Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)

Life in Makkah
Birth and Upbringing:

● The prophet (PBUH) was born on 12th Rabi-ul-Awal, 570 A.D.

● His father had died six months before his birth.
● At his birth, he was given to his foster mother, Halima Saadia, who took him to a village and he returned
at the age of six.
● When he came back, his mother, Aamnah, took him to Yasrib to meet a few relatives and visit the grave
of the Prophet’s father.
● However, on their way back Hazrat Aamnah fell ill and died.
● The Prophet was escorted back by a slave girl Umm-e-Aymen.

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● Back in Makkah, the Prophet’s grandfather, Abdul Mutalib took his custody; but he too passed away two
years later.
● So, now, the prophet’s paternal uncle, Abu Talib, took his care and trained him as a shepherd.

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● Once, the Prophet was accompanying his uncle on a trade journey to Syria, when on their way they met a
Christian Monk, Bahira. Bahira recognized in the prophet signs of prophethood and cautioned them to not
continue their journey ahead.
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When the prophet was 15 years old, war broke out between two tribes. '
The Prophet accompanied his uncles in this war – known as the sacrilegious war – but he had no major
role in them apart from collecting arrows thrown by the enemy and handing them over to his uncles.
● After this war, a committee was formed in Makkah to prevent further bloodshed.
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● This was called the Half-ul-Fazul, and the Prophet was not only present but actively participated.
● He is reported to have said: “I was present at the house of Abdullah Bin Judan at such an excellent a pact
that if today in Islam I were summoned unto it I would gladly respond”.
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Marriage to Khadija:
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● During his early years, the Prophet came to be known as Al-Sadiq and Al-Amin.
● In such times, a widow trader, Hazrat Khadija, needed a trustworthy person to carry her goods to Syria.
● She heard of the good character of the prophet and decided to hire him.
● She sent her slave girl Maisara along on the trade expedition, and when they returned not just had the
Prophet made huge profits, but Maisara spoke a lot good about the Prophet. Hazrat Khadija was so
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impressed that she sent a marriage proposal to the Prophet, which was accepted on his behalf by Abu
Talib, his uncle.,
● Although Hz. Khadija was 15 years older than the Prophet, they had a successful marriage and had 6
children, 2 of whom died in infancy.

Fixing of Black Stone:

● Later, once, when the Kaaba was being rebuilt, the issue of fixing the black stone arose. Everybody
wanted this prestigious task and none was willing to compromise; so much so that bloodshed was feared.

Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)

 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● In such a hostile situation, an elderly man suggested that anybody who entered the Kaaba first would
make the decision.
● Fortunately, it was the Holy Prophet who made a very wise decision.
● He laid the stone on a sheet and told the leaders of the tribes to hold the sheet from each corner and lift it
up.
● When the stone reached the desired level, the Prophet picked the stone and placed it on its position. Thus
everyone was happy.
● Gradually, when the Prophet was nearing the age of 40, he used to take dates and water and meditate in
the cave of Hira, pondering over the ill practices of Arabs.

The Main Events of His Activities in Makkah and Experience with Opponents:·

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First Revelation:

● When the Prophet was nearing the age of 40, in 610 A.D, he would take dates and water along and

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meditate in the cave of Hira at the Mount of Nur.
● He used to ponder over the gods of his forefathers, especially Hazrat Ibrahim and he detested the ill
practices of the Arabs.
● One such day, towards the end of Ramzan an angel appeared before him and asked him to read.
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The Prophet replied that he could not read since he had not received any formal education. The angel then
hugged him tightly and asked him again to read.
● The Prophet again replied that he could not read.
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● The angel again squeezed the Prophet tightly and repeated his demand for the third time. The Prophet
finally asked, what should I read?
● In response, the angel recited the first 5 verses of Surah Alaq:
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● Read! in the name of your Lord, who created, 2. Created man out of a clot of congealed blood: 3.
Proclaim! And your Lord is most bountiful, 4. He who taught by the pen, 5. Taught man what he did
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not know.
● After the Prophet had recited these verses, the angel disappeared.
● In confusion, the Prophet ran out of the cave.
● Outside, he saw the angel filling the horizon and then he heard a voice: “O Muhammad! You are the
messenger of Allah and I am Jibrael”.
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● The Prophet ran to his house and asked Hazrat Khadija to cover him up in a blanket.
● He then narrated the entire incident to her.
● On hearing the entire account, Hazrat Khadija pacified him by saying: “you have never done any wrong
to anyone. You are kind to others and help the poor. Allah will not let you down”.
● Hazrat Khadija later took the Prophet to her cousin and Christian scholar, Warqah-bin-Naufil.
● Warqah confirmed the prophethood of the prophet and said that he had been visited by the same angel
who had visited other prophets.
● He also forewarned that the Prophet would be expelled from his own city by his own people.

Opposition and Persecution by the Quraish:

Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
During his early years, the Prophet had to face severe persecution and opposition from the Quraish, some
examples are mentioned below:

● When the prophet first called them to Islam at the mount of safa, he was ridiculed and made fun of.
● Once, when the Prophet was praying a Quraish threw the intestines of a camel on his back while he was
prostrating.
● Umm-e-Jabeel, the wife of Abu Lahab, used to throw thorny bushes on the path of the Prophet.
● Abu Lahb told his sons to divorce their wives who were the Prophet’s Daughters, just to add to his
worries.
● During the time when there was a gap between the revelations the makkans used to mock the Prophet that
his God had abandoned him.

