Antecedents of Plato and Machiavelli to Foreign Policy:

 Plato's "Republic" discussed the ideal state and governance, influencing political thought and its impact on
foreign policy.
 Machiavelli's "The Prince" emphasized realism and power politics, contributing to diplomatic strategies in
foreign policy.

3 Polar World Orders:

 The Cold War era saw a bipolar world order with the USA and USSR as superpowers.
 The post-Cold War period transitioned to a unipolar world order with the USA as the dominant power.
 Emerging multipolarity in the 21st century includes rising powers like China and regional influence.

Language of Power:

 The language of power in foreign policy often includes military strength, economic leverage, and diplomacy to
assert a nation's interests on the global stage.
 Hegemony- dominance over other states.

How Liberalism Shapes Foreign Policy:

 Liberalism emphasizes international cooperation, institutions, and human rights.

 Liberalism values freedom of expression.
 Liberal foreign policy may focus on multilateral diplomacy, aid, and global governance.

Four Key Domestic Factors Affecting States' Formulation of Foreign Policy:

 Public Opinion
 Economic Interests
 Political Leadership
 Bureaucracy and Institutions

Contribution and Challenges of Post Martial Law Presidents to Philippine Foreign Policy and Diplomacy:

 Post-martial law presidents in the Philippines contributed to democratization and engagement in regional
diplomacy.
 Challenges included balancing relations with major powers and addressing domestic issues while navigating
foreign policy.

NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization):

 It is an intergovernmental military alliance between North American and European countries, established for
collective defense and the promotion of stability and security in the North Atlantic region.

AUKUS (Australia, United Kingdom, and United States):

 It is a trilateral security and defense alliance focusing on enhancing defense and security cooperation among
these countries, with a particular emphasis on naval and technological capabilities. The partnership aims to
address various security challenges and threats in the Indo-Pacific region.

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa):

 BRICS serves as a platform for these nations to engage in dialogue and coordination on global issues, economic
development, and mutual interests.

Globalization

 process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and societies.

Westernization

 spread and influence of western culture values and practices.

Cultural imperialism

 imposition of one culture over others.

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade):

 GATT was a multilateral trade agreement established in 1947 with the goal of reducing trade barriers and
promoting international trade. It was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
 To reduce tariff

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement):

  NAFTA was a trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico that came into effect in 1994. It
aimed to create a free trade zone among these countries, removing tariffs and other trade barriers.

Bretton Woods System:

 The Bretton Woods System was established in 1944 and included the creation of international institutions, such
as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. It set up a fixed exchange rate system linked to
the U.S. dollar and played a crucial role in post-World War II international economic stability.

Keynes' influence

 refers to the economic theories and ideas of John Maynard Keynes, a renowned economist. His work, particularly
on macroeconomics and government intervention in the economy to mitigate economic crises, had a significant
impact on economic policies worldwide.

Institution facilitating the global economy

 World Bank: The World Bank primarily focuses on providing financial and technical assistance to developing
countries for development projects, infrastructure, and poverty reduction.
- funded postwar reconstruction
 World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is responsible for overseeing global trade agreements, resolving
trade disputes, and promoting international trade and economic cooperation.
 International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF is involved in international monetary cooperation, exchange rate
stability, providing financial assistance to member countries facing balance of payments problems, and
promoting global economic stability.

Market integration

 when prices among different location or related goods follow similar patterns over an extended period for
example Coca-Cola company.

Single market formation

 it can lead to multiple markets to save product merging into one.

 This involves combining separate national companies into larger economic regions.

Capitalism vs. Socialism:

Capitalism and socialism are two distinct economic and political systems:

Capitalism:

 the means of production (such as businesses and factories) are typically privately owned.
 Economic activity is driven by market forces, competition, and profit motive.
 The government's role is usually limited to regulating markets and protecting property rights.
 Capitalism often prioritizes individual ownership and entrepreneurship.

Socialism:

 Involves collective or state ownership of the means of production.

 the government or society as a whole may control key industries and resources.
 The aim is to reduce economic inequality and ensure a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources.
 Socialism can encompass a wide range of economic and political systems, from democratic socialism to more
centrally planned economies.

Economic Sectors:

Primary Sector: raw materials are obtained directly from the environment.

Secondary Sector: involves manufacturing and processing activities. It transforms raw materials from the primary sector
into finished goods.

Tertiary Sector: encompasses services and is often referred to as the service sector.
International Trading System: Govern international trade between countries. It includes organizations like the World
Trade Organization (WTO) and various trade agreements that regulate the exchange of goods and services across
borders.

Silk Road: The Silk Road was a network of ancient trade routes that connected the East and West, facilitating the
exchange of goods, culture, and ideas.

Mercantilism: It emphasized accumulating wealth, often in the form of gold and silver, through a favorable balance of
trade. Mercantilist policies included protectionist measures and the pursuit of colonies to secure resources.

Galleon Trade: refers to the maritime trade route that connected Manila in the Philippines with Acapulco in Mexico
during the Spanish colonial period. It played a key role in the exchange of goods between Asia and the Americas.

Gold Standard: The gold standard was a monetary system in which the value of a country's currency was directly linked
to a specific quantity of gold.

Fiat Currencies: Fiat currencies are forms of money that have value because a government declares them to be legal
tender.

State: community formed by people and exerting permanent power within a specific territory

Elements of state

People: mass of the population

Territory: fixed portion of the surface of the earth

Government: agency or instrumentality through which the will of state is formulated.

Sovereignty: supreme power of the state to command.

Rights of state

Article 1. The right to interdependence

Article 2. The right of the right oriole jurisdiction

Article 5. The right of sovereign equality

Article 12. The right of self defense

Nationality: Refers to an individual's legal membership or affiliation with a specific nation or state.

Statelessness: Is the condition of not having a recognized nationality or citizenship in any country. Stateless individuals
lack the legal protections and rights afforded to citizens of a particular state.

Two Types of Statelessness:

 De Facto Statelessness: occurs when a person is stateless in practice, even if they may have a nationality in
theory. This can happen due to a lack of documentation, discrimination, or difficulties in accessing citizenship
rights.
 De Jure Statelessness: refers to individuals who are stateless by law, meaning they do not have the nationality of
any country according to legal regulations.

Causes of Statelessness:

 Discriminatory nationality laws.

 Gaps or conflicts in nationality laws.
 Administrative hurdles in obtaining citizenship.
 Forced displacement, such as refugees or internally displaced persons.
 Loss of nationality due to changes in government, conflict, or other factors.

UNICEF:

UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) is a United Nations agency that focuses on the well-
being and rights of children worldwide.
International law and territorial changes:

 Accretion: natural expansion

 Prescription: is a legal concept related to the acquisition of territory by a state through continuous and peaceful
occupation over an extended period, which is recognized under international law.
 Cession: formal transfer of territory from one state to another,
 Conquest: Conquest involves the acquisition of territory by one state through the use of military force.
international law, which emphasizes peaceful dispute resolution.