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“Quotes by companions or others”

"Quotes by the Prophet”
“Quranic Verses”
Early Life of the Prophet (P.B.U.H)
Birth
● Born into Banu Hashim clan
● When He was born, a light shot of her towards Ash-Sham
● Some say he was born on 8th Rabi-ul-Awwal while others say 12th in the
‘Year of Elephant’ on the 20th or 22nd April,570 C.E
● Amina immediately sent someone to inform Abdul Muttalib of his birth
● Abdul Muttalib carried him to the Ka’abah,prayed to Allah & thanked Him
● Named ‘Muhammad’→name not common among Arabs
Childhood
● Custom of Arabs to sent their children with wet nurses so they could grow
up in the free & healthy surroundings of the desert
● Prophet was entrusted to Halimah Sa’adia bint Abi Zohaib who was from the
tribe Sa’ad bin Bakr
● Husband→Al-Harith
● Historians recorded when Prophet was entrusted to her she & all her
household were favored with successive strokes of good fortune
● She & her camel were blessed with lots of milk,during a famine period
● The donkey she rode back to the desert was now the fastest among their
group,before it was the slowest
● When time came to return the Prophet, Halima tried hard to convince the
Amina to let her keep the Prophet,Halima loved Him & wanted the blessings
● One day two men in white,Angels,opened up the Prophet’s chest & cleansed
his heart
● Halima did not want any harm to reach Him,especially while He was with her
Demise of Amina
● Age of 4,Halimah returned him to his mom who he stayed with till he was 6
● Later Amina decided to visit the grave of her husband in Yathrib
● Went with her son and a woman servant,Umm-e-Aiman
● Spent a month there but on her way back fell ill & died in Abwa
Under the Care of His Compassionate Grandfather
● Abdul Muttalib took him under his custody & was more affectionate towards
him than his own children
● When Prophet was 8 Abdul Muttalib passed away & the charge of young
Mohammed was passed on to Abu Talib
● He took care of him in the best way & extended all possible protection &
support to him
Journey to Syria
● When Prophet was 12 he went with his uncle to Syria
● When they reached Bosra they met a priest called Bahirah
● Bahirah had never been in the habit of receiving or entertaining caravans yet
he showed great kindness to this 1 & entertaining them well
● He recognized the prophet & said while taking his hand,”Allah will send him
with a Message which will be a mercy to all beings .”
● Further added,”When you appeared from the direction of Aqabah…this is
mentioned in our holy book.”
● Then asked Abu Talib to send the boy back and not take him to Syria in fear of the
Jews→Abu Talib obeyed
Sacrilegious Wars
● Prophet was 15 when sacrilegious wars broke out
● Known as sacrilegious because wars continued even in the sacred months of
Rajab,Safar,Zil Qa’dah & Zil Hajj when fighting is prohibited
● Prophet participated in one of these battles but did not raise arms instead
his duty was to pick up arrows of the enemy as they fell & hand them over to
his uncles
The Al-Fazool Confederacy (Hulf-Al-Fazool)
● When wars ended & peace was restored people felt the need of forming a
confederacy at Makkah for suppressing violence & injustice
● Representatives of different tribes were called to meet at the House of an
honorable elderly man Abdullah Bin Jada’an At-Taimi to enter it
● Prophet witnessed this league & commented on it,”I witnessed a confederacy
in the House of Abdullah Bin Jadaan….”
Prophet as a Successful Trader
● Prophet had no particular job in his early youth
● At 25 he went to Syria as a merchant for Khadijah
● Khadijah,daughter of Khuwaylid was a business women of great honor &
fortune
● When she found out about the Prophets truthfulness,honesty & kind
manners she entrusted him with the task of taking a merchandise to Syria
● Also sent her slave Maisarah with him
● Prophet agreed and returned with surplus profits
Marriage with Khadijah
● Khadijah noticed the profits & blessings in her trade
● Inquired from Maisarah who told her of his good manners,honesty &
sincerity & she was so impressed that she proposed to him through her
friend Nafisa
● Prophet agreed & requested his uncles to go to Khadijah's uncles and discuss
the issue
● Khadijah was 40 & Prophet was 25
Rebuilding of the Ka’abah & the Arbitration Issue
● When Prophet was 35 the Ka’abah was in a weak state due to the heavy
rainfalls & floods & there was a danger that it might collapse
● All the tribes therefore decided to rebuild it
● Work went in harmony till the time came to fix the sacred Blackstone back
in its place
● Conflict among the Chiefs as each one of them wanted the honor of placing
the stone in its position for himself
● Argument continued for 4-5 days & fighting was about to begin when the
eldest Abu Umaiyyah Bin Mughira made a proposal accepted by all, said,”Let
him who enters the sanctuary first tomorrow morning decide on the matter.”
● Next morning Prophet was the first to enter the vicinity of the Ka’abah & on
seeing him all agreed that they would agree to his decision since he was
endowed with the best character & known as As-Sadiq and Al-Ameen
● Issue resolved peacefully when Prophet instructed the Chiefs to place the
Blackstone on a mantle & bring it close to the wall of the Ka’abah where he
then picked it up & fixed it on the wall himself
Early Life.mp4
Life of Prophet in Makkah (P.B.U.H)
Year 1 & 2
● During the first 3 years Prophet started his sacred mission right from home
then moved to those people who were closely associated with him,“O you
wrapped up in garments! Arise and warn….”
● People who were close to him & knew him well immediately embraced Islam
● In the beginning the Makkan leaders did not care much about the message of
Islam but when it started to spread rapidly they soon became anxious
Year 3
Preaching to Near-Kindred
● Allah commanded the Prophet,”And warn your tribe of near kindred.”
● In obedience Prophet gathered his kinsmen
● 45 people audience but before Prophet could say anything Abu Lahab
addressed him with rude statements
● Prophet invited them to another meeting in which he stood up & said,”I
celebrate Allah’s praise….”
● Abu Talib replied,”I shall protect & defend you,but I cannot quit the religion
of Abdul Muttalib.”
● 1 day Prophet stood on Mount-Al-Safa & called out loudly,”O Bani Fahr!,O
Bani Adi!,O Bani Abdul Muttalib!…”Many gathered & those who couldn’t sent
someone.”You see,if I were to tell you that there were some horsemen in the
valley planning to raid you will you believe me?”They said,”Yes,we have never
experienced any life from you.””I am here to warn you before a severe
torment approaches you.” Abu Lahab replied,”perish you all the day!Have you
summoned us for such a thing?”
Open Preaching
● Prophet received a revelation about preaching openly,”Therefore Proclaim
openly….”
Reaction of the Makkans
● Could not tolerate it
● Makkans were of the view that if they believed in just one god they would
lose all their authority wealth and their subordinates
● Unanimously agreed to contact prophets uncle Abu Talib & ask him to
intervene
● Said,”O Abu Talib!Your nephew curses our gods….”Abu Talib gave them a
polite reply and refused to listen to them further
● Prophet continued preaching
Persecution of Early Muslims
● Abu Lahab started ridiculing the Prophet & flinging stones at him & finally
forced his 2 sons to divorce their wives who were the daughters of the
Prophet
● Abu Lahab’s wife also took part & used to tie bundles of thorns with ropes
and stew them about on the path which the Prophet was expected to take
● When Prophet's 2nd son died in infancy Abu Jahal started calling him up
Abtar
● Used to follow him during the pilgrimage and entice the bedouins against his
call
● Once the Prophet was prostrating and Abu Jahal asked his companions to put
a camel in trails on his back
● Instigated by Quraish,soon every clan and tribe began to attack its Muslim
members
● Ummaiyah bin Khalaf used to throw his slave Bilal on the hot sand under the
burning sun & put a heavy stone on his chest and leave him there to die,when
Abu Bakr saw this he bought & set him free.
● The uncle of Uthman bin Affan used to wrap him in a mat of palm leaves and
set fire under him
● When the mother of Mus’ab bin Umair heard of her son’s conversion she
starved him then expelled him from her house
● Ammar bin Yasir was a freed slave along with his mother and father who embraced
Islam early→were made to lie on the burning sand and were beaten severely.Ammar
was at times tossed upon the embers. Prophet always comforted them and raised
 his hands in prayer and said,“Be patient,O family of Yasir, you will verily find
your abode in paradise.”
● Khabbab bin Al-Aratt,polytheists used to pull his hair and twist his neck and
made him lie on burning coal with a big rock in his chest to prevent him from
escaping
● Abu Fakih Aflah was also badly persecuted→would lay him down on very hot sand
and place a stone on his back so that he could not move
● Women were not spared→An-Nahdiyah & Zunairah were persecuted badly
● Her master pierced a hot iron rod in her eyes,Zunairah lost her eyesight
● Some Companions were thrown into the animal enclosures and then dragged
in the hot sun
● Despite this every Muslim remained steadfast
● Instead of reacting to the torture they showed great courage and patience
● Abu Bakr used his wealth to free many slaves
● In light of such persecution’s,Prophet advised his followers to conceal their
faith,took decisions to meet them secretly
Year 4
● Nothing especially important just that when a group of Muslims where going
to Mount al Safa to train with the Prophet secretly they came across a
group of polytheists who started abusing them & in defending themselves 1
muslim Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas wounded a polytheist
● First instance of physical retaliation in Islam
Year 5
Migration to Abyssinia
● Persecution increased & became unbearable
● Allah allowed Muslims to migrate,Prophet didn’t migrate
● Prophet selected Abyssinia as King Negus was a just ruler
First batch:12 men & 4 women,Included Hz Ruqayyah & Hz Uthman
● Few days after the first group’s migration the Holy Prophet was in Kaaba praying.He
recited verses of Surah Najm which mesmerized the Quraish & as he prostrated all
the people prostrated with him→led to rumors of Quraish accepting Islam & some
Muslims returned to Makkah but later migrated back after learning the truth
Second batch:83 men & 18 women,Included Ja’afar bin Abi Talib
● Amr bin al-Aas & Abdullah bin Rabi’ah were sent by Quraish as envoys to
King Negus to demand the return of the Muslims
● Took expensive gifts for the King
● King Negus upon hearing their request summoned the Muslims to his court
● Ja’afar bin Abi Talib represented the Muslims
● Speech about how they were misguided & Prophet gave them clarity…
● Negus demanded Ja’afar to recite some verses of the Quran
● Ja’afar recited the verses of Surah Maryam which impressed Negus so much
that he started crying,said,“Truthfully,this & what Jesus brought are from
the same light.”
● Negus allowed Muslims to live in his land freely & sent the envoys back
returning the gifts they brought
Benefits of the migration
● Muslims were free to practice their religion without fear of persecution
● They were able to spread Islam outside Makkah
● They learned to sacrifice everything for the sake of Allah
● This migration prepared them for a bigger migration to Madina
Significance of the migration for Muslims then
● First important political move taken by the Prophet
● Muslims started feeling more united & stronger
● Muslim refugees learned to manage their affairs in the light of the Quran &
Sunnah,in the absence of the prophet
● Able to explore new opportunities
Lessons for Muslims today
● Keep firm in your faith
● Always speak the truth even in front of an authoritative person
● Continue to spread the message of Islam
Migration to Abyssinia.mp4
Quraish Approach Abu Talib
● Quraish were very angry at the failure of their plan & decided to approach
Abu Talib for the second time,insisting he put a stop to his nephews
activities which if allowed unchecked would get him into serious trouble
● Abu Talib was deeply distressed & sent for his nephew what they
said,”Spare me & yourself & put not any burden on me that I cannot bear.”
● Prophet replied,”O my uncle!By Allah…I would not abandon it.”
● Abu Talib said,”Go & preach what you please….”
● Now that their pleas failed Quraish resorted to persecution & inflicted
torture in a more serious & brutal manner & also began to nurse the idea of
killing the prophet
Year 6
Acceptance by Hamza
● Prophet was sitting on the hillocks of Al-Safa when Abu Jahl happened to
pass by
● He accused his religion & when the Prophet kept silent hit him on the head
with a rock
● Shortly after Hamza while returning from a hunting expedition passed by
the same way
● A slave-girl told him about Abu Jahl's unethical behavior
● On hearing this he was deeply offended & rushed to the Ka’abah & there he
found Abu Jahl
● Hamza struck his bow upon his head violently and said,”You have been
abusing Muhammad;I too follow his religion & profess what he preaches.”
Acceptance by Umar
● He was a bitter enemy of the Prophet & one day decided to go & kill him
when he met Nuaim bin Abdullah when found out what Umar was about to do
said,”You better take care of your own kin first,as your sister & her husband
have embraced Islam”
● This changed the direction of his rage & he went straight to her house
where he could hear someone reciting the verses of the Quran
● He entered & immediately started beating his brother-in-law & when Fatima
ran to help her husband he started beating her too
● They both started bleeding & declared,”We have become Muslims! Do what
you will.”
● This made him change his mind & when he read the verse of Surah Taha he
calmed down & in the fear of Allah he wept & declared,”Surely this is the
word of Allah.I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”
● He then went to the Prophet & told him that he came to embrace Islam all
companions shouted with joy,”ALLAHU-AKBAR.”
● With his conversion Muslims became confident & began offering prayers
openly & fearlessly near the Ka’abah
Year 7-9
Social Boycott of Banu Hashim & Banu Al-Muttalib
● Pagans of Makkah decided to hold a meeting
● Formed a confederation which turned out to be hostile to both Banu Hashim
& Banu Muttalib
● Decided neither to have any business dealings with them nor any
intermarriages
● Social relations visit & even verbal contact with them were to be
discontinued till the prophet was handed over to them to be killed
● Articles of their proclamation were drawn up by Bagheed Bin Amir Bin
Hashim & hung the parchment on the wall of the Ka’abah
● Prophet invoked Allah's wrath upon Bagheed→hand later became paralyzed
● As a result of the boycott,every individual from Banu Hashim & Banu-al
Muttalib(Except Abu Lahab🤮) whether believer or not was forced to
withdraw from Makkah and were confined to a narrow gorge known as Shi’ib
Abi Talib
● It was a stifling siege
● Supply of food was almost stopped & cries of little children suffering from
hunger could be heard clearly
● They were forced to eat leaves & boiled leather
● Children fell sick,Old people became more weak & some people even died
because of the hardships & scarcity of food & water
● Boycott continued for 3 years until some kind hearted people from among
the non-believers who had blood relations with the besieged people decided
to break the agreement
Year 10
End of Boycott
● Pact was broken in Muharram when some leaders of different tribes
intervened & decided to lift the ban
● Abu Talib went to the Quraish and said,”I've brought you a fair proposal.My
nephew has disclosed to me as he does not lie,that Allah is disgusted with
this document of yours so he erased the writing concerning your cruel
conclusions and unjust pact & left only his name on it.”
● When they went to look at the document they found it just as Abu Talib had
described it
● Whole parchment had been eaten up by termites except for the words
’Bismika Allahumma’
● Thus Quraish had no other choice but to end the boycott
● As a result,Prophet & his tribesmen,along with other Muslims were allowed
to come out of the gorge & live inside Makkah once again
The Year of Grief
● 6 months after leaving the boycott Abu Talib fell ill & passed away
● Only 2 months later his wife Khadijah also passed away in Ramadan
● These 2 painful events took place in a short time span added to the grief &
suffering of the Prophet and he called this year Aam-ul-Huzn
Visit to Taif
● Felt it was time to take the message out of Makkah so in Shawwal he set out
for Taif
● Went on foot with Zaid bin Harith
● General atmosphere was terribly hostile
● Stayed for 10 days
● Instead of accepting his call to Islam the people forced him to leave the city→hired a
mob which hooted & pelted him with stones til they drove him out
● He was so badly injured that blood flowed down both his legs & Zaid was also
wounded in the head while trying to shield him
● On the way back Prophet stopped in an orchard belonging to Utbah & Shaiba
where he was offered grapes
● Allah sent Jibreel with the angel of the mountains who said,”If you order,I
can crush the people of Taif between two hills.’Prophet replied,’No…’”
● Rather than cursing them he prayed for them & 12yrs later the whole of
Taif accepted Islam
The Mi’raaj event
● Allah strengthened the heart of the Prophet by taking him on the Night
Journey to Masjid-Al-Aqsa then the Heavens
● Night Journey began from Hateem
● Prophet was sleeping the when Jibreel woke up and made him mount the
Burraq,a heavenly,winged animal bigger than a donkey & smaller than a
mule,it had 2 wings which allowed it to take strides as large as the last limit
of 1s vision
● Prophet was taken to Jerusalem where he led all the previous Prophets in
prayer & was given the title of Imam-ul-Anbiya
● After prayer he was taken to the heavens,he ascended one heaven after the
other and met many prophet:
1. Met Adam at the 1st heaven
2. Yahya and Isa at the 2nd
3. Yousuf at the 3rd
4. Idrees at the 4th
5. Harron at the 5th
6. Musa at the 6th
7. Ibrahim at the 7th
● Ibrahim leaned with his back against the Bait-ul-Ma’mur where 70,000
angels visit everyday to worship & none will get another opportunity to visit
till the Last Day
● Prophet was then presented before Allah where He ordained 50 daily
prayers for all Muslims which were then reduced to 5
● During this event Prophet saw the Paradise & the fire
● The Night Journey raised a good deal of stir among the people & the disbelievers
piled the Prophet with Questions→found a suitable opportunity to mock the Muslims
● Asked questions about the Masjid in Jerusalem where he had never been &
he provided accurate information about it,also told them about a caravan
approaching Makkah
● Disbelievers went to Abu Bakr & told him about the event
● Didn’t expect him to believe it but he readily said,”If he says this then I
verify it.”
● It was because of this he was given the title of As-Siddique (The verifier of
truth)
Significance of Al Isra’
● This event has been mentioned in the Quran which highlights its importance
● Journey not only strengthened Prophets heart it also provided additional
proof to show his people that he was a Prophet of Allah
● When people asked if he saw Allah he said,”There was only light,how could I
see him.”
● Meeting with Allah confirmed Allah is above His creations
● 5 daily prayers assigned
● Last 2 verses of Baqarah revealed
● Prophet leading all other Prophets in prayer indicates that Muhammad is the
‘Seal of Prophets’
● Leading prayer at Masjid-Al-Aqsa showed that he was entrusted with the
Prophethood of both Houses of Allah(in Jerusalem & Makkah)
Year 11
● Hajj season approached & Prophet intensified his efforts of propagating
Islam among who were visiting Makkah
● 1 day along with 2 companions,Abu Bakr & Ali passed by the valley of Aqabah
where he encountered 6 men from Yathrib
● These people had heard from the Jews of Yathrib that a Prophet was about
to come and that they (the Jews) would follow him and destroy them just as
the children of Aad and Irum had been destroyed
● When the Prophet invited them to Islam,”Surely this is the Prophet whom
the Jews are threatening us;Let us make haste & be the 1st to join him.”
● 6 converts remained steadfast to the cause & returned to Yathrib & started
preaching Islam with full zeal & devotion
● Soon almost every house was talking curiously & enthusiastically about the
Prophet
Year 12
First Pledge of Aqabah
● Following year at the time of Hajj 12 people from Madinah came and met the
Prophet
● They declared their faith & pledged,”We will worship no one but one
Allah;we will not steal;neither will we commit adultery,nor kill our children;we
will not utter slander,intentionally forging falsehood & we will not disobey
you in any just matter”
● When they took this pledge Prophet said,”He who carries a it out,Allah will
reward him and who neglects anything and is afflicted in this world it may
prove redemption for him in the Hereafter and if the sin remains hidden
from the eye of the man and no grief comes to him then as a fair is with
Allah.He may forgive him or He may not.”
● After Hajj they were returning so Prophet sent Mus’ab bin Umair Al Abdari
with them to teach the people the doctrines of Islam,give them practical
guidance & make attempts at propagating Islam among non-believers
● He stayed in Yathrib carrying out his mission diligently & successfully
Year 13
● Mus’ab returned & gave the glad tidings to the Prophet that Yathrib was
ready to provide services for the sake of Islam
Second Pledge of Aqabah
● During Hajj season 73 converts came for Hajj but the oft-repeated question
for them was,”Isn’t it high time we protect the Prophet instead of leaving
him forsaken,deserted & stumbling at the hillocks of Makkah.”
● Shortly after reaching Makkah they met the Prophet secretly & pledged to
refrain from Shirk,obey the Prophet in all situations & to physically defend
him & his companions at all costs
● Also invited him over to Yathrib as their leader
● When quraish got to know about this allegiance they held a meeting in which Abu
Jahl suggested to assassinate the Prophet→unanimously accepted
 Migration to Yathrib
● When Quraish decided on their sinful plot to assassinate the Prophet Allah
sent Jibreel to the prophet to reveal the Quraishs plot and give him
permission to leave Makkah
● At night Prophet got ready to migrate,assassins blocked his house
● Before leaving Prophet had Ali sleep in his bed & asked him to stay until he
returned all the things left with him to their rightful owners
● Just before dawn Prophet left his house picked up Abu Bakr & they proceeded to the
Mount of Thaur→took refuge in a cave on top of it
● When Quraish saw Prophet was missing the Chiefs sent out tracking parties
& set a reward of 100 camels for his capture
● Came very close to the cave Prophet was hiding in but since the entrance was
covered in a cobweb & there was a pair of wild pigeons on the threshold they
were convinced it was unoccupied
● This was a miracle of Allah and He says in the Quran,”Remember how the
unbelievers plotted against you….”
● Stayed for 3 days
● Escorted by non-muslim Abdullah bin Uraiqat
● Left the cave on Monday 1st Rabi Al-Awl,finally reached Quba a place near
Yathrib
The First Masjid of Islam
● Stayed in Quba for 4 days & during this laid the foundation for the first
Masjid
● Land was donated by a companion
First Friday Sermon
● Friday 12th Rabi-Al-Awl 1st year of Hijra Prophet reached the locality of
Banu Salim,delivered the first friday sermon & offered fridays prayer with
100 followers
● Every Ansari was eager & anxious to receive the Prophet in his house,Abu
Ayyub Ansari was the fortunate host at whose house Prophet stayed his
initial days at Madinah
 Significance of Hijrah
● Showed strength of faith of the muslims who left their families &
properties for the sake of Islam
● As the Head of State of Madinah Prophet showed his great leadership skills
● Turning point in the history of Islam as it led to the development of an
Islamic state
● Marked the initiation of the Islamic calendar
● Easy to propagate Islam openly
● Free to practice & preach their religion
● Muslim community got more organized & united in Madinah

Life of Prophet in Madinah (P.B.U.H)

