EXAMPLE

Example

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Example
The velocity potential for a certain inviscid flow field is
∅ = − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝑓𝑡 2
Where ∅ has the units of when x and y are in feet. Determine
𝑠
the pressure difference (in psi) between the points (1, 2) and (4, 4),
where the coordinates are in feet, if the fluid is water and elevation
changes are negligible.

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Example

Solution :
Since the flow field is Described by the velocity potential that flow is
irrotational and Bernoulli Equation can be applied Between any two point’s
thus:
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Also:
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑢= = −6𝑥𝑦 𝑣= = −3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
At x = 1 ft ,y = 2 ft :
2 2
𝑢 = −6 1 2 = −12 ft/s 𝑣 = −3 1 +3 2 = 9 ft/s
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑉12 = 𝑢12 + 𝑣12 = −12 2 2
+ 9 = 225 2 2
𝑠

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Example

Solution :
Since the flow field is Described by the velocity potential that flow is
irrotational and Bernoulli Equation can be applied Between any two point’s
thus:
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Also:
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑢= = −6𝑥𝑦 𝑣= = −3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
At x = 4 ft ,y = 4 ft :
2 2
𝑢 = −6 4 4 = −96 ft/s 𝑣 = −3 4 +3 4 = 0 ft/s
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑉22 = 𝑢22 + 𝑣22 = −96 2 2
+ 0 = −96 2
𝑠2

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Example

Solution :
Thus From Bernoulli Equation:
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝛾
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
2𝑔
Also:

𝑙𝑏
62.4 lb 1 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑓𝑡 3 2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = −96 − 2252 = 8710 2 × = 60.5 𝑝𝑠ⅈ
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 144 ⅈ𝑛2
2 × 32.2 2
𝑠

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Example
An ideal fluid flows past an infinitely long, semicircular “hump” located along a plane boundary,
as shown in Figure. Far from the hump the velocity field is uniform, and the pressure is 𝑃0
(a) Determine expressions for the maximum and minimum values
of the pressure along the hump, and indicate where these points
are located. Express your answer in terms of 𝜌, U, and 𝑃0
(b) If the solid surface is the 𝜓 = 0 streamline, determine the equation of
𝛱
the streamline passing through the point 𝜃 = 2 , r = 2a.

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Example

Solution :

a) On the surface of the hump,

1
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑈 2 1 − 4 sin2 𝜃
2
The maximum pressure occur where sin 𝜃 = 0, or at 𝜃 = 0, 𝜋.and at this point
1
𝑃𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌𝑈 2
2
𝜋
The minimum pressure occur where sin 𝜃 = 1, or at 𝜃 = .and at this point
2
3
𝑃𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃0 − 𝜌𝑈 2
2

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Example

Solution :

b) For uniform flow in negative x-direction

𝑎2
𝜓 = −𝑈𝑟 1 − 2 sin 𝜃
𝑟
So, 𝜃 = 𝛱, r = 2a
2
𝑎2 𝜋 3
𝜓 = −𝑈(2𝑎) 1 − 2 sin = − 𝑎𝑈
𝑟 2 2
Thus the streamline is:

3 𝑎2
− 𝑎𝑈 = −𝑈𝑟 1 − 2 sin 𝜃
2 𝑟

2𝑟 𝑎2
1 − 2 sin 𝜃 = 1
3𝑎 𝑟

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Example
Air, assumed frictionless, flows through a tube, exiting to sea-level atmosphere.
Diameters at 1 and 3 are 5 cm, while 𝐷2 = 3 cm. What mass flow of air is required to
suck water up 10 cm into section 2 of Figure?

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Example

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Example
It is desired to simulate flow past a two-dimensional ridge or bump by using a streamline
that passes above the flow over a cylinder, as in Figure. The bump is to be a/2 high,
where a is the cylinder radius. What is the elevation h of this streamline? What is Umax on
the bump compared with stream velocity U?

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Example

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Example
Two free vortices of equal strength, but opposite direction
of rotation, are superimposed with a uniform flow as shown in
Fig. P6.64. The stream functions for these two vorticies are
𝛤
𝜓 = − ± 2𝜋 ln 𝑟. (a) Develop an equation for the x-component
of velocity, u, at point P(x , y) in terms of Cartesian coordinates x
and y. (b) Compute the x-component of velocity at point A and
𝛤
show that it depends on the ratio .
𝐻

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Example

Solution :
(a) Develop an equation for the x-component of velocity, u, at point P(x , y) in
terms of Cartesian coordinates x and y.