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● A lady used to throw rubbish on the Prophet.
● The makkans wrote poems to ridicule the Prophet and called him a magician.
● They also offered him bribes like making him king or marrying him to the prettiest girl so that he would

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stop preaching Islam.
● When both of the Prophet’s sons passed away in infancy, the Quraish called him “abtar” – he who has no
male descendants.
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In between such persecutions, Prophet’s wife Hazrat Khadija and his uncle Hazrat Abu Talib passed away.
This was a huge loss for the Prophet because both of them had been a source of immense support for the
Prophet. It was because of this tragic loss that the Prophet called this year the year of grief.
● Sometime later, the Prophet visited Taif to preach Islam. He was accompanied by his adopted son Zaid
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Bin Haris. When the Prophet called the people of Taif to Islam, he had to face a very negative response.
The young boys of Taif hurled stones at the Prophet and were forced to retreat in a badly bleeding
condition.
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● The final blow was when the Makkans gathered at Dar-un-Nadwa and made a plan to assassinate the Holy
Prophet, so much so that he and his followers were forced to migrate to Madinah.
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● Not only the Prophet himself, but his followers also had to face maltreatment and the hands of Quraish.
Cited below are some examples:
● Hazrat Bilal – an Abyssinian slave – was tortured by his master Ummaya Bin Khalf. Ummaya would tie
a rope around Hazrat Bilal’s neck and drag him on the streets. He would also make Hazrat Bilal burn coal
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and place a stone on his chest so that he could not move. Yet, Hazrat Bilal never renounced his faith and
remained steadfast. He was later freed by Hazrat Abu Bakr.
● Hazrat Abu Bakr himself was tied with a rope along with Hazrat Talha.
● Hazrat Usman was tortured by his very own uncle.
● Hazrat Zinra was persecuted to an extent that she lost her eyesight.
● Hazrat Talha and Zubair were dragged in streets and suffocated.
● The parents of Hazrat Ammar Bin Yasir were tortured to death. Infact, his mother Hazrat Summayah
was the first female martyr of Islam.
● Suhaib Rumi eventually lost control of what he said due to extensive persecution.
● Khabab bin Arrat was made to lie on burning coal.
Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● Abu Fukaih, too, was made to lay on hot burning stones until his tongue dropped out.
● Abu Zarr Ghaffari was attacked by a crowd of non believers and he fell down senseless.
● For 3 whole years, all the people of Bani Hashim except Abu Jahl were forced to live in a secluded valley
in the outskirts of Makkah. A total boycott, social and economic, was done with them so much so that
they had to survive on boiled leather for food.

Migration To Abyssinia:

● The hardships and suffering of the Muslims increased.

● The Prophet gave permission to a group of Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia.
● Accordingly, in the fifth year of prophethood, a group of eleven men and four women secretly left for
Abyssinia, these included Hazrat Usman and his wife Ruqqaya, daughter of the Prophet.

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● The followed another group of 70 men including Hazrat Jafar, son of Abu Talib.
● Although the Quraish tried to follow the emigrants and bring them back, they failed.

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● In fact, Najashi the king of Abyssinia treated the Muslims very kindly.

Boycott:

● During the early years in Makkah, the believers had to face severe persecutions at the hands of Quraish.
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The Quraish tried their best to harass the Muslims and make them denounce their faith.
Yet the Muslims remained steadfast, proving that they could even risk their lives for Islam.
It was because of this steadfastness that they were able to live through the three years in the secluded
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valley –Shib Abi Talib.
● Situation got so bad that the people had to survive on leather and boiled leaves.
● Echoes of crying children were heard from the valley.
● Eventually, after 3 years of immense hardships, the hearts or Quraish melted and they lifted the ban.
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Year of Grief:
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● The 3 tough years had just ended when another blow came to the Prophet in the form of his uncle, Abut
Talib’s death.
● He was the same uncle who had bought up the Prophet and showered on him his love and affection.
● His death worried the Prophet a lot as his influential status was a source of protection for the Prophet.
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● The very same year, the wife of the Prophet also passed away.
● Hazrat Khadija had provided the Prophet with financial and moral support and her death was a very
saddening event for the Prophet.
● After these two great losses the Prophet called this year the year of grief and did not feel secure in
Makkah for now he had little protection left.

Visit to Taif:

● While the Prophet was just recovering from this loss, he decided to focus on the expansion of Islam.
● Therefore, he traveled to the valley of Taif along with his adopted son, Zaid Bin Haris, to preach Islam.

Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)

 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● His message was not at all welcomed there in fact young boys hurled stones at him until he bled.
● Eventually, the Prophet took refuge in a nearby orchard and when an angel asked about punishing the
people, the Prophet refused recognizing their influence and in fact prayed for them.
● After this event he realized that he needed another place to preach Islam as it was certainly not acceptable
to the people of Taif or Makkah.

Mairaj:

● In the 10th year of prophethood, the prophet was taken for Isra and Mairaj.
● While the Holy Prophet was asleep in his house, Jibrael (A.S) came and took him to Kaaba, where the
Prophet rode a mule-like animal called Burraq.
● It took him to Jerusalem where the Holy Prophet offered two Rakat.

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● He again rode the Burraq and they reached the heavens.
● The prophet was taken to all seven heavens where he met various prophets.

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● Angel Jibrael then led them to the lote tree beyond which the angel couldn’t go but the Prophet was
permitted to go.
● Allah spoke to him directly over there and the last verses of Surah Baqarah were revealed. 5 prayers a day
were also made compulsory here.

Pledges of Aqabah:

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On his return from Taif, the Prophet resumed his preaching, concentrating more on outsiders who came to
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Makkah for pilgrimage.
● In the eleventh year of ProphetHood, six pilgrims from the tribe of Khazraj in Madinah came to Makkah.
● The Prophet called them to Islam and they embraced faith.
● Next year, 12 people from Yasrib met the Prophet at Aqabah, accepted faith, agreed to abstain from idol
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worship, cruelty and falsehood, lead a righteous life and believe in one God.
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● This was called the First Pledge of Aqabah.