Year 1
● New Islamic state
● First thing Prophet did was construct the Mosque,Area was chosen when the
camel sat on the land owned by the orphans which Prophet bought
Azaan:invented this year as the call to prayer, Bilal gave the first azaan.
Abdullah bin Zaid Ansari & Umar told the Prophet they had dreamt a vision,
Prophet confirmed & Azaan was invented
Mawakhat(brotherhood) introduced at the house of Anas-bin-Malik 2 people
were paired together. Created a spirit of selflessness, kindness, sympathy,
peace, prosperity & bound Muslims with love
Charter of Madina
1. Every clan shall redeem its prisoners with kindness and justice
2. Jews who submit to the authority of the Muslims are entitled to their
assistance and the same rights as Muslims without injustice or partisanship
Year 2
● Quraish hostility continued
● Qibla changed from Masjid-Al-Aqsa(Jerusalem) to Masjid-Al-
Haram(Makkah)
● Fasting in Ramadan was made obligatory
● Zakat was also made obligatory
● Bait ul Maal (public treasury) made→people contributed their quota of Zakat and
other taxes towards a common fund used for welfare and relief
● Jihad was introduced allowing Muslims to fight back the persecutions of
Quraish
Rules of Jihad
1. Only fight to protect religion
2. If they surrender & pay Jizya, then you surrender
3. Fight to stop oppression
4. Cannot harm women, children, old people & people working in the field
5. Cannot chop trees
6. Harm only those who harmed you
Battle of Badr
Reasons
● Quraish were not happy, sometimes their cavalry used to attack the grazing
fields of the Muslims and burn their cattle & farms in the night
● Thus, Prophet started sending parties to patrol the outskirts of Madina
● Once dispatched Talha bin Ubaidullah & Sa’eed bin Zaid northward to Scout
around for any movements of the caravans of the Quraish
● Scouts stayed at Al-Hawra for some days until they got to know of a Makkan
caravan returning from Syria (Abu Sufyan’s caravan)
● They hurried back & reported to the Prophet
Events
● He was returning from Syria with a large trading caravan
● Prophet decided to intercept the caravan
● Abu Sufyan got this information & sent a message to Makkah asking them
for help
● Abu Jahl deployed with an army of 1000 & moved swiftly northward to Badr
● Received another message asking him to go back home because the caravan
had escaped from the Muslims, Abu Jahl refused
● When Prophet received news that Abu Jahl was approaching, he set out
along with 313 men 2 horses & 70 camels
● Quraish had 1000 men in armor, 70 horses & a large number of weapons &
supplies
● Quraish reached the battlefield earlier & occupied the points of advantage
● Muslims could not go near any well
● It was suggested by Hubaib bin Munzir to take possession of a nearby well,
Prophet accepted & asked the Muslims to take over the well
● Although Muslim had full control of the water, Prophet allowed the enemies
to use it
● Army's rested for the night
● Prophet spent the whole night praying,”O Allah! If this band of men perish
there will be no one alive to worship You. And Your faith will be destroyed
forever.”
● Muslim army enjoyed a sound & refreshing sleep, mark of divine favor, they
were further blessed as it rained that night & the ground on which the
Muslims had camped became firm
● It rained heavily & small reservoirs were improvised for storing water, it is
said in the Quran,”(Remember)when he covered you with a slumber or as a
security from him….”
● Next morning on Friday 17 Ramadan Prophet called his men to offer prayers
and then urge them to fight in the way of Allah
● He gave strict orders, fighting should not start until he gave the order
● Advised them to use their arrows carefully & not to resort to swords until
the enemy was very close
● It was Arab custom that 3 best soldiers of one army fight with the 3 best
of the opponent army
● From Quraish Utbah, Shaibah & Waleed came forward
● From Muslims 3 Ansar came but Quraish refused saying they wanted people
from their own tribe thus Ali, Hamza & Ubaidah came forward
● Ali & Hamza killed their opponents but Ubaidah lost his leg fighting his
● On seeing all 3 chiefs killed Quraish felt outrage & charged, thus the battle
began
● When battle began Prophet prayed & threw a handful of dust at the enemy
saying,”let their faces be disfigured.”
● Dust went in the eyes & noses of the Quraish as Allah himself points out in
the Quran,”And you threw not when you did throw, but Allah threw….”
● Prophet ordered to shoot arrows first then hurl stones
● When the enemy kept marching one-on-one battle with swords commenced
● Soon enemy started losing as prominent leaders like Abu Jahl got killed
● Quraish army lost hope & scattered in dismay
● 70 Pagan's killed & 70 taken prisoner, 14 Muslims martyred
● Prophet’s uncle & son in law were among the captives
● Result was in favor of the Muslims with a manifest victory
● 2 riders were dispatched to Madina to convey the glad tidings of victory
● Large amount of booty collected
● War booty was divided equally among the soldiers & the families of the martyrs
& ⅕ set aside for the Prophet
● Prisoners were dealt with kindness
● Some were freed on ransom & learned prisoners were given the duty to
teach Muslim children, after which they were set free
Significance
● Day of battle is mentioned in the Quran as Yaum-ul-Furqan (The Day of
Criterion)
● Victory inspired the Muslims with new hope, gave them confidence &
encouraged them for future success
● Helped strengthen Prophets position in Madina
● Pride & prestige of Quraish destroyed, influential leaders killed
● Large number of people embraced Islam
● Disbelievers became aware of the power of Islam & realized the strength of
the Muslims
10 mark pattern
Introduction (Reasons)
● Quraish Hostility
● Burning of farms and animals of Muslims
● Two-men were scouting around the border of Madinah when they got to know
about a caravan led by Abu-Sufyan returning from Syria.They reported to
the Prophet.
Body (what happened)
● Date/year→17-Ramadan-2A.H
● Place→A village called Badr
● Strength of armies→Makkan:1000 men(well equipped)Muslims:313men
● Tactics, placing→Quraysh had reached Badr early & occupied points of advantage.
Prophet told his army to use arrows carefully & only resort to swords of
enemies.
● Standard raised by 2 groups of Ansar, Muhajireen
● Miracles:The rain,Angels fought in the battle & Muslims victory
● Reference
Conclusion (Results)
● Pagans:70 killed and 70 more taken as prisoners,Muslims:14 martyrs
● War spoils→Muslims gained lots of booty
● Burying of Martyrs & dead enemies
Expulsion of Banu Qainuqa
● Jews of Banu Qainuqa harassed the Muslims
● When an Ansari Muslim woman went to a Jews shop to buy something, he
molested her
● Upon hearing her cries, a Muslim nearby took her side and in the fight the
Jew got killed;a number of Jews attacked the Muslim and killed him
● Upon hearing this the Prophet said,”Fear Allah lest, Allah’s curse should fall
on you like in Badr.”,Jews responded,”We are not Quraish. Incase of war, we
will teach you a lesson.”
● Prophet took this seriously and laid siege to their fortress and it lasted a
fortnight
● Abdullah bin Ubai(leader of the Hypocrites) asked them on the behalf of the
Prophet to leave Madina & so in Shawwal 700 Jews of the Banu Qainuqa
tribe left for Syria
Year 3
Battle of Uhud
Reasons
● Defeat at Badr was an insult to the Quraish’s pride
● They started fresh preparations to launch an overall attack against the
Muslims in order to restore their blemished prestige and wounded pride
● Were determined to crush the strength of Islam, messengers were sent to
different tribes to join the cause
● Decided the profits of the escaped caravan should be devoted for providing
equipment to the army
Event
● 3000 pitched warriors of whom 700 were mailed soldiers & 200 well
mounted cavalry with 3000 camels & 15 women marched towards Madina with
Abu Sufyan as their leader
● Abbas the Prophets uncle sent a message to the Prophet warning him
● Thus the whole of Madina was put on high alert & all the men were heavily
armed even during prayer
● Makkan army encamped themselves at a place called Ainain near Mount Uhud
● Prophet consulted his companions about the situation
● Companions favored to fortify Madina & Prophet also wanted this but Muslim
youth wished to fight in the open field so Prophet yielded to their wishes &
put on his armor
● On 6 Shawwal after offering Friday prayer he marched with 1000 soldiers
● On the way to Uhud, Abdullah bin Ubai rebelled & withdrew 300 of his
supporters saying,”We do not know why we should kill ourselves.”
● Aimed at breaking the high morale of the believers
● Despite the fact the army was left with only 700 men muslims were filled
with the enthusiasm of faith & wanted to defend the truth at all costs
● Prophet reached Uhud on 15 Shawwal
● Took up position within the rocks of Uhud to protect the rear
● There was the danger of an attack from the rear so Prophet appointed 50
archers on Mount Ainain under the command of Abdullah bin Jubair with
strict instructions not to leave the place at any cost whether they witnessed
the Muslims winning or losing the battle
● Battle began with Muslims in full command of the military action
● Warriors of Islam, Ali & Hamza killed a number of eminent leaders of
Quraish
● Muslims fought courageously & killed several non believers
● Demonstrated such a spirit of bravery that the non believer started to flee
● Hamza was martyred when Wahsi, a slave of Jubair bin Mut’im, hired by Hind
(Wife of Abu Sufyan) speared him to death
● Though the death of Hamza was a great loss muslims maintained full control
over the whole situation
● When Makkan Army began to flee Muslim soldiers thought they had gained
victory & started collecting the war booty
● When the archers forgot the orders of the prophet & left their posts to
partake in the booty Abdullah bin Jubair reminded them about the prophet's
warning but they did not listen
● Only 10 archers remained
● When Khalid Bin Waleed saw this he went round to the other side of the
mountain with his group & after killing the remaining archers attacked the
Muslims who were busy in collecting the booty
● Makkan army also returned to counterattack
● when Muslims found themselves under the sword of the enemy they panic
and complete confusion prevailed among them
● A lot of them got confused and did not know where to go
● At this awkward moment they heard someone calling,”Muhammad is killed.”
● This news made them even more bewildered & their morale broke down
● Soon they realized that it was a rumor & the prophet was alive
● Muslims soon recovered their spirits, came round to their senses & started
fighting
● In reality the prophet had fallen in a ditch after being badly hit by a rock
thrown at him but recovered with the help of his companions & managed to
climb up the hill
● During his withdrawal the idolaters started their last attack upon the
Muslims, but muslims fought them till they drove them down the mountain
● Later Quraish hunted for the bodies of the martyrs & mutilated them
● Hind mutilated the dead body of Hamza, chewed his liver in order to avenge
the death of her father Utbah who was killed by him in Battle of Badr
● When Makkans got ready for departure Abu Sufyan said loudly,”’Today we
have taken the revenge of Badr.This for that.War is attended with alternate
success.’Umar replied,’No! They are not the same. Our killed men are housed
in paradise;yours are in fire.’”
● 70 Muslims martyred,22 Makkans killed
● Prophet spent the night pondering over the situation
● Feared the idolaters might regret withdrawing & decide to invade Madina
● Next morning he ordered the Muslim army to march on & encounter the
enemy of Islam
● Muslims marched & encamped at Hamra’ Al-Asad
● Prophets guess was right & when Quraish got to know about the presence of
the Muslims they deemed it safest to go back
Significance of Battle of Uhud
● Battle taught a great lesson to Muslims that they should obey the prophet in
all conditions & remain united & discipline
● Hypocrisy of the hypocrites was declared very openly to the Muslims
● Wisdom in this setback for Muslims is that if they are always able to
overpower some people who are not believers will join them & the truthful
will not be distinguished from the others, on the other hand if they
continuously face defeat & the objective of the mission will never be met so
the wisdom in the presence of both circumstances is a distinction between
the truthful & the deceitful
● Martyrdom is the highest rank of the true friends of Allah & many
companions were honored by martyrdom
● In Surah Aal-e-Imran rather than coming down hard on the Muslims Allah
addressed them with a mild approach
● Battle cannot be termed as ‘defeat’
Victory or defeat
● Both a Victory & a defeat
● Termed as Victory as Muslims did not lose any land or booty
● Termed as a defeat as archers failed to obey the Prophet, Prophet got severely
injured→Muslims failed to protect him & 70 Muslims were martyred & only 22
Quraish
Year 4
Expulsion of Banu Nadeer
● Jews were happy with the loss of lives of Muslims in the Battle of Uhud
● Banu Nadeer plotted to kill the Prophet when he went to ask them for Qisas
for a man who was accidentally killed by a Muslim
● Prophet was informed via revelation & so the Prophet laid siege to their
fortress for 15 days & they were forced to leave Madina
Year 5
Battle of Trench
Reasons
● The Quraish were preparing a larger army against the Muslims
● Banu-Nadeer wanted to reclaim their land
● Sent envoys to many tribes to join them to wipe out the Muslims, Banu-
Ghatfan, Banu-Kinana… & some Quraish tribes, army was of 10,000 men
Preparations
● News spread about this and the Prophet consulted his companions
● Agreed to Hz.Salman Farsi’s idea to dig a trench
● Deep trench was dug on the northern side of Madinah:
1. East+west was blocked by mountains
2. South was blocked by a civilian area and a fort
● 3000 Muslims including the Prophet dug the trench, faced starvation but
worked hard
● Banu Quraizah whose fortresses were part of the ‘protection plan’ were now
betraying the Prophet and joining the confederates
● Prophet sent Sa’ad bin Muaz & Sa’ad bin Ubaidah to Banu Quraizah to remind
them of the treaty with the Muslims but they replied,”We do not know who
Mohammed is & what is the treaty.”
Main Events
● Messenger from Ghatfan made an offer→If ⅓ of Madina’s produce from that year
was given to them they would leave, Prophet asked the Ansars what to do as
they were the ones who were responsible for Madinah & they rejected the
offer
● Confederates saw the trench & were shocked→new tactic
● Could not enter Madinah→whoever would go into the trench would guarantee
being killed
● Many skirmishes occured
● Once there was a man who kept putting his shield up & down to taunt the
Muslims but Sa’ad shot him in the head, killing him
● 1 day there was a very intense arrow fight so intense that the Muslims had
to miss multiple prayers, Sa’ad bin Muaz was injured badly
● Nauym-bin-Masood from the Ghatafan tribe came to the Prophet as he had
secretly accepted Islam & surrendered to the Prophet & joined him
● Prophet sent him on a mission to weaken the confederates
● Nauym went to Banu-Qurayzah & told them that if the confederates lost then they
could just escape the Muslims but they could not, Nauym said that they could ask for
some men from the other tribes and keep them→then the confederates would not be
able to leave & Qurayzah would not be attacked by Muslims
● Nauym then went to Quraysh and told them that Qurayzah are in
negotiations with the Prophet to bring back their agreement.They have
offered the Prophet some of your men to be executed so if they ask for any
men, do not give them any. He also told Banu-Ghatfan this
● Madina was under siege & Quraish were getting fed up with the long battle
so decided to do a full-scale attack the next day
● Sent a messenger to Quraizah to tell them this however,tomorrow was the
Day of Sabbath & they could not fight even if they wanted to, messenger
went back to Quraish & told them that he was certain they had joined the
Muslims
● Nuaym was successful in breaking up the alliance
● Later on, Allah sent a severe sandstorm that blew away the confederates
tents & caused their animals to run away, neither could fires be lit, Muslims
were also affected by the sandstorm
● Hudhayfah Ibn Al-Yaman was sent by the Prophet to infiltrate confederates
camps. Where he heard that Quraish had finally given up & were about to
leave, Ghatfan followed
Significance of Battle of Ahzab
● Defeat was a great loss for the Quraish as the influence received a serious
blow & trade route to Syria was blocked & they faced great disgrace
● Although Muslims faced starvation & severe cold with lack of provisions
their morale remain high, they remained united & steadfast & passed
through all these tribulations successfully
End of Banu Quraizah
● After battle, Prophet laid siege to their fortress for more than 25 days
until they finally surrendered & Prophet agreed to accept their request that
they be judged by their former ally Sa’ad bin Muaz
● Gave the decision that men would be killed, women & children made slaves &
their belongings be taken as booty
● As this was not the decision of the prophet but a commandment from their
own book they did not go against it
● Now there was no more inner threat in Madina
Miracles
● Hz. Nuaym converted & helped Muslims
● Allah sent a sandstorm
● Allah put fear into the confederates hearts
● At some point, a woman came to the Prophet and gave him a handful of
dates. He took the dates,threw them over his cloak and invited 196 followers
to eat from it. The dates began to increase in number until they dropped
over the trim of his robe
Year 6
Treaty of Hudaibiyah
● Prophet saw a dream of him and his followers performing Umrah
● 1400 companions including his wife (Umm-e-Salma) accompanied the Prophet
on the journey for Umrah
● Muslims carried no weapons with them except their sheathed swords, no
intention to fight
● Muslims carried no weapons with them except their sheathed swords as they
had no intention to fight
● On approaching Zul-Hulaifa, the Muslims sacrificed their sacrificial animals
and put on their Ihram
● Upon reaching Hudaibiya a man was sent by the Prophet to hunt around for
news of the enemy
● The Quraish had gathered to oppose the muslims & had blocked the road to
Makkah
● Muslims would fight no one unless they were forbidden from performing
Umrah
 ● Quraish held a meeting in which they considered the whole situation and
decided for reconciliation
● Uthman Bin Affan was sent to Abu-Sufyan to try to persuade the Muslims to
be allowed to offer Umrah
● Uthman was given permission to perform Umrah, but he declined saying,”How
is it possible that I avail myself of this opportunity while the prophet is
denied of it?”
Bait Ar-Rizwan
● Rumor spread that Quraish killed Uthman
● Muslims were very worried & took a pledge that they would avenge him no
matter what, called Bait Ar-Rizwan
● Rumor turned out to be false as Uthman returned from Makkah safe
● When Quraish saw the determination of the Muslims to shed the last drop
of blood for the defense of their faith, they realized Mohammad’s followers
could not be frightened by these tactics
● After some interchange of messages, Quraish agreed to conclude a treaty
of peace with the Muslims

Treaty of Hudaibiya

1. Muslims shall return this year without performing Umrah & come back next
year but they shall not stay in Makkah for more than 3 days

2. Shall not come back armed but can bring with them only sheathed swords &
they shall be kept in bags

3. War activities shall be suspended for 10 years

4. If anyone from Quraish goes to Mohammed without his guardians permission

he should be sent back

5. Whosoever wishes to join Mohammed or enter a treaty with him should have
the liberty to do so & likewise with the Quraish

● Suhail accepted Islam, imprisoned by his father but he managed to escape &
reach the Prophet. When Abu Jandal saw him he hit him on his head &
 claimed that the treaty had been concluded before he arrived & Prophet
agreed & told Sohail to be patient as he was being dragged away
● Non-Muslims now had ties with Muslims & visited Madina for business terms
● They saw the morals of the Muslims & Muslims won their hearts→number of
converts increased
● Khalid bin Waleed & Amr bin Al-Aas accepted Islam
Year 7
● Treaty of Hudaibiya allowed the prophet to spread Islam without any
problems from Quraish
● Prophet sent letters to 8 Kings & Emperors
● Negus (King of Abyssinia) accepted Islam
● Muqawqis (King of Egypt) did not accept Islam but behave respectfully
towards the Prophet,gifted him two maids out of which one was married to
the Prophet
● Khusro (King of Persia) was outraged. He ordered the Governor of Yemen to
arrest the Prophet. The Prophet told Khusro’s men that Khusro had been
killed last night.This was true as Khusro’s son had assassinated him & soon
Persia was in chaos.The Governor of Yemen embraced Islam
● Heraclius (Emperor of Byzantine) consulted some Arabs who were there on a
trade mission.Abu-Sufyan was taken in front of the Emperor and confirmed
the truthfulness of the Prophet.Heracleous remarked that this was the
message of the truth but he did not accept
● Munzir bin Sawa (Governor of Bahrain) accepted Islam,replied to the
Prophet asking him what to do about his people who did not accept Islam.
Prophet praised him & told him to pardon the offenders
● Huadhah bin Ali (Chief of Yamamah) replied to the Prophet claiming that he would
only accept Islam if he got a share of Madina.The Prophet said no→did not accept
Islam
● Harith Ghassani (King of Damascus) got angry by this letter and ordered his army to
attack Madinah.Muslims awaited an attack but it never came→did not accept Islam
● The Rulers of Oman were both brothers and both of them accepted Islam.
Accepted:Negus, Munzir bin Sawa,Rulers of Oman
Declined:Muqawqis, Khusro, Heraclius, Haudhah bin Ali, Harith Ghassani
Battle of Khyber
Reasons
● Jews did not like the reconciliation among the Quraish & Muslims→Treaty of
Hudaibiyah
● Jews wanted to regain their lost prestige
● Jews started planning an attack
● Prophet found out & ordered Muslims to prepare for an attack on Khyber
Events
● 1600 companions set out in Muharram
● Camped near Khyber and the next day after Fajr,proceeded to the Jew’s
forts
● The Jews were caught by surprise and shouted,”Mohammed has come along
with his force.”
● Prophet said,”Allah is great,Khyber is ruined….”
Battle Begins
● Immediately fortified themselves
● Main forts were Naim, Sulaim & Qamus
● Muslims got so hungry they started killing wild donkeys & began cooking the
meat,when Prophet found out he told them to throw away the meat & cleanse
the pots
● The Prophet did not want a long siege
● When he realized Jews were armed he ordered Muslims to attack
● First battle took place at Naim, Mahmood bin Muslima was martyred but the
fort was captured
● Muslims took over all the small forts but it was difficult to capture Qamus
● Fight prolonged 20 days & each day they returned unsuccessful
● One night Prophet said,”Tomorrow I will give the standard to a man who
loves Allah & his Prophet & Allah & his Prophet loves him.”
● Next morning everyone gathered around the Prophet hoping it was them
● Prophet called for Ali who had developed an eye sore
● Prophet applied his saliva to his eye & it was cured
● Prophet asked Ali to lead the battalion & extend an invitation to Islam prior
to that
● Seeing the Muslims Ali Marhab the famous warrior came out to fight but
was killed by a single stroke of Ali’s sword & fort Qamus was captured
Conclusion
● Jews knew they were defeated
● Requested Prophet to grant them peace on the condition that they would
give half of all the produce of Khyber every year
● Prophet accepted their request & their women, children, lives & property
were left untouched
● Huge supply of dates & booty was recovered
● Muslims martyred were 16 or 18 and Jews killed were 93
● Muslims never went hungry after this battle
● Acquired best weapons of that time from Jews
Prophet Performs Umrah
● According to the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, Muslims could now perform Umrah
● After the Battle the Prophet and 2000 men, some women & children went to
perform Umrah with 60 sacrificial camels
● Muslims feared treachery of the Quraish but the Quraish left the place &
retired to their tents on the adjoining hills
● Muslims tried their best to appear strong & steadfast as some polytheists
had spread rumors that the fever of Yathrib had sapped the Muslims
strength
Year 8
Battle of Mu’tah
Reasons
● Prophet sent Harith bin Umair Al-Azdi to carry a letter for the ruler of
Basra inviting him to Islam
● On the way he was met by Shurahbeel bin Amr Al Ghassani,governor of Al-
Balqa & a close ally of Caesar
● Harith bin Umair was hung & killed by Al-Ghassani
● Killing envoys or messengers at this time was a crime which amounted to the
degree of declaration of war
Events
● Prophet was shocked upon hearing the news & ordered an army of 3000 be
dispatched to discipline the transgressors
● Zaid bin Haritha was appointed leader, Jafar to succeed him & Abdullah to
succeed Jafar
● Prophet told them to first invite them to Islam, if they accept no war is
needed if they refuse there is no alternative but to fight
Battle Begins
● Enemy army size was 100,000
● Muslims decided to launch a direct attack→shows their courage
● All the selected leaders were martyred & Muslims chose Khalid bin Waleed
as their new leader
● He used many strategies to allow the Muslims to safely retreat & strike fear
in the hearts of the enemies
● Reshuffled the right & left flanks & introduced forward,a division from the
rear to cast fear into the hearts of the enemy letting them believe
reinforcements had come
● Skirmishes occurred
● Next day he spread out his men in a long line as if he was going to envelop
the enemy,this scared them & made them stop their pursuit
● Thus Khalid bin Waleed according to his plan,tactically withdrew the Muslim
army from Mu’tah & brought them back with minimum losses
Result
● Resulted in a far-ranging impact & attached a great reputation in the battle
fields to the Muslims
● Proved that Muslims were strong & determined
● The Bedouins began to reconcile themselves with Islam & many headstrong
tribes came to embrace Islam
Treaty of Hudaibiya Being Dissolved
● Banu Bakr joined Quraish & Banu Khuza'a joined Muslims
● Lived in peace for some time
● Quraish incited the Banu Bakr to attack the Khuza’a’
● Without caring about the clauses of the treaty & taking advantage of the
night Banu Bakr attacked Banu Khuza'a'
● Pressed by their enemies the tribesmen of Khuza’a’ took shelter in the
Kabah, but there too they were not spared
● Nawafil the chief of Banu Bakr chased them inside the Haram of the Kabah
where bloodshed was forbidden
● Prophet sent 3 options to the Quraish & asked them to accept only one:
1. Pay blood money
2. Terminate their alliance with Banu Bakr
3. To consider the treaty of Hudaibiya nullified
● Quraish chose the 3rd one, immediately realized the grave situation &
feared the horrible consequences
● Abu Sufyan went to Madina to ask the Prophet to renew the treaty
● Immediately went to see the Prophet but the latter was well aware of his
tricks & did not give him any assurance
● He then went to Fatima, then Abu Bakr, then Umar ,then Ali who did not do
anything
● Thus Abu Sufyan returned to Makkah in a state of bitter disappointed &
submitted a report of his meeting
Conquest of Makkah
● Quraish had been terrorizing the Muslims for a long time & Prophet told the
Muslims to prepare for war
● Prophet kept his plans secret so the common man did not know of them→surprise
attack
● On the 10th of Ramadan Muslims proceeded to Makkah with 10,000 soldiers
● Quraish did not know about this & Prophet didn't want to take them by surprise
so ordered all the Muslims to light a separate fire for themselves on reaching the
outskirts of Makkah→tactic to make the Muslim army appear larger
● Abbas told Abu-Sufyan about the Muslims & advised him to accept Islam,
Abu-Sufyan went to meet the Prophet & embraced Islam
● On Abbas’ request Abu-Sufyan warned the Quraish about any hostilities
toward the Muslims & told them to seek safety in the Ka’abah, in their own
house or his house
● Prophet with the Ansar & Muhajireen went to the idol infested Kaabah
● Over there Prophet knocked down all the idols with his bow while
reciting,“And say Truth has come & Batil has vanished. Surely! Batil is ever
bound to vanish.”
● Then returned from the Kaabah & asked Quraish what they thought he
would do to them
● They replied,“We expect nothing but goodness from you.”→showed his
reputation, even his enemies knew he was forgiving & kind
● It was nearing the time of prayer so Prophet asked Bilal to recite the Azaan
and it was called out from the Kaaba & Prophet the prayer
● Prophet stayed in Makkah for 19 days in which he guided the people
Results
● Destroyed paganism
● Arabs were able to tell the difference between the truth & falsehood &
hasten to accept Islam
● Makkah was conquered
Battle of Hunain
Reasons
● The ruling tribes of Taif, Banu Saqif & Banu Hawazain were disturbed by the
fall of the Makkans as now they were in danger
Events
● Malik Bin Awf decided to march to fight the Muslims
● Camped in the valley of Hunain & posted their archers covering the pass in
the valley from where the Muslims would cross
● As Prophet got news about this he asked the Muslims to get ready & their
army was 12000
● Seeing how great they were in numbers some of them said,“We shall not be
defeated.”, not liked by Allah
● Muslims marched towards the valley & as they advanced they were showered
with arrows from all sides
● Muslims fell back & started fleeing except for some who stood with the
Prophet
● Abbas called out to the other Muslims & called them back
● Muslims came & attacked with all their might shouting “Labbaik! Labbaik!”
● Allah aided the Muslims with Angels
● Prophet threw dust towards the enemy saying,“May your faces be shameful.”
● Enemy began to retreat & left their women, children & cattle behind
Result
● Large booty of 24,000 camels, 40,000 sheep & 40,000 ounces of silver was
gained
● 70 men of Banu-Saqif were killed & 6000 taken captive
● Prisoners & booty was sent to Wadi-Al-Ji'ranah while the Muslim army
chased the fleeing enemy
Siege of Ta’if
● Malik Bin Awf fled to Taif & Prophet laid siege to Taif
● Siege lasted a month
● Showered arrows and rocks from inside the forts
● Some Muslims were wounded & 12 martyred
● Prophet left the enemy but prayed for them
● Soon a delegation from Hawazain came & met the Prophet asking for him to
return their captives
● Muslims set their captives free
● Delegation of the Banu-Saqif came & accepted Islam
Historical Speech of Prophet
● While distributing the booty among the Muslim soldiers, Prophet gave a large
amount of booty to the new converts to make them feel more inclined
towards Islam
● This embittered the Ansar as they had worked hard but had gotten less
booty
● On hearing this the Prophet called them and spoke to them
● Asked them various questions & told them that the Quraish can take their
booty but that they got to take Muhammad & he even said that if all the
people were going in one way & while the Ansar was going in another, He
would go with the Ansar
● On hearing this the Ansars wept so much & while sobbing they said loudly:
“We need only Muhammad.”
● Then Prophet explained that whatever the new converts got was not their
right but was given to acquaint them
● Convincing speech removed Ansaars misunderstandings about him with
regard to the generosity of Islam
Year 9
Tabuk Expedition
Reasons
● Islam started spreading throughout Arabia
● Byzantine watched Muslims triumph with anxiety
● Decided that an attack would hamper the growth of Islam
● Romans began preparing a huge army
Events
● When the Prophet got this news he could not risk waiting for the enemy
● Therefore he told his companions to get ready
Preparations for Muslims
● The weather was extremely hot & it was time for harvesting the crops
● Prophet encouraged the Muslims to get ready for Jihad & to pay charity
● Everyone donated with great zeal, even those who didn't earn much
● Abu-Bakr brought all his property, Umar gave half his property, Adur-
Rahman bin Awf gave 200 hundred ounces of silver, Abu Aqeel Ansari gave
half a kilo of dates he earned from working in a Jew’s garden all night
● No-one abstained from spending except the hypocrites
● Neither did they accompany the Prophet for war complaining about heat &
they also tried to stop others from participating
● Ali also wanted to come along but Prophet told him to stay back for the
purpose of safety
● In Rajab Muslims set out to Tabuk with an army of 30,000
● However, there was a great shortage of provisions & people had to mount 1
camel alternately
● After about 14 days Muslims encamped at Tabuk
● Romans had spies all over the country & knew about the Muslims
preparations for war
● They & their allies were so terrified that none of them dared to fight
● At Tabuk, the head of the Ailah made a treaty with the Prophet & agreed to
pay Jizya
● Christian tribes also paid him tribute as well
● Prophet sent them all letters guaranteeing their safety and peace
Return to Madinah
● Muslims stayed at Tabuk for 20 days then returned
● Hypocrites who stayed back offered lame excuses
● Prophet asked Allah to forgive them
● 3 companions stayed back due to procrastination
● Prophet ordered no-one to speak to them until they admitted their mistake
● They were shunned from the community & they were boycotted
● After 50 days Allah accepted their repentance
Significance
● Confirmed the influence & domination of the Muslims
● At Tabuk Muslims achieved great political benefits
● Hypocrites gave up their attempts,realized their attempts were worthless
Year 10
● Prophet announced he was going for Hajj so crowds of people came wanting
to accompany him
● In the Month of Zil Qa’dah,Prophet proceeded with 10,000 followers &
reached Makkah after 8 days
● Upon reaching Masjid-Al-Haram,he performed Umrah & Sa’ee
● Then left for Mina where he performed the 5 prayers
● Next morning reached Arafat where a tent was erected for him
● Then mounted his camel & reached Jabal-e-Rahma where 100,000 people
gathered for Him
● There he stood up & delivered his historic speech
The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah Hajja-Tul-Wida)
1. Protection of life property & Honor
2. Usury prohibited
3. Rights of Women
4. Performance of the pillars of Islam
 5. Brotherhood and Equality: ‘All mankind is from Adam & Hawwa;an Arab
has no superiority over a non-Arab,nor a non-Arab has any superiority
over an Arab;also a white has no superiority over a black nor does a
black have any superiority over a white except by piety & good action.’
6. Rights of slaves
7. Day of Judgment
8. Finality of the Prophet
9. Adherence to Quran & Sunnah,”I leave behind me two things,the
Quran and the Sunnah and if you follow these you will never go
astray.”
10. Message to be Conveyed
11. Inquiry from the Pilgrims about the message,”& if you were asked
about me, what would you say?”
Pilgrims replied,”We bear witness that you have conveyed the message
& discharged your ministry.”
He then raised his forefinger skywards then to the people while
saying,”O Allah,Bear witness.”
● After the Sermon Allah revealed a verse of the Quran,”Today I have
perfected your religion for you….”
Significance of the Farewell Sermon
● Points of Sermon can be applied to anyone, Muslim or Non-Muslim
● Emphasizes establishing a society where peace & righteousness prevail
● Envisions a society free from lawlessness & disorder
● Abolishing Usury made sure that the rich will not develop a lust for wealth
● Prophet made it clear that men & women have equal rights
● Instructed Muslims to be kind to the slaves
● Regarding the retribution of murder, Prophet taught his people to forgive
the wrongs done to them by their enemies
Year 11
Demise of the Prophet
● Began to show signs of his departure from this world:
1. His words in the Farewell Sermon, “I do not know whether after this
year, I shall be amongst you again.”
 2. In Ramadan he recited the Quran twice with Angel Jibreel rather
than the usual once
3. The revelation of Surah-An-Nasr was a clear indication that the
Prophet’s life was nearing an end
4. On the day before his death,He set all his slaves free,paid charity &
gave his weapons to the Muslims
● 12 Rabi-ul-Awwal, Prophet passed away when he was 63
The companions reaction to Prophet death
● This was a great loss for the Muslims & all were grieving
● Anas said,“I never witnessed a day…more awful or darker than the one on
which the Prophet died.”
● Umar drew his sword & declared that he would kill anyone who said the
Prophet had passed away
● Abu Bakr recited a verse for the Muslims in order to comfort them

