Geography of Pakistan

Part-2
Geography of S )
Pakistan
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Im Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS
)
Geography of Pakistan
S
A BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF PAKISTAN’S GEOGRAPHY
Continent Asia
M
Region Southern Asia/ Indian Subcontinent
P
Coordinates 30°00’N 70°00’E
(
Ranked 36th: (340,132.8 sq mi), 97.13% land, 2.87% water
r
Total: 880,940 km² including Azad Jammu and Kashmir
i
Area
Land: 855,720 km²
h
Water: 25,220 km²
s
Total: 6,975 km (4,334.1 mi)
a
Afghanistan: 2,643 km (1,642.3 mi)
B
Borders China: 510 km (316.9 mi)
India: 2,910 km (1,808.2 mi)
n
Iran: 912 km (566.7 mi)
a
Godwin Austen or K2
r
Highest point
8,616.3 m (28,269 ft)
Im
Lowest point Indian Ocean: 0 m (0.0 ft)
Longest river Indus River
Largest lake Manchar Lake
Population 193,001,005
“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir
Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Geography of Pakistan
ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP
S )
Sr.# Subdivision Districts Area (km²)
( P M
Population Density
(people/km²)
r
(as per CIA Factbook 2012-
1. Balochistan
h
32
i 347,190
13
7,914,000 23
s
2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 24 74 521 20,215,000 270
a
3. Punjab 36 205,345 91,379,615 450
B
4. Sindh 23 140,914 35,764,539 250
5. Islamabad Capital 1 906 1,151,868 1,271
n
Territory
a
6. Federally Administered 7 tribal agencies and 27,220 3,176,331 120
r
Tribal Areas (FATA) 6 frontier regions
7. Azad Kashmir 10 13,297 4,567,982 343.5
Im
8. Gilgit–Baltistan 7 72,971 1,800,000 25

ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir
Geo-Strategic and Geo-Political Importance of Pakistan
S )


Proximity of great powers
Gateway to central Asia-(oil and energy game)
( P M
 Significance as a Transit economy
h i r
s
 Important link in the chain of Muslim countries


Only Muslim country with nuclear capability
B
China's link to the Middle East a


r a n
Reduce Indian hegemony in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean
Pakistan’s significance is enhanced as it lies near the Persian Gulf
Im
where 65% of the world’s oil is produced.

Political Pakistan: International Boundaries
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Political Pakistan: International Boundaries
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
PAKISTAN: DATA ABOUT PROVINCES AND
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
Baluchistan(7 Divisions &34 Districts)
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Divisions of Balochistan Province
Division Area (km2)

Population Population
S ) Capital
M
1998 Census 2017 Census
( P
Kalat 140,612 1,443,727 2,509,230 Khuzdar
Makran 52,067
h i r 832,753 1,489,015 Turbat
Naseerabad 16,946
a s 988,109 1,591,144 Dera Murad Jamali
Quetta
n B 64,310 1,713,952 4,174,562 Quetta
r a
Sibi 27,055 630,901 1,038,010 Sibi
Im
Zhob 46,200 956,443 1,542,447 Loralai
Rakhshan 89,013 409,473 737,162 Kharan

Sr.# District Area (km²) Population (1998) Density (people/km²)
)
1. Awaran 29,510 118,173 4
2. Barkhan 3,514 103,545 29
S
3. Bolan 7,499 288,056 38
4. Chagai 44,748 300,000 7
5. Dera Bugti 10,160 181,310 18
M
6. Gwadar 12,637 185,498 15
7. Harnai 4,096 140,000 19
P
8. Jafarabad 2,445 432,817 177
BALOCHISTAN
(
9. Jhal Magsi 3,615 109,941 30
10. Kalat 6,622 237,834 36
r
11. Kech (Turbat) 22,539 413,204 18
i
12. Kharan 8958 132,500 4
13. Kohlu 7,610 99,846 13
h
14. Khuzdar 35,380 417,466 12
15. Killa Abdullah 3,293 370,269 112
s
16. Killa Saifullah 6,831 193,553 28
a
17. Lasbela 15,153 312,695 21
18. Loralai 9,830 295,555 30
19. Mastung 5,896 179,784 30
B
20. Musakhel 5,728 134,056 23
21. Nasirabad 3,387 245,894 73
n
22. Nushki 5,797 137,500 23
23. Panjgur 16,891 234,051 14
a
24. Pishin 7,819 367,183 47
r
25. Quetta 2,653 744,802 281
26. Sherani 2,800 83,771 --
27. Sibi 7,796 180,398 23
Im
28. Washuk 29,510 118,171 4.0
29. Zhob 20,297 275,142 14
30. Ziarat 1,489 33,340 2
31. Lehri The caretaker government of Balochistan announced the creation of two more districts — Sohbatpur and Lehri — days before its
32. Sohbat Pur departure in May, 2013.

