, Latent
class clustering analysis, Cartogram
I. INTRODUCTION
Road accidents are one of the steering reasons of
demise around the world at present. To minimize the
sequels of the accident, some conduct are demanded. The
study of accidents that can distinguish and anatomize the
proxies of accident are furthermore necessary to elect the
most efficient moves. Analyzing accident data can also be
utilized to identify the street, vehicle, and motorist- related
accident causes. mortal miscalculations, motorist collapse,
poor street sensation, vehicle mechanical failure, hurry and
racing in crime of business acts, traffic jams, way
irruption,etc. are crucial factors in accidents. To pinpoint
the areas with the topmost attention of accidents, data from
road accidents are anatomized. Accidents occur for a
variety of circumstances, including the part of day, the
vehicle's type, age of rider, the number of passengers, the
type of road, also the weather. Teenagers between the ages
of 15 and 25 seem to be more likely to be impacted in this
instance. Those young people utilize the bike for
entertainment and don't have a significant amount of
control. They are of the age category for those without a
license. Government regulations prohibit them from
driving a vehicle until they are 18 years old. The busiest
979-8-3503-9737-6/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
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R. Maruthi
Department of Computer Applications
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
rmaruthi@hindustanuniv.ac.in
regions in Tamil Nadu are where accidents occur most
frequently. The busiest city, like Chennai, is a major
metropolitan with a huge number and access to all forms
of transportation. Accidents happen less frequently in
places like Nilgiris as fewer people are living there. People
just select those cities for vacations, not as their stable
locations. In the year 2020, the total number of accidents
that took place in Tamil Nadu is more than forty-five
thousand. The overall number of accidents that are
recorded in Tamil Nadu in 2020 was above 45,000. In the
upcoming decades, this will increase. The state only
experiences an increase in the number of accidents each
year. Both national and international visitors from other
states are frequent in Tamil Nadu. Through this study, they
can learn about the accidents that occur in each district
they visit. They can use it to view the accident zones and
how often accidents occur there. ln order to enable them to
travel securely and to be aware of how busy the region is.
This paper supports determining the location through
Google Maps representation. The data are collected,
cleaned up, integrated, verified, and analyzed. Latent Class
Clustering Analysis is used for data analysis (LCA).
II. RELATED WORKS
Descriptive model has been studied to find the road
traffic accident zones. This study also uses infographic
visualization techniques to identify the location efficiently.
This investigation provides only the data in simple format
and does not provide the details about the future [1]. A
study is examined to detect hotspots (road accident zones)
using the method of kernel density and hotspot analysis. It
does not provide statistical significance and it often gives
the same results [2]. A Logistic regression model for
analyzing and visualizing road accidents in accidents prone
areas was studied. This model is not applicable if the
number of observations are lesser than the number of
features [3]. Using the fuzzy clustering technique, the
probability of road accidents in Medan city is investigated.
It performs badly on datasets with clusters of various sizes
[4]. K-Means Technique was applied in a study to cluster
the areas of accident-prone highway zones. Outliers and
noisy data cannot be dealt by this [5].
Traffic Accident Evaluation and Prediction through
Machine Learning Techniques has been examined. The
algorithms for logistic regression, decision tree, and
random forests were discussed in this table. The one with
 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)

best accuracy is chosen [6].A study suggested Machine

Learning to predict road accidents. This was conducted
through Random Forest Model. More trees can make the
algorithm ineffective for prediction [7].Spatial analysis
model is suggested in a study to classify the traffic
accident-prone roads. MCDM-ANN (Multi class decision
making – Artificial Neural Network) has been used in this
study. For big neural networks it needs more processing
time [8]. Machine learning techniques have been used in a
study to examine traffic accidents and detect hotspots.
Comparison of algorithms such as Naive Bayes, Decision
Trees, Random Forests, Logistic Regression, DBSCAN
Fig. 1. Steps for processing data
and Hierarchical Clustering are done and the one which
provides highest accuracy is chosen [9]. In a research of
Spatiotemporal Investigation of Traffic Accidents A. Data Collection & Verification
Hotspots, spatial autocorrelation is examined. Using
geospatial techniques, it is built. The test statistic's value is
exaggerated [10].
A study has been conducted on prediction of road
accidents using Machine Learning. This was conducted
through the Expectation Maximization method. This has
slow convergence [11]. By applying Geographic Fig. 2. Process of data collection method & verification
information system temporal-spatial statistical analytic
techniques, a study is carried out to identify the regions The Data Collection method is the process of gathering
with the highest rates of road accidents. Kernel density information needed based on the question and it evaluates
estimation has been used in this study. It is always biased, outcomes which is represented in Fig. 2. Verification is the
particularly near the boundaries when the data is bounded process of checking inconsistencies in the data collected
[12]. R programming has been used to analyse and that is necessary to measure the progress. It determines
visualise traffic accident statistics in a study. R utilizes whether the data was transferred accurately from source to
more memory as compared to other programming destination. The data collected is measured, analyzed and
languages [13]. A study has been suggested for Dubai road verifies the accurate data from the resources to evaluate,
accident analysis using apriori based algorithm. It requires forecast the outcomes, trends.
more time for analyzing a large number of dataset [14].
Data mining has been used in a study to classify the B. Data Pre-processing
locations of vehicle accidents. It tends to make use of
association rule mining and the K-means clustering
technique. The algorithm performance is poor [15].

