Power Resources

S )
Power ResourcesM
r (P
h i
a s
n B
r a
Im repared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS
Power Resources
S )
M
• Anything that can be used as a source of energy
• Such as Oil, Natural Gas, Coal etc.
r ( P
• Fulfil the energy requirements of a country
h i
• Important role in Industrial development
a s
n B
• With the advancement in technology more power resources
r a
have been added such as biomass, geo-thermal, nuclear
Im
energy.
“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir
Prepared from book “Human,Economic,Regional Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS
Types of Power Resources
S )
• Natural resources that can be replenished
( P M
Renewable
Sources
i
(Recurring Process)
h r
• Examples: Solar, Wind, Waves, Tides,
Geothermal
a s
Non-
Renewable
n B • Finite resources – Do not renew /replenish
themselves
a
• Examples: Carbon-based organically derived fuel,
r
Sources Fossil fuels
Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Sources of Power and Energy
S )
1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas
( P M 4. Geothermal
r
Energy
h i
5. Solar power
6. Energy by
a s 7. Hydroelectric 8. Nuclear
B
Windmill Sources Energy
r a n 9. Biogas

1. Coal
S )
• Combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock
• Usually occurs in rock strata (layers) called coal bed or coal
( P M
i r
seam
rocks
sh
• Harder forms of coal – Anthracite coal – can be Metamorphic
B a
• Coal is composed of carbon along with variable quantities of
other elements.
a n
• The other elements include : Hydrogen, Sulphur, Oxygen,
Nitrogen
r
Types of Coal
S )
Peat
( P M Sub-bituminous coal
i r
Industrial fuel, Absorbent for Lignite Fuel for steam electric power
h
fuel and oil spills, Conditioner for Fuel for electric generators generators, source of light
s
soil aromatic hydrocarbons
B a
n
Bituminous coal
a
Anthracite Graphite
r
Dense sedimentary rock, Fuel in
Highest rank, used for residential Difficult to ignite, used in pencils
steam electric power generators,
and commercial space heating and powdered as a lubricant
Im
heat source to make coke

World Scenario – Coal
S )
 Fastest growing energy outside renewables - 2011
 Its consumption has increased to 30.3% in world energy
( P M
consumption
h i r
s
 Total global coal production (including hard coal and ignite)
a
• 7678Mt (2011)
n B
a
• 7201Mt (2010)
r
• 4677Mt (1990)

Top Ten Coal Producers (2011)
S )
1. China 3471Mt 2.
( P M
USA 1004Mt
i r
3. India 585Mt 4. Australia 414Mt
5. Indonesia 376Mt
sh 6. Russia 334Mt
7. South Africa
B
253Mt
a 8. Germany 189Mt
n
9. Poland 139Mt 10. Kazakhstan 117Mt
r a
2. Oil
S )
 Natural occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex
mixture of hydrocarbons and other liquid organic compounds
( P M
r
 Found in geological formations beneath the earth surface
 Formed when large quantities of dead organisms –
h i
a s
Zooplankton and algae (Phytoplankton) – are buried
underneath sedimentary rocks and undergo intense heat and
B
pressure
n
 Recovered mostly through oil drilling
r a
 Refined and separated in various consumer products, petrol,
kerosene, asphalt, chemical reagents by boiling point

S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Petroleum Industry
S )
Fuel Oil and Petrol, as raw material in
( P M
The world consumption of oil is 30 bn
r
Pharmaceuticals, Solvents, Fertilizers,
i
barrels
Pesticides, Plastic industries
sh
B a
Petroleum Industry
r a n
53% energy consumption from oil in
Middle east, 32% in Europe and Asia
Pakistan – Total oil resource potential
is 27 million barrels – production
Im
potential of 66,032 barrels per day

S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
3. Natural Gas
S )
 Naturally occurring hydrogen gas mixture consisting of
methane, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen
( P M
sulphate
h i r
 Important energy source for providing heat and electricity
a s
 Found in deep underground natural rock formations
n B
 Biogenic Process and Thermogenic Process – mechanisms for
formation of natural gas
r a
 Cleaning and removing of impurities is necessary before use

World Scenario – Natural Gas
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Im
Global natural gas production grew by 3.1% in 2007.