S )
KPK -7 Divisions
Divisions of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province
( P M
i r
Division Area (km2) Capital
h
s
Bannu 4,391 1,165,692 2,044,074 Bannu
a
Dera Ismail Dera Ismail
9,005 1,091,211 2,019,017
B
Khan Khan
Hazara 17,194 3,505,581 5,325,121 Abbottabad
n
Kohat 7,012 1,307,969 2,218,971 Kohat
r a
Malakand 29,872 4,262,700 7,514,694 Saidu Sharif
Mardan 3,046 2,486,904 3,997,677 Mardan
Im
Peshawar 4,001 3,923,588 7,403,817 Peshawar

)
K.P.K(7 Divisions and 35 Districts)
M S
r ( P
h i
a s
n B
r a
PUNJAB(9 Divisions 36 Districts)
S )
• Populations Greatest:
( P M
r
Lahore —19,581,281 (2017
census)
h i
• Least: Sahiwal —7,380,386
(2017 census)
a s
• Areas
B
Largest: Bahawalpur
n
— 45,588 km2 (17,602 sq mi)
r a
• Smallest: Sahiwal —10,302 km2
Im
(3,978 sq mi)

Sr.# District Area (km²)
Population
Density (people/km²)
PUNJAB
)
(1998)
1. Attock 6,858 1,274,935 186
2. Bahawalnagar 8,878 2,061,447 232
S
3. Bahawalpur 24,830 2,433,091 98
4. Bhakkar 8,153 1,051,456 129
5 Chakwal 6,524 1,083,725 166
M
6. Chiniot 2,643 965,124 --
7. Dera Ghazi Khan 11,922 1,643,118 138
P
8 Faisalabad 5,856 5,429,547 927
(
9. Gujranwala 3,622 3,400,940 939
10. Gujrat 3,192 2,048,008 642
r
11. Hafizabad 2,367 832,980 352
i
12. Jhang 8,809 2,834,545 322
13 Jhelum 3,587 936,957 261
h
14. Kasur 3,995 2,375,875 595
15. Khanewal 4,349 2,068,490 476
s
16. Khushab 6,511 905,711 139
17 Lahore 1,772 6,318,745 3,566
a
18. Layyah 6,291 1,120,951 178
19. Lodhran 2,778 1,171,800 422
B
20 Mandi Bahauddin 2,673 1,160,552 434
21. Mianwali 5,840 1,056,620 181
22. Multan 3,720 3,116,851 838
n
23. Muzaffargarh 8,249 2,635,903 320
24. Narowal 2,337 1,265,097 541
a
25. Nankana Sahib 2,960 1,410,000 --
r
26. Okara 4,377 2,232,992 510
27. Pakpattan 2,724 1,286,680 472
28 Rahim Yar Khan 11,880 3,141,053 264
Im
29. Rajanpur 12,319 1,103,618 90
30. Rawalpindi 5,28 3,363,911 636
31. Sahiwal 3,201 1,843,194 576
32. Sargodha 5,854 2,665,979 455
33. Sheikhupura 5,960 3,321,029 557
34. Sialkot 3,016 2,723,48 903
35. Toba Tek Singh 3,252 1,621,53 499
36. Vehari 4,364 2,090,16
“Human , Economic 479
and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir
S )
M
Sindh ( 7 Divisions)
Divisions of Sindh Province
r ( P
i
Division Area (km2) Capital
h
s
Banbhore 28,171 2,585,417 - Thatha
a
Hyderabad 33,527 4,610,071 7,026,335 Hyderabad
B
Karachi 3,528 9,856,318 16,051,521 Karachi
Sukkur 24,505 3,447,935 5,538,555 Sukkur
Larkana
r
Mirpur Khas
a n 15,543
28,171
4,210,650
2,585,417
6,192,380 Larkana
4,228,683 Mirpur Khas
Im
Shaheed
18,175 3,510,036 5,282,277 Nawabshah
Benazirabad

Sr.# District Area (km²) Population Density
)
1. Badin 6,726
(1998)
1,136,044
(people/km²)
169 SINDH
S
2. Dadu 19,070 1,688,811 89
3. Ghotki 6,083 970,549 160
M
4. Hyderabad 5,519 1,565,000 524
P
5. Jacobabad 5,278 1,425,572 270
(
6. Jamshoro 11,517 450,000 --
7. Karachi 3,527 13,215,631 2,795
i r
8. Kashmore 2,592 662,462 255
9. Khairpur 15,910 1,546,587 97
h
10 Larkana 7,423 1,927,066 260
s
11. Matiari 1,417 515,331 364
a
12. Mirpurkhas 2,925 1,569,030 536
13. Naushahro Firoze 2,945 1,087,571 369
B
14. Shaheed Benazirabad 4,502 1,071,533 238
15. Qambar Shahdadkot 14,533 -- --
n
16. Sanghar 10,728 1,453,028 135
a
17. Shikarpur 2,512 880,438 350
r
18. Sukkur 5,165 908,373 176
19. Tando Allahyar 2,310 550,000 --
Im
20. Tando Muhammad 1,733 447,215 257
Khan
21. Tharparkar 19,638 914,291 47
22. Thatta 17,355 1,113,194 64
23. Umerkot -- 663,100 --

FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS
(FATA)
S )
Sr.
#
Agency Area (km²)
Population
(1998)
Density
(people/km²)
( P M
r
1. Bajaur 1,290 595,227 461
2. Khyber 2,576 546,730 212
h i
s
3 Kurram 3,380 448,310 133
4. Mohmand
5. North Waziristan
2,296
4,707
B
334,453
361,246
146
77 a
6. Orakzai
7. South Waziristan
r a
1,538
6,620 n
225,441
429,841
147
65

AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR
(AJK)
S )
M
Sr.# District Area(km²) Populatio Density
n (1998) (people/km²
P
)
(
1. Muzaffarabad 2,496 615,000 375
i r
2. Hattian 854 225,000 263
h
3. Neelum 3,621 171,000 47
s
4. Mirpur 1,010 419,000 415
B a
5. Bhimber
6. Kotli
1,516
1,862
401,000
746,000
265
401
n
7. Poonch 855 524,000 613
r a 8. Bagh 1,368 351,000 456
Im
9. Haveli 598 138,000 231
10. Sudhnati 569 278,000 489

GILGIT–BALTISTAN
S )
• The whole
( P M
area is known
h i r
s
as paradise
a
for tourists.
• 10 Districts &
03 divisions
n B
r a
GILGIT BALTISTAN Divisions Districts Tehsils
S )
M
GILGIT GILGIT
P
GAHKOCH
(
GUPIS
GHIZER (AT GAKUCH) ISHKOMAN
r
PUNIAL
i
GILGIT YASIN
h
ALI ABAD
HUNZA
GOJAL
s
NAGAR-I
NAGAR
a
NAGAR-II
GULTARI
B
BALTISTAN (AT SKARDU) RONDU
SKARDU
n
BALTISTAN KHARMANG KHARMANG
SHIGAR SHIGAR
r a
KHAPLU
GHANCHE (AT KHAPLU)
MASHABRUM
BABU SAR
Im
CHILAS
DIAMIR (AT CHILAS)
DAREL
ASTORE TANGIR
ASTORE
ASTORE
SHOUNTER
Physical Pakistan: Geographical Regions
S )
M
The
P
Highlands
Coastal
Areas
i r
The Indus
Plains
(
sh
B
The Indus
a The
Baluchistan
n
Delta
Plateau
r a
Im
The Desert Potohar
Region Plateau

)
Physical Pakistan: Geographical Regions
M S
r ( P
h i
a s
n B
r a
)
The Northern Highlands
S
Baroghil Pass Karambar Pass Khunjerab Pass
M
Anoshah Pass
Shah Jamal Pass
Darkot Pass Banihal Pass
Shui Pass Chumar Khan Pass
Da
P
Ustui Pass dar
Shera Shnig Pass iti
Shandur Pass P as s
(
Shingora Pass
Lowari Pass
Khyber Pass
Babusar Pass
r
Peiwan Pass
i
Zoji La Pass
Musatalbai Pass
h
Tochi Pass
Gomal Pass
a s
Khojak Pass
Bolan Pass
B
Mazarli Pass
Gunsheru Pass
r a n
Zamuran Pass
Im MOUNTAIN PASSES

Mountain Ranges of Pakistan
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Karakoram Range
S )
K2; 8,616m, Borders between Pakistan, China, India;
60 peaks above 7000m; Siachen Glacier, Biafo Glacier
( P M
Himalaya Range
h i r
a s
B
Nanga Parbat 8,125m highest peak
r a n
Hindu Kush Range
Im
KP and Afghanistan, Average height; 3500 to 6000m;
966 km long range

Sulaiman Mountains
S )
Takhat-i-Sulaiman 3,487m high
( P M
Safed Koh Range
h i r
a s
B
Mount Sikaram 4,761m high
r a n
Pamir Mountains
Im
Junction of Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun,
Hindu kush range

)
The Indus Plains
M S
r ( P
h i
a s
n B
r a
The Indus Plains
S )
( P M
r
Upper Indus Plains Lower Indus Plain Economic Importance
• Fertile, Bari Doab, Rachna
Doab, Sindh Sagar Doab,
h
• Below Mithankot,
i
Combination of Sindh and
• Agriculture, Raw Materials
growth
Chaj Doab
• Nili Bar, Ganji Bar, Kirana
a s
its Tributaries
• Ox-Bow lakes; Dhoras,
• Suitable for Canals
• Ease of Mobility
B
Bar, Sandal Bar Dhands • Cradle of old Civilizations
r a n
)
The Balochistan Plateau
M S
r ( P
h i
a s
n B
r a
The Balochistan Plateau
S )


Located at the eastern edge of Iranian Plateau
Border region of Southwest, Central and South Asia
( P M
 Balochistan: Largest province of Pakistan
h i r
s
 Population is low due to mountainous terrain and scarcity of
a
water
n B
 Sulaiman Mountains and Bolan Pass in Northeast
 Area is subjected to frequent seismic disturbances
r a
The Pothohar Plateau
S )


Located in the northern Punjab
Bounded on the east by Jhelum river and west by Indus river
( P M
 Kala Chita Range
h i r
s
 Salt range separates Pothohar from Punjab Plain