● These newly converts promised to spread Islam in Yasrib and the Prophet sent 2 people with them to
preach Islam to the residents of Yasrib.
● In the 13th year of prophethood, a delegation consisting of 75 people came from Yasrib to take the same
pledge which was now called the 2nd pledge of Aqabah.
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● They also invited the Prophet to Yasrib and pledged full support for him and his followers. This made the
Prophet realize that the people of Yasrib were keen to accept Islam and their hospitality could be
beneficial to Islam.
● The main events of his activities in Medina, his leadership of the community there and his conflicts with
the Makkans and others

Main events of Migration:

● The Prophet allowed his followers to migrate to Yasrib.

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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● When the Quraish got to know of it, they gathered at Dar-un-Nadwa and unanimously decided to
assassinate the Prophet.
● Allah informed the prophet about this plot through a revelation and permitted him to leave. The Prophet
asked Hazrat Ali to sleep in his bed to fool the Quraish and also to return the valuable people had kept
with the Prophet.
● The Prophet then left for Madinah with Hazrat Abu Bakar.
● They were aware that they were being pursued by the Quraish; therefore they decided to hide in a cave,
named Saur, for some time.
● They stayed for 3 days. When the Quraish came looking for the Prophet, they did not bother looking
inside the cave as a pigeon had laid eggs at the threshold of the cave, a spider had formed a web and

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branches of a tree were covering the entrance – these were all miracles of Allah.
● During this stay, Hazrat Abu Bakr was worried so the Prophet consoled him by saying: “have no fear for
Allah is with us”.

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● During their stay, Hazrat Abu Bakr was bit by a snake but he did not even shout as the Prophet was
sleeping in his lap and he did not want to disturb him.
● This shows how much he cared for the Prophet. During their stay in the cave, Hazrat Abu Bakr’s son,
Abdullah used to bring them news about the Quraish and his daughter, Asma, would bring them food

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supplies.
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After three days when the Prophet and Hazrat Abu Bakar were sure that the Quraish were no longer
following them, they continued their journey.
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● They again stopped at Quba for 14 days where Hazrat Ali joined them and the 1st mosque of Islam was
built.
● When the people of madinah heard of their arrival, they were anxiously waiting.
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● Upon their arrival, they publicly welcomed them wholeheartedly and young girls even sang songs for the
Prophet.
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● Everybody wanted the Prophet to stay with them but the Prophet said that his camel was under divine
instructions so he would stay where the camel stopped.
● The camel stopped at an open ground which belonged to two orphans, and the Prophet decided to build a
mosque on that place after paying the orphans its price.
● Meanwhile, the Prophet stayed at Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari’s residence.
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Brotherhood:

● The makkans had left their families and belongings in Makkah and now they needed financial support.
● Therefore, each emigrant was paired with an Ansar –the people of Medina – and they were declared as
brothers.
● The Ansars shared all their wealth and property with the emigrants and they were even allowed to inherit
from them.
● In some cases, they even shared wives.
● The Ansar offered endless support to the emigrants and tried their best to facilitate them.
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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● The emigrants, on the other hand, did not become a burden on the Ansar and soon started living
independently.

Covenant of Medina:

● In his attempt to achieve good relations with all the inhabitants of Medina, the Prophet devised the
Covenant of Medina.
● He drew a covenant with the people of the town, whether Muslims or non Muslims (including Jews)
which clearly defined the duties and privileges of all the people. It said:
1. All people of Medina would defend the city collectively
2. There would be complete religious freedom for all
3. If a conflict arises within the Medinites, the Prophet will be consulted for a decision.

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Life in Madinah
First year of hijrat (624 AD)

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1. Mosque of holy prophet
Mosque of the Prophet:

● Upon his arrival, they publicly welcomed the Prophet wholeheartedly and young girls even sang songs for

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Everybody wanted the Prophet to stay with them but the Prophet said that his camel was under divine
instructions so he would stay where the camel stopped.
● The camel stopped at an open ground which belonged to two orphans, and the Prophet decided to build a
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mosque on that place after paying the orphans its price.
● Meanwhile, the Prophet stayed at Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari’s residence.
● This mosque was known as the Mosque of the Prophet – Masjid-e-Nabawi.
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● The materials used for the construction included unbaked bricks which were used to make the walls.
● The roof was made of mud and date palm leaves.
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● Trunks of date palm were used as pillars.

● A large platform with a thatched roof was built in one of the corners. It was known as Suffah. The Prophet
himself took part in building the mosque and was assisted by many of his companions.
● It served as a residential place for the Prophet and his family.
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● It also became the political and military headquarters of the state and served as an institute of learning.

This was the first important thing that the holy prophet did. The land for the mosque was bought from two
orphans and the Holy prophet with his companions worked very hard to complete the construction of the mosque.
This mosque was known as "Mosque of holy prophet" or as masjid-e-nabawi.
The walls of the mosque were made of unbaked bricks and the roof of mud and date palm leaves, trunks of date
palm trees were used as pillars.
a large platform was made in the corner with thatched roof. This is known as Suffah. It became a training center
of Islamic education and also shelter for poor Muslims.
Importance
Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● Muslims now had a place of worship in congregation
● this mosque became center of education
● mosque was also social community center where Muslims would gather
● it was also a military center as all discussions were made here
● it also initially served as a court as the legal matters were also decided there
● the mosque had house of holy prophet attached to it

2. Azan (call for prayers)

The words of the Adhan came in the dream of Abdullah ibn Zayd. In order to call Muslims for offering
congregational prayers Azan was introduced, as suggested by Hazrat Umar. Hazrat Bilal was appointed as

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Muezzin.

3. Settlement of Muhajirin

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Muslims in madinah were of two categories one who migrated from Makkah to madinah were known as
Muhajirin and second were Ansar who belonged to madinah and gave shelter to emigrants (muhajirins).