4. Geothermal Energy
S )
 Thermal energy generated and stored in earth
( P M
r
 Two sources – 20% from original formation of the planet – 80%
from radioactive decay of minerals
h i
surface
a s
 Geothermal gradient – transfers heat energy from core to
B
 Electricity Generation – 10,715MW in the world is produced
n
a
 Cost effective, reliable, sustainable, environmental friendly
r
source of energy

Geothermal Plant
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Global Geothermal Energy Statistics
S )
Particulars
( P M Stats
i r
Global potential for geothermal sources 70 Gigawatts (GW)
United States capacity – World leader
sh 3.086 MW
Geothermal Plants in US
B a 77
n
Cost of construction of plant 2-5 million euros per MW of electrical
a
capacity
r
Operational and Maintenance cost $0.01 -$0.03 per kWh

5. Solar Power
S )
 Conversion of sunlight into electricity
( P M
i r
 Using Photovoltaic (PV) or Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
sh
 Sun provides more renewable energy to the world in one hour
than that produced by all nations in a year
B a
r a n
 Right now we are using sun for 0.01% of our electrical needs
 Its plant cost is as high as 5 times the cost from other sources

Solar Power
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
World Scenario – Solar power
S )
 High manufacturing cost of PV cells and large area needed to
( P M
r
collect sunlight, cost is high
h i
 Economic survey of Pakistan 2012-13, 3000 solar home systems
a s
have been installed in 49 villages of district Tharparkar in Sindh.
B
 Almost 15000 units of solar water heaters are imported in the
n
a
country
r
Im
 Almost 1429 units of solar water pumping systems were imported

US-Canada Market Share
S )
M
Product US Canada Product US Canada
( P
Coal 48.5% 24.9% Natural Gas 21.6% 3.8%
Nuclear 19.4% 12.4%
h i r Hydro 6.0% 58.7%
s
Petroleum 1.6% - Wood 0.94% -
Wind 0.83%
B
-
a Biomass 0.40% -
Geothermal
Solar
r a n
0.35%
0.01%
-
-
Other Gases 0.32% -

)
6. Energy by Windmill
M S
Windmill Energy
r ( P
How Wind Power is Generated?
• Wind is caused by uneven heating
of earth surface, rotation of earth
h i • Wind turbines convert kinetic
energy into mechanical power
• Wind flow can be used to generate
electricity by wind turbines
a s • Mechanical power derives
generators and produce electricity
n B
r a
7. Hydroelectric Sources
S )
 Electricity generated by hydropower
( P M
 Gravitational force of falling or flowing water
h i r
 Most widely used renewable energy source
a s
B
 16% of global energy consumption
n
r a
 3,427 terawatt-hour of electricity production in 2010

S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Hydroelectric energy
S )
 Low cost of production
( P M
i r
 Average cost of plant larger than 10MW is 3-5 US cents per kWh
h
 Flexible source of energy
a s
B
 No direct waste from the plant
n
r a
 However, dams can disrupt natural ecosystem

8. Nuclear Energy
S )
 Nuclear reactors work on the principle of Nuclear Fission
( P M
i r
 Scientists are working to employ fusion technology which will
h
have greater advantages over fission.
a s
B
 Energy produced by nuclear reactions – Changes occurring in
n
a
nuclei of atoms – is called nuclear energy or atomic energy
r
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Production of Nuclear Energy
S )
Naturally reactions
( P M
• Sun and other stars produce heat energy by nuclear
h i r
• Nuclear reactors are used to produce nuclear energy
s
Man-Made • With the help of this electricity is produced
Nuclear Fission
B a
• Nuclei of atoms split causing energy to be released
n
• Main fuel is Uranium.
r a
Nuclear Fusion
• Nuclei of atoms are joined together and huge amount of
energy is released
Im
• Very hot temperature – Sun or nuclear bomb – is required
to start reaction