Relations Between Muslims And Jews

10 Marks Pattern
1 A.H,Charter of Madinah with Jews
● Migrated to Madina,new Islamic State
● 3 Jewish tribes settled in Madina
● Prophet signed treaty with them called Charter of Madina
Few clauses of the charter
1. In any Military Expedition,Jews are expected to support the Mulsims & to
contribute to the cost of war.At the same time,Jews are not allowed to
assist the opponents of the Muslims & Muslims will not support their enemies
2. If Muslims want to make peace with someone,Jews will be bound to join in
this effort
3. Jews who submit to the authority of the Muslims are entitled to the same
rights as Muslims without any injustice or partisanship
4. If any contracting parties want to disassociate themselves from this
covenant,they can only do so with the Prophets permission
5. Every clan shall redeem its prisoners with kindness and justice
2 A.H,Banu Quainuqa were expelled
● Jews of Banu Quainuqa kept humiliating & harassing the muslims
● When an Ansari Women went to a Jew’s shop he molested her
● On hearing her cries a passing by Muslim took her side & in the fight the
Jew died
● Thereafter a number of Jews came & killed the Muslim
● On hearing about the incident Prophet went to them & said,”Fear Allah
lest,Allah's curse should fall on you as in Badr. ”Jews replied,”We are not
Quraish. In case of War we will teach you a lesson.”
● When they declared war Prophet had to fight them & they shut themselves
in their fortresses
● Muslims laid siege,14 days long
● Jews submitted & Prophet asked them to leave Madina
● 700 Jews of the Banu Quainuqa left for Syria in Shawwal
Behavior of Banu Nadeer including Kaab Bin Ashraf
4 A.H,Banu Nadeer were expelled:
● Jews were happy with loss of lives of Muslims
● Banu Nadeer tried to kill the Prophet when he asked them to pay blood
money of some people who were killed by a Muslim, mistakenly
● Banu Nadeers leader made a plan to kill the Prophet but he was informed via
revelation
● Prophet laid siege to their fortress
● After 15 days they surrendered & left Madina
● Most went to Khyber while some went to Syria
5 A.H,Role of Banu Nadeer the Battle of Trench
● Jews were eager to avenge their lost pride
● Allied with a number of tribes,planned to attack Madina with an Army of 10k
● Made Banu Quraizah’s turn against the Muslims in this crucial time
● Whole Battle of Trench was their doing
5 A.H Banu Quraizah betrayed Muslims, punished
● Broke the Treaty & when confronted pretended not to know anything
● After the other tribes outside Madina retreated Muslims turned their
attention to the last inside threat of Madina
● Jewish tribe of Banu Quraizah Had helped the enemy against the
Muslims,agreed to provide them the way to the Muslim camps & stop their
supplies
● After battle Prophet laid siege to their fortress for over 25 days
● Finally surrendered & were judged by their former ally,Sa’ad ibn Muaz
● Men were killed,women & children made slaves & belongings taken as booty
● 3 major Jewish tribes were no longer in alliance with prophet & were
removed from Madina
7 A.H,Khyber was a result of the role of Banu Nadeer
● Planning to attack Madina→cause of battle of Khyber
Result of Khyber
● After battle Muslims emerged as the most powerful force in Arabia
● Jews lost their power & prestige after the conquest of Khyber
● This victory finished the supremacy of the Jews

● After Khyber,Jewish woman tried to poison the Prophet & was killed as a
punishment because a companion died

Qualities of the Holy Prophet

Love of Allah
● Ayesha related that Prophet once kept awake all the night reciting only 1
verse
● Prophet was never at ease except when he performed prayer
● Eagerly look forward to the time when he would again be paying homage to
Allah
● Prophet often remarked,”The comfort of my eyes lies in prayers”
● Companions related that whenever he had any trouble he used to prostrate
in supplication to Allah
Honesty and Fair Dealings
● Extremely honest & fair in his dealings, most truthful merchant who never
made a wrong statement
● Earned the titles of As Sadiq (the truthful) & Al Ameen (the trustworthy)
● Even his enemies trusted him for his honesty & fair dealing & even entrusted
their valuables with him
● Abu Jahl the bitterest enemy did not regard him as a liar
● When Prophet decided to migrate to Madina, he left Ali behind to return all
the deposits to their owners
● Once the prophet sold some camels to a man, afterwards he remembered
that one of them was lame. He at once mounted his horse & went to search
for the man,on finding him he returned the price of that camel & took it
back
● His honesty & fair dealings are unparalleled
Hospitality
● Even before the status of Prophethood he was known as a hospitable &
generous person
● He used to feed the poor,the needy,the widows & the orphans
● His house was open to all,rich & poor,friend & foe all came to him & were
treated very generously
● Nobody ever went back without having received something from him
● His hospitality was not only confined to Muslims but was also extended to
the non Muslims
Forgiveness
● Prophet never took revenge on anyone for personal reasons & forgave even
his most staunch enemies
● Believed & taught that love could foil hatred & aggression could be won over
by forgiveness
● Even forgive the two people who killed Zainab his daughter & even forgave
Hind & even forgave the people of Taif & instead prayed for them
● Forgave all the people of Makkah,”No reproach on you this day,go your
way,for you are the freed ones”
Self Reliance and Bravery
● In battle of Hunain when the enemy showered arrows the Muslims scattered
in confusion but Prophet remained steadfast & pressed ahead spurring his
mule
● Ali said,”In the battle of Badr we took protection behind Allah’s messenger
against the idolaters.He was the bravest of all.”
Generosity
● Generous person by nature
● Never said no to a request
● Once a Bedouin came to him & saw his herd of goats, he requested for all of
them & Prophet gave him the whole herd grazing between two mountains
● In the battle of Hunain Muslims captured 24,000 camels, 40,000 goats &
40,000 Auqiya of silver as booty but he didn’t touch a single thing &
distributed all the booty & returned home
● Another example, in the battle of Trench when Prophet was starving & was
invited to dinner he didn’t just come himself but invited everyone digging the
Trench
Justice
● Even recognised by his enemies
● “If my daughter Fatima would have committed this crime I would have
passed the same order as I passed against this woman”
Humility
His Behavior
Towards Women
● Was very kind towards women
● Women were very badly treated in those times but he gave them honor &
dignity equal to men in the community
● Usually it was men who were around the prophet and women did not get any
time to listen to him or inquire from him about their problems,thus women
requested him to appoint one day for them for this purpose & Prophet
accepted their request & appointed a day for them
Towards Slaves
● “They are your brothers,give them to eat what you eat,give them to wear
what you wear”
● Whenever he received any slaves he always gave them freedom but they
could never free themselves from his kindness & generosity
● Example of Zaid bin Harith,Prophet freed him & gave him choice to go with
his father who had come to take him but he refused & wanted to stay with
the Prophet
Towards Sick People
● Went to the sick people to inquire about their health & advised Muslims to
follow this practice
Towards Animals
● Forbade his companions to keep animals hungry or thirsty,to disturb or to
overburden them
● Commanded kindness towards animals & taught that putting them at ease
was a meritorious act tending to bring people nearer to Allah
● Prohibited killing animals for mere sport
Towards Companions
● Loved his companions very much
● Had deep feelings & affection for them
● Each one thought the Prophet loved him more
● Special bond
Towards Non-Muslims
● Treated non Muslims with the best conduct
● Never cursed at them or complained about their attitude
● Won the hearts of his enemies
● Best examples:Visit to Ta’if, Conquest of Makkah
Simplicity
● Means living with few things & not being extravagant even when you have the
chance
● Prophet did things with his own hands rather than asking others such as
milking his goats, patching his clothes, mending his shoes
● Worked on the construction of the mosque & digging of the trench with
everyone else
● Disliked when companions stood up for him when he entered
● Would eat as others eat & sit on the floor as others sat
● Ate his meals with people from any class of society & ate very little
● Slept on a simple mattress
First Islamic Community
Ten Blessed Companions
Hazrat Abu Bakr
● Prophet changed his name to Abdullah
● Belonged to Banu Taym. His father was known as Abu Quhafa
● Two years younger than the Prophet & his closest friend
● Was away from evil things even before Islam, never did idle worshiping
● One of the few literate people of Makkah
● Rich merchant
● First free adult man to accept Islam, accepted without hesitation. Prophet
said,”whenever I invited someone towards Islam he showed reluctance but
Abu Bakr believed in me without argument.”
● Many people accepted on his invitation
● Bought & freed many Muslim slaves like Bilal
● Defended Prophet when Makkan attacked him
● Prophet called him As-Siddique
● Joined Prophet in his migration. Arranged the camels & his daughter
prepared the meal. Entered cave Thawr & cleaned it & filled all the holes for
the Prophet's safety from poisonous insects. Placed his foot on one of the
holes & snake stung his foot, but he did not move his leg as the Prophet was
sleeping in his lap. His tears fell on the Prophet then Prophet applied his
saliva on his foot the pain vanished
● Bought the plot for Masjid Nabvi
● Became father in law of the Prophet when he married Hazrat Ayesha
● Present in all battles & other events. Prophet always asked for his
suggestion in important matters
● Only companion who supported Prophets view point in Treaty of Hudaibiya
● Donated all his wealth at the time of the Tabuk Expedition
● Made Ameer ul hajj by profit in 9AH
● Lead the prayers when the Prophet was ill
● When Prophet died he delivered the speech & consoled all companions
● Suggested where Prophet will be buried
Hazrat Umar Farooq
● Very brave, strong & influential person
● Father Khattab belonged to Banu A’di
● Was a staunch idol worshiper & opposed Islam in the beginning
● Prophet prayed for his guidance
● Was literate & had a lot of interest & good command over literature
● Conversion written in life in Makkah year 6
● With his conversion persecutions reduced
● Migrated to Madina openly & no one dared to intercept him
● Had the dream about the way of Azaan
● Was a wise person & many revelations were revealed after his suggestion
● When Prophet was going to offer funeral prayer for a non Muslim Umar
tried to stop him but he refused. On this Allah revealed,”& never pray for
any of them who died nor stand at his grave.”
● Prophet said,”If there would be any Prophet after me Umar would be that
Prophet…”
● Was present in battles & other events
● Donated half of his wealth in Tabuk expedition
● Played important role in election of Abu Bakr
● Gave idea of compilation of Quran
● Known as Farooq as he easily distinguished between truth & falsehood
Hazrat Uthman ibn Affan
● Belong to tribe of Banu Umayya
● Away from all bad practices even before Islam
● First patient to accept Islam from his tribe
● Tortured by his uncle but never renounced his faith
● Ruqayyah was given in his marriage & they migrated to Abyssinia.
● Migrated to Madina & got the honor of double migration
● In Madina he bought the only well of drinking water from a jew for 20000.
Prophet gave him the tidings of Jannah
● Took part in all battles except Badr as his wife was not well
● After the death of Ruqayyah Umme Kulthum was given in his marriage & was
given the title Zunnurain. On her death Prophet said,”If I had another
daughter I would have given her in the marriage of Uthman.”
● He said,”Even Angels appear with modesty in front of Uthman.”
● Donated 1000 dinar & 200 camels laden with sacks of dates in Tabuk
Expedition. Prophet gave him the tidings of Jannah again
● Also a frequent scribe of revelation. First person who wrote the Quran with
his hand
● During Umar's caliphate once there was famine in Madina. He distributed his
whole caravan of food free of cost among people. Known as Ghani for his
generosity
Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib
● Son of a Abu Talib & belong to Banu Hashim
● Abu Talib was poor so Prophet took responsibility of his upbringing
● Very close with the profit and was the first child to accept Islam, accepted
as he had full faith in Prophets truthfulness
● When Prophet invited Banu Hashim towards Islam, everyone rejected but he
said,”I'm the youngest of you, my feet may not be strong but O Muhammad!
I shall be your helper, whoever opposes you I shall fight him as a mortal
enemy.”
● Suffered difficulties in Makkah including the boycott, but remained firm &
steadfast
● Migrated to Madina & joined Prophet in Quba
● Prophet said,“You are my brother in this world & the hereafter.”
● Was a great warrior & played a significant role in all battles
● One of those who defended the Prophet during Uhud
● Scribe of the Treaty of Hudaibiya
● In Khyber…written in year 7 of life in Madina
● Due to his bravery & strength, he was called Asadullah
● Appointed Deputy of the Prophet in Medina during Tabuk expedition.
Prophet said,”You are to me as Haroon was to Musa.”
● Prophet appointed him as the Qazi of Yemen
● He washed the Prophet's body & lowered him into the grave
● Also a knowledgeable person & senior caliphs used to seek his advice in
important matters
● His idea to start the Islamic calendar from Hijrah
● Narrated about 500 Hadith
● Expert in interpretation of Quran, deducing Islamic laws, etc
● Prophet said,”I am the city of knowledge & Ali is its gate.”
● Lead an extremely simple life and never had wealth
Mothers of the Faithful
Hazrat Khadija bint Khuwailid
● Belonged to a noble & rich family
● Known by the by-names, Ameerat-Quraysh, Al Tahira & Khadija Al-Kubra
● Known as Tahira due to her pious character
● Widowed twice
● Sent Prophet to Syria with her merchandise & slave to observe his dealings.
After learning about his great character, she proposed to him through her
friend
● All of the prophet's children except Ibrahim were from her
● Comforted him after the first revelation
● Give him moral support, encouraged & consoled him throughout the difficult
Makkan life
● Khdija also invested her wealth in Islam. Used it to ransom Muslim slaves &
feed the Muslim community
● The year Khadija died Prophet named it Aam-ul-Huzn
● Prophet praised her & remembered her in good words
Hazrat Sawdah bint Zama’a
● She had one son Abdur Rahman
● First woman to immigrate to Abyssinia
● Her husband died & she was living with her age father
● Prophet married her in Ramadan in the year 10 of his prophethood a few
days after the death of Khadija, she was older than him
● Prophet married her to give her support & he also needed a wife for his
children & household chores
● She was simple and affectionate
● Migrated to Medina
● She never left her house after the Prophet's death, because he asked his
wife to spend a retired life after his death
● Passed away in 22.AH
Hazrat Ayesha
● Abu Bakr's daughter born in year 4 of prophethood
● Given marriage of the prophet on her father's wish
● Married at a young age as Allah wanted to store the Hadith of the prophets
through her
● Fond of learning. Used to ask many questions & had a very sharp & retentive
memory
● Prophet did justice among his wives but loved Ayesha the most
● Prophet lived with her in the last days of his life & his head was in her lap at
the time of his death. Prophet was buried in her room
● 2210 Ahadith. Had more than 200 students of Hadith
● Senior companions ask for her advice due to her knowledge
● After the assassination of Uthman she asked Ali to take the revenge of his
blood
● Due to the misunderstandings created by the mischief makers, she fought
against Ali in the Battle of Kamal
● She was defeated by Ali & he Sent her back to Madina respectfully
● Was aggrieved on the sad event & never took part in politics
● Passed away on 17 Ramadan 58.AH & buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi
Hazrat Hafsa
● Daughter of Umar
● First husband was martyred in Badr
● Migrated to Abyssinia & later to Madina
● Umar asked Abu Bakr & Uthman if they would like to marry her but they
both declined because they knew that the Prophet had expressed an
interest in marrying her
● After the waiting period was over the Prophet married her
● She was fond of learning & used to exchange & knowledge with Ayesha
● After the death of her father, she became the custodian of the Mushaf
● She was very responsible & was concerned with the welfare of the Umma
● Women were also given important responsibilities in the early Muslim
community
● Passed away in 45.AH & was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi
Hazrat Umme Salamah
● Father was the leader of his tribe so she spent a very luxurious life
● Early convert, migrated to Abyssinia with her husband, came back then
migrated to Madina
● Husband died due to the injuries he received in Uhud
● After the Iddat Prophet made her in 4.AH
● Next to Ayesha in learning
● Fond of learning and used to stop doing everything when Prophet started a
sermon
● Outlived all the wives
● Died in 63.AH
Descendants of the Holy Prophet
Hazrat Zainab bint Muhammad
● Married to Abul Aas, son of Khadija's sister. Had 2 children, Ali & Omama
● When Prophethood was announced she accepted but her husband didn’t
● Makkan's used to demand he divorce her but he didn't as he loved her a lot
● Prophet asked him to send Zainab to Madina as now it was not allowed to live
with a non-Muslim husband
● She lived 6 years in Madina without marriage
● Later he also came to Madina & accepted Islam
● She died due to an injury inflicted to her by a non believer in 8.AH
● Prophet lead her funeral & she was by in Jannat-ul-Baqi
● Abul Aas would cry so profusely that people saw the Prophet weeping &
calming him down
● He would say,”By Allah I can't stand life anymore without Zainab.”
● Died one year after Zainab
Hazrat Ruqayyah
● Given in the Nikka of Utah, son of Abu Lahab before prophethood
● When prophethood was announced Abu Lahab forced his sons to divorce the
daughters of the prophet
● Was given in marriage to Uthman, both migrated to Abyssinia
● Prophet said,”It is the first couple to migrate in the way of Allah after
Ibrahim & his wife.”
● Son was born in Abyssinia, named Abdullah but died in 4.AH when he was 6
● She came back to Makkah in the 10th year then migrated to Madina
● Fell ill & passed away in 2.AH. People were returning after her burial when
the news of victory in Badr reached Madina so Prophet didn’t attend her
burial
● Buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi like all his daughters
Hazrat Umme Kulthum
● Given in Nikka of Utaibah, son of Abu Lahab
● Migrated to Madina with Hazrat Sawdah
● After the death ofRuqayyah she was given in marriage to Uthman in 3.AH
● Passed away in 9.AH when her husband was away on Tabuk expedition
Hazrat Fatimah
● Youngest daughter
● Born in first year of Nabuwwat when he was 41
● Title is “al-Zahra” & is commonly referred to as Fatima Zahra. Also known as
“al Batul” as she spent much of her time in prayer, reciting Quran & other
acts of worship
● Migrated to Madina with Hazrat Sawdah
● Given in the marriage of Hazrat Ali in 2.AH
● Gave birth to Hassan, Hussain, Mohsin, Zaynam & Umme Khultum
● In Battle of Uhud when her father was injured she tended to him
● Prophet called her,”Head of the ladies in Paradise.”
● Once she asked the Prophet for a slave girl but the Prophet said,”Shouldn't
I tell you a better thing than a slave girl & asked her to say 33 times
Subhanallah, 33 times Alhamdulillah & 34 times Allah-o-akbar. It is called
Tasbeeh e Fatimah
● Ali & Fatima fasted for 3 days continuously without eating food giving it
away to a beggar, an orphan & a prisoner who arrived at the door & asked for
 food. The verse in Surah Dahr revealed in praise of their extremely
charitable act in the way of Allah
● Prophet loved her a lot & used to stand up to welcome her, kiss her forehead
& offer his place to sit when she came to meet him
● When Ali intended to marry Abu Jahal's daughter she was very grieved &
expressed it to the Prophet. Prophet said to Ali,”Fatima is a part of my body
whoever grieves her grieves me.”
● Prophet informed here that she would be the first from his family to join
him in paradise
● Passed away 6 months after the Prophet's death in 11.AH & was buried in
Jannat-ul-Baqi
Hazrat Hassan ibn Ali
● Born in 3.AH, called Shabbar as he was handsome & just like the Prophet in
appearance & style
● Prophet loved Hassan & Hussain so much he called them flowers of paradise.
Used to play with them & kiss them out of love. Called them the leaders of
the youth of paradise. Got their knowledge from the Prophet & Ali. Played
important role in expansion of Empire in Persian side
● After the death of Ali he was appointed as the caliph
● Appeared another conflict was in the making. Hassan leading 40,000
marched to Madina where he had to confront Ameer Muawiya governor of
Syria who had a huge army. Small squad was leading the army of Hassan.
Rumors spread that the squad had a clash with the enemy & suffered
defeat. People responsible for the rumor were never identified. Upon
hearing the rumor Kufi forces revolted & not only looted his camp but also
manhandled him. Had to take refuge in Choroes palace. This incident shook
the confidence of Hassan in his Kufi supporters therefore sent word to
Ameer for peace talks. Ameer not only accepted but sent a blank cheque for
a settlement in accordance with the terms of Hassan, who laid down the
following conditions:
1. Tax collection from Ahwaz shall be paid to Hassan
2. Grant of 2 million dirham be paid to Hussain annually
3. Banu Hashim shall be preferred in the distribution of allowances & grants
4. General amnesty be declared for all who took part in the battle
● Ameer accepted these terms & peace was restored
● In accordance with the prophecy of the Prophet about Hassan when he had
said,”Through my son Hassan, Allah will bring about peace between two
waning factions of Muslims.”
● It was an honor bestowed on Hassan by Allah but the Sabites were highly
indignant at his peace move. Called him names & taunted him,”Ya Aar Al-
Momineen” & “Ya Mozill Al-Momineen”
● Poisoned in 50.AH
● Poisoned by the mischief makers who were angry on his effort for Muslim
unity
● Poisoned him & blamed Ameer to restart rivalry between Banu Hashim &
Banu Umayyam
Hazrat Husain ibn Ali
● Born in 4.AH
● After Hassan-Muawiya treaty Hassan handed over power to Muawiya. Hassan
& Hussain moved to Madina. Following this Muawiya began the Umayyad
dynasty with its capital in Damascus. Brought an end to the era of the
Rightly Guided Caliphs. On his deathbed he appointed his son Yazid to
succeed him. It was his ijtihad that without nominating someone he would
leave the community in confusion which can lead to civil war again. Many
companions accepted Yazid, but some didn’t including Hussain
● Believed his succession was an attempt to establish an hereditary dynasty
● Many of Hussain's friends in Makkah advised him to make Makkah his base &
fight Yazid from there. Hussain had lots of supporters in Makkah & Medina
& advised him not to go to Kufa in Iraq
● Religious attitudes of Umayyad inspired people of Kufa to believe that
leadership of Muslim community belongs to the descendants of the Prophet
so urged Hussain to join them & come to Kufa to establish his caliphate. As
he prepared for the journey to Kufa Abdullah bin Umar & Abdullah bin
Abbas argued against it & if he was determined asked him to leave the
women & children in Makkah
● “Under the slightest pressure the Kufis would change their loyalties,” the 3
Ibad Allah warned him but he appeared to have taken firm decision brushing
aside all their pleadings & warnings proceeding placing his confidence in Allah
● First Hussain sent his cousin Muslim b. Aqeel to do survey in Kufa & send a
feedback but Yazid was informed about the development
● In Kufa Yazid replaced Noman with Ubayd-Allah ordering the later to
disperse the crowd supporting Aqeel without killing. Aqeel was found &
delivered to Ubayd-Allah & after agreeing with Aqeel to send a message to
Hussain with the following,”Return with your family, & don't be received by
the people of Kufa. They have misled you & me.” Ubayd-Allah killed Aqeel.
However message was not received by Hussain when he decided to leave
Makkah
● On the way he received report of Aqeels death at the hand of Yazid's men &
the apathy & indifference displayed by the people of Kufa at this incident &
also the news that the Kufis had shifted their loyalties to Yazid pledging
support to him against Hussain & his followers
● Now Hussain was in a dilemma: Should he continue his journey or return?
Arab tradition of avenging murder of their men at all costs was too strong
for him to resist. Besides close relatives of Akhil, who were accompanying
Hussain, declared their.Resolve to punish the assassins and continue their
march. For Hussain it was below his dignity to abandon them & return so he
decided to continue
● Meanwhile Aon & Mohammed arrived with their fathers message,”For God's
sake. Don't go to Kufa.” However, Hussain continued with these 2 boys
joining & arrived at the desert of Karbala
● Ziyad governor of Kufa arrived there with 1000 soldiers under his command
& offered 1 option to Hussain,”You can neither go to Kufa nor return to
Makkah. But you can go anywhere else you want.” Only course open for him
was damascus. It is very unfortunate that he turned down the offer &
continued his sojourn at Karbala, trying to win over the support of Ziyads
men because in his address to the Kufi’s he mentioned the persons by name
who had written letters to him pledging loyalty & support & pleaded with
 them to honor their pledges. Kufis fearing possibility of ensuing persecution
& punishment disowned their letters & denied their authorship
● Meanwhile reinforcements of 4000 under command of Amr ibn Sa’d arrived
at Kufa from Damascus. Talks of reconciliation continued, but Kufi's fearing
reprisals in case of reconciliation forced their leader to toughen his
attitude. Realizing this Hussain placed 3 options before them,”Allow me to
return to Makkah safely, or allow me to proceed to the frontiers of the
Muslim empire so that I may continue my campaign against non Muslims, or
allow me a safe passage to the capital, Damascus, where I may settle the
issue with Ameer Yazid in person.”
● Conspirators succeeded in undermining the reconciliation talks & forced Amr
Ibn Sa’d to corner Hussain. ”Either surrender unconditionally or get ready
for war,” they demanded. Obviously an unconditional surrender by Hussain
was a tall order & a challenge to his honor & dignity. He was constrained to
fight the enemy though heavily outnumbered. Thus, the Sabites conspiracy
to sabotage the peace talks just before the battles of Jamal & Siffeen was
successful once again & Hussain & all his camp followers were slain
mercilessly on the sands of Karbala. However, all of them displayed
unflinching courage & valor on the battlefield. He suffered many difficulties
but did not surrender. Finally killed On 10 Muharram 61.AH
● Gives us the lesson by his sacrifice that we must not compromise with
injustice even when if we need to sacrifice our life
The Events of the Battle
● Caravan of Muhammed’s family arrived at Karbala on 2 Muharram 61.AH
● Forced to pitch a camp on the dry bare land & the leader of the Vanguard of
Ubaidullah’s army, Hurr, stationed his army nearby
● Umar ibn Saad moved towards the battlefield with a strong army & arrived
on 2 Muharram
● Ibn Ziyad sent brief letter to ibn Saad, commanded,”Prevent Hussain & his
followers from accessing water & do not allow them to drink a drop.”
● Ibn Saad followed the orders
● Hussain's followers met ibn Saad & tried to negotiate some sort of access to
water, denied
● Water blockade continued till the end of the battle on 10
● Army started advancing towards Hussain's camp on the afternoon of 9
● On the night before battle, Hussain told his men they were free to leave but
non defected & all remained
● Hussain & his followers held a vigil & prayed all night
The day of the battle
● Muharram 10th, also called Ashura Hussain completed morning prayers with
his companions up
● Appointed Zuhayr ibn Qayn to command the right flank, Habib ibn Muzahir
the left & his half brother Al-Abbas ibn Ali as standard bearer
● Hussain called people around him to join for the sake of God to defend
Muhammed's family
● Speech affected Hurr, abandoned ibn Saad & joined Hussain’s small band
● On the other side, Yazid sent Shimer ibn Thil Jawshan to replace ibn Saad
as commander
● First skirmish was between Hussain’s right flank & Syrian army's left
● Couple dozen under command of Zuhayr fought heroically & repulsed the
initial infantry attack & in the process destroyed the left of the Syrian
army
● Seeing this Syrian army quickly retreated & broke pre-war agreement of not
using arrows & lances
● In order to prevent random & indiscriminate showering of arrows on
Hussain’s camp which had women & children in it, Hussain’s followers went
out to single combats
● Many men were slain in the fighting
● They were attempting to save Saad’s life by shielding him
● Every casualty had considerable effect on their military strength since they
were vastly outnumbered
● Hussain's companions were coming 1 by 1 to say goodbye even midst battle
● After almost all companions were killed by the onshore of arrows or lances
his relatives asked permission to fight
● Men of Banu Hashim went out 1 by 1
● 72 casualties
Death
● Hussain told Yazid's army to offer him single battle, accepted his request
● Killed everybody that fought him
● Frequently forced his enemy into retreat, killing great number of opponents
● His enemies invaded back toward him
● Continuously attacked each other until his numerous injuries caused him to
stay a moment
● At this time he was hit on his forehead with a stone
● Whilst cleaning the blood from his face he was hit on the heart with an
arrow & said,”In the name of Allah, and by Allah & on the religion of the
messenger of Allah,” then grasped & pulled the arrow out causing heavy
bleeding
● Enemies hesitated to fight him but decided to surround him
● At this time Abdullah ibn Hassan escaped from the tents & ran to Hussain
● When a soldier intended to slay Hussain he defended his uncle with his arm
which got cut off
● Hussain hugged him but the boy was already hit by an arrow
● Then Shimr dismounted his horse & cut his throat while he was prosecuting