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The Holy prophet established brotherhood between these two groups, he told Ansar that muhajirins are in need
of help and they should help them. Ansars accepted and gave muhajireen a place to live in their houses and
treated them as brothers.
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Importance

● it was to help the people who had migrated

● it was an attempt to increase unity among muslims
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● it was to avoid growth in economic class system in Islamic state

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● it was also to set an example for the leaders that how they should rule their people by binding then in
bond of brotherhood
● it was also to convey the universal concept of brotherhood

4. Treaty with Jews

There were three major tribes of Jews: Banu Qainaiqa, Banu Nadir and Banu Quraiza. Holy prophet realized that
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foundation of Islamic empire would be very weak without the support of all people of madinah. Particularly
Muslims had a threat from the Quraish. Then the holy prophet called Muslims and Jewish tribes for a
consultation. He invited them to consider any system for the safety of madinah. After exchange of views
agreement reached equal rights. It stated that the Muslims and Jews were allies and would help each other and in
case of attack on madinah both would defend it.
Importance
● The holy prophet was able to prevent the rise of hostility between Muslims and Jews the way it had
been in Makkah between Muslims and quraysh.
● this set an example for Muslims that how they can set peace between non muslims under their rule
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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● the treaty gave Muslims hope as both Muslims and Jews would defend madinah if any attack was
done on madinah
● the status of holy prophet was raised quiet high as he was recognized as undisputed leader by the
people of madinah

Second Year of Hijrat (625 AD)

1. Orders

i. Fasting

Fasting in the month of Ramadan was made obligatory on all adult Muslims in the second year of hijrat.
Words of Quran: "O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you so that

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you may (learn) self-resistance" (2:183)

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ii. Zakat
The payment of zakat was also made obligatory on all rich Muslims, following words describe it "And spend of
your substance in the cause of Allah,... do good: for Allah loveth those who do good." (2:195)
iii. Change of Qiblah
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Qibla is the direction where Muslims turn their faces while offering prayer. In Makkah Muslims used to face
Masjid Al-Aqsa and they did the same in madinah for over 16 months. In2 A.H. While the holy prophet was
leading Asr prayers he was ordered to face towards kaaba, this became the religious center for Muslims.
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iv. Permission of Jihad

Jihad is struggle in the way of Allah or to express struggle against one's evil inclinations or exertion for the sake
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of Islam and the Muslim Ummah.

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2. Battle of Badr (causes and events)

● The trade caravans of the Quraish used to pass through Madinah.

● The Prophet decided to threaten the caravans which would hurt the Quraish economically. He started
sending parties to watch the caravans.
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● In 624 A.D, Abu Sufyan, the leader of Quraish was coming from Syria with a huge trading caravan. He
was afraid that the Muslims might intercept his caravan and therefore he summoned troops from Makkah.
● Hence an army of 1000 men came to escort the caravan.
● Although the caravan safely reached Makkah, Abu Jahl insisted on fighting the Muslims. So, Quraish,
with an army of 1000 men marched towards Medina.
● When the Prophet heard of this, he consulted his companions and decided to fight them outside Medina.
● The Muslims raised an army of 313 men.
● Both the armies met at Badr. The Quraish had arrived first so they occupied all the important positions.
● The area that Muslims got was sandy land.

Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)

 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● That night, Allah sent down rain and not only were the Muslims able to collect ample water but their land
also got smooth.
● The Quraish heavily outnumbered the Muslims and so the Prophet spent the entire night praying to Allah.
● Allah responded to his prayers by sending heavenly assistance.
● Regarding this, the Quran says: “remember ye implored the assistance of thy Lord and he answered I
will assist you with a thousand angels, ranks on ranks”.
● Initially when the battle started; there was a single combat in which Hazrat Ali Hazrat Hamza and Hazrat
Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah fought against Utba, Sheeba and Waleed.
● After the Muslim success in the single combat, general fighting began.
● While the battle was going on, the Prophet prayed to Allah saying: “O Allah! If this small band of men

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perishes today there will be no one left to worship you and your faith will be destroyed forever”.
● This shows that the Prophet was constantly seeking Allah’s help and Allah’s help did arrive for despite
being less in number, Muslims were able to defeat the Quraish.

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● Even Abu Jahl, the leader of Quraish was killed by Abdullah Bin Masood.
● Overall, 70 pagans were killed and 70 were taken as captives, the Prophet treated the prisoners of war
humanely and many were freed.
● On the other hand, only 14 Muslims were martyred. A large amount of booty was also captured which
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was distributed among the Muslims.

In Makkah, the holy prophet had only one enemy to deal with, the Quraish , who eventually forced the holy
prophet to migrate from makkah. But then in Madinah He had to face three enemies firstly Quraish, secondly
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Jews who later started to break every treaty done with Muslims they began to intrigue and the third were
Hypocrites or the Munafiqin who had accepted islam but worked against Muslims.
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Allah had already given permission to muslims for jihad. When the holy prophet got news that Quraish was
advancing to madinah to attack, the holy prophet called muslims to defend. There were three hundred and
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thirteen men with two horses and two camels. Both tribes met at Badr (a village eighty miles away from
Madinah). The Quraish were in thousands and well equipped, they came with a huge quantity of food. On the
Muslim side of muslim there was no water available. Battle began, the holy prophet prostrated to Allah and asked
for help, suddenly huge rainfall and Muslims collected water.
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Allah granted victory to Muslims. seventy Quraish were killed and seventy were taken as prisoners. Muslims lost
only fourteen people.