Undulating terrain
B
Sakesar: the highest mountain of the region a

a n
Wildlife: Urial, Chinkara, Chukar, Hari, Mangoose
r
The Desert Regions
S )
( P M
r
• More than three fourth of Sindh Sagar Doab
i
Thal Desert • In between Jhelum and Indus River
sh
Thar Desert
B a
• South of Bahawalpur: Cholistan
• Nara: Upper Sindh
n
• Eastern parts of Khairpur and Tharparkar
r a
Im
Kharan Desert • Kharan District of Balochistan

)
The Desert Regions
M S
r ( P
h i
a s
n B
r a
The Indus Delta
S )
 Number of tributaries of Indus River from Thatta to Arabian
( P M
r
Sea
 Most of the area is covered with Mangrove Swamps
h i
 Barren area
a s
n B
 Agriculture in small patches
r a
Coastal Areas
S )
 1046 km of coastline
( P M
 150 miles in Sindh and 450 miles in Balochistan
h i r
a s
 International trade is carried out through sea ports: Karachi
port and Port Qasim
n B
r a
(Deeper than oceans, Higher than Himalayas)
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
Challenges & Way Forward
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Im
Opportunities for China
S )
( P M
r
Chinese industries are facing
i
problem to compete in global
h
market due to high transportation
s
cost and delivery time- lowering
a
their competitive edge .
n B
a
Economic & political stability of China's
r western landlocked province of Xinjiang.

Opportunities for China
S )
( P
The project shall save time, cost M
h i r and freight charges-save of $2
billion every year on oil supplies
s
only
B a
n
Strategic presence in the region, avoid
a
maritime chokepoints ,would
r significantly expand trade horizon of
Im
China

Opportunities for Pakistan
S )
Development of infrastructure- connecting federating units
( P M
h i r
Development of FATA, KPK and Baluchistan leading to equalization
s
among all provinces
B a Job opportunities – 2 M
r a n Imports and exports of Pakistan will increase
Im
Energy Security shall increase-"Early Harvest" projects are expected to
resolve power shortages in by installing over 10,000 megawatts in
national grid .

Opportunities for Pakistan
S )
Gwadar Port will be upgraded
( P M
h i r
s
Removal of poverty leading to peace and prosperity
a
in provinces.
n B
Leveraging Chinese expertise in various sectors e.g.
Energy, Technology and Education sector.
r a Value addition in already existent friendship-
Im
Pakistan’s economy will go up by 15% after CPEC.

Route Of CPEC S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Sectoral resource allocation / progress of Project
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
S )
M
Security
P
Challeng
(
es
Economi
i r
c Administra
h
Challeng tive
s
es Challenges
a
Challenges
n B
a
Environme Political
r
ntal
Challenges
Challeng
Im
es

Security Challenges
S )
Threat of sub nationalists / terrorist
( P M
i r
organizations
Security of Chinese and locals on project
sh
B a
n
Security of trade caravans
r a Role of India and other powers- The New
Im
Great Game

Administrative Challenges
S )
( P M
i r
Lack of transparency (devil lies in details)
sh
Bureaucratic hurdles/ red-tapism
a
Corruption and kickbacks
n B Lack of skilled work force
a
Uneven distribution of projects among units
r
Lack of public private partnerships and Non Availability
Im
of Broad Based Road Map for CPEC

Socio - Political Challenges
S )
( P M
Political instability
h i r Trust deficit between provinces and federation
a s Political interests ahead of CPEC
B
Indian lobbyists
n
Fear of turning CPEC into east India company
r a Increase in crimes –ATM episode/Marriage mafia

Environmental Challenges
S )
Land use change
( P M
h i r
Increased focus on bad energy sources
a s Pollution based diseases infestation
n B Change in socio cultural life of the people
r a Route blockage

Economic Challenges
S )
( P M
Trade Loan
h i r Increase in Local
Imbalance Maturation
a s debts businesses
n B
r a
Way forward
S )
“All our dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them."--
Walt Disney
( P M
Consensus building on following issues :
h i r
s
• Route of CPEC-western route
a
• Revenue collection and distribution-rights of provinces
• Security arrangements – public ownership should take the central stage
B
• Opening up of project details-do not fall prey to debt trap diplomacy
•
n
Keeping pace with China
• Granular level planning
a
• Ownership / inclusion of locals
r
• Focus on development of Gwadar
• Projection of project as of peace corridor- allying concerns of leading countries-
Im
Perception Management

Way forward
S )
Wide spread publicity - whole of nation approach
( P M
i r
To create enabling environment by supporting pro- humanity voices
h
BRI Tourism
a s
Enhanced B-2-B contact - Inclusion of Pakistani companies
B
Synergetic work and regulation of SEZs
n
Value addition should be in Pakistan
r a
Green Technologies should be our prime consideration
Im
Skill up-gradation and professional training of Pakistanis

Conclusion
S )
( P M
r
Game changer for the entire region–will benefit over 3 billion people– a win-win for all
h i
s
Natural Gateway for China & lifeline for Pakistan
B a
State of Pakistan must be on guard and vigilant to avail the opportunities and address the challenges
n
of CPEC
r a
The time and tide is not in favor of the detractors. They will die their death in the hurricane of CPEC since
both the countries are determined to make it a success story.