Scribes of Divine Revelation

Hazrat Zayd ibn Thabit
● Very young at the time of Prophets migration to Madina
● Learn reading & writing from the captives of Badr
● Zayd’s widowed mother asked some of her male relatives to mention to the
Prophet her son's desire to be closely associated with him
● Learned Hebrew & Syriac languages on the Prophets command & became his
official interpreter & translator
● Prophet often called him & dictated him the revelations
● He reported,”Whenever the Prophet dictated me the verses I wrote them &
then recited them before him & made corrections if needed.”
● Took part in all other battles, including Yamama
● After Yamama he was appointed by Abu Bakr to compile the Quran which he
successfully did within his caliphate
● Umar once addressed the Muslims & said,”O people, whoever wants to ask
about the Quran, let him go to Zaid ibn Thabit.”
● During the caliphate of Uthman, he was again appointed to make copies of
the Quran in the dialect of Qureshi
● Died in 45.AH
Abdullah ibn Masood
● One of the earliest converts, 6th man to accept
● Remained closely attached to the Prophet, He & his mother were so close to
the Prophet that newcomers used to feel they were his family members
● Devoted himself completely to gain knowledge from the Prophet & left
tending goats
● First one to recite the Quran loudly in front of Makkan's→beaten by them
● Suffered persecutions, later migrated
● Took part in all battles & beheaded Abu Jahl in Badr
● He said,”I can tell you about every verse of the Quran why & where was it
revealed.”
● Prophet said,”If anyone likes to recite the Quran as fresh as it had
descended then he must recite it on the reading of Abdullah ibn Masood.”
● Was also an authority in the field of Hadith
● Passed away in 33 or 34.AH
Hazrat Ubay bin Ka’b
● From Khazraj tribe & accepted Islam in the pledges of Aqabah
● Senior & frequent scribe of revelations
● Wrote the last revelation
● Best reciter of Quran & Prophet encouraged companions to learn the Quran
from him
● When Umar Regulated Taraweeh he appointed him as the Imam
● Member of the consultative body to which Caliphs referred in many
problems
● Died in 29.AH
Hazrat Ameer Muawiya
● Son of Abu Sufyan, accepted Islam with his parents
● Prophet appointed him as his secretary & he wrote revelations on his
dictation
● Umar appointed him governor of Syria & he remained on his post during the
caliphate of Uthman
● Lead the first naval attack
● After the assassination of his uncle Uthman he demanded Ali to take
revenge & said he wouldn't accept Ali as Caliph until & unless he takes
revenge
● Ali ordered him to vacate the office of Governor of Syria but he refused
● Battle was fought between their forces which ended without result
● Ali left Syria in his hands
● Passed away in 60.AH
Relations with Non-Muslims
● All mankind are equal, all are children of Adam, all enjoy equal rights
● Islam commands religious tolerance towards non Muslims
● Muslims can invite them but not compel them to accept Islam
● Allah says,"Let there be no compulsion in religion.”
● Non Muslims enjoy complete religious freedom, places of worship are
protected & are allowed to construct new ones
● Life, property & honor of non Muslims are protected in an Islamic state
● During Umar's caliphate a Muslim usurped a piece of land that belonged to a
jew & constructed a mosque on it, when Umar learned about it he ordered
the mosque demolished & returned the land
● Islam commands kindness & just treatment of non-muslims, Prophet said,”If
anyone wrongs a man to whom a treaty has been granted or burdens him
above his strength, I will advocate against him on the day of judgment.”
● Should be treated justly in court, Allah says,”If they do come to you either
judge between them or decline to interfere. If you decline they cannot hurt
you in the least. If you judge, judge in equity between them.”
● Allowed to practice their customs even if they oppose the teachings Islam
● Should be protected, Allah says,”If one amongst the pagans asks you for
asylum grant it to him.”
● Allah says,”O you who believe! Take not into your intimacy those outside your
ranks; they will not fail to corrupt you.”
● Caliphs continued the policies of the Prophet
● Umar on his deathbed instructed his successor to treat them kindly saying,
”I urge him to take care of those non-Muslims who are under the protection
of Allah & His Apostle in that he should observe the convention agreed upon
with them, & fight on their behalf & he should not overtax them beyond
their capability.”
● Muslims believe in all the previous messages, hold them in equal esteem.
Followers of these messengers are called the “People of the Book”, Islam
gives them special status
● Islam, Judaism & Christianity share common origin however Judaism &
Christianity were corrupted by their followers
● Muslim men are allowed to marry women of the book, both Jew or Christian
& she has the right to retain her religion & visit the church or synagogue
● Are some similarities between Judaism & Islam
● Since jews follow the same procedure for slaughtering animals as Muslims,
we are allowed to eat the jews food
● Relationship of Muslims & Jews dates back to the Prophets time, jews were
the inhabitants of Madina
● When Prophet migrated he made a treaty with them according to which they
were given freedom to practice religion, protection of life, property & honor
& equal civil rights
● In early stages of Islam Prophet followed the laws of Torah till revelations
came regarding distinctive Muslim laws
● Christians believe Jesus was the son of Allah & was crucified, contrary to
Muslim belief
● Jews tried to crucify him but Allah lifted him up on the heaven & he'll be
sent back to bring justice to earth & will die a normal death

Articles of Faith
Prophets
● 124,000
● Came to all parts of the world
● Most sent to Jerusalem near Masjid Aqsa
● Chosen by Allah, is a gifted thing & none can be a Prophet with his own
effort. Quran says,”Allah knows better with whom to place His message.”
● Prophets were communicated by Allah through revelations. Some were given
new scriptures & law, known as Rasool. Some were not given new books &
were supposed to preach the books of other Prophets, known as Nabi
● All were given miracles to prove their Prophethood
● All were like other human beings. None had supernatural powers except
miracles. Quran says,”And indeed We sent messengers before you & we
appointed for them wives & offsprings.” Activities were similar to those of
others. Quran says,”They ate food & walked in the market.” those who
objected to the Prophethood of Muhammad saying that if Allah was to send
his messenger to them he would have sent an angel. In reply Allah
revealed,”Say: if there were in the earth angels walking secure, We had sent
down for them from the heaven an angel as Messenger.”
● Sinless. Never did any sin but being human made mistakes but Allah guided
them
● All were men, Quran says,”And We sent not before you any messenger but
men."
● Divine revelations were sent in the same language which was spoken by those
people. “We never sent a messenger save with the language of his folk.”
● Sent as teachers of their scriptures. Books provided theoretical knowledge
& Prophets explained how to implement it. Prophet said,”I am sent as a
teacher.”
● Role model for their people. Said & did everything under divine guidance.
Quran says,”He does not speak of desire.It is an inspiration that is inspired.”
● Never asked for anything in return for their preaching. All said,”O my people
I do not ask of you any reward of it, my reward is from the Lord of the
worlds.”, had own ways of income
● Messengers brought the same message. No contradiction in their basic
teachings→proof that all of them had the same source of knowledge
● All belonged to Noble families. Extremely wise, intelligent & handsome
people
● According to the Quran belief in all is equally important. By rejecting even a
single one a person becomes a disbeliever. Concerning the nation of the
prophet Noah, Allah says,”& Noah's folk, when they denied the messengers,
We drowned them.”
● All Prophets before Muhammad were sent for a particular time & region but
he was sent as the final universal messenger of Allah

Angels
● Without faith in the existence & function of Angels one cannot be a believer
● Quran says,”And whosoever disbelieves in Allah, His Angels, His books, His
messengers & the Last day, then indeed he has strayed far away.”
Their Characteristics
● Spiritual creations of Allah made of light, not visible to ordinary mortals
● Ever obedient creations of Allah as they are not given free will. Quran
says,”Who disobey not the commands they receive from Allah, but do that
which they are commanded.”
● Neither male nor female & have no relationship with each other. Have no
physical relationship with Allah. Quran rejected belief of Makkans that they
were the daughters of Allah. Quran says,”And they make the Angels who
themselves are the slaves of the Most Gracious females.Did they witness
their creation? Their testimony will be recorded & they will be questioned.”
● Given limited knowledge, according to their functions. Adam Angels questions
● Given wings, number & size depend on their rank. Quran says,”Who made the
Angels with wings 2 or 3 or 4.” Appear in different forms
● Given lots of power to carry out Allah's commands
● Infinite in number. Quran says,”& none can know the hosts of your Lord but
He.”
Functions
● Created for various functions. Some important functions are as follows:
1. Created to communicate between Allah & his messengers. Best way of
communication between man & his Creator is called Wahy, in which Angel is
used as a channel of transmission of the message
2. Countless Angels are created to worship Allah all the time
3. Sometimes come to help Muslim
4. Act as Allah’s messengers
5. Appointed in Heaven & Hell. In charge of Heaven is Rizwan & in charge of
Hell is Maalik
6. There is a pair of angels which record our good & bad deeds known as
Kiraman Katibeen. Quran says,”But verily over you to which you, Kiraman
Katibeen, they know all that you do.”
7. Another pair of Angels who go to newly dead to ask them questions. Known as
Munkir Nakeer. When they go to a believer they go in the shape of gentle
and nice looking beings, but when to a sinner they go with frightening faces
● Four famous & most important angels:
Angel Jibrail: Brings message to his chosen people,”And truly this is a
revelation from the Lord of the worlds. Which Angel Jibrail has brought
down.”
Angel Meekail: Incharge of blowing winds & rain. One who distributes “Rizque”
or the sustenance to all creations of Allah according to his orders. Has a
number of helpers
Angel Israfeel: One who will blow the dreadful trumpet on the day of Qiyamah
& every creature will be destroyed. With the second blow everyone will rise
again for the Day of Judgment
Angel Izrail: Takes the soul of men on their death. Takes souls of non-believers
with violence & smiting their faces & backs is mentioned in some verses of
the Quran
Books
● Revelation is a special, invisible & supernatural means of communication
employed by Allah for conveying His commands & messages to His chosen
apostles & Prophets
● Revelation is not “kasabi” but entirely “wahabi”
● A man can earn knowledge of several things by using his five senses &
intelligence, but even so man suffers from certain weaknesses & disabilities
& his knowledge remains limited as Allah says,”& of knowledge, you have been
given only a little.”
● With this limited knowledge man is incapable of acquiring accurate
knowledge about His Creator & His attributes, the Hereafter & all things
after death
● All these things belong to the domain of “Ghaib”, the unseen
● Success of mankind depends on following the revelations
● Quran says,”O Children of Adam! If there come to Messengers from among
you, reciting to you My verses, then whosoever becomes pious & righteous,
on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. But those who reject our
Ayat & treat them with ignorance, they are the dwellers of the Fire, they
will abide therein forever.”
● As 124,000 messages were sent to the world, naturally there was a large
number of books too
● But as only 26 messengers are mentioned in the Quran, similarly few
scriptures are mentioned
● Brief details about these scriptures are as follows:
Suhuf of Ibrahim: Booklets given to Hz.Ibrahim
Suhuf of Musa: Scriptures given to all the Hz.Musa. Quran says,”Nay you
prefer the life of this world, although the hereafter is better & more
lasting. Verily, this is in the former scriptures, the scriptures of Ibrahim &
Musa.”
● As the scriptures are completely lost, we do not know much about them
Torah: According to Quran, Torah contained guidance, Allah's commands light &
clear explanation of things & mercy. Allah says,”Verily, we did send down the
Torah therein was guidance & light.” Torah revealed to Musa has been in the
Hebrew language. No copy of the original Torah is existent
According to Quran, Bani Israel failed to act upon Torah & made many changes
in their book
Added and subtracted many of its contents
Quran says,”Then woe to those who write the book with their own hands & then
say,”This is from Allah,” to purchase with it a little price.”
They showed their people separate sheets & concealed many of its contents
Quran says,”O people of scripture! Now has come to you Our Messenger
explaining to you much of that which you used to hide from the Scripture &
pass over much….”
The Old Testament in the Bible cannot for these reasons be regarded as the
book revealed by Allah to Musa
Zabur: Book was granted to Hz.Dawood. Contained praises of Allah. Allah
mentioned,”And to David We gave the Psalms.”
Injil: Granted to Hz.I’sa for the guidance of Bani Israil. Quran says,”And in
their footsteps, We sent Jesus son of Mary, confirming the Torah that had
come before him, and we gave him the Gospel in which was guidance & light &
confirmation of the Torah that had come before it, a guidance & an
admonition for Al-Muttaqin.”
People of Hz.Israil who called themselves Christians forgot a good part of the
message that was sent to them
They exceeded the limits of religion & introduced the doctrine of trinity & that
of redemptions through the so called crucifixion of Isa
Quran says,”Surely, they have disbelieved who say, ‘Allah is the Messiah, son of
Mary.’ But the Messiah said,’O Children of Israel! Worship Allah, my Lord &
your Lord.”
The book Injil also got corrupted. Now from the various versions of the Gospels
they chose 4 Gospels of Mark, Luke, Matthew & John
The Holy Quran: Revealed on the final messenger & is the final Divine guidance
& confirmer of previous scriptures. Allah says,”& We have sent down to you
the Book in truth confirming the Scripture that came before it & a witness
over it.”
Quran abrogated previous Scriptures & mankind in not need of their guidance in
the presence of Quran. Allah says,“Verily, this Quran guides to that which is
most just & right….”
Previous books were designed for a limited time so with passage of time they
became outdated but the Quran will guide mankind till the end of the world
as no other scripture will replace it. Allah has taken the responsibility for its
protection. Allah says,”Indeed it is We who revealed the Reminder & indeed
We are its protectors.”
Just need to have belief in the old scriptures but need to believe in the Quran,
recite it, understand it, implement it in thy life & convey its message to
mankind