Importance

● this made Muslims base stronger

● this showed that not only equipments are necessary to win but truth can
● holy Quran describes this day as 'day of testing' in 8:41
● Position of Muslims became stronger
● strength of Quraish was broken
Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● many unbelievers accepted Islam
● Influence of Islam and holy prophet began outside of Madinah
● As Quran describes it sign of Allah 3:13

Third year of Hijrat (624 AD)

1. Battle of Uhad

● After the defeat of Battle of Badr, the Quraish were waiting to take revenge.
● They included those who had lost their family members at Badr and those who had invested their profits
in the war.
● They instigated the Quraish leader, Abu Sufyan, to wage war.

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● Therefore, the Quraish prepared an army of 3000 men and marched towards Medina in 625 A.D under the
leadership of Abu Sufyan.
● When the Prophet heard of this, he consulted his companions.

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● Although he himself was in favor of fighting inside Medina, upon the suggestion of most of the
companions it was decided that they would be outside Medina.
● Initially, the Muslim army consisted of 1000 men but 300 hypocrites left the army under the leadership of

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not fight.
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Abdullah Bin Ubayy saying that their demand of fighting inside Medina was not fulfilled so they would

Therefore, the remaining 700 people marched towards Uhad.

● On the battlefield, the Prophet appointed 50 archers under the command of Abdullah Bin Jubair to guard a
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pass.
● The Prophet clearly instructed them to not leave the pass under any circumstances.
● Initially, when the battle started, Muslims had an upper hand and they were successful in defeating the
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Quraish such that the Quraish began to flee, leaving behind a lot of booty.
● When the archers saw this, they too left their posts and came to collect the spoils of war, assuming that the
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war was over. However, when Khaild Bin Waleed saw the pass unguarded,
● He along with his companions attacked from the rear.
● At this point, the victory of Muslims turned into a near defeat. As the Quraish had attacked from the back,
Muslims did not know what to do and chaos & panic prevailed.
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● In this confusion, the Prophet himself was attacked and badly wounded.
● He even lost two of his teeth, and became unconscious for some time.
● The nearest of the Prophet’s companions formed a defensive ring around him, yet rumors spread that the
Prophet had been martyred.
● However, the Prophet tried to control the situation and lessened the panic.
● Over all, the Muslims suffered heavy losses and 70 of them were martyred.
● These martyrs included Hazrat Hamza, an uncle of the Prophet, who had been killed by a slave Wahshi,
upon the instructions of Hinda, the wife of Abu Sufyan.
● Hind later chewed the dead body and mutilated it to avenge her father’s death at the hands of Hazrat
Hamza.
Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
After Muslims gained victory in the battle of Badr, Islam gained a strong base in Madinah and the importance of
the city began to rise. Quraish considered the rise in Muslims as a threat to their political interests, they also
wanted to avenge their deaths.

Quraish attacked Muslims. Why did they attack? Because:

Some of Quraish people had been killed in Battle of Badr, they wanted to avenge their deaths

● They feared that their economic and political status might decline.

● They did not want Muslims to get in majority

Finally, a fully armed force of three thousand men left Makkah for Madinah. The Holy prophet and his

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companions decided to meet enemies out of Madinah, three miles away from Madinah, Quraish; they camped at
foothills known as Uhad. The Holy prophet advanced with one thousand companions. Abdullah bin Ubbay with
three hundred companions excused that the holy prophet had turned down his decision of fighting. The Holy

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prophet left with seven hundred men. Later after the fight began when archers saw the enemy retreating they left
their post to collect the booty, Khalid bin Walid the head of enemies attacked from behind and Muslims were in
confusion. Enemies raised a cry that the holy prophet was killed, Muslims left the fight and then the holy prophet
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called out companions to come back, now their support had increased and were rallied.

Both parties were exhausted, soon each army prepared to leave and the fight ended. Ladies went to give water to
wounded soldiers on the battlefield.
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Importance

● Muslims realized that victory is not only their right.

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● Muslims realized they should not expect to win all battles

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● This battle showed that decision should be made when majority accepts certain decision, As done by holy
prophet, he wanted to fight inside Madinah but he agreed on what others agreed

● This battle distinguished true believers from hypocrites

Fourth Year of Hijrat (627 AD)

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1. Banu Nazir

Banu nazir tribe of Jews plotted to kill the holy prophet. The Holy prophet sent them a message to leave madinah
in ten days, they refused and shut themselves in fortresses. The Holy prophet led an army against them and laid
siege to their forts. After a siege of two weeks they surrendered and were exiled from Madinah.

Fifth Year of Hijrat (628 AD)

1. Battle of Trench

● After the Battle of Uhad, the Muslims were able to regain their former position.

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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● The Quraish could not reconcile themselves with the growing power of Muslims and felt threatened.
● Meanwhile, the Jewish tribe of Banu Nazir who had settled at Khyber kept on plotting against the
muslims. Their chiefs went to Makkah and asked for help against the Muslims, which the Quraish agreed
to give.
● Then they went to the Ghatafan tribe and gained their support too.
● Some other tribes also agreed to give full support against the Muslims, so with an army of 10,000 men
under the command of Abu Sufyan they marched to Medina in 5 A.H. When the Prophet came to know of
this, he consulted his companions.
● Hazrat Salman Farsi, who was a Persian, suggested that a trench be built.
● This suggestion was unanimously accepted by all.

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● As Medina was safe from all other sides, a trench was built only in the north. '
● The Prophet himself took part in digging the trench.
● It took 8 days to build a trench 15 feet deep and 3 km wide, 3000 companions took part in digging the

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Trench. '
● When the Quraish arrived, they were shocked and did not know what to do as this trench was far beyond
their imagination.
● Despite several attempts, the Quraish were unable to cross the trench and so they camped behind it.
●
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Minor skirmishes took place for a couple of days in which Muslims had an upper hand. Whenever a
person attempted to cross the Trench, Muslims would hurl stones and arrows.
● Muslims had to remain vigilant throughout and could not even assemble for prayer. Meanwhile, Banu
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Qurayza, a Jewish tribe residing in Medina violated the covenant of Medina and decided to attack from
inside Medina.
● The Prophet sent a detachment to watch and this threat was successfully eliminated.
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● The siege of Quraish lasted for a month after which a terrible storm came which blew away their camps
and they were forced to flee.
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● Thus Muslims gained victory.