)
Climatic Regions of Pakistan
Sub-Tropical Continental Highland
M S
P
Mountains in the north and west of Indus Plains Less fertile due to mountainous area
i r
Sub-Tropical Continental Plateau (
North-western part of Balochistan
sh Scarcity of Rain and Water
B a
Sub-Tropical Continental Lowland Type
a n
Interior areas of Punjab and Sindh
r
Enough rainfall in the area
Im
Sub-Tropical Coastal Areas
Coastal strips of Karachi and Makran coast in Balochistan Moderate weather and Temperature
Environmental Hazards Facing Pakistan
S )
 Diminishing forest cover
 Deforestation at an annual rate of 0.4%
( P M
i r
 Expanding industry: more pollutants in the air without proper
h
s
check
polluting water
B a
 Solid and liquid wastes of industry and energy sector is
r a n
 Improper waste disposal standards and mechanisms
 Air pollution due to improper standards and non-
Im
implementation of proper rules regarding vehicle emissions

Natural Resources in Pakistan
S )
 Arable land, water and extensive natural gas and oil reserves
 28% of land is under cultivation
( P M
i r
 Cotton, wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oil seeds, barley,
h
s
fish, fruits and vegetables
 Salt range
B a
 Coal, Oil, gypsum, limestone, iron ore, silver gold
a n
 Copper, sulphur, silica
r
Agriculture in Pakistan
S )
 21.4% contribution to GDP
( P M
 45% of workforce employed
h i r
 Central sector to economic growth
a s
n B
r a
Two main cropping seasons: RABI and KHARIF
S )
( P M
r
Food crops: Non food crops: (cash crops)
• Wheat
h i • Cotton
• Rice
a s • Sugarcane
B
• Maize • Tobacco
n
• Grains • Rape seed
• Grams
r a • Mustard
Im
• Pulses • Sesame

)
Pakistan Agriculture Ranking
Products Ranking
M S
P
Apricot 3rd
(
Buffalo Milk 2nd
i r
Chic pea 3rd
h
Cotton, Lint 4th
s
Cotton seed 3rd
a
Dates 5th
B
Mango 6th
n
Onion dry 4th
a
Oranges 11th
r
Rice, paddy 11th
Im
Sugarcane 5th
Mandarin Orange 9th
Wheat 10th
)
Crops
Year Cotton
(000 bales)
Sugarcane Rice Maize
M S
Wheat
P
12,856 54,742 5,438 3,088 23,295
(
2006-07
-- -- -- -- --
i r
11,655 63,920 5,563 3,605 20,959
2007-08
(-9.3) (16.8) (2.3) (16.7) (-10.0)
2008-09
11,819
(1.4)
sh
50,045
(-21.7)
6,952
(25.0)
3,593
(-0.3)
24,033
(14.7)
a
12,914 49,373 6,883 3,261 23,311
B
2009-10
(9.3) (-1.3) (-1.0) (-9.2) (-3.0)
11,460 55,309 4,823 3,707 25,214
n
2010-11
(-11.3) (12.0) (-29.9) (13.7) (8.2)
r a
13,595 58,397 6,160 4,338 23,473
2011-12
(18.6) (5.6) (27.7) (17.0) (-6.9)
Im
13,026 62,472 5,541 4,631 24,231
2012-13 (P)
(-4.2) (7.0) (-10.0) (6.8) (3.2)

Crops
S )
 Wheat, sugarcane, cotton, rice
( P M
 Largest is wheat
h i r
 24,231,000 metric tonnes of wheat
a s
B
 Pakistan is net food exporter except in crises years
n
r a
Livestock
S )
 55.4% value addition to agriculture sector
( P M
r
 11.9% contribution in GDP
 38.3m cattle
h i
 33.7m buffalos
a s
 28.8m sheep
n B
r
 64.9m goats
a
Im
 1m camels

Irrigation
S )
 Indus River and its tributaries: world largest distribution system
( P M
r
 Capable of watering 16m hectares
 Indus Water Treaty: Ravi, Bias, Sutlej= India
h i
 Jhelum, Chenab, Indus= Pakistan
a s
n B
 1968: World Bank $1.2bn: Tarbela Dam
r a
)
Lack of
S
Education
M
Lack of Capital
( P
Following the old Traditions
r
Water logging and salinity
h i
Uneconomical Land holdings
s
Scarcity of water
B a Soil erosion
Lack of organized marketing
r a n Pests and crop diseases
Poor means of transportation
Im
Lack of credit facility
Low yield per acre

)
Reclamation
of Land
S
Better Irrigation
Facilities
The use of Fertilizers
( P M
r
Credit Facilities
h i
Better quality seeds
a s
Plant protection
B
Mechanization
n
Cooperative farming
r a Education level
Im
Marketing facilities
Improvement in means of transportation and communication