Life after Death

● Major Muslim belief
● Believe this world is temporary & a day will come when this world end, the
Final day known as Qiyamah
● Quran says,”The Calamity? What is the Calamity?What will make you know
what the Calamity is? That day mankind will be like scattered moths. And
mountains will be like carded wool.” and also,”When the heaven is cleft
asunder. And when the stars have fallen and scattered. And when the seas
are burst forth. And when the graves are turned upside down. A person will
know what he has sent forward & left behind.”
● Believe whatever we do in this life is recorded & we have to face the
consequences in the next
● Quran says,”So whoever will do an atom's weight of good shall see it &
whoever will do an atom's weight of evil shall see it.”
● Prophet said,“This world is the cultivating ground for hereafter.”
● When death comes to a person angels take out the soul from his body
comfortably in the case of a believer & harshly in case of disbeliever
● Quran says,”If you could see when the Angels take away the souls of those
who disbelieve; they smite their faces & their backs,(saying): “Taste the
punishment of blazing fire.”
● When a person is buried, Munkar Nakhir appeared & asked questions about
his faith
● Incase of answering his grave widens & he receives the perfumes & wind
from paradise. Incase of not answering the grave crushes that person until
one side of the rib cage enters the other & Angels also punish him
● Prophet said,”Your grave is either a garden of paradise or a ditch of Hell.”
● Gap between death and second life is known as Barzakh
● Souls of good stay in Illiyeen & souls of bad or condemned to Sijjeen
● Remain there till second trumpet is blown→resurrection will take place
● Quran says,"But it will be only a single shout when behold they find
themselves on the surface of the earth alive after their death.” Surah
Yaseen says,”And the trumpet will be blown & behold from the graves they
will come out quickly to their Lord. They will say,’Woe to us! Who has raised
us up from our place of sleep?”
● On the day of Judgment only deeds will be helpful
● Quran says,”O you who believe, spend of that which we have provided for
you before a day comes when there will be no bargaining, nor friendship, nor
intersection.”
● That day everyone will worry only about himself though they will recognize
each other
● That day the deeds will be balanced & the weight of the deeds will depend
on intention
● Good people will get their result in their right hand & bad in their left
● In this stage of Judgment Day no one will interfere in Allah’s decisions:
“Who can intercede in His presence except by His Leave?”
● Then Allah will give permission to His beloved servants to start intersession
& so more people will escape from the Hell fire
● Some people will have equal good & bad deeds, so they will stay in A’raaf, a
place between Heaven & Hell, but Allah will send them to Paradise showing
His Mercy to them

Pillars of Islam
Shahada
● Basic creed & tenet of Islam
● Foundation of Islam that differentiates Muslims from non Muslims
● By testifying to this declaration a person enters the fold of Islam
● Consists of 2 statements:
● “I testify that verily, there is no God but Allah, Who is one, Who has no
partners, & I testify that verily, Muhammed is the worshiper & Messenger
of Allah.”
● Simple proclamation which summarizes the message of Islam & brings one
closer to Allah
Explanation of the First Statement ‫أشهد أن ال إله إال هللا من واحد ال شريك له‬
● First component is called Tawheed
● Sum & substance of Shahada is to believe & testify with both heart &
tongue that there is no God but Allah Who alone is worthy of worship & to
be obeyed
● Creed of Islam which implies that there is only one Supreme Being Allah
Who is Almighty & the Sole Provider
● Alone answers prayers
● Sustains everything & nothing can be compared to Him or be like Him
● Allah is the Possessor of the utmost degree of mercy & compassion
● He is One in person & nature
● He is the only One Who has no 2nd
● Eternal, Everlasting & Forever will continue
● Absolute & independent
● “He does not beget, Nor is He begotten.”
● Allah is free of all defects & faults
● He is Omnipotent & Omniscient & does what He wills
● To Him belongs everything
● His knowledge encompasses everything
● Creates what He wants & causes life to grow & die, powerful
Explanation of the Second Statement ‫وأشهد أن محمد عابد ورسوله‬
● Means to believe & testify that Muhammed is the last & final Rasool whose
message is universal
● Demands from a believer to proclaim that Muhammed like all other
Messengers, was a man chosen by Allah & assigned to deliver the last Divine
Message to humankind
● He is the perfection of human conduct as well as prophethood
● Quran says,”And verily, you are on an exalted character.”
● Last divine message, universal & will be protected till the end
● Moreover must believe Muhammed is the last Prophet & Messenger & will not
be succeeded by any other
● Therefore, declaration that Muhammed is the last messenger of Allah is an
integral part of the first pillar of Islam
● By proclaiming Shahada a believer agrees to follow all the commandments of
Allah & the Sunnah of the Prophet & to demonstrate this faith he proves his
submission by following all other pillars of Islam
What is Shirk?
● Means to associate partners with Allah & worship them
● To practice idolatry or polytheism is an unpardonable sin
● When a person attributes inherit power to anything created & follows the
will & purpose of anyone other than Allah, he commits Shirk
● Those who practice it are termed as Mushrikeen
● Two major categories:
1. Shirk-e-Akbar (open polytheism)
2. Shirk-e-Asghar (concealed or hidden polytheism)
Shirk-e-Akbar (open polytheism)
● Different aspect:
1. Believing Allah has a family
2. Matching Allah's attributes & qualities with anything or anyone else
3. Depicting Allah by means of figures & symbols
4. Deming oneself independent & daring to challenge the omnipotent of the
created by refusing to bow to his commandments
5. Limiting the infinity of Allah by associating His Divinity with physical
existence
6. Worshiping of idols, celestial bodies or offering prayers to anyone dead or
living
Shirk-e-Asghar (concealed or hidden polytheism)
● Most apparent example as mentioned by the Prophet is Al-Riya (show-off)
● Riya means to do any work with the intention of Ibadat but in actuality, to
show the people or to please & gratify someone else
● Allah made humans His vicegerents on earth & blessed them with the status
of Ashraf-ul-Makhluqaat, most superior among all His creations
● By worshiping other beings, a person debases himself as Shirk, excluding 1
completely from the fold of Islam
● Allah condemns associating partners with him & declares it as the only
unforgivable sin
● Quran says,”Verily, Allah forgives not that partners should be set up with
him, but He forgives except that to whom He wills; and whoever sets up
partners with Allah in worship, he has indeed invented a tremendous sin.”

Salat
Importance
● Immense importance in Islam
● Foremost duty of Muslims & ⅕ pillars on which the structure of Islam stands
● Quran mentions it around 700 times, says,”And establish prayer & pay zakat
& bow down with who bow down.”
● Quran strictly condemns those who are not regular in prayers & says,”So woe
to the worshippers who are neglectful of their prayers.”
● About hypocrites Quran says,”And when they stand up for prayers, they
stand with laziness and to be seen of men, and they do not remember Allah
but little.”
● Prophet also laid a lot of stress on prayers, saying,”The one who establishes
the prayer establishes the religion & the one who destroys his prayers
destroys his religion.” also said,”Prayer is a pillar of religion.”
● Distinguishing feature between Muslims & non-muslims
● Prophet said,”What stands between a man & disbelief is the abandonment of
Salat.”
Benefits of Prayer
Physical
● Person who offers prayers regularly becomes organized & learns importance
of time. Becomes punctual & manages time in all other activities of life
● Teaches a person self control & discipline
● Actions involved are good physical exercise
Spiritual
● Person becomes close to Allah. Establishes relation with his Lord
● Showered with rewards & his sins are washed away
● Best way to achieve spiritual satisfaction. Prophet said,”Prayer has been
made the coolness of my eyes.”
● Person gets satisfaction & peace of mind out of praying. Quran says,”Verily,
in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find rest.”
● By praying five times a day a person becomes aware of Allah's presence &
refrains from doing wrong
● Prayer brings great change in our life, makes us a pious person
Communal
● People pray together, fosters unity
● Learn they are equal in the sight of Allah. Stand together without
discrimination
● Promote brotherhood
● Congregational prayers on Friday increase links among Muslims
● After prayer they can have meetings to discuss problems of the community
● Learn a lot about the religion from scholars in the mosque
Importance of Cleanliness
● Islam attaches a lot of importance with purification
● Allah says,”And Allah loves those who keep themselves clean & pure.”
● Prophet also said,”Purification is half of faith.”
● 2 types, physical & mental:
Physical Cleanliness
Attained by believers through Ablution & bath. In prayer a person meets his
lord, so he should take care of his body & clothes. Allah does not accept
prayer if any impurity is present in the body or place of worship. Because of
cleanliness, a person’s personality becomes better & according to a hadith
even Angels are displeased by those things disliked by humans. That's why
Islam discourages smoking & eating such food which produces a smell in the
mouth. Prophet used to do Miswak & has promised huge rewards for it. Loved
perfumes & encouraged using them. Cutting of nails every Friday is Sunnah.
Also prescribed taking a bath before attending congregation on Eid & Friday
Mental Cleanliness
● Means to keep the mind pure from shameful thought. Quran says,”Verily, the
prayer prevents a person from shameful and unlawful deeds.” Should also
purify our mind from negative thoughts. Keeping the stomach pure from
unlawful food is also essential
Method of Ablution
● Quran says,”O you who believe! When you prepare for prayer wash your
faces & hands to the elbows; rub your head; & wash your feet to the ankles.”
● If u don't already know the method i have no faith in you
Dry Ablution (Tayammum)
Circumstances when its allowed
● When person is traveling & water is unavailable
● When water is available but there is no means to get it
● When water is available but cannot be obtained because of enemies or other
threats
● When water there is not suitable for ablution
● When person is sick or has an injury
● Quran says,”But if you are ill, or on a journey, or one of you comes from
relieving himself, or you touched women & you do not find water, then go to
the clean soil & rub your face & hands. Lo, Allah is ever Oft-Pardoning, Oft-
Forgiving.”
● If prayer is in progress & time is too short for ablution
Method
● Intention, obligatory here but not in Wudu
● Rub hands on sand & remove extra amount of sand by blowing it then rub
your face once
● Do the same again & rub both hands to the elbows once
Conditions for Prayers
● 6 conditions, if any 1 is missing prayer will become void:
1. Purity of body,“And Allah loves those who keep themselves clean and pure.”
2. Purity of clothes,”And your garments purify!”
3. Purity of place
4. Timing
5. Satar, means covering body parts
6. Facing the Qibla
Adhan
● Introduced in 1.AH after the mosque was constructed
● Prophet discussed the matter with his companions
● Abdullah ibn Zayd & Umar had the dream about the way of Adhan
● 1st caller was Bilal
● Preferable to deliver it in a loud voice, in the state of purity, standing &
facing Ka’aba
● Delivered to inform people about the starting of prayer
● Delivered before the timing, so it must be repeated
● Muazzin should put his fingers in his ears while delivering Adhan
● Should turn left & right when he says,”Come towards the prayer & come
towards the prosperity.”
● Should be delivered slowly
● Those who hear it should answer it by repeating the words & by preparing
for prayer
Iqamat
● Words of Iqamat are the same as Adhan except the addition of Qad Qamat
Al-Salat twice
● Iqamat should be delivered right before prayer
● Delivered a little faster
● Purpose is to inform people present about the starting of prayer
Timings
Fajr: Starts from daybreak & can be offered till before sunrise
Zuhr: Start after midday & can be offered until the shadow of everything
becomes double of its shadow at noon
Asr: Right after Zuhr, time starts without delay & can be offered until the sun
sets
Maghrib: Start after sunset & can be offered until the twilight is present
Isha: Right after Maghrib & can be offered till the daybreak
● No prayer can be offered during sunrise, midday & sunset
● No Nafl prayer can be offered in the time of Fajr & after offering Asr till
sunset
Method of Salah
● Intention (Niyat)
● Takbeer-e-Tahrima
● Qiyam
● Ruku
● Qaumah
● Sajdah
● Jalsa
● Qai’dah
● Salam
Shortened Prayers (Qasr)
● While traveling Muslims shorten their prayers
● Means to offer 2 Rakat instead of 4 in Zuhr, Asr & Isha
● Sunnats & Nafals become unnecessary
● According to Islamic law, the traveler is one who is more than 48 miles from
home & if he has no intention of staying there for 15 or more days
● Quran says,”And when you travel through the earth there is no blame on you
if you shorten your prayer.”
● It is preferable to shorten prayers because prophet said,”It is the gift of
Allah, so accept His gift.” saying complete prayer is also correct
● Fard of Fajr & Maghrib remain the same
Delayed Prayers (Qada)
● If someone fails to offer his prayers in the prescribed timing he is given the
opportunity to say his prayers afterwards
● Do not offer anything in delayed prayers except Fard Rakats & Witr, no
Qada for Sunnat or Nafal
● If someone missed more than one he will offer them in order as the prophet
once missed his Zuhr, Asr & Maghrib prayers in the Battle of Trench, he
offered them in order in Isha time
● If someone missed it during traveling he will offer the Qada as a shortened
prayer
● Prophet said,”There is no expiation except the prayer itself.”
● Can be delayed in the following circumstances:
1. If person is extremely sick
2. If person is busy saving someone's life & time is to short for prayer
3. During physical Jihad
4. If person was sleeping & woke up late though he had firm intention
5. If someone was unconscious or insane & recovered after the passage of time
6. If someone forgot
Friday Prayer
● Most important day for Muslims
● Special rewards mentioned for various forms of worship on this day
● On this day we offer special prayer
● Obligatory on every Muslim except women, children, travelers, sick people &
slaves
● Offered only in congregation, no Qada
● Offered at Zuhr time
● 2 Adhans delivered
● Muslims stop the activities and start preparation of prayer. Includes taking
a bath, Prophet said,”Any of you attending the Friday should take a bath.”
● Should wear neat clothes, cut nails & wear perfumes
● Most important feature is khutba which is delivered before prayer &
consists of 2 parts
● First part, Imam praises Allah & his Prophet, then advises Muslims in the
light of the Quran
● In the second he discusses companions of the Prophet & prayers for them
● During khutba talking, walking & even praying is not allowed
● To listen to the khutba is wajib
● After khutba, Imam leads 2 Rakat prayer
● Altogether offer 4 Sunnat before khutba, 2 Fard in congregation, then 4
Sunnat & 2 Nafal
● Enlarge’s gathering of Muslims in the week
● In larges circle of their social relations
● Speech of Imam helps them learn a lot about their religion
● Important announcements are made here
Eid Prayer
● 2 Eid days in the Islamic calendar
● First is on the 1st of Shawwal after Ramadan & other on 10th of Dhul Hajj
● Wajib on every Muslim except women, children, travelers, sick people &
slaves
● Time starts after sunrise & can be offered before midday
● No Adhan or Iqamat
● As it is the largest gathering of the year it should be offered in open field
● Muslims should do preparations which include taking a bath, wearing new
clothes & perfume
● Offer 2 rakats with 6 additional Takbeerats
● 3 of them are added in the 1st rakat after Thana & before Ruku & other 3 in
the 2nd before Ruku
● After prayer Imam delivers khutba
● Stands facing the people & delivers khutba in 2 parts
● Listening to this is Wajib
● Must be in Arabic
● Khutba of Eid-ul-Fitr, Imam diverts the attention of public towards
Sadakat-ul-Fitr & the lessons of Ramadan
● Khutba of Eid-ul-Adha, Imam discusses the lessons & method of sacrifice
Mosque
● Integral part of Muslim community
● Prophet gave preference to construction of mosques after his migration
● Quran says,”And the mosques are for Allah, so invoke not anyone along with
Allah.”
● According to Hadith the most important parts of earth in the sight of God
are mosques
● Main objective of mosque is to worship Allah
● Plays a significant role in bringing the Muslims closer
● Creates brotherhood
● Muslims interact with each other 5 times a day which helps to know each
other & care for each other in their difficulties
● Gives lessons of unity
● Also get the lessons that authority belongs to Allah only & they are all equal
in the sight of God
● Stand shoulder to shoulder in mosques, equality
● Many other benefits for the Muslim community
● Multiple purpose building which is utilized for many good activities
● Works for Muslims as an educational institute
● Prophet’s mosque was the first Islamic university
● In contemporary world there are Madaras in the mosques where Muslim
children learn the Quran
● Mosque was used by the Prophet for meetings, even welcomed delegations
there, used it as court
● Muslims also hold their ceremonies their, like Nikah
● Should go in the state of cleanliness & purity
● Mosques should be kept clean
● Unnecessary beautification of mosques is not recommended but more
important thing is to go to the mosque regularly & learn religion & get
attached to Allah
● Women can go to the mosque if arrangements are made
● Should not talk loudly or about the worldly things

Fasting (sawm)
Importance
● One of the five pillars of Islam
● Made obligatory in 2.AH
● Quran says,”Fasting has been prescribed for you as it was prescribed for
those before you so that you may learn self restraint.”
● Prophet said,”Fasting is a shield & protection from the fire & from
committing sins.”
Benefits
Physical
● Good for physical health
● Whole system is cleansed of undesirable material
● Teaches self-control & patience
Spiritual
● Makes a person more pious
● Brings us closer to Allah
● There is huge awards & burns away the sins & evil
● Makes us punctual in our religious practices like prayers & recitation of the
Quran
● Raises our spiritual level as we eat, drink & sleep very less, avoid sins & do
maximum worship
Communal
● Makes the rich realize the pain of hunger
● Muslims assemble in large numbers in mosques which increases brotherhood
● Visible change in Muslim community. Move towards goodness & avoids sins
● Rich people spend generously on the poor to seek the blessing of Allah
Method
● Obligatory for every sane, adult muslim who is healthy enough
● Starts when we see the moon of Ramadan
● Wake up before dawn & have a meal called Suhoor, Sunnat & not obligatory
● Prophet said,”Take Sehr as there is a blessing in it.”
● Must stop before dawn, then they do Niyat
● Then offer Fajr
● “Sawm” literally means to abstain but in religious terms refers to abstaining
from eating, drinking, sexual activities & smoking etc
● Should spend this time away from all types of sin & take care of our religious
duties like prayer & recitation of Quran
● Should be embodiment of patience & tolerance during fast
● Break fast right after sunset preferably with dates, known as Iftar
● Prophet said,”Allah said: The dearest of My servants in My sight are
quickest breaking of the fast.”
● Offer Taraweeh every night of Ramadan
● There are 20 rakats of Taraweeh, Sunnat Muakkadah
● They listen to the complete Quran in this prayer
● Also search for the Night of Power in the last 5 odd nights of Ramadan
● Quran says,”Night of Power is better than 1000 months.”
● Some also do I’tikaf for the search of this night
● Also pay Sadaqat ul Fitr in this month, which is 1.63kg of wheat per fast
● Has to be paid from each member of the family
● If a person is unable to fast due to his old age or due to some permanent
disease he will give Fidya
● Quran says,”For those cannot do it is a ransom the feeding of 1 indigent.”
● If a person breaks his fast intentionally without any valid reason he will give
Kaffarah. They should either fast for 60 consecutive days or feed 60 poor
people
● Muslims stop the activities of Ramadan when they see the moon of Shawwal
Circumstances to delay Fast
● A Muslim can delay fast in following cases:
1. Busy in physical jihad
2. If sick & unable
3. If he is a traveler
4. Women can delay fast during pregnancy & lactation period on the advice of
doctor. Also delay fast in their menstruation period
● All these people will complete the number of fasts missed after Ramadan

Seal of Prophets
Significance of the finality of Prophethood According to the Quran
● Prophethood ends with Muhammad
● Prophet said,“Every Prophet who preceded me was sent especially to his own
people, but I have been sent as a Prophet to all mankind"
Importance of the seal of the Prophets as a Religious Obligation
● Prophet had a mark on his back which was the Seal of Prophets
● Prophethood ended with Muhammad→the coming of a new Prophet is against
Quran & Sunnah
● Religion given to the Prophet was to remain perpetual till the end
● People coming with false claims of being a new Prophet were fought & killed *
their followers were not Muslims
● People who don’t believe in the Seal of Prophethood are considered apostles
● Regarding the completion of the Divine mission, Allah says,“This day I have
perfected your religion for you….”
● Prophet's message is universal & revelations received will never be corrupted
as Allah has promised to safeguard it thus there is no need for a new
Prophet,"We have without doubt sent down the reminder, and we will
certainly guard it.”
Quran
● Called by many names:
1. Murbin→Luminous
2. Al Furqan→Criterion
3. Nur→Light
● Surahs mostly address Muslim,Jew & Quraish communities
Revelation of the Quran
● Revealed over a period of 23yrs
● Divided into 3 stages:
1st Stage: Loh-e-Mehfooz (the Guarded tablet)

2nd Stage: Bait-Ul-Izza (Lowest Heaven)

3rd Stage: Revelation to the Prophet

Makki/Madni Revelations
● Makki Surahs lasted 13 yrs
● Madni Surahs lasted 10 yrs
● 85 Makki & 18 Madni Surahs
Makki Surahs
● Brief & Short
● Convey basic teachings like One God,Heaven,Hell & Day of Judgement
● Prophet Adam & Shaytaan are referred to
● 26/29 Surahs which begin with the Muqataat are Makki
● Addresses are mostly ‘O people’ ot ‘O mankind’
Madni Surahs
● Long verses
● Permitted & prohibited duties
● Discuss in depth details of Islam
● Contain commandments regarding Hajj,Zakat,Fasting…
Q)Why was the Quran revealed in stages,not altogether?
● Provide ease to Prophet
 ● Quran says,”Had We sent down this Quran upon a mountain, you would have
certainly seen it humbled and torn apart in awe of Allah.”
● Too heavy of a burden for Prophet to carry
● Provide ease to memorizers
● Allow them to ponder over its meanings & have time to implement teachings
in their life
● According to the situation & requirements,e.g:Duha,Kausar…
Modes of revelation
Modes of
revelation