After the battle of Uhad Muslims were able to regain their former position, Quraish were worried about increasing
power in Muslims as threat to their Political status.

Jewish tribe Banu Nazir kept plotting against Muslims they asked for help from the Quraish and they agreed to
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support them; they also gained support of Ghatafan and some other tribes. With an army of ten thousand men
under the command of Abu Sufyan, they marched to Madinah. Holy prophet called companions, Hazrat Salman
Farsi (one of the companions) advised to dig a trench, three sides of Madinah were safe because of population and
oasis, the fourth side was unsafe because it was a Syrian route. The Holy prophet agreed to dig a trench on the
side it was open to attack. Banu Quraiza also broke treaty with Muslims and turned against them, this battle is also
called battle of Ahzab. The siege lasted for a month in which Muslims needed to face hunger, coldness and
attacks by enemies. Allah is always there for believers, one night a blast of cold wind came and blew enemies
tents and their fire were extinguished. Severe sand and rain beat in their faces, enemies withdrew in utter
confusion. Muslims gained victory.
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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
Importance

● It was the last battle between Muslims and Quraish which resulted in the complete destruction of Quraish
as they were never able to recover from this defeat.

● it exposed the Jewish tribe of Banu Quraiza which had openly joined Quraish

● battle proved to be in favor of Muslims

● the confidence of Muslims was regained as they saw the divine support given to them in form of storm

● many tribes saw growing power of Islam they either accepted Islam or offered alliance with the Muslims

● Quran contain number of references about this battle

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2. Banu Quraiza

Banu Quraiza was a Jewish tribe that, in violation of an agreement signed with the holy prophet, had helped the

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enemies of Islam in the battle of Ahzab. The Holy prophet therefore advanced against their fortresses and
surrounded them. The siege continued for about a month after which Banu Quraiza surrendered.

Sixth year of Hijrat

1. Treaty of Hudaibiya

●
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In 628 A.D, the Prophet dreamt that he was entering the holy Kaaba.
● So, he planned to go to Makkah for the lesser pilgrimage. In the month of Dhul-Qadah, the Prophet along
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with 1400 unarmed companions left for Makkah.
● Although they had no intention of waging war and were unarmed, their huge number surprised the
Quraish and so they weren’t allowed to enter Makkah.
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● Instead, to resist their entry they sent a force under Khalid Bin Waleed and Ukrama Bin Jahl.
● The prophet did not want to fight so he diverted his route.
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● The Muslims camped at a place called Hudaibiya about 3 miles from Makkah.
● From here, the Prophet sent a messenger to the Quraish to tell them that they had not come to fight.
● But that messenger never returned.
● The prophet sent another messenger, who, too, did not return and so eventually the prophet sent Hazrat
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Usman due to his high reputation among the Quraish.

● When the Quraish had detained Hazrat Usman for a while, rumors spread that he had been killed.
● Therefore the prophet called his companions to take a pledge to fight and avenge the blood of Hazrat
Usman.
● This was known as Bait-e-Rizwan.
● After this, Hazrat Usman returned, and negotiations started with the Quraish, eventually a treaty known as
the treaty of hudaibiya was devised. Its terms were as follows:
1. The Muslims would not enter Makkah this year, but would return the following year
2. Makkans taking refuge in Medina would be handed back but medinites talking refuge in Makkah would
not be returned
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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
3. There will be no war for 10 years
4. Both makkans and Muslims would stay neutral if there was a war with another group
5. Agreements could be made with other tribes.
● Apparently the terms did not favor the Muslims and many of the leading companions like Hazrat Umar
had objections, but Allah himself says: “verily have we granted thee a manifest victory”.

The Holy prophet had a dream that he had entered a sacred Mosque at Makkah. Therefore, he decided to go to
Makkah to perform Umrah. The Holy prophet with fourteen hundred unarmed companions set out for Makkah.
The Quraish did not allow them to enter Makkah. The Holy prophet therefore stopped at Makkah and sent his
companion to Quraish to tell them that we are unarmed and we want to perform Umrah. The companion didn't
return then another was sent, when he also didn't come back the holy prophet sent Hazrat Usman. Hazrat Usman

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also didn't come back and rumors spread that he was killed. Then the holy prophet collected all of his followers
under the oasis of Rizwan. He took from them an oath that they would lay down their lives in the name of Allah.
This oath is known as

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2. Bait-e-Rizwan.

Quraish were disturbed when they heard of this they decided to sign a treaty (Treaty of Hudaibiya) with Muslims.
It had following terms:
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1. Muslims would return to Madinah that year
2. They would be permitted to come for pilgrimage next year but would stay only for three days in Makkah
3. if Quraish from Makkah would join Muslim without permission of their guardians they would be sent
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back, but if Muslims from Madinah went to Makkah will not be sent back
4. there would be no fighting for ten years
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Many Muslims including Hazrat Usman were not happy with the terms because the terms were very harsh and
against the interests of Muslims.
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Importance

● peace was established between Makkah and Madinah

● holy prophet sent letter out of Arabia so Islam was Propagated

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● Quran called this victory

● Muslims got chance to visit Makkah

● it led to conquest of Makkah

● Chance to perform Umrah

● Khyber expedition

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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)

Seventh year of Hijrat (630 AD)

1. Message of Islam to Kings and Emperors

Now the holy prophet decided to send invitations to neighboring kings and emperors.