III. METHODOLOGY
A predictive model is proposed to analyze the accident
zones using road traffic data. Road accident zone data Fig. 3. Process of data pre-processing method
analysis will be conducted using unsupervised machine
learning clustering technique. Data’s are clustered into Data analysis must involve the step of data pre-
different subgroups and analyzed based on characteristics processing. It involves the conversion of unstructured data
and visualized using maps. The accident data set for the into a form that is understood by computers. This is
initial process is derived from the public domain. represented in Fig. 3. Raw data that are incomplete may
contain errors and they don’t have a regular format. First
The data set contains instances and locations near step is cleaning the unwanted and duplicate data. Data
traffic accidents in a specific region. Before putting the Integration is the process of combining data from different
data set through pre-processing, it must be validated. Data sources together. Converting data from one form to
cleaning should be done to remove any null data or another is the goal of data transformation. Final step is
redundant information that might be present. Data that has reduction of data by reducing the storage capacity of data.
been cleaned is utilised as pre-processing data and fed into
the algorithm as input. To classify the data, the algorithm C. Data Coding
generates features from various dataset properties. The
method is used to evaluate the data, and based on the
features that are retrieved; a probability is produced for the
processed data. The data is then visualized using data
visualization technique. Fig. 1 represents the steps for
processing the data.
Fig. 4. Process of data coding

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 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)

Data Coding is the process of deriving codes from the

observed data as shown in Fig. 4. Coding is a way of
adjusting and refining the data. This process identifies
values of data, relationship between them. Sort and
categorize the data for analyzing more specific issues.
Then coding is done to give free-form data structure so that
it can be systematically evaluated.

D. Data Summarization

Fig. 5. Process of data summarization

Data Summarization is the summary of generated data.

It is the process of reducing data with the required
attributes. The process of summarizing data is shown in
Fig. 5. It is a simplified value of data. Entire dataset is
summarized to get the useful information. The extracted
information can be presented in tabular or graphical
manner. The original data is compressed and it is known as
summarized data.
E. Data Cleaning
Fig. 7. Tools and Strategy for Data Analysis
A statistical technique termed LCA (Latent Class
Clustering Analysis) is used to analyze models like
cluster, factor, and regression. This method involves
collecting and analyzing data. Data connections are
identified. Clustering of data occurs. Latent Class Cluster
Analysis indicates latent relationships between
observations that might be presented. LCA contains
discrete latent categorical variables with a binomial
distribution and is involved with the structure of groups.
The Fig. 8 represents the working process of Latent Class
Clustering Analysis (LCA) algorithm.

Fig. 6. Process of data cleaning

It is a process of removing noisy and duplicate data.