Direct method without any intermediate Indirect

source method
Direct Method
● Allah directly inspired the Prophet without the medium on an Angel
● Directly on to the heart
● Through sounds:
1. Ringing of a bell
2. Buzzing of bees
● Through dreams of the Prophet
● Through direct speech,Miraj event
Indirect Method
● Angel Jibreel bring revelations,in his true form & in the form of a man
Sensations,What did Prophet feel while getting revelations
● He would sweat profusely even on cold days,Ayesha (R.A) reported,”Verily I
saw the Prophet being inspired divinely on a very cold day & noticed the
sweat drop from his forehead as the inspiration was over.”
● His body weight would increase:
1. On 1 occasion the Prophet was traveling on a camel when he received a
revelation & it became visible how the camel felt the weight increase
2. Companion's leg was under Prophet's leg…
Time of Revelation
● No specific time
● Beyond Prophets control
● Revealed according to the situation,e.g:Duha
Preservation of The Quran
● Revelations were constantly being revealed & it was vital to store them in
memory or written or book form
● Allah instructed Prophet not to worry about preservation of verses in his
memory, mentioned in Surah Qiyamah that Allah took responsibility of
making Prophet learn these
Memorization
● Arabs had sharp memories
● Every Ramadan Prophet used to recite Quran to Angel Jibreel to verify its
accuracy
● Prophet encouraged companions to memorize the Quran & many did
Writing
● Whenever a revelation came to the Prophet (P.B.U.H) he would dictate it to
his scribes
● Prophet appointed a group of 40 scribes around the clock available to write
down the revelations & 4 of them were also known to have collected the
Quran during Prophet’s time: Ubay, Mu’adh bin Jabal, Abu Zaid and Zaid bin
Thabit
● Quran was written on branches of palm trees, tablets of stone, bones of
camels & goats & on pieces of leather
Verification of Surahs
● Prophet memorized every revelation
● Recited them before Jibreel then the 40 scribes
● Then listened to the verses from them in order to check for errors
● Every Ramadan Prophet used to recite Quran to Angel Jibreel to verify its
accuracy
● Also recited in Taraweeh
Compilation of the Quran
Arrangement of the Surahs
● Done by Prophet under guidance of Jibreel
● As soon as Ayahs were revealed Scribes put them in order guided by the
Prophet
 Services of Abu Bakr
● In Battle of Yamama many Huffaz were martyred
● Umar initiated the idea that Quran should be compiled as a book
● Abu Bakr hesitated as it had not been done in the time of the Prophet
● Abu Bakr said,“How dare I do something which Allah’s Apostle did not do?”
Umar said, “By Allah, it is something beneficial”
● Umar persuaded Abu-Bakr
● Abu-Bakr appointed Zayd bin Thabit to collect what had already been
written of the Quran
● Zayd initially refused but Abu Bakr & Umar persuaded him
● Was previously a scribe of the Prophet & had been there during the last
recitation of Quran by the Prophet to Jibreel
● Very tough task, Zaid said,“If Abu Bakr had ordered me to shift a mountain
among the mountains from one place to another it would not have been
heavier for me than ordering me to collect the Quran.”
● Zaid made an announcement in Masjid-e-Nabvi announcing that he was
collecting the verses
● Also began collecting the Quran from leafless stalks of the palm tree, pieces
of leather, stones & the chests of men
● If anyone had written any piece of the Quran he should provide 2 witnesses
● Copy made by Zaid remained in the custody of Abu Bakr then Umar & on his
death passed to his daughter,Hafsah a widow of the Prophet
Method adopted to verify the verses
● Zayd checked it against his own memory than Umars
● Then took a testimony from 2 witnesses who were present during the life of
the Prophet
● Then by checking them against a few collections, companions had personal
copies
● After carefully comparing & cross checking each verse was compiled in the
Quran
● Copy was recited to companions at a general meeting
Services of Umar
● Kept Quran in his safe custody
● During his caliphate, he took steps to insure the Quran was being taught
memorized & there was no corruption in the verses
Services of Uthman
● Muslim state expanded & Hudaifah Ibn Yaman noticed a difference in dialect
in the newly conquered areas
● Reported to Uthman & suggested that immediate action be taken
● Difference in dialect would change the meaning of the Quran & people may
begin reciting & following the alternate meaning of the Quran as it happened
with the Christians & Jews
● Could also create a rift among the Muslims
● “Hudaifah came to Uthman at the time when the people of Sham & Iraq were
waging war to conquer Armenia & Azerbaijan….”→showed urgency of the
situation
● Uthman asked Hafsa for the original copy of the Quran,“Send us the
manuscripts of the Quran so that we may compile the Quranic materials in
perfect copies & return the manuscripts to you.”
● Uthman appointed a committee under the leadership of Zaid bin Thabit with
3 members to make a number of copies
● Were told to follow the dialect of the Quraish,”In case you disagree with
Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Quran, then write in the dialect of
Quraish. Quran was revealed in their tongue.”
● 7 copies were made & recited in Masjid-e-Nabwi to ensure perfection
● Every Muslim province was sent a copy & ordered that all the other Quranic
material be burnt
● For standardizing the pronunciation of the Quran, Uthman was given the
title,”Jami-ul-Quran”
● Original copy was returned to Hafsah & a copy was kept in Madina
Q)Why was it important to compile the Quran in book form?
● Huffaz were dying
● Important document like Quran shouldn't be left on human memory
● Had to be preserved for future generations
● Different dialects could lead to misinterpretations & change in meaning
● Teachings could be corrupted elsewise
 History And Importance of Hadith/Sunnah
Q)Why do we need Hadith & Sunnah or why should we follow Hadith.What
reward do we get?
1)We need Hadith in making the laws of Islam:
● We need it when:
❖ Quran is brief
❖ Silent
❖ Extends commandments
❖ Makes laws in collaboration with Quran
❖ Sometimes makes independent laws
2)We need to know Hadith and Sunnah to Obey the Prophet
● Allah has made obedience to Prophet our religious duty;resisting or opposing
is a sign of hypocrisy
● Quran makes it clear that Muslims should obey the Prophet
3)To convey the message of the Prophet to the next generation
● Hadith says,”Pass on the information from me even if it is a verse of the
Quran”
● So in order to fulfill the commands of Allah of his Prophet that muslims
should obey the Prophet,Hadith is important so we need to know Hadith
4)Hadith gives us Tafseer
● Explains the verses of the Quran, e.g:Kauser
5)Hadith is a source of Guidance
● It gives us guidance in all spheres all life
● It tells us how to eat,drink,,sleep e.t.c
6)Following Hadith gives us great reward
● Allah says,”All who obey…”(4:69)
Compilation Of Hadith
● Took 3 centuries to compile the Ahadith
● Compilation is divided into 4 different periods
● In the beginning the Prophet forbade his companions from writing down his
hadith but later allowed it to preserve his Sunnah & Hadith
● Prophet was alive and they could ask him any questions directly
● Muslims were engaged in Holy Wars so did not get time to record the Hadith
● He wanted to make sure his sayings were not mixed up with the words of the
Quran
● When the Prophet was certain they wouldn't mix them up he encouraged
them to write down the Ahadith to pass them down to others
Stages of Compilation
1st stage:During Prophets life (Observing period) (1 A.H-11 A.H)
2nd stage:During the age of the companions (Spreading period) (11 A.H-100
A.H)
3rd stage:During the age of the Tabieen (Collecting period) (101 A.H-200 A.H)
Golden Period:During the age of the Tabi Tabi’een (201 A.H-300 A.H)

1st Stage,Observing Period

● Companions used to observe the life of the Holy Prophet
● They wanted to record each and every aspect of the Prophet's life,whatever
he said,did or approved of
Method of preservation
● Memorization
● Writing
● Practicing
Prominent Companions who did this task were
● Four Rightly Guided Caliphs,Ashab-e-Saffah
● Hazart Abu Huraira, Hazrat Anas Bin Malik, Hazrat Abdullah Bin Umar, etc
● Wives of the Holy Prophet,Hazrat Ayesha has reported the most number of
Hadith
Famous Compilations of Hadith during the 1st stage
● Among the famous documents that became a port of Hadith collections
were:
1. Treaty of Hudaibiya
2. Treaty with Jews
3. Letters to the Kings and Emperors
4. As-Sahifa:Contains instructions regarding government matters
2nd Stage,Spreading Period
● Prophet’s instructions regarding spreading of Hadith were,”Pass on
knowledge from me even if it be only one sentence”
 How did they spread Hadith???
● Companions took it as their responsibility to pass on the sayings of the
Prophet to the next generation
● Companions traveled to various parts of the world, they even settled in
different areas
● Established centers of learning and became teachers
Number of Ahadith narrated by Prominent Companions
● Hz Abu Hurairah→5374
● Hz Abdullah Ibn Abbas→2660
● Hz Aisha Siddique→2210
Important compilations of 2nd Stage
● Hazrat Abdullah bin Amr had collected 10,000 Ahadith
● Sahifa al Sadiqa by Abdullah bin Umar
● Book of Jabir by Jabir bin Abdullah
● Sahifa Saad ibn e Abdullah
● Collection of Hazrat Ayesha, compiled by Urwa bin Zubair
● Sahifa Amr bin Hazm: Contains the Rule of Shariah
Hz.Abu Huraira & Ibn-e-Abbas
● They were junior companions & did not enjoy the company of Prophet for a
long period, but were still the greatest collectors & transmitters of Hadith
● They collected their treasure of Hadith literature by seeking help &
knowledge from Senior companions
What the Caliphs did during this time
● Companions likeAbu Bakr, Umar, Ali did not collect much Hadith because
they used to demonstrate the teachings of Hadith practically in their lives
● They used the Hadith for reasoning & law making rather than collecting
them
3rd Stage,Collection Period
● No official collection of hadith up till now, so, in the 2nd century the writing
of Hadith was formally taken
● Umar bin Abdul Aziz formed a committee of great scholars of Hadith to
compile the Hadith:
1. Imam Muslim
 2. Imam Makhool Sa
Famous Compilations
● Muwatta by Imam Malik bin Anas(Most imp/most
Ha Most
popular) authen
● Musannaf by Imam Abdul Razzak tic to
least
● Masnd Hanbal by Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal Dae
Emergence of Musnad & Musannaf
● In the first 2 centuries Musannaf compilations
Fabric
emerged
● In the late 2nd/early 3rd Century Musnad compilations emerged
4th Stage, Golden/Sorting Period
1. Scrutinizing: Rules were set to scrutinize the hadith is authentic or
unauthentic
2. Categorization: Categorized into Sahih, Hasan, Daeef & fabricated
● Recitation & memorization of Hadith was considered as privilege & large
number of Hadiths were reported
Emergence Of Sunan
● 2 categories of Musnad & Musannaf were combined together to form Sunan
Collections
● Six authentic books of Hadith “Sahah Sitta” were compiled in the 3rd
century
● The Kutub al-Sittah or Sahah Sitta are the six books containing collections
of authentic hadiths
● The collections by Bukhari & Muslim are the most important & are known
as,“Sahihayn”, the two ‘Sahihs’
● Originally it was Imam Bukari’s idea to compile the authentic Hadiths & soon
he was followed by number of eminent scholars of Hadith

Name of book Author Number of Hadith

compilations

Sahih Bukhari Imam Ismail Bukhari 7,275 Hadith

Sahih Muslim Muslim b. al-Hajjaj 9,200 Hadith

Reasons of Compilation of Hadith
Q)Why was the need for the Compilation of Hadith felt?
● In order to preserve them
● Allah & the Prophet gave orders to muslims to follow Hadith & Sunnah
● Companions were departing from the world
● To provide religious & political guidance to new generation based on Sunnah
To stop forgery in Hadith literature
● Sectarian differences arose among Muslims in early Islamic History &
Hadith were manipulated by different parties to suit their point of view
● Sometime overzealous teachers made up Hadith to inculcate moral values in
muslim youth (It was bcs of their love for Islam, not bad intentions)
● In order to avoid genuine errors in hadith on account of verbal narrations,
faulty memories or forgetfulness, they needed to be compiled
● To distinguish real hadith from fake ones
Structure of Hadith Umar bin

● The hadith is divided into two different parts:

ISNAD: Al Qama Ibn
● Literal meaning ‘support’
● Religious meaning ‘Chain of narrators through whom hadith Mohammad Ibn
reached us’
● Example: Yahya Ibn
❖ Prophet said,“actions are judged by intentions”
❖ 1st narrator of this Hadith was Hazrat Umar bin
Sufy
Khattab
MATN:
Al-Humaydi Abdullah Ibn
● Means text of the hadith
Rules to check Isnad
● First in the chain should be the companion of Prophet
● The chain should not be broken and should go back to the Prophet
● The name,the nickname,the title,parentage and occupation of the narrator
should be known
● The listener must have met the narrator of the hadith
● The date of death of the narrator should overlap the date of birth of the
listener
● The traveling places of both the narrator & the listener were checked,
either narrator visited the place of the listener or vice versa or both
belonged to the same place
The Character of the narrator
● Muslim, pious, truthful, having sharp memory, firm faith, of matured age, not
having a criminal history
● Should report exactly what he has learnt from his teacher without any
addition or deletion
Checking Of Matn
● Shouldn’t go against the Quran or basic teachings of Islam
● Shouldn’t go against people’s common sense
● Shouldn’t be contrary with Hadith already accepted as authentic
● Shouldn’t praise an individual place, person or tribe
● Shouldn’t give the precise details of the events that took place after the
demise of Holy Prophet
Kinds of compilation of Hadith
Musannaf
● Means ‘divided up’
● It compiles Hadith according to their theme/topic like e.g chapter 1 is about
fasting…
● Was the first organized work of Hadith collection and was made topic-wise
● Useful for people who want to refer to Hadith of a specific topic, easier to
locate
● It served an important function in law and Hadith literature
● Musannafs were mainly legal documents that developed during the first two
centuries of Islam
● Later scholars referred to Musannaf collections to know legal opinions of
the Companions & successors
● Hadith critics used them as evidence when establishing the authenticity of a
Hadith
● Sahah Sitta is an example of Musannaf collection
 Musnad
● Literal meaning is ‘supported’
● It compiles Hadith according to the narrator whose name comes first in the
chain, e.g chapter 1 is about Abu Bakr…
● Useful for people who want to refer to Hadith narrated by a specific
companion, however it is hard to find Hadith relating to a certain theme in
this form of compilation
Kinds of Hadith
Hadith-e-Qudsi
● Hadith that contains the words of Allah but is conveyed by the Prophet in
the exact words of Allah
● Few in number
● Not part of Holy Quran,informal conversations between Prophet and Allah
parts of which the Prophet has quoted
● Also called Divine Hadith
● Example:Holy Prophet said,“ Allah says,“Surely My mercy overcomes My
wrath.”
Hadith-e-Nabvi
● Words spoken by the Prophet
● Also called as Prophetic Hadith
Categories of Hadith based on reliability or authenticity
Sahih Hadith
● Have no doubts in Isnad or Matn
● Example:”Paradise lies under the feet of the mother”
Hasan Hadith
● Small doubt in its Isnad, slight weakness in the memory of one of its
narrators or a narrator may be missing in the chain
● Some scholars accept Hasan Hadith while some reject this type of Hadith
because of the weakness in memory of a narrator,however some also
consider it reliable on the basis of the Matn
● Example: A person said:Allah's Messenger, who amongst the people is most
deserving of my good treatment? He said,”Your mother, again your mother,
 again your mother, then your father, then your nearest relatives according
to the order (of nearness).”
Daeef Hadith
● Having major faults in Isnad, missing narrators from different positions in
the chain, narrator is blamed of false character or having short memory
● Example:“Abu Bakr is more knowledgeable and strong,he should be the caliph
after me.”
Fabricated or Maudu Hadith
● Major faults in Isnad & Matn
● Example:”Seek knowledge even if it is as far as China”
Mutawatir
● A Hadith reported by numerous narrators that it is inconceivable that they
have agreed upon a lie
● Regarded as unquestionable in regard to its authority
● Example:“Whoever intentionally attributes a lie against me should prepare
his seat in the fire.”(Reported by 74 companions all with the same words)
Ahad
● A hadith which is conveyed by one or very few narrators:
Ahad

Mashhoor Azeez Ghareeb

Narrated by 3 or more narrators Narrated by 2 Narrated by only

but still does not match the narrators 1 narrator
requirements of Mutawatir

Q)Why was it important to check the accuracy of Hadiths? [4]

● The Prophet was sent as a guide & a role model for all Muslims to follow in
order to lead a good Muslim life
● Muslims need to know what the Prophet said as his words also elaborate the
teachings of the Qur’an & help not only in daily life but in formulating laws
● If authentic Hadiths were mixed up with the weak or fabricated Hadiths
then Muslims would be led astray
● It was therefore important to verify the authenticity of the Hadiths so
that Muslims could live their lives in line with the correct teachings of the
Prophet

Sources of Islamic Law

Quran
Definition
● Derived from the root word, ’Qura’ which means to read or recite
Importance
● Authority & infallibility are beyond question
● Has status of the first & most highly esteemed source of Islamic law
● Considered basis of all thought & action in Islam
● Source of complete guidance for all mankind
● Laws devised in the Quran are regarded as fundamental & to be followed in
order to live a righteous life
● Quran says,”So judge between them by which Allah has revealed.”
● Gives basic principles & fundamental rules of Islamic beliefs & practices
Through Quran
● Its superiority & authority is confirmed by itself,”We have sent down to you
the Book in truth so that you may judge between men as guided by Allah….”
Through Hadith
● Prophet said in his Last Sermon,“I leave behind me two things,the Quran &
the Sunnah & if you follow these you will never go astray.”
Under what Circumstance do we refer to Quran
● Gives us laws relating to our lives:
Social laws
● Laws regarding marriage,divorce,rights of fellow beings…
● Economic Laws
● Moral Laws…

● Allah refers to all of mankind & not specific people or tribes & talks about
both Muslims & non Muslims in the Quran
Relationship between Quran, Hadith, Ijma & Qiyas
● Not everything in the Quran is straight-forward & many things require
reflection & interpretation to be understood & applied correctly
● Some laws are not in depth & we need to refer to Hadith as it provides
clarity when Quran is brief or silent & also provides Tafseer
● Also allows its followers to apply its basic principles to counter new issues,
basis of Ijma & Qiyas
Relationship between Quran & Hadith
● Quran itself contains many verses which stress upon the need to follow the
guidance & practices of the Prophet
● Quran is very clear on the position of the Prophet,”& whatsoever the
Messenger gave you, take it. & whatsoever he forbids, abstain(from it).”
● Hadith & Sunnah compliment the Quran in all matters of life
● “As for the thief, male or female, cut off his or her hand….”, however it is
not very clear on how much of the hand needs to be cut off? Which hand?
● Prophet explained this verse,”The hand should be cut off for (the theft of)
a quarter of a Dinar or more.”
● In case of laws of inheritance, Quran states,”It's the duty of a believer who
owns property to make a will when he (or she) is near death, & he should
bequeath fairly to his parents & next of kin. This is binding upon everyone
who is mindful (of their duty to Allah)”

Hadith/Sunnah
Hadith/Sunnah as a source of Islamic Law
Definition
● Hadith is derived from the root word “Hadasa” which means ‘news’,
’announcement’
● Another root word is ‘“Tahdis” which means ‘to inform’
● In religious terminology Hadith refers to the sayings of the Prophet
● Sunnah is derived from the word ‘sanna’ which means smooth and direct flow
path
● In religious terminology it is a mode of life which includes the actions &
practices of the Holy Prophet
 Importance
Through Quran
● Holy Quran says,”And whatsoever the Messenger gave you,take it.And
whatsoever he forbids, abstain(from it).”
Through Hadith
● The Prophet said,“I leave behind me two things,the Quran and the Sunnah
and if you follow these you will never go astray.”
Under what circumstances do we refer to Hadith/Sunnah
● When Holy Quran is brief in its commandments
● When Quran is silent on a certain issue
● Sometimes Hadith/Sunnah extend the commandments of the Holy Quran
● Sometimes Hadith/Sunnah make laws independently without the Holy Quran
1st Condition Examples
● The Quran says,”Establish regular prayers and pay charity”, but the method
of offering prayer is not in the Quran so we refer to Hadith for
guidance:Holy Prophet said,”Offer prayers as you see me offering.”
● For Zakat it doesn’t provide the minor details of the commandment like how
many times Zakat has to be paid? Prophet provided the explanation,”No
Zakat is payable over a property unless a year passes over it.”
● Said in the Quran,”As to the thief,male or female,cut off his or her hand”.
It doesn't say on how much amount this punishment will be applied? Prophet
explained this by saying,”The hand should be cut off for(the theft of)a
quarter of a gold dinar or more.”
● He also said that in order to apply this law of cutting the hand on a thief,it
should be made sure that the stolen amount was kept at a safe place
● The Quran said,”Pilgrimage there too is a duty men owe to Allah those who
can afford the journey.”But it doesn’t tell us how to perform hajj but the
Prophet said,”Take the rites of Hajj from me.”
2nd Condition Example
● Holy Quran has given a complete law of inheritance(Nisa) but is silent on the
issue of non-muslim relatives.Thus this law is explained By the holy
Prophet,”A Muslim may not inherit anything from a non-muslim relative and a
non-muslim relative will not inherit anything from a Muslim relative.”
 3rd Condition Example
● Quran says,”The men and women guilty of fornication; flog each of them with
100 lashes.” Holy prophet extended this, ’Stoning to death’ in case of
adultery’
4th Condition Examples
● Men are not allowed to wear gold and silk as it was declared unlawful by the
Holy Prophet. He said,”Silk and gold are made unlawful for the men of my
nation but lawful for a woman.”
● Flesh of a donkey declared haram
● Men should cover the lower part of their body in a way that the ankle should
be left uncovered because the Prophet said,”The part of garment below the
ankle for men is in fire.”
Q)What is the relationship between the Holy Quran and Sunnah?
Q)How Holy Quran and Hadith are used together in Islamic legal thinking?
1st Para:Definition of Holy Quran and Hadith
2nd Para:Importance of Quran (few general points & 1 quote)
3rd Para:Importance of Sunnah(As a second source of Islamic law,next to the
Quran in authority,Quran makes clear that Muslim should obey Prophet,”And
whatsoever the messenger…[iwroteitabove]”,The Prophet is the clarifier of the
divine inspiration→why Quran and Hadith can't be separated,Work harmoniously to
convey the message of Islam)
4th Para:When do we/under what circumstance do we refer to the Quran
5th Para:Under what circumstance do we refer to Hadith
6th Para (relationship):They refer to Hadith when Quran is:
Brief→2 quotes
Silent→example
Extends
Give examples for all of the above conditions
7th Para:Sunnah as Tafseer [explanation] of Quran:
Hadith of Holy Prophet sometimes help us to understand key verses of Holy
Quran, for example:
The word Kausar in Surah Kausar has been explained by the Prophet as a river
in paradise,”We have granted you Kausar.”
Ijma
What is Ijma
● 3rd source of Islamic Law
● Secondary form of Islamic Law
● Committee of educated scholars that decide matters that Quran & Sunnah
are silent on
Why is Ijma important?
● After Prophets death Muslim state expanded & Muslims faced new problems
● Some problems were not answered by Quran or Sunnah
● Muslims resorted to consensus (Ijma) to reach an agreed solution
● Prophet said,“Gather together the righteous from among my community &
decide the matter by their council & do not decide it by any man’s opinion.”
● If Ijtihad of jurists gains full agreement of all jurists of the period & is not
contrary to the teachings of the Quran & Sunnah it becomes law
Examples of Ijma
● Prophet also practiced Ijma:
1. During Battle of Uhud Prophet complied with the opinion of the
majority & fought the battle outside though he was against it
2. Battle of Trench he dug a trench around Madina on the suggestion of
Salman Al-Farsi
● After the death of the Prophet if Abu-Bakr faced a problem, he would first
consult the Quran, then Sunnah, then would gather the companions & if they
agreed upon an opinion he would decide accordingly
Categories of Ijma
● General Agreement of All Muslims:
1. Non-negotiable, eg: Quran is the book of Allah, Muslims must pray 5 times a
day & must give Zakat…
2. These beliefs are backed by the Quran,Sunnah & Ijma
● Agreement of a Group of Muslims:
1. When there is an issue Quran & Sunnah are silent on
2. Further divided into 2 groups explicit or silent:
A. Explicit: When all jurists discuss a matter & unanimously agree on 1
opinion
 B. Silent: When some scholars have discussed or acted while others
remain silent although the matter was communicated to them, they
had enough time for consideration but spoke neither in favor nor
against it
Ijma as a source of Islamic law
● 3rd Source of Islamic law
Definition
● Comes from root word ‘Jama’at’ meaning collecting/gathering
● In Religious terminology it means unanimous agreement of majority of
religious scholars on an issue which is not discussed in Quran or Sunnah or
both sources are unclear about it
Importance
Through Quran
● Said in the Quran,“O you who believe,Obey Allah, obey the Messenger &
those charged with authority among you….”
Through Hadith
● Prophet said:
1. “My community will never agree unanimously on an error.”
2. “Follow the numerous body amongst you.”
3. “The hand of Allah is with the community”
● Prophet consulted his companions in matters he didn’t receive a revelation
Under What Circumstances do we refer to Ijma
● In matters that Quran & Sunnah are either silent or do not provide direct or
clear guidance
Who’s is Authority, Who’s is acceptable, Who are qualified to perform it?
● Some Muslims believe only Ijma of the companions is authority
● Some say Ijma of only the companions (of Madina) is authority as they were
the most knowledgeable after the Prophet
● Some say it should be the Rightly Guided Caliphs
● Shia muslims believe that only their 12 Imams can perform Ijma
● Majority believe that ijma formulated by scholars of all ages is authority
Rules of Ijma
● Performed on issues which Primary sources are silent or unclear about
● If issue is already discussed in Primary sources there is no need for Ijma
● Isn’t independent ,cannot stand on its own
● Requires approval of Quran & Sunnah
Examples of Ijma
During the period of the companions
● Burial of the Prophet, Abu Bakr said,“I have heard from the Prophet
that,”Prophets are buried at the place where they die.””
● Election of Abu Bakr as Caliph
● Compilation of the Quran
● Introduction of Taraweeh in congregation
● Having 2 Azaans for Friday prayer
Importance of Ijma by the Companions
● None can match the companions of the Prophet in comprehension & command
over Islamic injunctions, thus Ijma formulated by the companions is the best
kind of Ijma
● It can only be amended by the decision of another companion
Ijma by the Jurists
● The four Imams, Abu Hanifa, Imam Shafai, Imam Malik & Imam Ahmed bin
Hunbal are the prominent scholars according to sunni sect
● Whereas 12 Imams according to shia Fiqh are the most knowledgeable people
● Their grasp over the religion was the best after the companion
● Ijma derived by them is given highest regard after ijma of the companions
Examples
● What should be the maximum period for a person before he could be
declared dead?
● Period was initially longer but as communications improved, 7 years wait is
suggested
● Shows Ijma of imams is subject to change over time
Ijma by scholars of the contemporary world
Example 1
● Qadiyanees have been declared as non-muslims by the scholars of Pakistan
It is because they do not believe in the finality of the Prophet (SAW).
● Quran says,“Muhammad is the messenger of Allah & seal of the Prophets.”
● Prophet also said “Whenever a prophet perished another Prophet followed
him but surely there will be no prophet after me.”
Example No 2
● Present banking system that is based on interest is Haram
● Allah says in the Quran,“Allah has permitted trade but has forbidden usury.”
● Prophet has cursed the giver, the taker, the one who witness & the one who
writes the statement of interest
Ijma by the Public
● Timings of Adhan & timings for congregational prayer
Importance of Ijma in the contemporary world
● It keeps Islamic law progressive & alive.
● It provides an opportunity to adopt the majority scholar’s opinion as Law
● Minority respects the ruling given by the majority & thus ijma ensures
unity,brotherhood among the muslim community
● It provides an authentic solution to modern day social, Political problems,
under the light of the Quran & Hadith.
● Without Ijma Non-Muslims would have criticized Islam as an outdated
religion
Qiyas
● 4th Source of Islamic Law
Definition
Root Meaning: Measuring, accord & equality
● It is an analogical deduction by 1 muslim scholar who must be well versed in
the knowledge of Quran,Hadith/sunnah e.t.c,based on the first two sources
● Prophet gave permission of Qiyas in his lifetime
Importance Asl
Through Quran
● “Take a lesson, O people of Wisdom”
Far/Fra
● ”There are signs for those who understand”
4 elements, aspects of Qiyas
How to perform Illa
● Get the fundamental teaching (Asl: root) on which Qiyas is based
● New matter in question (Far/Fra:branch) Hukum
 ● Linking cause (Illa) new situation→old situation
● New law (Hukkam)
Examples of Qiyas