Nuclear power in the World today
S )
M
 First commercial nuclear power station started operation in
1950s
r ( P
h i
 Now, 430 Commercial nuclear plants in 31 countries with
372,000MW of capacity
a s
B
 13.5% of world’s electricity is produced through these plants
n
r a
 240 research reactors are operating in 56 countries
Im
 180 reactors power some 150 ships and submarines
Nuclear electricity Production and share of total
Electricity production
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Fuel for Electricity Generation (2008)
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
)
9. Biogas
 Gas produced by breakdown of organic matter in the absence
M S
of oxygen.
r ( P
i
 Organic waste such as dead plants, animal material, and
h
s
kitchen waste can be converted into gaseous fuel called
a
Biogas.
n B
a
 It is used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and can be used as
r
Im
electricity generator fuel

Constituents of Biogas
S )
Methane
CH4
( P M
h i r
s
Carbon
Siloxanes dioxide
a
CO2
BIOGAS
n B
r a Hydrogen
Im
Moisture Sulfide
H 2S

BIOGAS
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Energy Sources of Pakistan
S )
 Mineral oil and Natural Gas
( P M
i r
 These resources fulfil 35% - 40% electricity requirements
h
 Mineral Oil exports – 64% Approx.
a s
B
 Electricity – Hydel, Thermal and Nuclear power plants
n
a
 WAPDA, KESC, Independent Power Producers (IPPs),
r
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

Energy Sources of Pakistan
S )
Power resources Per cent production in
Pakistan
Power
Resources
( P M Per cent production in

Pakistan
Mineral oil 40%
h i r Natural gas 35%
s
Hydel Electricity 18% Coal 6%
Nuclear Energy
B
0.6%
a Others 0.4%
r a n
Pakistan Coal Mines and Resources
S )
• Largest Coal Reserves – Sindh – 184.623 million tonnes
Region
( P M
Coal (billion tonnes)
Sindh: Lakhra, Sonda, Thatta, Jherruck, Thar
h i r 184.623
s
Punjab: Eastern Salt Range, Central Salt Range, 0.235
a
Makerwal
B
Balochistan: Khost-Sharig-Harnai, Sor Range/Degari, 0.217
Duki, Mach- Kingri, Musakhel Abegum, Pir Ismail
n
Ziarat, Chamalong
a
KPK 0.091
r AJK 0.009
Im
Grand Total 185.175

Hydroelectricity
S )
 Total installed Power Generation Capacity – 21,000 MW – 2011
 Dependable or Re-Rated Capacity – 14,000 to 16,000 MW
( P M
i r
 Demand for electricity is increasing at the rate of 8% per
h
annum
average
a s
 Pakistan’s Per-Capita electricity consumption is 1/6 of world
Consumption
n B
World’s average Per Capita Energy Pakistan’s average Per Capita Energy
Consumption
r a
2730 kWh 451 kWh

Gas Resources of Pakistan
S )
 Natural Gas – 49% share in total energy requirements
( P M
i r
 Conventional prognostic gas resources of 282 trillion cubic feet
h
s
(TCF)
B a
 Hardly 10% of the potential is being exploited till now
r a n
 Average production at present – 4,058 MMCFD

Gas Resources of Pakistan
S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a
Oil Fields of Pakistan
S )
 Pakistan is dependent on Oil Imports
 Crude oil Imported for the year 2010-11 was 6.7 million tonnes –
( P M
$4,686 million
h i r
s
 Import of Petroleum Products in 2010-11 – 12.4 million tonnes -
a
$8,507 million
n B
 Total annual oil import bill for 2010-11 - $13 billion
 Annual oil refining capacity – 13.15 million tonnes
r a
)
Oil Fields of Pakistan
Total
Exploratory
Total
Discoveries:
M S
P
wells drilled:
(
237
785
First Oil
Industry:
h i r Success Rate:
s
1:3.3
1915
B a
First
r a
Exploration
well: 1866 n Exploration
of Oil and
Gas
Sedimentary
Basin Area:
827,268 Sq.
Im
km

S )
( P M
h i r
a s
n B
r a

Power Resources

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S )

• Such as Oil, Natural Gas, Coal etc.

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

United States capacity – World leader

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Nuclear 19.4% 12.4%

h i r Hydro 6.0% 58.7%

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

( P M Per cent production in

Mineral oil 40%

h i r Natural gas 35%

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

Im “Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

“Human , Economic and Regional Geography : Paper II “ …… Author: Imran Bashir

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