For Vortex 1:
𝛤
𝛤 𝑣𝜃1 = + 𝑢1 = 𝑣𝜃1 sin 𝜃
𝜓1 = − ln 𝑟1 2𝜋𝑟1
2𝜋

Where sin 𝜃:
𝑦−𝐻
sin 𝜃 = 1 𝑢1 = 𝑣𝜃1 sin 𝜃
𝑥2 + 𝑦−𝐻 2 2

𝛤 𝑦−𝐻 𝛤 𝑦−𝐻 𝛤 𝑦−𝐻

𝑢1 = 1 𝑢1 = 𝑢1 =
2𝜋𝑟1 1 1
2𝜋 [𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 𝐻 2 ]
𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 𝐻 2 2
2𝜋 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 𝐻 2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 𝐻 2 2

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Example

Solution :
(a) Develop an equation for the x-component of velocity, u, at point P(x , y) in
terms of Cartesian coordinates x and y.

For Vortex 2:
𝛤 𝛤
𝜓2 = ln 𝑟2 𝑣𝜃1 = − 𝑢2 = −𝑣𝜃2 sin 𝛼
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑟2

Where sin 𝛼:
𝑦+𝐻
sin 𝛼 = 1 𝑢2 = −𝑣𝜃2 sin 𝛼
𝑥2 + 𝑦+𝐻 2 2

𝛤 𝑦+𝐻 𝛤 𝑦+𝐻 𝛤 𝑦+𝐻

𝑢2 = + 1 𝑢2 = + 𝑢2 = +
2𝜋𝑟2 1 1
2𝜋 [𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝐻 2 ]
𝑥2 + 𝑦 + 𝐻 2 2
2𝜋 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝐻 2 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦 + 𝐻 2 2

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Example

Solution :
(a) Develop an equation for the x-component of velocity, u, at point P(x , y) in
terms of Cartesian coordinates x and y.

So:
𝛤 𝑦−𝐻 𝛤 𝑦+𝐻
𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = +
2𝜋 [𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 𝐻 2 ] 2𝜋 [𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝐻 2 ]

𝛤 𝑦−𝐻 𝑦+𝐻
𝑢 = 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑈 = { 2 + } +𝑈
2𝜋 [𝑥 + 𝑦−𝐻 2 ] [𝑥 2 + 𝑦−𝐻 2 ]

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Example

Solution :
(b) Compute the x-component of velocity at point A and
𝛤
show that it depends on the ratio .
𝐻

So at point A(0,0):
𝛤 𝑦−𝐻 𝑦+𝐻
𝑢= { 2 + }+𝑈
2𝜋 [𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝐻 2 ] [𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝐻 2 ]

𝛤 0−𝐻 0+𝐻
𝑢= { 2 + }+𝑈
2𝜋 [0 + 0 − 𝐻 2 ] [02 + 0 + 𝐻 2 ]

𝛤
𝑢= +𝑈
2𝜋𝐻

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EXAMPLE
Example

A tornado may be modeled as the circulating flow shown in Figure, with 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣𝜃 = 0

and 𝑣𝜃 (r) such that
𝜔𝑟, 𝑟≤𝑅
𝑣𝜃 𝑟 = ቐ𝜔𝑅2
, 𝑟>𝑅
𝑟
Determine whether this flow pattern is irrotational in either the inner or outer region.
Using the r-momentum equation , determine the pressure distribution p(r) in the
tornado, assuming 𝑃 = 𝑃∞ as 𝑟 → ∞. Find the location and magnitude of the lowest
pressure.

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Example

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Example

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‫‪Example‬‬

‫?‪What is D’Alembert’s Paradox ? why is it a paradox‬‬

‫پارادوکس آلمبرت بیان میکند که با تقریب یک جریان به صورت غیر چرخشی ‪ ،‬مقدار نیروی درگ آیرو دینامیکی‬
‫درهر شکل غیربرآزا غوطه ور در جریان آزاد یکنواخت صفر خواهد بود‪.‬‬
‫برای این پارادوکس است‪ ،‬چون ما می دانیم در حالت واقعی و تجربی در میدان جریان ‪ ،‬درگ آیرودینامیکی هیچوقت‬
‫صفر نخواهد بود‪.‬‬

‫‪Amir Mahdi Naderi‬‬ ‫‪Ferdowsi University of Mashhad@2021‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