Among those to whom the holy prophet sent his letter were:

1. Hercules, the Roman Emperor: He had read out later sent by the holy prophet. Later sent to Abu Sufyan
who was an enemy of the holy prophet, he was greatly impressed. He didn't accept it but sent a polite
letter to the holy prophet.

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2. Chosroes, Emperor of Persia: He insulted holy prophets messenger and tore the letter into pieces. When
the holy prophet heard that he said his kingdom would soon be broken, and that happened. His own son
killed him and ascended the throne but after sometime drank poison and died.

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3. Negus, Emperor of Abyssinia: He was impressed and embraced the Islam and sent some presents to
holy prophet
4. Cyrus, Ruler of Egypt: He treated the holy prophets messenger with a great honor and sent some

not embrace Islam.

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presents including Hazrat Maria whom the holy prophet later married and a horse name Duldul. He did

5. The Rulers of Bahrain and Oman: Both of them embraced Islam.

6. Harith Ghassani, King of Damascus: On reading the letter, he commanded his army to attack Madinah
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and kill the Prophet however the army never appeared
7. Haudhah bin Ali, Chief of Yamamah: Greedy for the land and power, he asked the Prophet that he
would accept Islam if he got a share of the kingdom however the Prophet disagreed.
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2. Khyber expedition
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Banu nazir and Jewish tribe after being exiled from Madinah kept plotting against muslims they were supported
by Ghatafan tribe and Hypocrites of Madinah.

When they came to know about Muslims terms with the Quraish they thought Muslims had gotten weak, so they
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began to prepare to attack on Muslims. When Jews saw Muslims army under the command of the Holy prophet at
Khyber, Jews shut themselves in their seven well-guarded fortresses. Jews then from their fortresses showered
arrows over Muslims, the Holy prophet commanded to attack. Muslims captured all fortresses without any
difficulty, but fighting continued for twenty days when they reached fort Qamus which was the strongest fort.
Seeing Muslims army under the command of Hazrat Ali and Marhab Jews warriors came out of the fort to fight
Hazrat Ali killed him in first attack and then Jews got to surrender and Muslims captured the fort.

3.Relations between the Prophet and the Jews

After the holy prophet came to Madinah he made agreements with Jews to defend their city. Instead of defending
it they created a campaign of slander against Islam and its followers. They also contacted the Quraish of Makkah
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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
against Muslims. They did not help Muslims in the battle of Badr as a treaty, after the battle Ka'ab the leader of
the Jews and propagated against Muslims. He even tried to murder holy prophet. Banu Qunaiqa (one of the three
tribes of Jews) were the first to break the treaty and fought with Muslims between the periods of Battle of Badr
and Battle of Uhad. Siege was enforced against Banu Qunaiqa as a result they were expelled from Madinah. Ka'ab
was executed in the third year of Hijrat because of his attempts against Makkah and Madinah.
In the fourth year of the Hijrat Banu Nazir tribe planning to murder holy prophet, the holy prophet sent them a
message to leave Madinah within ten days but they refused and shut them in their fortresses after the siege of two
weeks they surrendered.
The third tribe of Jews Banu Qurayza supported the Quraish in the Battle of Ditch. After battle they were told to
leave the city but by their refusal the Prophet besieged their settlements, then they surrendered and agreed on

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Jewish old law of the Old Testament. Their men were slain, women sold as captives and their land was divided
among Muslims. In 5th A.H. The fortresses at khyber were besieged and captured by the Muslims, Jews were
allowed to remain there by contributing a share of their produce with Muslim Government. Still many Jews

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attempted to murder prophet but fortunately he was saved.
Performance of Umrah
According to the treaty of Hudaibiya, Muslims can perform Umrah next year. So the holy prophet told his

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companions to not take any arms with them and they were allowed to enter Makkah. After three days in Makkah
they left for Madinah.

Eighth Year of Hijrat ( 631 AH)

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1. Battle of Mutah
The holy prophet sent a message with a letter to the Roman Emperor who was Christian. The Messenger was
killed at Mutah, a place in Syria. The Holy prophet sent an army of three thousand Muslims. One by one different
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leaders were sent to due to deaths. Muslims army under the command of Khalid bin Walid defeated the enemy.
2. Conquest of Makkah
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● Two years after the treaty of Hudaibiya, trouble arose. Banu Bakr, which was an ally of the Quraish,
attacked Banu Khuza'a, an ally of Muslims.
● The Quraish provided Banu Bakr with weapons and some Quraish also took part in fighting.
● As this was against the terms of the treaty of hudaibiya, so the leader of Banu Khuza'a went to the Prophet
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to seek justice.
● On hearing this, the prophet laid down 3 alternatives before the Quraish:
● The Quraish chose the 3rd option and thus the treaty was dissolved.
● However, later they realized that they had made the wrong decision so their leader went to Medina for
negotiations.
● He guaranteed peace to the Prophet but the Prophet rejected his offer.
● In 630 A.D, the prophet with an army of 10,000 men marched towards Makkah; he kept his plans a secret
so that news wouldn’t reach Makkah.
● On reaching Makkah, he told his men to light their torches to show the Quraish their strength.

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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● The Quraish were horrified to see such a large number of Muslims and Abu Sufyan, immediately came to
the Muslim camp and embraced Islam.
● The prophet divided his army into 4 squadrons and told them to conquer different areas.
● He gave them special instructions to not shed innocent blood and not be the first one to fight.
● He also said that anybody who took refuge in his own home or Abu Sufyan’s home or Kaaba was safe.
● Thus all the squadrons peacefully captured their areas although there was some trouble in the south where
Khalid Bin Waleed’s squadron was attacked by the people of Banu Bakr. After this the Prophet entered
the Kabah and purified it by breaking the idols.
● Hazrat Bilal then said the Azaan and the prophet performed tawaf.
● The prophet then gathered all the people on the mount of safa and declared a general pardon for all except

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the 4 fiercest enemies of Islam, seeing the magnanimity of the prophet many pagans accepted Islam.
● The prophet stayed in Makkah for 20 days and after making administrative arrangements he went back to
medina.