Duplicate data is created when various datasets are
combined; this data needs to be cleaned, and unnecessary
observations should be eliminated. It is essential to
address structural flaws and filter outliers. The proper
handling of missing data is necessary. The flow diagram
given in Fig. 6 represents the process of data cleaning by
fixing errors, removing outliers and also handles removal
of missing data.
F. Choosing Data Analysis strategy and tools
Analysis of data is the act of collecting and examining
data to produce insightful conclusions. Before picking the
kind of data analysis technique, the two types of data—
qualitative and quantitative—should be taken into
consideration. The Fig. 7 represents the process of
choosing data analysis strategy and tools. The type of
dataset and the desired outcome must be considered when
choosing the data analysis tool.
Fig. 8. Process of Latent Class Clustering Analysis
Latent classes are used to identify unique groupings
using discrete data. The basic premise of the method is
that we can try to assume the presence of these categories
by attempting to logically classify them according to their
attributes. These attributes are analyzed. The data have
only been partly processed. To simplify the model, some
questions are omitted that seemed more descriptive than
normative. These questions are later examined as potential
factors that ought to be included in the simulation to see if
they have a bearing on the findings. The other queries
were then rewritten to allow for a variety of responses and
simplify clustering.
Once a model with a specific amount of latent classes
has indeed been chosen, responses are divided further into
latent classes based on their likelihood of future class
membership. Then groupings are obtained and using
classification statistics, quality may be evaluated. The
relationship between a group's class membership and

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 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)

distal outcomes will then be examined. The bias-adjusted IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
three-step methodology and multiple-group latent class
analysis are the best methods for evaluation.
The measured variables are statistically distinct from
one another within each latent class. The correlations
between the measured variables are described by the
latent variable classes [16]. The model of latent class is
expressed as follows in one format:

(1)
Where T represents the total number of latent classes,
and pt indicates the unconditional probability that should
add up to one. The conditional or marginal probabilities

are denoted by
The form is as follows for a model of two-way latent
class:

Fig. 9. Visualization of road traffic accident zones

(2)
Non-negative matrix factorization and stochastic latent
semantic analysis are also connected to this concept.
The decision on the number of clusters is the first of
two difficulties in model selection, and the structure of the
model based on the amount of clusters is the second. A
lower Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), combined
with goodness-of-fit statistics, multivariate regression
latent variables, bootstrap samples, probability tests, and
Wald tests, are generally preferable. The separation of the
clusters, or the uncertainty of categorization, is the basis
for another set of methodologies for analyzing LC cluster
models [17].
Model fit, cluster separation and partition stability are
selecting strategy criteria for LCA. For the eventual
selection of the number of clusters, additional factors such
as parsimony, the amount of population shares, and
evaluation of clusters must be taken into account. The
chosen clusters can be explored and visualized. To further
determine the number of classes, a range of factors can be
applied. No factor is generally accepted as the best [18].
Visualization is termed as representing data and
information in the way of pictures, graphs, chart, map, plot
and animations. Here to plot the regions cartogram – a
visualization technique based on map is used. Cartogram
or value by area maps is termed as map based data
visualization. Map-based data visualization is termed as a
cartogram. The values are specified in harmony with each
other in order to convey the information through the map.
They are a sort of map that illustrates a region's geography.
Depending on the value, the area's size is determined.
According to the user's preferences, the regions can be
coloured or shaded. It is typically used to illustrate data
pertaining to countries and regions. For example, Election
results or population. Here the regions are pointed using
some marks and they have some specifications based on
the values.
TABLE 1. KEY SYMBOL TO POINT THE ZONES
Symbol Description
Low
Medium
High
Very High
The map in the Fig. 9 represents the Cartogram
technique of road traffic accident zones in Tamil Nadu.
This real time map shows the part of Tamil Nadu. Four
different pointers are marked on all the districts according
to the dataset. Different colours and shapes were used to
highlight the districts as per predicting the accident rate
with previous year records. Table 1 shows the key
symbols which are used to point the zones in the map. The
green square represents the districts with low accident rate.
The yellow diamond represents the districts with medium
accident rate. The blue circle represents the districts with
high accident rate. The red star represents the districts with
very high accident rate. These different symbols and
colours also made it simple to understand the category.
V. CONCLUSION
This study examines data on road traffic accidents that
occurred in Tamil Nadu. To present this predictive model
in a realistic way, a real time dataset is used. The technique
of visualization is also presented in GoogleMyMaps which
is related to Google maps. The collected real time data has
been processed, analyzed and visualized. The data that has
been visualized can be applied to prevent accidents. Users
can get essential information on the zones. By knowing the

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 2023 9th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS)
pointed zones, the users can get awareness about the safety
of driving in each district. So that they can drive with
safety in the corresponding places. The major objective of
this paper is to use visualisation to forecast the zones based
on earlier year records using the data that has been
obtained. It is concluded that the busiest city has seen the
largest number of accidents. Individuals must acquire a bit
more about safety and roadway regulations, especially in
the busiest metropolis. For future work, the accident data
in interior zones are preferred. So that users of this model
can know further about accident zones in each districts.
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