Far/Fra Asl Illa Hukkam

Modern day drugs Quran/Hadith both Intoxicate you Haram

Nail polish cause Not in Quran Water does not reach If nail polish is on wudu
problem with wudu Hadith, Ayesha asked Prophet the nail properly won’t be accepted
whether wudu could be done with
dried atta on the nail

What activities are Quran says,”O You who believe Distraction from All transactions that
not allowed when the call is proclaimed to prayer distract a Muslim from
prayer on Friday, hasten to the Friday Prayer are
remembrance of Allah and leave prohibited
of business”

Importance of Qiyas in the modern world

● Makes it possible for scholars to face new situations in the changing world
● Can know the solution of every problem on the basis of reasoning
● Can bring reasoning based decisions closer to the teachings of the Quran
● Opens ways for thinking & reasoning & keeps Islamic Law progressive &
expanding
● Paves a way to Ijma which gives Qiyas a further support from Muslim
community
● Quranic rules can be implemented to each & every situation through Qiyas
Under what circumstance is Qiyas rejected
● If something is already mentioned in the Quran,Hadith or Ijma
● If something contradicts with primary sources
● If person performing Qiyas does not meet the requirements necessary
● If proper rules are not followed
● If Asal of Qiyas is specific (e.g: 13 wives of prophet)
 Q)Why do some people reject Qiyas?
● Based on the personal reasoning of 1 Muslim individual,can be wrong
● It is based on linking Far with Asl,so a person can be wrong in finding out the
correct link
● In the presence of Holy Quran/Sunnah than no need
● Create disunity among the Muslims (can create confusion/conflict)
People who perform Qiyas must be
● Perfect Scholars of the teachings of the Quran & Sunnah
● Perfect in their knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence
● Expert grammarians of Arabic
● Should have knowledge of Nasikh & Mansukh Verses of Quran

Surahs
Allah in Himself
Ayat-ul-Kursi
Allah! There is no god but He, the living, the self-subsisting, eternal. No slumber
can seize Him nor sleep. His are all things in the heavens and on earth. Who is
there can intercede in His presence except as He permits. He knows what is
before or after or behind them. Nor shall they compass any of His knowledge
except as He wills. His throne extends over the heavens and the earth, and He
feels no fatigue in guarding and preserving them for He is the Most High, the
Supreme
(a)
● The passage is all about the oneness & unity of Allah,which is the most
important article of belief
● The verse begins with the declaration that only Allah deserves to be
worshiped
● Matchless in His attributes & is Most high & supreme & alone to be
worshiped
● Verse of Throne→symbol of power and authority
● Allah is free from all human weaknesses & has infinite & perfect knowledge
● Reference to another Surah is Surah Kauser
(b)
● Strengthens our faith in the oneness and unity of Allah
 ● Explains unlimited power,knowledge & absolute Lordship of Allah
● Muslim must avoid shirk in his life
● Affirms the fundamental belief of Muslims
● Muslims must not be arrogant & shouldn't indulge in sinful activity
● We must depend on Allah and develop fears of reward & punishments as we
have to stand before Allah accountable & nothing will be helpful except
deeds
● We must spend our lives with confidence having full trust in Allah
● Muslims recite this after obligatory prayers and before going to bed for
Allah’s protection
Surah An’aam:(101-103)
To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth: how can He have a
son when He has no consort? He created all things, and He has full knowledge of
all things. That is Allah, your Lord! There is no god but He, the creator of all
things: then worship Him: and He has power to dispose of all affairs. No vision
can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision: He is above all comprehension,
yet is acquainted with all things
(a)
Theme:Allah’s power,knowledge of everything
● People should turn to Allah and worship Him
● Creator and protector
● Originator,created everything
● Free from physical relations
● Far superior to have children or a spouse
Reference:Ikhlas,“He begets not nor is He begotten”
(b)
● Develops firm faith that everything is under the Lordship & authority of
Allah
● Affirms our faith that Allah is the only originator and creator of this
universe
● Must always invoke to Allah for all our needs
● Negates false belief of Allah having children or a wife
● Instills piety in us and makes us God fearing
 Surah Fussilat
Among his signs are the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. Adore not
the sun and the moon, but adore Allah, who created them, if it is Him you wish
to serve
(a)
Theme:Allah as Creator,Allah’s signs,Tawhid/Lord of mankind
● Emphasizes that Allah is the sole cause and source of all that exists
● Day, night, sun and moon are evidence of Allah’s creative powers
● No one should worship these objects of nature but Allah alone is worthy of
worship
Reference:
(b)
● Importance is that it creates a strong link with Allah so Muslims do not look
up to anything/anyone else & worship only Him
● Invites believers to ponder over these objects of nature and bear witness to
Allah’s existence
● Stops them from committing shirk
● Reminds us that we should also mold our lives as per Allah’s instructions
● Reminds us that He is the creator of all things
Surah Shura (4-5)
To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth: and He is most High, most
Great. The heavens are almost rent asunder from above them, and the angels
celebrate the praises of their Lord, and pray for forgiveness for beings on
earth: Behold! Verily Allah is He, the oft-forgiving, the most merciful
(a)
Theme:Allah in himself
● Talks about Allah as the owner of the entire universe
Teachings:Status of Allah as most high,most supreme
Reference:Ayat-ul-Kursi
● By the fear of Allah the Heavens will burst but Humans keep disobeying
Allah
● Allah is most merciful,forgiving,Angels are made to worship Allah,teaches us
about the nature of Angels
 (b)
● It strengthens our faith in Allah as well as Angels
Surah Ikhlas
Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He does not
beget, nor is He begotten; And there is none like Him
(a)
Background
● Revealed when Quraish asked about the ancestry of Allah
● Allah sent Angel Jibreel to tell Prophet to Ikhlas everytime someone asked
the Ancestry of Allah
Theme:Oneness of Allah
● “One and Only”,Signifies → Allah is unique in Lordship,attributes and actions
● He is immortal
Main teachings/Focus:Allah has no partner,free from all kinds of family
relations,He is everlasting
Reference:Surah An’aam,“How can he have a son….”
(b)
● Strengthens our faith in the Oneness of Allah & Allahs immortality
● Cuts the roots of shirk
● Allah is alone worthy of worship
● “He begets not nor is He begotten”

Allah's Relationship with the Created world

Surah Al-Fatiha
In the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful, Praise be to Allah, the
cherisher and sustainer of the worlds, Most gracious, most merciful, Master of
the Day of Judgment, You we worship, and Your aid we seek, Show us the
straight way, The way of those who You have given your Grace, not those who
earn Your anger, nor those who go astray
(a)
Themes:The Lord of creation,Allah gives guidance,He is Merciful,Tawhid
● Rabb signifies he is the creator,Nurturer
● Allah is the sustainer of all worlds
● Allah is the Most compassionate,Loving & Gracious
 ● Master of the Day of Judgement
● Lone worthy of worship
● Source of guidance & forgiveness
● Should follow the path of the virtuous & not the path of the non-believers
Reference:Alaq,Ikhlas,Falaq,Naas
(b)
● Strengthens Faith in Unity & Oneness if Allah & Day of Judgement
● Must praise Allah
● Shouldn’t commit shirk
● Should turn to Allah for repentance
● Should trust Allah will forgive us
● Pay for guidance from Allah
● Submitting to Allah brings humility
● Prophet said,”No Prayer is accepted without Fatiha.”
Surah Al-Baqarah (21-22)
O people! Adore your Guardian-Lord, who created you and those who came before
you, so that you may have the chance to learn righteousness. Who has made the
earth your couch, and the heavens your canopy; and sent down rain from the
heavens; and by it brought forth fruits for your sustenance; then do not set up
rivals to Allah, when you know
(a)
Themes:Tawhid,Allah as Creator and Sustainer,Being grateful to Allah
● Allah is not only the creator but also the provider & sustainer
● Allah has created us and our forefathers
● Created the sky
● Other favors
● Humans are required to admit all these favors & realize that only Allah
deserves our worship & we shouldn't associate partners with them
Reference:Surah Rehman
(b)
● Strengthens faith in Allah and his bounties
● Mankind should be thankful to Allah
● Muslim should not do shirk
 ● We shouldn't waste the resources of life
● Allah gives us rain & we shouldn't waste water
● Should protect the natural world & try to conserve the natural resources as
Allah has made them for the comfort of mankind
Surah Al-Alaq
Read! In the name of your Lord, who created, Created man out of a clot of
congealed blood: Proclaim! And your Lord is most bountiful, He who taught by
the pen, Taught man what he did not know
(a)
Themes:Allah as Creator,Allah as the Most Generous
● First revelation
● “Created man from….”teaches us our insignificant position of man
● Allah is our Rabb
● Allah is bestowed on him the knowledge,intellectual,moral & spiritual abilities
● “Read”shows importance of education in Islam Knowledge is the gift of Allah
Reference:Baqarah (30-37)
(b)
● Strengthens faith in Allah & his bounties
● Muslims must acquire knowledge & should work hard to gain it
● Seeking knowledge can help us come closer to Allah
● Muslim should be thankful to a Allah bestowing us the ability to acquire
knowledge
Surah Al-Nas
Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of mankind, The King of mankind, The God of
mankind, From the mischief of the whisperer who withdraws, Who whispers into
the hearts of mankind, Among jinns and mankind
Background
● Jews used black magic on the Prophet & Allah revealed these Surahs (Nas &
Falaq to free him,Surahs are called Muazetein
(a)
Themes:Allah as refuge,Allah as Lord,Allah as Protector
 ● Satan is our enemy,he puts evil thoughts in our head & so we must look to
Allah for Protection as only he has the authority to overthrow these evil
thoughts
● Teaches man to seek refuge in Allah,who is the Master & Cherisher of
mankind
● Created everything & controls everything
● 1 of the Surahs of protection
Reference:Surah Al-Falaq,also tells us Allah is our protector
(b)
● Strengthens our relation with Allah to ward off all evil forces
● Praying & doing good deeds strengthens reliance on Allah
● Incites every human being to develop his deep relation with Allah & get
closer to His protection & care
● Prophet used to recite Surah Al-Falaq & Surah Al-Nas to guard against evil
after his enemies had cast magic spell on him
Surah Zilzal
When the earth is shaken to her utmost convulsion, And the earth throws up her
burdens, And man cries out: ‘What is the matter with her?’, On that day will she
declare her tidings, For that your Lord has given her inspiration, On that day
will men proceed in companies sorted out, to be shown their deeds, Then shall
anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good see it! And anyone who has done
an atom’s weight of evil shall see it
(a)
Themes:Allah's Power,The Last Day,Responsibility for actions,Justice for all
● Describes some of the major events of resurrection
● Emphasizes that Allah has the power to give life/death & destroy everything
He created
● Allah will give the earth a voice to say what has been done on her,from
environmental abuse to neglect of resources
● The smallest good deed will not go unrewarded nor will the smallest evil
escape punishment
Reference:Surah Al-Qariyah
(b)
 ● Theme of this passage is highly significant in Muslim’s life as the sincere
faith in the hereafter shapes the conduct of Muslims
● Last day creates a fear of accountability, reminding Muslims to stay on the
straight path
● Helps Muslims understand the temporary nature of the world which stops
them being distracted by worldly things

Allah's Relationship with his Messengers

Surah Baqarah (30-37)
Behold, your Lord said to the angels: ‘I will create a vicegerent on earth.’ They
said: ‘Will You place there one who will make mischief there and shed blood?-
whilst we celebrate your praises and glorify your holy (name)?’ He said: ‘I know
what you do not know.’ And He taught Adam the names of all things; then He
placed them before the angels, and said: ‘Tell me the names of these if you are
right.’ They said: ‘Glory to You, of knowledge we have none, save what You have
taught us: In truth it is You who are perfect in knowledge and wisdom.’ He said:
‘Adam! Tell them their names.’ When he had told them, Allah said: ‘Did I not tell
you that I know the secrets of heaven and earth, and I know what you reveal
and what you conceal?’ And behold, We said to the angels: ‘Bow down to Adam’.
And they bowed down. Not so Iblis: he refused and was haughty: he was of
those who reject faith. We said: ‘Adam! You and your wife dwell in the Garden;
and eat of the bountiful things in it as You wish. But do not approach this tree,
or you will run into harm & transgression.’ Then Satan made them slip from
there, and got them out of what they had been in. We said: ‘Go down, with
enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your dwelling-place and your means
of livelihood, for a time.’ Then Adam learnt from his Lord words of inspiration,
and his Lord turned towards him; for He is often-returning, most merciful
(a)
Theme:Allah's relationship with his messengers,Allah as Creator
● Describes the story of the creation of Adam & his elevated status as the
best of the creations
● Allah gives knowledge & status to whom He wishes
(b)
● Strengthens our faith in unity of Allah,Angels and messengers of Allah
 ● Tells us about Adam who was the first prophet
● Gives Muslims a sense of their connection to Allah as Adam is called the
father of humankind and everyone is descended from him
● Shows Allah’s care and direct relationship with every individual
● When Satan misled Adam,Allah did not leave him or allow any obstacle to
prevent him from making Adam his representative on earth,in other words
Allah looks after His prophets
● Free will is a test for humans as they can be instigated towards evil by satan→If Satan
could trick Adam then how safe can we be from his mischief?We must always seek
refuge of Allah from promptings of Satan
Surah Al Maidah
Then will Allah say: ‘Jesus son of Mary! Recount my favor to you and to your
mother. Behold! I strengthened you with the Holy Spirit, so that you spoke to
the people in childhood and in maturity. Behold! I taught you the Book and
Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel. And behold! You make out of clay, as it were,
the figure of a bird, by my leave, and you breathe into it and it becomes a bird
by my leave, and you heal those born blind, and the lepers, by my leave. And
behold! You bring forth the dead by my leave. And behold! I restrained the
Children of Israel from you when you showed them the clear signs, and the
unbelievers among them said: ‘This is nothing but evident magic.’
(a)
Themes:Allah & His prophets,Humans need Allah,Allah gives signs to humankind
● Gives an account of the various aspects of grace bestowed by Allah on Isa &
his mother Maryam
● Allah gives miracles to His prophets to help them
● Extended His protection to Isa (AS) against the attempted assassination of
Jews by raising him to heavens
● Tells us that humans can do great things but only with Allah’s permission, ‘by
my leave’
Reference:
(b)
● Addressed Isa (AS) as “Jesus son of Mary” which refutes the opinion of
those who associate him with Allah
 ● Assures Muslims Allah’s help in all righteous actions as He helped His
messengers in their missionary work
● Tells Muslims to be consistent,firm & steadfast in all difficult times & never
give up
● Humans are capable of great feats but it is Allah who gives permission for
these
Surah Al-An’aam
So also did We show Abraham the power and the laws of the heavens and the
earth, so that he might have certainty. When the night covered him over, he
saw a star: He said: ‘This is my Lord.’ But when it set, he said: ‘I do not love
things that set.’ When he saw the moon rising in splendour, he said: ‘This is my
Lord.’ But when the moon set, he said: ‘Unless my Lord guides me, I will surely
be among those who go astray.’ When he saw the sun rising in splendor, he said:
‘This is my Lord; this is the greatest.’ But when the sun set, he said: ‘O my
people! I am indeed free from your giving partners to Allah.’ ‘For me, I have set
my face firmly and truly towards Him who created the heavens and the earth,
and never shall I give partners to Allah.’
(a)
Themes:Allah’s power,His signs in creation,His Oneness
● Passage is about Allah’s power over all things and His relationship with his
prophets
Reference:Surah Fussilat
(b)
● Talks about Allah showing His signs to mankind to strengthen their belief &
so they know about His Oneness,as well as helping his prophets when they
are in need
● Tell Muslims to worship Allah alone & strengthen belief in His Oneness
● Teachings tell Muslims to have belief in Allah alone & not ascribe partners to
Him
● Strengthen belief by showing that created things are not permanent
● Rejects all concepts of polytheism & all the arguments of those who deny
the oneness of Allah & wrongly associate partners with Him
 ● Muslims should also believe that all messengers preached the universal message of
Tauhid→Thus Muslims should respect all the messengers equally
Surah Al-Duha
By the glorious morning light, And by the night when it is still, Your Lord has not
forsaken you, nor is he displeased. And truly the Hereafter will be better for
you than the present. And soon your Lord will give you so that you will be
pleased. Did He not find you an orphan and give you shelter? And He found you
wandering, and He gave you guidance. And He found you in need, and made you
independent. Therefore, do not treat the orphan with harshness, Nor drive the
beggar away; But tell about the bounty of your Lord!
(a)
Background
● Gap in revelation→non believers started taunting him that his God has forsaken
him→made him upset and gloomy so Allah revealed this Surah to console him
Themes:Allah as companion,Helps His prophets,in this case Prophet Muhammad
● Teaches being grateful to Allah
● Revealed as a mercy,hope,comfort,reassurance & unmatched love of Allah
for His beloved Prophet
● Teaches us to look after the orphans and give them their rights
Reference:Surah Kausar
(b)
● Important because it assured Allah’s help in difficult times
● Asks Muslims to be confident that the upcoming blessings of the hereafter
are much better than the temporary entertainment of the world
● Muslims should look at their own lives to see their blessings & not think they
have been given nothing
● Should not constantly want more than what they have
Surah Al-Kausar
To you have We granted abundance. So pray to your Lord & sacrifice. For he who
hates you, he will be cut off
(a)
Themes:Allah’s mercy,Allah’s generosity,relationship with Prophet Muhammad
● Prophet is addressed & consoled when he was faced with a magnitude of
painful incidents & numerous taunts by the offensive language of his enemies
● Shows loving relationship of Allah with the Prophet
Reference:Surah Al-Duha
(b)
● Encourages Muslims to have firm faith in Allah’s support
● Muslims today are that future generation of followers that was given to the
Prophet & his descendants through his daughter Fatima
● Allah always intervenes in times of difficulty so Muslims should always
remember to look to Him for help and support & not feel disheartened in
times of difficulty
● Further helps Muslims to develop spirit of sacrifice & establish prayer as
these are best means of getting closer to their Lord