)
Rivers of Pakistan
Indus River • From Lake Mansarovar in Tibet to Arabian Sea
M S
Chenab River • Flows through Jammu Kashmir and Punjab Plains
r ( P
h i
s
Ravi River • Rises from Rohtang Pass near kullo in Himachal Pradesh India
Jhelum River
B a
• Tributary of Chenab River: Pass through Jhelum district
Sutlej River
r a n
• Longest of the Five flows through Indian and Pakistani Punjab
Im
Kunhar River • KP Province: 166 km

)
Rivers of Pakistan
Neelum River •River in Kashmir region
M S
Gomal River •Both in Afghanistan and Pakistan
r ( P
Zhob RIver •Located in Baluchistan
h i
Kurram River
a s
•Flows through Safed koh mountain range
Gambila
n B
a
•Bannu district KP
River
r
Im
Sawan River •Punjab
Rivers of Pakistan
Haro River • Abbottabad District

S )
• Flows through Sanglakh Range in Hindu Kush
( P M
r
Kabul River
i
Range
Swat river • KP Province

sh
Gilgit River
B a
• Tributary of Indus River: Gilgit
Hunza RIver
r a n • Hunza: Northern area of Pakistan
Im
Dasht River • Gawadar , Balochistan
Rivers of Pakistan
S )
Kech River • Tributary of Dasht River
( P M
h i r
Hungol River
a s
• Makran Balochistan
n B
r
Hub River a • Lasbela Balochistan

Rivers of Pakistan
S )
P M
r
ha
(
un
Ki sh
en ga
K
nga
Jhelu m
har
Jhe
lum
h i r
s
n
Ku
B a
r a n
Water Issues
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Im
)
ISSUES IN A GLIMPSE
Over all scarcity of Water logging and

M S
Over exploitation of
P
water salinity. fresh water.
Low efficiency in
i r
Pollution of fresh (
h
Floods and
s
delivery water. droughts.
B a
r a n
Issues in Water Sector and Remedies
Problem Possible remedies
S )
M
Overall scarcity of water Promote rainwater harvesting through partnerships with development organizations,
P
increase groundwater recharge through catchment restoration, recharge dams, recharge
(
wells, flood management and other means, define demands and identify ways and means
to reduce high demands.
i r
Water-logging and salinity In irrigated areas, study irrigation systems and carry out cost-benefit analyses of current
h
crops, management approaches and geographical distribution. Restore environmental
flows to flush out salts in the soil.
s
Over-exploitation of fresh water Groundwater bodies in upland and desert areas with little surface water review policies
a
and incentives for over-exploitation, and promote better equity and environmental cost
charging systems, help restore traditional groundwater abstraction systems.
Low efficiency in delivery
n B Raise awareness build capacity of partners including government and civil society to
improve efficiency in delivery and use.
r a
Pollution of fresh water Bodies and natural rivers/streams particularly those near urban centres, identify pollution
sources, type and levels of pollution improve the capacity of government institutions to
plan and monitor projects and conduct studies with private sector to look for alternatives
Im
and remedial action.
Floods and droughts Improved geo-physical planning and introduction of environmental flows, drought
management policy and guidelines.

Sources of irrigation
S )
( P M
r
Rainfall
h i
a s
B
Surface area
r a n Ground water

Irrigation system in Pakistan
S )
Rainfall: Particularly in summer
season, ranges 4 to 30 inches
P M
Surface Water: Dams and
(
Barrages, Lakes, Rivers, Canals;
annually
h i r 145MAF total flow
a s
Resources of
n B Irrigation
r a
Im
Ground Water

)
Phases of Irrigation Engineering
2-conveyance
of irrigation
M S
P
water
i r (
sh
a
1-Storage- STAGES 3-Distribution
B
Dams and
application
r a n
Im
4-Drainage of
excessive water
through drains

Phases of Irrigation Engineering
S )
Storage,
Diversion
• Dams, Reservoirs
• Barrages
( P M
h i r
s
• Conveyance of irrigation water
Canals
B a
n
Watercou • Distribution and application of irrigation
a
rses
r
Im
• Drainage of excessive water
Drains

)
Modes of Irrigation prevalent in Western Highlands of
S
Pakistan: Water Development
Karez and
Springs
Open Wells Tube-Wells
( P M Spate
•Series of wells
and linking
•17,430
hectares
h i r •Currently
16,000 tube-
•Flood water is
utilized
underground
channels
•Water is
pulled
a s wells only in
Baluchistan
through this
system
•Now a days
due to electric
n B
through
diesel engines
•Water table is
dropping;
•Suitable for
mountains
tube wells,
karez are
r a and
distributed to
more deep
welling
and hilly
topography
Im
dried up crops

Rainwater Harvesting Systems
S )
• Dry land agriculture farming system
( P M
Khushkaba System
i r
• System is prone to high risks
h
a s
n B • Diverting hill torrent flows through
a
Sailaba System construction of large size structures
r • High risk system