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After the treaty of Hudaibiya Khuza'a tribe joined Muslims, while Banu Bakr became an ally of the Quraish. One
of the terms of the treaty was that neither party would fight an ally of the other party. Quraish along Banu Bakr
killed men of Banu Khuza'a. Deputation of Banu Khuza'a asked for the help from the holy prophet. Holy prophet
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sent message to Quraish offering them three alternatives:
1. To pay blood money for the men of Banu Khuza'a.
2. To dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr.
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3. To declare that the treaty of Hudaibiya stood dissolved.

Quraish chose the third option. Muslims had no other option other than to fight. The Holy prophet declared the
order of jihad.
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The Holy prophet with an army of ten thousand reached Makkah on 10th of Ramadan. The Holy prophet divided
his army in four groups and gave them instructions that don't attack unless they were attacked. Unit under the
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command of Khalid bin Walid was attacked by Banu Bakr and also by some hostile Quraish.
Before entering Makkah holy prophet announced a general pardon that people who laid down their arms would be
safe and that anyone who closed the door of his house will be safe. Entry of the holy prophet's army in Makkah
was very peaceful. The Holy Prophet performed Tawaf, after which the Prophet ordered the destruction of idols
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placed in Kaaba by non-believers. When the holy prophet came out of Kaaba there was a huge crowd of Quraish
including the holy prophets' bitterest enemies.
The Holy prophet asked them what treatment they could accept at his hands. They cried out:
"You are our noble brother"
On this, the Holy prophet said, "there shall be no reproach against you this day, go, you are free!"

Importance
● It opened a new era in Islam
● It settled struggle for supremacy in Arabia

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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
● Prophet Muhammad's position was elevated to a paramount position.
● Many people came in crowds to embrace Islam
● Holy prophet stayed for fifteen days in which many tribes came to embrace Islam

3.Siege to Taif

After their defeat at Hunain, Some of their enemies took refuge at Taif. The Holy Prophet deputed a small army
which defeated them and captured many of them. Thereafter the Holy Prophet proceeded with his army and laid
siege to the fortresses in which they had taken refuge. The siege continued for twenty days after which it was
lifted. In 9 A.HThe whole taif embraced Islam.

Ninth Year of Hijrat (632 AD)

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1. Tabuk Expedition

In 9th A.H. The Holy Prophet received information that the Roman Emperor had organized a huge army which

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the Emperor himself was commanding and had arrived near the frontier. The Holy Prophet ordered for
preparations to be made to meet his challenge.

Problems were:

At that time famine in Hejaz

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Scarcity of water in Madinah and surrounding areas
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Intense Heat

It was the time of ripening of fruits and plucking of dates

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Arms and equipments for fighting the large army of Roman Emperor was not available
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For these reasons this is called Expedition of Straightness.

The Holy Prophet made an appeal for donations. On which Hazrat Usaman gave one thousand gold dinars and
three hundred camels laden with grains. Hazrat Umar gave half of his cash, household and cattle and Hazrat Abu
Bakr donated everything that he had, Other Arabs made excuses not to accompany the Muslim army.
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The Holy Prophet with an army of thirty thousand men encamped at Tabuk. The strength of the army demoralized
the Romans who dispersed without any fighting. The Holy Prophet remained at Tabuk for twenty days in which a
number of tribes came to embrace Islam. Tabuk Expedition was the last military expedition in which the Holy
Prophet personally took part.

2. Reasons why the Holy Prophet had to fight against the Quraish

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 Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)
In the 2nd year of Hijrat Muslims were given permission to fight (Jihad) by Allah. The Holy Prophet thought it
necessary to fight with the Quraish in the Battle of Badr if Muslims had not fought them in self-defense, the small
number of Muslims would have been killed and Islam would have been wiped out from the earth forever. Quraish
were the great enemies of Islam and it was necessary to put them down in order to spread Islam.

Tenth Year of Hijrat (633 AD)

1. Year of Deputations

The 10th year of Hijrat is called the Year of Deputations because numerous tribes of Arabia came to the Holy
Prophet to join Allah's faith.

2. Farewell Pilgrimage

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This was the most important event of the 10th year of Hijrat. The Holy prophet sent his messengers to all parts of
Arabia to inform Muslims that the holy prophet had invited them to accompany him to perform the Pilgrimage.

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The Holy prophet left Madinah on the 25th of Ziqad, 10 A.H., in the company of one hundred fourteen thousand
of his followers; all his wives accompanied him.

3. Sermon of The Holy Prophet

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The holy prophet gave his last sermon on the Plain of Arfat on Jabal-e-Rehmat. His last sermon highlighted the
rights of women's status and how to treat them, he explained it to people.
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The Holy Prophet also covered and explained Reforms about social and economic living lifestyle.

The Holy prophet said that we are Adam's generation , he gave a message to establish brotherhood and he said
that don't make differences between yourself of caste, color or status. By this message womens were given their
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rights and brotherhood was established. The Holy Prophet said this may be my last message and Hajj because I
have completed my mission of spreading Islam and Allahs messages.
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Eleventh year of Hijrat (634 AD)

1. Illness and Death

By the eleventh year of Hijrat, faith prevailed all over Arabia and peace was established. In the month of Safar,
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the Holy Prophet became ill then later he shifted to the apartment of Hazrat Aisha. After the illness of thirteen
days, he breathed his last on 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal. His age at the time of death was 63 years. He was buried in
the apartment of Hazrat Aisha.

Fatima Hussain (Islamiat – O’ level)