Abu Bakr’s Caliphate

Election as a Caliph
● Prophet did not leave a successor but left the choice with his Ummah
● There was a meeting at “Saqifah-e-Bani Saidah” → argument between
Muhajireen & Ansaar
● News of this reached Abu Bakr who was in Masjid-e-Nabwi, he left along
with Umar & Ubaidah bin Jarrah for the meeting
● Everyone recalled their sacrifices for Islam
● Muhajireen countered that the Prophet was from the Quraish
● Khabib bin Mandhar gave the idea of ‘two Ameers’ but Umar rejected this
saying it would result in power disputes
● Bashir bin Nauman an Ansaar gave the idea of selection of Caliph from
Muhajireen
● Abu Bakr suggested Umar & Ubaidah as caliph
● Both refused due to the seniority of Abu Bakr
● Umar swore allegiance on the hand of Abu Bakr
● Other Muslims also followed,Zaid bin Thabit→1st Ansaar to swear allegiance
● After his election Abu Bakr assumed the title “Khalifah-tour-Rasulullah”
● Abu Bakr delivered a very remarkable speech,””
Q)Why was Abu Bakr a good choice as Caliph?
● Very close friend of Prophet
● Whenever Prophet was not available he used to send Abu Bakr in his stead
● Most senior, First male adult to accept Islam
● Believed in the Prophet:Journey of Miraj
Problems/Challenges faced by Abu Bakr
Expedition to Syria/Usama's expedition
● Prophet had given an order for an army under the leadership of Usama bin
Zaid to dispatch to Syria to get revenge on the Romans for killing their
envoy but before the army left the Prophet had passed away
● Abu Bakr dispatched the army under the same leadership
Q)Why did Companions advise not to send the army?
● Usama was an inexperienced general
● Army was needed to solve internal problems in Madinah
● Refused to change the command of Usama,”Do you want me to dismiss a man
appointed by the Messenger of Allah.”
● Eventually Usama left for Syria after 3 weeks of the Prophets death & came
back victorious 40 days later
Importance
● Success of Usama had great effect on those who thought Islam was dying
out after the demise of the Prophet
● Demonstrated the Unity & strength of the Muslims
● Showed firm attitude of Abu Bakr
● Borders were secured
● Hostile tribes got influenced by the Muslims
Apostasy Movement (Ridda Wars)
Revolts against Islam
Refusal to Pay Zakat,Totally Backing out from Religion
● Tribes like Banu Asad, Banu Ghatfan, Banu Abbas & Banu Murrah refused to pay
Zakat→accepted Islam after conquest of Makkah
● Accepted Islam based on diplomacy & greed
● Tribes did not want to make financial sacrifices
● They were not used to the systematic form of government & paying of taxes
● They did not want to accept Islam under Abu Bakr's reign
 ● Wanted to get exempted from Zakat
● Abu Bakr called meeting of Shura to seek advice,””
● Abu Bakr was firm in taking strict & prompt action
● Tribes left Islam & planned to attack Madinah @ night
● Had some initial success but Muslims repulsed them & drove them out of
Madinah
● When main Muslim army returned from Syria he proceeded towards Abraq &
defeated them
● Abu Bakr saved Islam from declining & was given the title “Saviour of
Islam.”Also given the title “Siddique” the testifier of truth
● Tribes sent delegates to Abu Bakr & they agreed to pay Zakat & paid
allegiance to Abu Bakr
False Prophets
1) Aswad (Dark complexion) Ansi (Name of tribe of Yemen) (Veiled Prophet)
Real Name: Abhal-ibn-e-Kaab
Known as: ‘Ansi’ → veiled prophet
● Would cover his face to create mysteries about himself
● Declared his Prophethood during the Prophets time, invaded Yemen &
became its ruler
● Ferouz Dhalamy defeated & killed him during Prophets life. His followers
under leadership of Qais bin Yaghus during Abu Bakr's reign
2) Tulaiha
● Belonged to Banu Asad
● Wealthy & renowned warrior
● Claimed prophethood during Prophets life but Prophet couldn’t take action
against him & departed from the world
● When Abu Bakr became Caliph he stood again
● Khalid bin Waleed defeated him but he managed to escape & seeked refuge
in Syria
● Later he accepted Islam & fought in the battle of Qadisiya & Nehawand
during the time of Umar
3) Sajjah (Prophet less)
● Belong to Bania Tamin
● Was a christian soothsayer
● 4000 bedouins followed her
● Marched towards Madinah to fight Abu Bakr but on the way heard of
Tulaiha’s defeat (got scared) so took a detour to Yamama to get the
cooperation of Musailma who was the most dangerous false prophet
● They got married & she gave up her prophethood & accepted his
prophethood (SIMP)
● When Musailma was defeated she went back to her people & later accepted
Islam
4) Musailma al Khazzab (The liar)
● Belonged to Banu Hanifa
● Announced his prophethood during Prophets life & sent him a letter
● He went to Madina & observed the Prophet very closely: way he got the
revelations, how he used feel after revelations & then went back & claimed
himself prophet & faked getting revelations
● Legalized everything Islam forbade→attracted peoples support
● Letter→told Prophet to divide Arabia into 2
● Prophet declared him as The Liar, Khazzab
● Encamped at Yamama with 40,000 bedouins
● Abu Bakr sent 2 armies under, Ikhrameh bin Abu Jahl & Shurahbeel bin
Hassanad & instructed them to attack together
● Ikhramah reached first, attacked & was defeated as he didn’t obey Abu
Bakr, same with Shurahbeel
● Then Khalid bin Waleed was sent but on the way to Yamama was intercepted
by Musalima at Aqraba
● Day 1 Muslims defeated
● Next day Khalid bin Waleed adopted a clever strategy to defeat Musalima
● Reserved a force of 1000 along with him, when general battle began he had a
surprise attack on musalima’s camp
● Battle fought at Yamama
● Musalima ran away & hid in a fortified garden with his army
● Hz.Bra bin Malik jumped into the garden & opened the gates
● Also called Battle of Garden of Death
● Musalima’s army was defeated & he was killed by Wahshi
● 800 Muslims martyred
Apostasy Movement
● People of Oman, Mahra, Bahrain, Yemen & Hadramant also apostatized
● Abu Bakr divided his army into 11 groups & sent them to different parts of
Arabia & crushed all these revolts within a short period of his caliphate
End of Apostasy Campaigns & its Importance
● 633 Apostasy wars ended
● All of Arabia came under the banner of Islam
● Established supremacy of Muslims & Islam as a strong religion
● Showed Muslims unity & faith in their caliph
● Authority of central government established
Expansion of Empire
Persian wars
Reasons of war
● Letter conspiracy
● Border threat
● Economic necessity
Battle of Kazima or chains
Place: Kazima
N
P commander: Hurmuz
Romans Persians
M commander: Khalid bin Waleed
● Khalid killed Hurmuz in a duel W E
● His death demoralized the army however
they fought against Muslims but were defeated
● In order not to flee they tied themselves to each other with chains, ended
up getting trapped in their chains, reason they lost
Expedition to Iraq
● After kazima many skirmishes occurred: Walja,Madhar & Ulleis
● After this there was significant victory when they captured fort Hira
● Marched to Anbar
● Protected by walls & deep moat
● Khalid adopted a clever strategy, killed the weak camels & used them to
cross the moat
● Persians couldn’t resist & surrendered
● En at Tamar conquered
● Bamatal-Jandal was conquered
● Last battle took place at Firad in 12 A.H & Persia was conquered
Roman Battles
Reasons
● Letter conspiracy
● Continuous threats
● Trade with Syria made difficult
● 13 A.H, 634 AD Abu Bakr raised an army of 27k & it divided it into 4 with 4
generals:
1. Amr bin Al-Aas
2. Shurabeel bin Alassanah
3. Yazeed bin Abu Sufyan
4. Khalid bin Waleed
● Heracilus sent an army under his brother Theodorus
● Army was several times bigger than the Muslims
● Khalid who was busy in Persia was also instructed to join the Muslims against
Syria
● Khalid joined with 9k more soldiers
Battle of Basra
● Khalid along with Shurabeel met the Romans at Basra
● Hz.Ubaidah also joined at Basra
Roman commander: Romanus
● Hz.Khalid sent Romanus the 3 options
● Romanus chose to accept Islam
● Army got demoralized & shut themselves in the city
● Romanus revealed a secret passage & Muslims entered the city
● Romans were defeated & it was the first significant victory against the
Romans
Battle of Ajnadein
● After Basra Heraculius vowed vengeance & ordered forces @ Ajnadein west
to Jerusalem
● Khalid decided to deal with the forces @ Ajnadein
● Khalid directed the integration of all the Muslim forces & ordered the
entire army to assemble at Ajnadein
● Muslims were 40k in number & camped at a distance from the byzantines
● When the battle began the Muslims struck violently & drove deep wedges
into the Byzantine Army
● After the death of the commander the Byzantine Army lost heart, fled but
were pursued & killed in large numbers
Siege of Damascus
● After Ajnadein, Muslims set out for Damascus, when they were at a distance
of a few miles from the city their route was barred by a Byzantine force
● In the battle many soldiers were killed & the survivors withdrew 2 Damascus
● Muslim army laid siege to Damascus on 21st August but on 23rd were
informed of the death of Hazrat Abu Bakr thus the campaign was left
incomplete
Death
● Hz.Abu Bakr died in Madina in 13A.H,634 AD & was buried beside the
Prophet
● He died when he was 63
● His caliphate lasted for 2 years & 4 months & before his death he nominated
Hz.Umar as the successor to the caliphate
Administration
● Hz.Abu Bakr laid the foundations of a truly Democratic state & used to
consult eminent companions at all important matters
● Arabia was divided into provinces each under a governor who was required to
lead the prayers, superintend the Army, collect taxes, administer Justice &
maintain law & order
● He was aided by Amel who collected revenues & Qazi who administered
justice
Hazrat Umar's Caliphate
Election as a Caliph
● Abu Bakr consulted Shura & nominated Hz.Umar as his successor
● Some companions thought he was unsuitable because of his strict nature &
authoritative personality
● Abu Bakr said to them,”His strictness was there because of my softness,
when the weight of the caliphate is on his shoulders, he will no longer remain
strict….”
● He proved the words of Abu Bakr true
● He adopted the title ‘Ameer-ul-Momineen’ the commander of the faithful &
lived by this title throughout his life
Expansion of Empire
Wars with Persia
Reasons
● Establishing trade & removing Persian threat
Battle of Namaraq (634 A.D)
● Persians wanted to regain Fort Hira
P commander: Rustam
M commander: Ubayd-Ath Thaqafi
M army: 5000 men
● Muslim forces defeated the Persians
Result: A number of Persian generals were killed
Battle of Jasr/bridge/Marwa (Late 634 A.D)
Cause: Revenge for Namarraq
P commander: Bahman
M commander: Abu Ubayd Saqafi
● Army met Muslims on the Bank of Euphrates
● Bahman sent a letter to Ubayd asking if he should come, or they should come
● Abu Ubayd decided to cross the river against the will of his soldiers
● Muslims were at disadvantage:
1. Uneven ground
2. Persians had elephants & Arabian horses had never seen elephants &
panicked
● Elephants trampled many people
N.M commander: Hz. Muthanna
● Bridge was cut to stop Muslims from fleeing
● Only able to save 3000 out of 9000 soldiers
Result: Greatest defeat for Muslims
Battle of Buwayb
Cause: Revenge for Muslims
● Situation was the same as Jasr
● Persians 12000, much more than Muslim army
P commander: Mehran
M commander: Muthanna, commanded army from his sick bed
● Fierce battle
● Persians crossed the river
● Mehran was killed→Persian got demoralized & tried to retreat but Muslims broke the
bridge
● Persians defeated & Muslims emerged victorious as a result
● As a result of this victory royale all of western Persia fell into the hands of
Muslims
Battle of Qadsiya
Cause: Revenge of Persians
● P king wanted to recapture lost territories
● Hz.Umar prepared 30,000 & sent them
P commander: Rustam
M commander: Saad bin Abi Waqas
P army: 120,000
● Armies encamped at the west bank of Aliq, branch of Euphrates
● Saad sent delegation to P king with 3 options
● King tried to insult the envoy
● Poured sand on the head of the ambassador but Saad was happy because he
was like LOL they handing over their land to us
● Small skirmishes for 3 months
● Rustam attacked Muslims
● Saad directed the battle from his sick bed
● Saad appointed archers to pierce the eyes of the elephants & cut their
trunks so the blind elephants trampled their own ranks
● Battle continued 3 days
● Rustam was killed & battle ended
● Muslims emerged victorious
● Decisive in the history of Islam, shattered Persian strength
● Muslims got lots of war spoils
Fall of Madain
● Saad, after taking a rest a few months marched towards Madain (capital)
● Persian generals moved towards Madain destroying the bridges on the way
making Tigris & its canals impossible to cross
● When Saad arrived at the Bank of Tigris he found no boat nor bridge
● Saad entered into the sea riding his horse, army followed
● Persians tried to resist but got scared of the Muslims seeing them crossing
the river & ran away saying,”The Giants have come.”
● Muslims entered the city from different directions
● P king fled
● Muslims emerged victorious & gained a lot of booty
Battle of Jalula
● P king took refuge in Halwan
● Captured Jalula & made preparations to fight against Muslims
● Saad Bin Abi Waqas sent an army under Qaka
● Qaka besieged Jalula, lasted 7 months
● Siege got too long & Persians had to come out of the city
● Fierce battle
● Allah sent heavy storm that began to blow on the faces of the Persians,
helped Muslims push forward
● Persians surrendered, signed a peace treaty & agreed to pay Jizya
Battle of Nahawand (Fath-ul-Fatuh) The victory of victories (642 A.D)
● After Jalula peace was concluded & no war for few months
● Persians broke the treaty & prepared for war
● P King wanted to recover his control over Persia, assembled huge army
● Muslims also made preparations, marched to Nahawand
● Persian army camped near side of a ravine
● 600,000 Persians, 30,000 Muslims
● Persians fortified themselves behind the trenches
● No'man bin Muqarrin, M commander, adopted strategy to pull Persians out
from trenches
● Pretended to attack the trenches then withdrew to lure Persians to leave
their position
● Muslim commander finally attacked
● Persians began to flee but in the dark fell into the ravine
● Persians surrendered
● Victory came to be known as Fath-ul-Futah
● Next year Muslims conquered Rayy, Fars, Khurasaan, Isfahan
Wars with Romans
Fall of Damascus
● 635.AD Muslims finally conquered Damascus under Khalid bin Waleed (KBW)
● People of Damascus came under treaty with Muslims & agreed to pay Jizya

● Conquered Fihl in 635.AD

● Also won Jordan
● 636.AD seized Emisa (important trading city), conquered
Battle of Yarmuk
● Wanted to regain these^ lost territories
● Roman emperor sent an army of 260,000
● Army assembled at Jabiya
● Ubaidah, Yazid, Amr under KBW Assembled at Yarmuk
● Negotiations between army
● Negotiations failed, battle started, lasted 6 days
● By the afternoon of the 6th day only ⅓ of the Byzantine Army remained, rest
had either been killed or fled
● Romans were also unsettled by the dust storm
● Meanwhile rumor spread that the Arab Christians had turned in favor of the
Muslims which further demoralized Romans
● Romans lost the battle
The Fall of Jerusalem
● Muslim forces besieged Jerusalem under the command of Amr bin Al Aas
● Weather conditions (severe winter) created difficulties for besieging
Muslim force
● Army was enforced by Ubaiyda bin Jarrah
● People of Jerusalem decided to surrender on the condition that he submit
only to the Caliph
● Hazrat Umar agreed & traveled to Jerusalem in person to receive the
submission of the city
● Entered accompanied by just 1 servant & a camel which they rode in turns
● He got angry with the commanders of the Muslim army who were wearing
silken robes
● Signed a treaty according to which the inhabitants of Jerusalem were
granted complete security of their life & property, to practice the religion
freely, etc
● Priest offered Umar the keys of Jerusalem & made him visit the city
● His conduct therefore sets an example of simplicity, humility, respect for all
faiths & tolerance
Fall of Egypt
● Amr took Umar's permission to invade it as it was a very rich land
● Entered Egypt with 4000 soldiers
● Fort Fustat conquered
● King got angry & sent an army to Alexandria (capital)
Fall of Alexandria
● Amr set out for Alexandria
● Got reinforcements & after heavy engagements conquered it
● Afterwards Amr captured the remaining fortresses in Egypt & it came under
the full sway of Islam
Martyrdom of Hazrat Umar
● After Nihawand many Persians were taken captive
● Captives were sold as slaves
● One of these was Abu Lulu also known as Feroz
● He was purchased by the governor of Basra
● Abu Lulu came to Umar claiming that his owner was charging too much tax
 ● After checking Umar told him that because of his occupation the tax was
just
● Since he was a blacksmith Umar asked him to make him a dagger
● Abu Lulu said that he will make a special dagger just for him threatening him
● Zil Hajj 23.AH while Umar was leading morning prayers Lulu attacked him
with a dagger & inflicted several wounds
● Survived for some days
● During this he nominated a panel of 6 people, Ali, Usman, Zubair bin Awwam,
Abdur Rehman, Talha & Saad bin Abi Waqas
Q)What does the manner in which Umar got martyrdom tell us about him?
● Fair & just, didn’t change Jizya rate even though threatened
● Man of Principles, no leniency
● Responsible, made a panel of the next Caliph even when dying
● Love for Prophet, sent son to ask if he could be buried next to Prophet
● Brave & bold, even though threatened didn’t get guards for protection
● Humility, simplicity
Q)’Umar's unbending attitude led to his assassination.’ What can we learn?
● Umar went about conducting the affairs of Caliphate, didn’t increase
security around him, didn’t succumb to Lulu's demand even though
threatened
● Muslims should learn to have complete faith in Allah, Only He is the giver &
taker of life
● Mustn't give into unjust demands & work honestly at whatever they do…
Administration
● Greatest administrator of his time
● Rule for 10 years, Golden Age of Islam
● Divided the Islamic Empire into 8 provinces:
1. Syria
2. Madina
3. Iraq
4. Egypt
5. Iran
● Framed the constitution of the state on the basis of democracy
● Appointed an adversary counsel (further improved it). Consisted of
prominent companions & were consulted on important matters of the state
● Brought improvements in the departments of Finance, Revenue Collection,
Police, Judiciary, Education…
● Before appointing any high government official he used to take an oath from
them:

Won't keep guards on their

doors Wanted to bring humility,
simplicity, corruption free society,
Won't wear expensive every1 will be equal→no personal
clothes grudges
Won't ride on Turkish
horses

● Money in Bait-ul-Maal was spent on the welfare of Muslims, roads, bridges…

● Surplus money was distributed among the Muslim
● Criteria was, closeness in relation to Prophet, battle of Badr participants,
early converts…son of Umar was given 4K allowance, whereas son of Zaid bin
Harith was given 5K
● Number of military forms:

Hazrat Usman's Caliphate

Election
● Umar nominated 6 people as the next caliph & left the choice to his people
● Umar ordered his son to also attend the meetings of the newly formed
electoral committee not as a candidate tho, set to him,”If the members of
this committee disagree among themselves, you support those who are in
majority. If there's a tie with 3 on each side, then you support the party of
Abdul Rahman.”
● Matter had to be decided within 3 days
● Talha was not in Madina & Abdur Rehman withdrew his name so only 4
remained
● Abdur Rehman started interviewing the nominees & the public
● Arrived at the conclusion that majority was in favor of Usman
● On the 4th day of Umar's assassination Usman became the next Caliph
Expansion of Empire
● Usman ruled for 12 years, out of which 6-8 were peaceful
● He was a soft hearted & lenient person so many states took advantage &
revolted
Rebellions
Rebellion in Egypt
● Wanted to regain it
● Usman removed Amr bin Al Aas from governorship & replaced him with
Abdullah bin saad
● This created dissatisfaction cuz he was popular among the people
● Rome tried to take advantage of the revolts & recapture the land but failed
as Usman reappointed Amr
Rebellion in Alexandria
● Egypt revolted, Romans took advantage & attacked
● 644 Abdullah bin Abi Sarah recaptured it

● Azerbaijan reconquered by Walid bin Uqbah

● Armenia, Habib bin Muslamah
● Syria, Ameer Muawiya & Habib bin Muslamah
First Naval Feat
● Romans had supremacy over sea
● Muslims had no naval force
● Ameer Muawiya wanted to build the naval force, asked during Umars time
but he didn't allow it, asked again, Usman allowed it
● 1st force consisted of 500 ships
Q)Why didn't Umar allow the Muslims to build the naval fleet?
● All caliphs were desert tribesmen, scared of the sea
● Too risky, army could be lost at sea
● Land had a chance of retreat, but at sea they were alone
Advantages
● Broke supremacy of Romans over the sea
● New trade routes unlocked
● Islands conquered
● Stronger defence
Battle of Masts
● Most important battle
● First naval battle against Romans
● Romans wanted to regrain Alexandria
M commander: Abdullah bin abi Sarah
● Had only 200 ships with them
● 2 fleets met at mid sea
● During the war they came so close that their masts touched one another→ reason
battle is called Battle of Masts
● Muslims emerged victorious
Reasons of the unrest, Revolts or Difficulties faced by Usman
1. Leniency
2. Personal grudges of the newly converts
3. Nepotism
4. Rivalry between tribes
5. Conspiracy of Jews
6. His old age
7. Too much trust on Marwan bin Hakam
8. Overlooked the faults of Governors
9. Burning of the copies of Quran
Nepotism
● Usman placed his close relatives as governors & his advisers. People disliked
this act. In Usman's view he had simply appointed efficient governors, but
for others it was nepotism
Created rivalry b/w tribes
● Many people took it as just the success of Umayyad tribes who now
controlled all the important posts in the caliphate
Conspiracy of Jew (Abdullah bin Sabah)
● Jews instigated the long term enmity b/w Banu Hashim & Banu Umayyads
● He instigated people by showing his loyalty to the family of the Prophet
● Claimed that caliphate was the right of Ali, not Usman
● Group of Sabaites claimed that Ali, Talha & Zubair were in favor of them &
they disliked Usman
● He launched a campaign against most of the officers by calling them
irreligious, non practical & bad Muslims
● Incited people to forge complaints against the governors, various officials &
even the Caliph
● Usman didn’t take timely action against the conspirators
● Spread the sphere of their activities in Kufa, Basra, Egypt, Yemen, etc
● Punishment giving to them worsened the situation
● Usman was old, 80. It is said that he was surrounded by people who gave him
wrong advice & took advantage of his age & weakness
● He relied to much on his chief secretary Marwan bin Hakam (his cousin)
● He was granted a big share of spoils of war which Muslims got after
defeating the Roman governor of Tunisia
● Favor of Usman brought him to open criticism
● Burning of copies of Quran also became serious cause of revolt even though
it was a service
● Conspirators became so strong that they gathered in Madina & put a number
of false allegations on Usman
● Usman gave convincing replies to the arguments in front of prominent
companions
● Appointment of inefficient rulers
● Too lenient, didn’t exercise full control over his governor's
● Demolishing Masjid Nabvi, didn’t demolish it but extended it
● Spending money from Bait-ul-Maal on his own relative
● Offered full prayers during Hajj, had a house in Makkah so no reason to
perform Qada prayer
● Using public pastures for his own cattle, only had 2 camels so ya…
● Disgraced prominent companions
Martyrdom
● Ali convinced conspirators to return back
● Agreed to go back on 2 conditions
● Removing of Abdullah bin Saad from governorship of Egypt & appointing
Muhammed bin Abu Bakr on his place
● Usman accepted
● Came back after 3-4 days & raised a hue & cry
● Produced a letter
● 2 opinions about who wrote that letter, either Marwan bin Hakam or by the
Sabaites themselves
● Usman denied but Sabaites refused
● Demanded Usman abdicate or hand over Marwan bin Hakam to them
● Prophet predicted this & had taken a promise from Usman not to cast off
the shirt that Allah gave him to wear
● Prophet once climbed Uhud with Abu Bakr, Umar & Usman. Mountain shock
with them. Prophet said,”Be firm, O Uhud! For on you there are no more than
a Prophet, a Siddiq & 2 martyrs.”
● Conspirators besieged the house of Usman, lasted 50 days
● Food & water supply was cut
● Ali, Talha & Zubair sent their sons Hassan, Hussain & Abdullah bin Zubair to
guard Usman
● Usman addressed the rebels from the roof of his house several times
● Tried to remind them of his services, he rendered towards Islam & also told
them about his relationship with the Prophet but the rebels were not ready
to listen
● The time for a satisfactory compromise was quickly passing
● At last rebels received news that Ameer Muawiya, Governor of Syria had
dispatched an army to protect Usman
● Also afraid that Hajj season was coming to an end & the supporters of
Usman will return back to Madina
● They attacked the House of Usman but Hassan & Mohammed bin Talha
defended it but were wounded
● Usman didn’t give permission to all defenders in his household to resist the
rebels as he did not want to shed Muslim blood for his own sake
● Marwan bin Hukam & his troops tried to resist but were outnumbered &
Marwan was severely injured in the fight
● There was no escape for Usman
● He was alone with his wife in his room reciting the Quran
● Rebels jumped into his house, entered his room & mercilessly killed him
● Naila (wife) tried to protect him but was wounded. Lost 2 fingers while
trying to save him
 Jihad
Root word: Juhud meaning struggling,strivin,exerting effort
● Doesn't necessarily mean war
Religious meaning: Quran describes Jihad as a system of Checks & balance
Struggling in the way of Allah
● Jihad is Fard-e-Kifaya
● Prophet said,”Whosoever of you sees an evil action,let him change it with his
hand; & if he is not able to do so,then with his tongue; & if he is not able to
do so,then with his heart — & that is the weakest of faith.”
Kinds of Jihad
● Spiritual Jihad or Jihad bil Nafs (Heart)
● Mental Jihad (Tongue) or (Pen)
● Physical Jihad (Hand) (Using Force)
Spiritual Jihad
● Fight against our inner evil intentions
● To fight against Satanic temptations
● In every individual there are 3 types of Nafs:
1. Nafs-e-Ammara (Good Nafs)
2. Nafs-e-Lawwama (Bad Nafs)
3. Nafs-e-Mutmainna (Satisfied Nafs)
● Spiritual is declared the Greatest Jihad by the Prophet
Q)Why is Spiritual considered as the greatest Jihad/Why is the Greatest
Jihad considered more important?
● Spiritual means fight b/w good & bad Nafs
● Satan always attack our Nafs & tries to deviate us from the right path
● Very difficult to defeat satanic temptations in us
● One has to constantly battle against the evil inside himself
Mental Jihad
● Involves Dawah that is invitation to convey the msg of Islam
● Duty of every Muslim to create peace & establish good in the society by
inviting ppl by beautiful preaching
● They should use all their capabilities to perform this duty
How to perform
● Jihad bil Lisaan
● Jihad bil Qalam
How can this be performed in today's world
● Most influential forms of jihad
● Allows Muslims influence the way Westerns think or feel about jihad
Jihad bil Yad/Physical Jihad/Armed Warfare
● Physical armed warfare is Fard-e-Kifaya
● Made obligatory in 2A.H
● Can be performed through:
1. Jihad bil Saif (sword)/most difficult kind
2. Jihad bil Maal (charity)
Under what circumstance is Physical Jihad allowed
● View that Islam assumes all non Muslim territories as enemies by default is
false
● View that Muslims are allowed to use forced to convert non Muslims to Islam
is false
● Muslims are expressly forbidden from using force for the above reasons
● Physical jihad that is use of force,weapons is only one aspect of Jihad
● Muslims may resort to it only in clearly specified situations & also in strict
compliance with defined moral principles only
Conditions
● Must be fought only as a last resort` when all other options are exhausted
● When there's injustice,oppression & the very existence of Islam & Muslims
is threatened
● One's faith is at risk
● Military Jihad is justified if it will bring about freedom from tyranny,
restore peace,combat oppression or correct injustice
● In return of violation of a treaty signed
● Muslims instructed to fight in self defense,not to initiate,limited area for
war
● Violation of universal rules
Rules of Jihad
● Should be declared by authority
● No aggression towards civilians
● No cutting of trees and killing animals in necessarily
● Place of worship mustn't be attacked
● Forbidden to ill-treat prisoners of war or to deny them essentials of life
● Compelling people to embrace Islam ain't allowed,Quran says,”Let there be
no compulsion in religion.”
● Accept peace,Quran says,”And if they incline to peace, then you should
incline to it; and put your trust in Allah.”
● War booty must not be stolen
● Random killing should be avoided & mutilation no allowed
Importance of Physical Jihad
● Fard-e-Kifaya
● Made obligatory in 2 A.H
● Quran says,”fight in the way of those who fight against you but do not
transgress the limit.”
● Prophet says the person who takes part,”will be recompensed by Allah either
with a reward or war booty or will be admitted to paradise”
● If a Muslim gets Martyrdom according to Quran he will be considered alive
not dead
● Quran says,”And those who are killed in the way of Allah don't call them
dead.They are alive but can't perceive it.”
Jihad bil Maal
● Refers to spending money in the way of Allah
● Maybe for helping those who go to fight
● To use your financial resources in the way of Allah, to improve social
conditions for those around you
● One form of jihad uses all our physical financial resources is hajj, Prophet
said,”Hajj is the most excellent form of jihad.”