Canal Systems
S )
Canal System
System on The
Indus River
( P M
System West of The
h i r From Chenab
s
Indus
a
From Ravi
B
System on Upper
Indus Tributaries
r a n From Jhelum
Im From Sutlej

Major Dams
S )
Mangla Dam
• Second largest multipurpose dam
• Located on the Jhelum river
( P M
i r
• Storage capacity of 5.5 MAF
h
a s
n B
a
• Located on Indus River
r
Tarbela Dam
• 11.1 MAF storage Capacity

Barrages
S )
Rasul Canal at
( P M Qadirabad on
r
Chashma Barrage
i
Jhelum Chenab
sh
B a
r a n
Sidhnai on Ravi Mailsi on Sutlej

Link Canals
S )
( P M
r
The Rasul- Balloki-
i
Qadirabad-Balloki Chashma-Jhelum
Qadirabad Sulaimanki
sh
B a
Sidhnai-Mailsi-
n
Trimmu-Sidhnai Taunsa-Panjnad
Bahawal
r a
WATER LOGGING AND SALINITY
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Water Logging
S )
 Saturation of soil with water
( P M
 Water table too high ,to the ground level
h i r
 Salts seep into ground
a s
n B
r a
Salinity
S )
 Accumulation of salts in soil and water
 Caused due to water table too high

( P M
h i r
 When water dries up on the surface, salt is left behind
 Deflate soil fertility

a s
n B
 Primary Salinity: Natural occurrence of salts
r a
 Secondary Salinity: Salinization due to human activities

CAUSES
S )
( P M
r
Reasons of water logging Reasons of salinity
h i
• Rise in water tables
a s • High water table
n B
• Rise in amount of salts • Hot dry climate
• Inadequate irrigation
r a supplies
Im
• Inadequate drainage

Causes of Salinization in Pakistan
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Remedial measures
S )
Engineering
approch
( P M
h i r
Drainage project
a s
B
-Vertical Approches Reclamation
approach
n
-horizontal
r a
Im
Bio-saline
approach.

Remedial Measures
S )
 Vertical Drainage projects: SCARP Tube-wells
( P M
i
 Horizontal Drainage System: Horizontal Pipe Drainage
h r
s
 Engineering Approach: Drainage schemes
B a
 Reclamation Approach: Small scale interventions to improve
soil
r a n
 Biosaline Approach: Economic utilization of land

Demography of Pakistan
HISTORICAL POPULATION
S )
Census Population
( P M Urban
r
1951 33,816,000 17.80%
1961
h i
42,978,000 22.46%
s
1972 65,321,000 25.40%
1981
1998
B a
84,254,000
130,580,000
28.28%
32.51%
r a n
Pakistan’s next national census is currently in process
July 2013 (est. CIA factbook) 193,238,868 country comparison to the world:
6

SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
S )
M
2010-11 (1st July) 2011-12 (1st July) 2012-13 (1st July)
Total population (Million) 177.1
r (
180.71
P 184.35
i
Urban Population (Million) 65.3 67.55 69.87
h
Rural Population (Million) 111.8 113.16 114.48
s
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) 3.5 3.4 3.3
a
Crude Birth Rate (Per 27.50 27.20 26.80
B
thousand)
Crude Death Rate (Per 7.30 7.20 7.0
n
thousand)
a
Population Growth Rate (Per 2.05 2.03 2.00
r
cent)
Life Expectancy (Year)
Im
- Females 65.8 66.1 66.5
- Males 63.9 64.3 64.6

DEMOGRAPHICS OF PAKISTAN
S )
People and society
( P M
Ethnic groups
i
Languages
h r
s
Punjabi: 44.68O% Punjabi Religion
a
Pashtun: 15.42% Sindhi
Muslim(sunni and shia)
B
Sindhi: 14.1% Saraiki
Pushtu Other(christain and hindu)
Saraiki: 8.38%
n
Urdu
Muhajirs: 7.57%
a
Balochi
Blochi: 3.57%
r
Hindko
Others: 6.28% Brahui
Im
English

Ethnic Groups
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Population Pyramid
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
DEMOGRAPHICS OF PAKISTAN
S )
Population pyramid
( P M
h i r
Growth rate-1.52%
a s
Migration rate
country comparison to
B
world:159 Fertility rate
Birth rate-23.76
n
country comparison to
births/1000 population.
a
world :62
r
Death rate-6.69 Population
deaths/1000 population. 193,580,000

Transportation in Pakistan
S )
( P M
Road Networks The Motorways
h i r Airways
a s
n B
r a
Pakistan Railways Waterways Local Transport

Road Networks
S )
M
The Karakoram • 1300KM, N-5, from Hassan Abdal to Karakoram range
P
Highway • Build with coordination of China and Pakistan
Makran Coastal
i r (
h
• Link of Gawadar with Karachi, 675KM
s
Highway • Frontier Works Organization of Pakistan Army
Kohat Road Tunnel

B a
• 1.9KM, Travel through Kohat pass
n
• Friendship Tunnel, Pakistan and Japan Collaboration
r a
Im
• The N-5, Indus Highway, Karachi Khazdar-Quetta Chaman Road
Other Important Roads • Sukkar Bridge and Bypass, Quetta-Dalbadin-Naukundi-Taftan Road

S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
The Motorways
S )
M
Name Route
( P
M1 Islamabad to Peshawar
r
M2 Lahore to Islamabad
M3
h i Pindi Bhatian to Faisalabad
s
M4 Faisalabad to Multan
a
M5 Multan to Dera Ghazi Khan
B
M6 Dera Ghazi Khan to Ratodero
n
M7 Kakkar to Karachi
a
M8 Gawadar to Ratodero
r M9 Karachi to Hyderabad
Im
M10 Karachi Northern Bypass

Airport Name
The Airways
Location
S )
Jinnah International Airport
Allama Iqbal International Airport
Karachi
( P
Lahore M
i r
Benazir Bhutto International Islamabad
h
Airport
s
Peshawar International Airport Peshawar
a
Quetta International Airport Quetta
B
Faisalabad International Airport Faisalabad
n
Multan International Airport Multan
a
Sialkot International Airport Sialkot
r
Gawadar International Airport Gwadar
Im
Sheikh Zayed International Rahim Yar Khan
Airport

Pakistan Railways
 Run by government of
S )
Pakistan
 Carries 65m passengers
( P M
i r
annually
 12000 personnel operate over
200 freight stations
sh
B
 Total rail network is 8,163KM
a
n
 39% of revenue is generated
a
from transportation of oil
r
 19% from wheat, fertilizers,
Im
rock phosphate

Port of Gwadar Balochistan
Waterways
S )
14m deep and handle largest cargo ships
( P M
Port of Karachi and Bin Qasim
h i r
a s
B
Handles 35% of National cargo
r a n
Port of Pasni Balochistan
Im
Modern Fishing Harbor of Balochistan

Local Transport
S )
( P M
Auto rickshaws
h i r
Taxi Cabs Buses
a s
n B
r a
Metro Buses Inter-City Buses Cars

Tourism in Pakistan
S )
M
Factors Effecting Tourism
P
Level of security
(
Presence of tourist for the tourists
r
attractions
i
Availability of capital
FACTORS
sh
a
Government policies
EFFECTING Provision of
B
infrastructure
TOURISM facilities
r a
Development of
transport and
communication n Marketing and
Im
publicity at
Management of international
tourist attractions level

Popular Places of Tourism
S )
Azad FATA and
( P M
r
Islamabad Balochistan KP Punjab Sindh
i
Kashmir Gilgit
Muzafarabd,
Ziarat, Bolan
sh Chakdara,
Dir, Lowari
Peshawar,
Murree,
Cvholistan
Karachi,
a
Neelum valley Kohat, Bannu Mohen jo daro
Pass, Gilgit Desert
B
Nanga Purbat, Harrappa, Salt Manchhar
Mehrgarh, Mardan, Swat,
Bagh, Poonch K2, Shangrilla, Range, Rohtas lake, Makli
Khojar Pass Mingora
n
Yasin Valley fort Hills, Thatta
r a
Foreign trade in Pakistan---- Major exports
S )
M
Clothes
Petroleum
P
Yarn Fish
(
products
Raw cotton
h i r
Rice
a s Leather
Sports goods
B
Hides
r a
Carpet
n Surgical
Im
Rugs Textile
instruments
Mats

Foreign trade in Pakistan----- Major Imports
S )
Mineral oil chemical
( P M Tea
h i r
Machinery
a s Drugs
Electric and
transport
n B equipment.
r a Dyes and Paper
Im
Eadible oil
colours products

)
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
S
 Debt crises
M
 Decrease in arable land
 Depreciation of money
r ( P
i
 Corruption
h
 Unemployment
 Power crises
a s
B
 War on terrorism
n
 Declining exports

r a
Tumbling stock market
Im
 Lack of tourism
 Geographical problems.
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a

Geography of Pakistan

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geography of Pakistan

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Part-2

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Division Area (km2)

h i r 832,753 1,489,015 Turbat

a s 988,109 1,591,144 Dera Murad Jamali

n B 64,310 1,713,952 4,174,562 Quetta

Rakhshan 89,013 409,473 737,162 Kharan

Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

2. Khyber 2,576 546,730 212

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

r a 8. Bagh 1,368 351,000 456

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

r western landlocked province of Xinjiang.

Im Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS

r significantly expand trade horizon of

Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS

r a n Imports and exports of Pakistan will increase

Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS

r a Value addition in already existent friendship-

Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Security of Chinese and locals on project

r a Role of India and other powers- The New

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

n B Lack of skilled work force

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

h i r Trust deficit between provinces and federation

a s Political interests ahead of CPEC

r a Increase in crimes –ATM episode/Marriage mafia

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

a s Pollution based diseases infestation

n B Change in socio cultural life of the people

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS

sh Scarcity of Rain and Water

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Lack of organized marketing

r a n Pests and crop diseases

Poor means of transportation

Low yield per acre

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

The use of Fertilizers

Improvement in means of transportation and communication

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Haro River • Abbottabad District

Swat river • KP Province

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir